2784:
61:
823:) to be used. This would be approximately four billion times the size of the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Most operating systems and applications will not need such a large address space for the foreseeable future, so implementing such wide virtual addresses would simply increase the complexity and cost of address translation with no real benefit. AMD, therefore, decided that, in the first implementations of the architecture, only the least significant 48 bits of a virtual address would actually be used in address translation (
2614:
853:) for application code, user mode stacks, heaps, and other data regions. The "canonical address" design ensures that every AMD64 compliant implementation has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. Also, enforcing the "canonical form" of addresses by checking the unused address bits prevents their use by the operating system in
47:
806:
794:
782:
1419:
874:
757:. These features remain fully implemented in "legacy mode", allowing these processors to run 32-bit and 16-bit operating systems without modifications. Some instructions that proved to be rarely useful are not supported in 64-bit mode, including saving/restoring of segment registers on the stack, saving/restoring of all registers (PUSHA/POPA), decimal arithmetic, BOUND and INTO instructions, and "far" jumps and calls with immediate operands.
2949:
1438:
and 16-bit protected mode applications (that do not need to use either real mode or virtual 8086 mode in order to execute at any time) run under compatibility mode. Real-mode programs and programs that use virtual 8086 mode at any time cannot be run in long mode unless those modes are emulated in software. However, such programs may be started from an operating system running in long mode on processors supporting
1052:, which allows Intel 64 processors to support a 57-bit virtual address space. Further extensions may allow full 64-bit virtual address space and physical memory with 12-bit page table descriptors and 16- or 21-bit memory offsets for 64 KiB and 2 MiB page allocation sizes; the page table entry would be expanded to 128 bits to support additional hardware flags for page size and virtual address space size.
264:
3180:. However, not all 64-bit computers can run the 64-bit kernel, and not all 64-bit computers that can run the 64-bit kernel will do so by default. The 64-bit kernel, like the 32-bit kernel, supports 32-bit applications; both kernels also support 64-bit applications. 32-bit applications have a virtual address space limit of 4 GiB under either kernel. The 64-bit kernel does not support 32-bit
723:(bit 63 of the page table entry) allows the operating system to specify which pages of virtual address space can contain executable code and which cannot. An attempt to execute code from a page tagged "no execute" will result in a memory access violation, similar to an attempt to write to a read-only page. This should make it more difficult for malicious code to take control of the system via "
4560:
3119:(Application Binary Interface), introduced in Linux 3.4, allows programs compiled for the x32 ABI to run in the 64-bit mode of x86-64 while only using 32-bit pointers and data fields. Though this limits the program to a virtual address space of 4 GiB it also decreases the memory footprint of the program and in some cases can allow it to run faster.
2762:-based Opteron was the first to provide a 48-bit (256 TiB) physical address space. Intel 64's physical addressing was extended to 44 bits (16 TiB) in Nehalem-EX in 2010 and to 46 bits (64 TiB) in Sandy Bridge E in 2011. With the Ice Lake 3rd gen Xeon Scalable processors, Intel increased the virtual addressing to 57 bits (128
650:) extend this to 48-bit physical addresses and therefore can address up to 256 TiB (2 bytes) of RAM. The architecture permits extending this to 52 bits in the future (limited by the page table entry format); this would allow addressing of up to 4 PiB of RAM. For comparison, 32-bit x86 processors are limited to 64 GiB of RAM in
3093:, starting with the 2.4 version in 2001 (preceding the hardware's availability). Linux also provides backward compatibility for running 32-bit executables. This permits programs to be recompiled into long mode while retaining the use of 32-bit programs. Current Linux distributions ship with x86-64-native kernels and
3677:
x86-64/AMD64 was solely developed by AMD. Until April 2021 when the relevant patents expired, AMD held patents on techniques used in AMD64; those patents had to be licensed from AMD in order to implement AMD64. Intel entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD, licensing to AMD their patents on
2881:
first added x86-64 support under the name "amd64" as an experimental architecture in 5.1-RELEASE in June 2003. It was included as a standard distribution architecture as of 5.2-RELEASE in
January 2004. Since then, FreeBSD has designated it as a Tier 1 platform. The 6.0-RELEASE version cleaned up
1437:
Long mode is the architecture's intended primary mode of operation; it is a combination of the processor's native 64-bit mode and a combined 32-bit and 16-bit compatibility mode. It is used by 64-bit operating systems. Under a 64-bit operating system, 64-bit programs run under 64-bit mode, and 32-bit
748:
A few "system programming" features of the x86 architecture were either unused or underused in modern operating systems and are either not available on AMD64 in long (64-bit and compatibility) mode, or exist only in limited form. These include segmented addressing (although the FS and GS segments are
3292:
8 TiB of kernel mode virtual address space for the operating system. As with the user mode address space, this is a 4096-fold increase over 32-bit
Windows versions. The increased space primarily benefits the file system cache and kernel mode "heaps" (non-paged pool and paged pool). Windows only
3268:
x64 Edition—were released in March 2005. Internally they are actually the same build (5.2.3790.1830 SP1), as they share the same source base and operating system binaries, so even system updates are released in unified packages, much in the manner as
Windows 2000 Professional and Server editions for
3244:
architecture, there is only one operating system image, which contains a 32-bit kernel and a 64-bit kernel; this is labeled as the "x64/x86" DVD-ROM image. The default behavior is to boot a 64-bit kernel, allowing both 64-bit and existing or new 32-bit executables to be run. A 32-bit kernel can also
3139:
run 64-bit command-line tools using the POSIX and math libraries on 64-bit Intel-based machines, just as all versions of Mac OS X 10.4 and 10.5 run them on 64-bit PowerPC machines. No other libraries or frameworks work with 64-bit applications in Mac OS X 10.4. The kernel, and all kernel extensions,
2930:
The code for the AMD64 port of OpenBSD also runs on Intel 64 processors which contains cloned use of the AMD64 extensions, but since Intel left out the page table NX bit in early Intel 64 processors, there is no W^X capability on those Intel CPUs; later Intel 64 processors added the NX bit under the
2391:
instructions act differently than AMD64's when the source is zero and the operand size is 32 bits. The processor sets the zero flag and leaves the upper 32 bits of the destination undefined. Note that Intel documents that the destination register has an undefined value in this case, but in
741:
has long been considered an obsolete mode of operation, and all current PC operating systems in effect bypass it, setting all segments to a base address of zero and (in their 32-bit implementation) a size of 4 GiB. AMD was the first x86-family vendor to implement no-execute in linear addressing
704:
FPU, for the single-precision and double-precision data types. SSE2 also offers integer vector operations, for data types ranging from 8bit to 64bit precision. This makes the vector capabilities of the architecture on par with those of the most advanced x86 processors of its time. These instructions
3775:
reported that the stepping G1 (0F49h) of
Pentium 4 will sample on October 17 and ship in volume on November 14. However, Intel's document says that samples are available on September 9, whereas October 17 is the "date of first availability of post-conversion material", which Intel defines
3443:
can be compiled either in IA-32, x86-64 or AnyCPU modes. Software created in the first two modes behave like their IA-32 or x86-64 native code counterparts respectively; When using the AnyCPU mode, however, applications in 32-bit versions of
Microsoft Windows run as 32-bit applications, while they
3389:
FPU machine state across thread context switches. Observed behavior shows that this is not the case: the x87 state is saved and restored, except for kernel mode-only threads (a limitation that exists in the 32-bit version as well). The most recent documentation available from
Microsoft states that
2334:
The x86-64 microarchitecture feature levels can also be found as AMD64-v1, AMD64-v2 .. or AMD64_v1 .. in settings where the "AMD64" nomenclature is used. These are used as synonyms with the x86-64-vX nomenclature and are thus functionally identical. E.g. the Go language documentation or the Fedora
1603:
in June 2004. In contrast, the initial
Prescott chips (February 2004) did not enable this feature. Intel subsequently began selling Intel 64-enabled Pentium 4s using the E0 revision of the Prescott core, being sold on the OEM market as the Pentium 4, model F. The E0 revision also adds eXecute
3288:
8 TiB of virtual address space per process, accessible from both user mode and kernel mode, referred to as the user mode address space. An x64 program can use all of this, subject to backing store limits on the system, and provided it is linked with the "large address aware" option, which is
3219:
format to package 32- and 64-bit versions of application and library code into a single file; the most appropriate version is automatically selected at load time. In Mac OS X 10.6, the universal binary format is also used for the kernel and for those kernel extensions that support both 32-bit and
2392:
practice in silicon implements the same behaviour as AMD (destination unmodified). The separate claim about maybe not preserving bits in the upper 32 has not been verified, but has only been ruled out for Core 2 and
Skylake, not all Intel microarchitectures like 64-bit Pentium 4 or low-power Atom.
1911:, three microarchitecture levels (or feature levels) on top of the x86-64 baseline were defined: x86-64-v2, x86-64-v3, and x86-64-v4. These levels define specific features that can be targeted by programmers to provide compile-time optimizations. The features exposed by each level are as follows:
1474:
Legacy mode is the mode that the processor is in when it is not in long mode. In this mode, the processor acts like an older x86 processor, and only 16-bit and 32-bit code can be executed. Legacy mode allows for a maximum of 32 bit virtual addressing which limits the virtual address space to
1410:
Note that 16-bit code written for the 80286 and below does not use 32-bit operand instructions. Code written for the 80386 and above can use the operand-size override prefix (0x66). Normally this prefix is used by protected and long mode code for the purpose of using 16-bit operands, as that code
3341:
Ability to use up to 128 GiB (Windows XP/Vista), 192 GiB (Windows 7), 512 GiB (Windows 8), 1 TiB (Windows Server 2003), 2 TiB (Windows Server 2008/Windows 10), 4 TiB (Windows Server 2012), or 24 TiB (Windows Server 2016/2019) of physical random access
304:
architecture. AMD originally announced AMD64 in 1999 with a full specification available in August 2000. As AMD was never invited to be a contributing party for the IA-64 architecture and any kind of licensing seemed unlikely, the AMD64 architecture was positioned by AMD from the beginning as an
4222:
Figures 5, 6 and 7 also show the 32-bit version of WAS runs applications at full native hardware performance on the POWER and x86-64 platforms. Unlike some 64-bit processor architectures, the POWER and x86-64 hardware does not emulate 32-bit mode. Therefore applications that do not benefit from
3502:
Since AMD64 and Intel 64 are substantially similar, many software and hardware products use one vendor-neutral term to indicate their compatibility with both implementations. AMD's original designation for this processor architecture, "x86-64", is still used for this purpose, as is the variant
2448:
In 64-bit mode, near branches with the 66H (operand size override) prefix behave differently. Intel 64 ignores this prefix: the instruction has a 32-bit sign extended offset, and instruction pointer is not truncated. AMD64 uses a 16-bit offset field in the instruction, and clears the top
705:
can also be used in 32-bit mode. The proliferation of 64-bit processors has made these vector capabilities ubiquitous in home computers, allowing the improvement of the standards of 32-bit applications. The 32-bit edition of
Windows 8, for example, requires the presence of SSE2 instructions.
2902:
is a fully integrated and supported port. 32-bit code is still supported in 64-bit mode, with a netbsd-32 kernel compatibility layer for 32-bit syscalls. The NX bit is used to provide non-executable stack and heap with per-page granularity (segment granularity being used on 32-bit x86).
834:). If this requirement is not met, the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256
1457:, where differences in the underlying instruction set mean that running 32-bit code must be done either in emulation of x86 (making the process slower) or with a dedicated x86 coprocessor. However, on the x86-64 platform, many x86 applications could benefit from a 64-bit
6195:"cvs commit: src/sys/amd64/amd64 genassym.c src/sys/amd64/include asm.h atomic.h bootinfo.h coredump.h cpufunc.h elf.h endian.h exec.h float.h fpu.h frame.h globaldata.h ieeefp.h limits.h lock.h md_var.h param.h pcb.h pcb_ext.h pmap.h proc.h profile.h psl.h ..."
1723:
X86S is a simplification of x86-64 proposed by Intel in May 2023 for their "Intel 64" products. The new architecture would remove support for 16-bit and 32-bit operating systems, while 32-bit programs will still run under a 64-bit OS. A CPU would no longer have
2533:(AVX/AVX2 masked move to/from memory) instructions, Intel 64 architecturally guarantees that the instructions will not cause memory faults (e.g. page-faults and segmentation-faults) for any zero-masked lanes, while AMD64 does not provide such a guarantee.
3325:
if WoW64 is supported on that version. Furthermore, a 32-bit program, if it was linked with the "large address aware" option, can use up to 4 GiB of virtual address space in 64-bit
Windows, instead of the default 2 GiB (optional 3 GiB with
6172:
255:), which was originally intended to replace the x86 architecture. x86-64 and Itanium are not compatible on the native instruction set level, and operating systems and applications compiled for one architecture cannot be run on the other natively.
540:). It is therefore possible to keep more local variables in registers rather than on the stack, and to let registers hold frequently accessed constants; arguments for small and fast subroutines may also be passed in registers to a greater extent.
3126:
of virtual address space for individual processes, and can address approximately 64 TiB of physical memory, subject to processor and system limitations, or up to 128 PiB (virtual) and 4 PiB (physical) with 5-level paging enabled.
1465:
can use for optimization. However, applications that regularly handle integers wider than 32 bits, such as cryptographic algorithms, will need a rewrite of the code handling the huge integers in order to take advantage of the 64-bit registers.
3377:
is the address of the first member of the Thread Information Block. Maintaining this convention made the x86-64 port easier, but required AMD to retain the function of the FS and GS segments in long mode – even though segmented addressing
173:
can run with little or no performance penalty, while newer or modified applications can take advantage of new features of the processor design to achieve performance improvements. Also, a processor supporting x86-64 still powers on in
1870:
The processor supports a number of VIA-specific x86 extensions designed to boost efficiency in low-power appliances. It is expected that the Isaiah architecture will be twice as fast in integer performance and four times as fast in
6763:
5418:
5271:
5239:
5210:
168:
to run unmodified, coexisting with 64-bit applications if the 64-bit operating system supports them. As the full x86 16-bit and 32-bit instruction sets remain implemented in hardware without any intervening emulation, these older
860:
The first versions of Windows for x64 did not even use the full 256 TiB; they were restricted to just 8 TiB of user space and 8 TiB of kernel space. Windows did not support the entire 48-bit address space until
2914:
has supported AMD64 since OpenBSD 3.5, released on May 1, 2004. Complete in-tree implementation of AMD64 support was achieved prior to the hardware's initial release because AMD had loaned several machines for the project's
668:(PAE) mode, as do most current x86 processors, but AMD64 extends PAE from 36 bits to an architectural limit of 52 bits of physical address. Any implementation, therefore, allows the same physical address limit as under
3372:
family, GS segment descriptor is used to point to two operating system defined structures: Thread Information Block (NT_TIB) in user mode and Processor Control Region (KPCR) in kernel mode. Thus, for example, in user mode
3334:
boot option on x86, this does not reduce the kernel mode virtual address space available to the operating system. 32-bit applications can, therefore, benefit from running on x64 Windows even if they are not recompiled for
3678:
existing x86 techniques, and licensing from AMD their patents on techniques used in x86-64. In 2009, AMD and Intel settled several lawsuits and cross-licensing disagreements, extending their cross-licensing agreements.
3587:
PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE is assigned the value "AMD64" as opposed to "x86" in 32-bit versions, and the system directory on a Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM is named "AMD64", in contrast to "i386" in 32-bit
6168:
1532:
Historically, AMD has developed and produced processors with instruction sets patterned after Intel's original designs, but with x86-64, roles were reversed: Intel found itself in the position of adopting the
3301:
Under Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, both user mode and kernel mode virtual address spaces have been extended to 128 TiB. These versions of Windows will not install on processors that lack the
5968:
1411:
would be running in a code segment with a default operand size of 32 bits. In real mode, the default operand size is 16 bits, so the 0x66 prefix is interpreted differently, changing operand size to 32 bits.
818:
Although virtual addresses are 64 bits wide in 64-bit mode, current implementations (and all chips that are known to be in the planning stages) do not allow the entire virtual address space of 2 bytes
5059:
636:
the entire file into the process's address space (which is often much faster than working with file read/write calls), rather than having to map regions of the file into and out of the address space.
3835:
3351:
Kernel mode device drivers must be 64-bit versions; there is no way to run 32-bit kernel mode executables within the 64-bit operating system. User mode device drivers can be either 32-bit or 64-bit.
2799:, the appearance of 64-bit extensions for the x86 architecture enabled 64-bit x86 processors by AMD and Intel to replace most RISC processor architectures previously used in such systems (including
5943:
3398:
instructions may be used in long mode, but that they are deprecated and may cause compatibility problems in the future. (3DNow! is no longer available on AMD processors, with the exception of the
3113:, allow users to install a set of 32-bit components and libraries when installing off a 64-bit distribution medium, thus allowing most existing 32-bit applications to run alongside the 64-bit OS.
5471:
3529:
Many operating systems and products, especially those that introduced x86-64 support prior to Intel's entry into the market, use the term "AMD64" or "amd64" to refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64.
3072:. DOS itself is not aware of that, and no benefits should be expected unless running DOS in an emulation with an adequate virtualization driver backend, for example: the mass storage interface.
7216:
3753:
In practice, 64-bit operating systems generally do not support 16-bit applications, although modern versions of Microsoft Windows contain a limited workaround that effectively supports 16-bit
125:
to 64-bit, and expands the number of them from 8 (some of which had limited or fixed functionality, e.g. for stack management) to 16 (fully general), and provides numerous other enhancements.
5852:
2354:
Although nearly identical, there are some differences between the two instruction sets in the semantics of a few seldom used machine instructions (or situations), which are mainly used for
5411:
5264:
5232:
5206:
6860:
7185:
2491:
instruction is executed with a memory source operand and an operand-size of 16 bits, the memory operand will be accessed with a 16-bit read on Intel 64, but a 32-bit read on AMD64.
4741:
5721:
7151:
6968:
621:) of virtual address space. The architecture definition allows this limit to be raised in future implementations to the full 64 bits, extending the virtual address space to 16
603:
The traditional x87 FPU register stack is not included in the register file size extension in 64-bit mode, compared with the XMM registers used by SSE2, which did get extended. The
586:(which has 128 registers). However, an AMD64 implementation may have far more internal registers than the number of architectural registers exposed by the instruction set (see
3939:
3776:
as "the projected date that a customer may expect to receive the post-conversion materials. ... customers should be prepared to receive the post-converted materials on this date".
7275:
2882:
some quirks with running x86 executables under amd64, and most drivers work just as they do on the x86 architecture. Work is currently being done to integrate more fully the x86
6434:
2866:
Preliminary infrastructure work was started in February 2004 for a x86-64 port. This development later stalled. Development started again during July 2007 and continued during
7549:
1486:
is made into a submode of legacy mode. It is the submode that 32-bit operating systems and 16-bit protected mode operating systems operate in when running on an x86-64 CPU.
1080:
that support 256 TiB of RAM. The operating system may place additional limits on the amount of RAM that is usable or supported. Details on this point are given in the "
3712:
Various names are used for the instruction set. Prior to the launch, x86-64 and x86_64 were used, while upon the release AMD named it AMD64. Intel initially used the names
6710:
4072:
4501:
4530:
7249:
5881:
5447:
920:
is added, containing 512 entries in 48-bit implementations. A full mapping hierarchy of 4 KiB pages for the whole 48-bit space would take a bit more than 512
830:
In addition, the AMD specification requires that the most significant 16 bits of any virtual address, bits 48 through 63, must be copies of bit 47 (in a manner akin to
5089:
4681:
3348:
data model: in C/C++, "int" and "long" types are 32 bits wide, "long long" is 64 bits, while pointers and types derived from pointers are 64 bits wide.
2736:(revision D) processors, starting with Athlon 64 in October 2004. Intel introduced the instructions in October 2005 with the 0F47h and later revisions of
2370:. This is therefore of interest mainly to developers of compilers, operating systems and similar, which must deal with individual and special system instructions.
1887:
ranging from 5 W to 25 W. Being a completely new design, the Isaiah architecture was built with support for features like the x86-64 instruction set and
5972:
4983:
7377:
426:
to 64 bits, and all arithmetic and logical operations, memory-to-register and register-to-memory operations, etc., can operate directly on 64-bit integers.
6566:
6058:
2830:
613:
The AMD64 architecture defines a 64-bit virtual address format, of which the low-order 48 bits are used in current implementations. This allows up to 256
7129:
5538:
5051:
2811:
and others), as well as 32-bit x86, even though Intel itself initially tried unsuccessfully to replace x86 with a new incompatible 64-bit architecture in the
4046:
6894:
4385:
3166:
machines. All non-GUI libraries and frameworks also support 64-bit applications on those platforms. The kernel, and all kernel extensions, are 32-bit only.
2570:, AMD64 processors execute the general protection fault handler in privilege level 3, while on Intel 64 processors it is executed in privilege level 0.
3831:
1509:
before transitioning to higher modes. This mode is also used by any operating system that needs to communicate with the system firmware with a traditional
4558:, Larry Seiler, "64KB page system that supports 4KB page operation", published 2016-12-29, issued 2018-01-02, assigned to Intel Corp.
3081:
6143:
5936:
280:
in their literature and documentation as “AMD 64-bit Technology” and “AMD x86-64 Architecture”) was created as an alternative to the radically different
7407:
4961:
5994:
5460:
4875:
2750:
Early Intel 64 implementations had a 36-bit (64 GiB) physical addressing of memory while original AMD64 implementations had a 40-bit (1
7020:
3583:'s x64 versions use the AMD64 moniker internally to designate various components which use or are compatible with this architecture. For example, the
3252:
For Solaris 11, only the 64-bit kernel is provided. However, the 64-bit kernel supports both 32- and 64-bit executables, libraries, and system calls.
7363:
7345:
7327:
7208:
4206:
7498:
7490:
6197:
5845:
4745:
2747:
of the AMD64 architecture. It was added in the stepping E0 (0F41h) Pentium 4 in October 2004. This feature is required by all versions of Windows 8.
6741:
3964:
6275:
6223:
5911:
4719:
1826:
in 2008 and the removal of 16-bit and 32-bit OS support in Intel firmware in 2020. Support for legacy operating systems would be accomplished via
1497:
is the initial mode of operation when the processor is initialized, and is a submode of legacy mode. It is backwards compatible with the original
857:
as flags, privilege markers, etc., as such use could become problematic when the architecture is extended to implement more virtual address bits.
243:
The x86-64 architecture was quickly adopted for desktop and laptop personal computers and servers which were commonly configured for 16 GiB (
7862:
7297:
1612:. Intel's official launch of Intel 64 (under the name EM64T at that time) in mainstream desktop processors was the N0 stepping Prescott-2M.
444:
In addition to increasing the size of the general-purpose registers, the number of named general-purpose registers is increased from eight (i.e.
4802:
4656:
3895:
6852:
4261:
4235:
2338:
All levels include features found in the previous levels. Instruction set extensions not concerned with general-purpose computation, including
7177:
6653:
6359:
Status: The kernel, compiler, tool chain work. The kernel boots and work on simulator and is used for porting of userland and running programs
5567:
4458:
5028:
2787:
An area chart showing the representation of different families of microprocessors in the TOP500 supercomputer ranking list, from 1993 to 2020
7504:
6350:
5713:
4177:
5821:
5776:
5657:
4931:
4604:
7155:
6819:
607:
register stack is not a simple register file although it does allow direct access to individual registers by low cost exchange operations.
7539:
3358:
subsystem (NTVDM) which relied upon the ability to use virtual 8086 mode. Virtual 8086 mode cannot be entered while running in long mode.
7096:
5504:
4357:
3935:
2829:
is number one. The first ARM-based supercomputer appeared on the list in 2018 and, in recent years, non-CPU architecture co-processors (
6249:
5754:
4287:
3289:
present by default. This is a 4096-fold increase over the default 2 GiB user-mode virtual address space offered by 32-bit Windows.
1804:
7271:
4767:
4630:
4578:
3365:(No Execute) page protection feature. This is also implemented on recent 32-bit versions of Windows when they are started in PAE mode.
3190:
includes only the 64-bit kernel, but continues to support 32-bit applications; it does not support 32-bit kernel extensions, however.
6438:
6467:
5688:
5632:
7581:
5977:
Intel 64 architecture increases the linear address space for software to 64 bits and supports physical address space up to 46 bits.
1505:
processors. Real mode is primarily used today by operating system bootloaders, which are required by the architecture to configure
6675:
2837:
coprocessors, which implement a subset of x86-64 with some vector extensions, are also used, along with x86-64 processors, in the
102:, first announced in 1999. It introduced two new modes of operation, 64-bit mode and compatibility mode, along with a new 4-level
5329:
4223:
64-bit features can run with full performance on the 32-bit version of WebSphere running on the above mentioned 64-bit platforms.
838:
of usable virtual address space. This is still 65,536 times larger than the virtual 4 GiB address space of 32-bit machines.
6702:
4068:
3196:
includes only the 64-bit kernel and no longer supports 32-bit applications. This removal of support has presented a problem for
7430:
6596:
4904:
4832:
4487:
4322:
3338:
Both 32- and 64-bit applications, if not linked with "large address aware", are limited to 2 GiB of virtual address space.
2395:
AMD64 requires a different microcode update format and control MSRs (model-specific registers), while Intel 64 implements
150:
146:
6764:"Microsoft Raises the Speed Limit with the Availability of 64-Bit Editions of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional"
4523:
2625:. The reason given is: future tense relating to processors that have been out for years, dates with day and month but no year.
1859:
introduced their first implementation of the x86-64 architecture in 2008 after five years of development by its CPU division,
1848:
Advanced Performance Extensions is a 2023 Intel proposal for new instructions and an additional 16 general-purpose registers.
7729:
7239:
6405:
5877:
5443:
3693:
6989:
6917:
6789:
5081:
4689:
841:
This feature eases later scalability to true 64-bit addressing. Many operating systems (including, but not limited to, the
7819:
3293:
uses a total of 16 TiB out of the 256 TiB implemented by the processors because early AMD64 processors lacked a
742:
mode. The feature is also available in legacy mode on AMD64 processors, and recent Intel x86 processors, when PAE is used.
590:). (For example, AMD Zen cores have 168 64-bit integer and 160 128-bit vector floating-point physical internal registers.)
313:, as opposed to Intel's approach of creating an entirely new, completely x86-incompatible 64-bit architecture with IA-64.
7824:
7814:
5412:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2 (2A, 2B & 2C): Instruction Set Reference, A-Z"
5265:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2 (2A, 2B & 2C): Instruction Set Reference, A-Z"
5233:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2 (2A, 2B & 2C): Instruction Set Reference, A–Z"
5123:
3261:
646:
and so could address up to 1 TiB (2 bytes) of RAM. Current implementations of the AMD64 architecture (starting from
6114:
5386:
4147:
7042:
6024:
4994:
4020:
2694:
2559:
Rev. D have reintroduced limited support for segmentation, via the Long Mode Segment Limit Enable (LMSLE) bit, to ease
7381:
7069:
6873:
The /LARGEADDRESSAWARE option tells the linker that the application can handle addresses larger than 2 gigabytes.
6574:
6389:
This was the original paper describing the Linux x86-64 kernel port back when x86-64 was only available on simulators.
7836:
7809:
6050:
5184:
5153:
4437:
3032:
3013:
6301:
3804:
7125:
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2985:
1551:
in Oregon's Willamette Valley). After several years of denying its existence, Intel announced at the February 2004
6496:
4042:
1453:
is the same, there is almost no performance penalty for executing protected mode x86 code. This is unlike Intel's
7514:
6522:
5682:"Intel® Pentium® D Processor 800 Sequence and Intel® Pentium® Processor Extreme Edition 840 Specification Update"
5603:
4392:
4174:"If there is no 16-bit emulation layer in 64-bit Windows, how come certain 16-bit installers are allowed to run?"
3994:
3491:
3354:
16-bit Windows (Win16) and DOS applications will not run on x86-64 versions of Windows due to the removal of the
1863:. Codenamed "Isaiah", the 64-bit architecture was unveiled on January 24, 2008, and launched on May 29 under the
1556:
373:
7457:
6626:
6169:"Intel Powers the World's Fastest Supercomputer, Reveals New and Future High Performance Computing Technologies"
4316:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1"
6943:
6084:
3435:
architecture, which can run as a 32-bit application on 32-bit Microsoft Windows or 64-bit Microsoft Windows in
2970:
435:
405:
228:
architecture designed by a company other than Intel. Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified
7802:
7797:
6136:
2992:
2597:
is a fully serializing instruction (including instruction fetch serialization) on AMD64 but not Intel 64.
7403:
5990:
5355:"Linux-Kernel Archive: [PATCH 2/5] KVM: svm: Disallow EFER.LMSLE on hardware that doesn't support it"
3407:
2182:
2176:
2074:
5580:
To install a 64-bit OS on a 64-bit PC, your processor needs to support CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, and LAHF/SAHF.
5300:
4953:
1060:
The operating system can also limit the virtual address space. Details, where applicable, are given in the "
7574:
7012:
6790:"A description of the x64-based versions of Windows Server 2003 and of Windows XP Professional x64 Edition"
2883:
1683:
230, 330, D410, D425, D510, D525, N450, N455, N470, N475, N550, N570, N2600 and N2800, all versions of the
1534:
7545:
TurboIRC.COM tutorials, including examples of how to of enter protected and long mode the raw way from DOS
7544:
6323:
4199:
683:
555:
6194:
2279:
2168:
2060:
7531:
2003. An excellent paper explaining almost all practical aspects for a transition from 32-bit to 64-bit.
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3968:
2999:
1676:
7777:
6271:
6219:
5904:
4711:
3592:
3476:
3462:
3281:
was sold in only x64 and Itanium editions; later versions of Windows Server only offer an x64 edition.
3234:
3053:
without a DOS extender, but the user must return to real mode in order to call BIOS or DOS interrupts.
2819:
2082:
885:
665:
651:
401:
141:
style registers are generally not used (but still available even in 64-bit mode); instead, a set of 16
7359:
7341:
7323:
7301:
6376:
4555:
4262:"AMD Releases x86-64 Architectural Specification; Enables Market Driven Migration to 64-Bit Computing"
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4794:
4652:
4265:
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3869:
3627:
3570:
3177:
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1814:
710:
693:
679:
597:
126:
6649:
5354:
3920:
The kernel and developer tools have standardized on "x86_64" for the name of the Mach-O architecture
3907:
3526:
processor, and should not be confused with x86-64, as it is a completely different instruction set.
3330:
boot option and "large address aware" link option) offered by 32-bit Windows. Unlike the use of the
7554:
5563:
4454:
3663:
2981:
2826:
2758:), launched on 29 March 2005. The difference is not a difference of the user-visible ISAs. In 2007
1241:, 32-bit OS, 32-bit UEFI firmware, or the latter two interacting via the firmware's UEFI interface
678:
Instructions can now reference data relative to the instruction pointer (RIP register). This makes
419:
122:
17:
7519:
5020:
2591:
fence) on Intel 64 but is not architecturally guaranteed to be dispatch-serializing on AMD64.
727:" or "unchecked buffer" attacks. A similar feature has been available on x86 processors since the
153:
numbers, or various integer formats.) In 64-bit mode, instructions are modified to support 64-bit
7567:
6354:
4927:
4173:
3620:
3431:
to target either the x86-64 architecture, which can run only on 64-bit Microsoft Windows, or the
3424:
3284:
Versions of Windows for x64 prior to Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 offer the following:
3151:
2966:
2959:
1688:
738:
38:
7481:
6827:
5828:
5783:
5664:
4600:
3212:
that bring the CPU in and out of 32-bit compatibility mode in the nominally 64-bit application.
2732:
instructions in 64-bit mode. AMD introduced these instructions (also in 64-bit mode) with their
1461:, due to the additional registers in 64-bit code and guaranteed SSE2-based FPU support, which a
3278:
3181:
2536:
Intel 64 lacks the ability to save and restore a reduced (and thus faster) version of the
1843:
1620:
1524:
is Intel's implementation of x86-64, used and implemented in various processors made by Intel.
1072:
Current AMD64 processors support a physical address space of up to 2 bytes of RAM, or 256
749:
retained in vestigial form for use as extra-base pointers to operating system structures), the
427:
293:
179:
121:
predecessors, allowing programs to store larger amounts of data in memory. x86-64 also expands
7509:
4429:
4422:
3720:
before finally settling on "Intel 64" for its implementation. Some in the industry, including
2783:
2560:
1883:. Power consumption is also expected to be on par with the previous-generation VIA CPUs, with
1562:
Intel's name for this instruction set has changed several times. The name used at the IDF was
60:
7787:
7704:
7298:"An example file from Linux 3.7.8 kernel source tree displaying the usage of the term x86_64"
7097:"Microsoft OLE DB Provider for Jet and Jet ODBC driver are available in 32-bit versions only"
6544:
5497:
4350:
3391:
3169:
2867:
2588:
1552:
138:
7494:
7486:
6701:
Schmid, J; Thomases, K; Ramey, J; Czekalla, U; Mathieu, B; Abhiram, R (September 10, 2019).
6245:
6142:. Intel. September 7, 2012. section B.2 Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor 64 bit Mode Limitations.
5744:
2295:
features match the 2017 Intel Skylake-X architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions
4771:
4626:
4574:
4455:"What is PAE, NX, and SSE2 and why does my PC need to support them to run Windows 8 ?"
3602:
3584:
3094:
2767:
2367:
1884:
1049:
392:
The primary defining characteristic of AMD64 is the availability of 64-bit general-purpose
5380:"AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 3: General-Purpose and System Instructions"
2195:
features match the 2013 Intel Haswell architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions
2100:
features match the 2008 Intel Nehalem architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions
224:
processors, was the first to implement it. This was the first significant addition to the
8:
7841:
7792:
7782:
7615:
5681:
5625:
4685:
3418:
3414:
3385:
Early reports claimed that the operating system scheduler would not save and restore the
3355:
3265:
3204:), as it needs to still be able to run 32-bit Windows applications. The solution, termed
2870:
2008 and SoC 2009. The first official release to contain x86-64 support was version 2.4.
6679:
4854:
2919:
that year. OpenBSD developers have taken to the platform because of its support for the
2627:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2402:
Intel 64 lacks some MSRs that are considered architectural in AMD64. These include
7699:
3741:
3729:
3649:
refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86-64" or "x86_64", as seen in the Terminal command
3562:
3512:
3187:
2355:
1888:
1860:
1627:
processor, which was released on July 27, 2006. None of Intel's earlier notebook CPUs (
1268:
1244:
1208:
1187:
750:
732:
700:
as core instructions. These instruction sets provide a vector supplement to the scalar
633:
393:
361:
5322:
3863:
3461:, and all variants of those consoles, incorporate AMD x86-64 processors, based on the
6600:
6463:
6018:"Introduction to 5-Level Paging in 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors with Linux"
5807:
on October 21, but 0F48h which also supports LAHF/SAHF launched on October 10 in the
4433:
3580:
3465:
3069:
2706:
1672:
1290:
754:
587:
571:
213:
202:
7534:
7434:
4893:
4824:
4315:
3006:
2935:(SMP) works on OpenBSD's AMD64 port, starting with release 3.6 on November 1, 2004.
7209:"Hot Chips 2020 Live Blog: Microsoft Xbox Series X System Architecture (6:00pm PT)"
5808:
4990:
4957:
3725:
3508:
3216:
3143:
2898:
source tree on June 19, 2001. As of NetBSD 2.0, released on December 9, 2004,
2754:) physical addressing. Intel used the 40-bit physical addressing first on Xeon MP (
2702:
2690:
2686:
2088:
1856:
1616:
1101:
643:
348:(followed by "X2", "X3", or "X4" to indicate the number of cores, and XLT models),
306:
233:
206:
142:
118:
30:"Intel 64" redirects here. For the Intel 64-bit architecture in Itanium chips, see
6401:
4305:
Mauerer, W. (2010). Professional Linux kernel architecture. John Wiley & Sons.
2834:
3468:. Firmware and games are written in x86-64 code; no legacy x86 code is involved.
2886:(ABI), in the same manner as the Linux 32-bit ABI compatibility currently works.
1831:
1766:
1752:
1586:(Extended Memory 64 Technology). In late 2006 Intel began instead using the name
1571:
1450:
1153:
firmware, or the previous two interacting via a 64-bit firmware's UEFI interface
724:
547:
309:
capabilities to the existing x86 architecture while supporting legacy 32-bit x86
289:
158:
114:
99:
6797:
2849:
The following operating systems and releases support the x86-64 architecture in
2755:
2689:
on octa-words (128-bit values). This is useful for parallel algorithms that use
1668:
1599:
1092:
The architecture has two primary modes of operation: long mode and legacy mode.
7724:
7101:
7074:
7047:
5800:
5594:"Re: [PATCH v2] x86: clear incorrectly forced X86_FEATURE_LAHF_LM flag"
5052:"Building Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for the x86-64-v2 microarchitecture level"
3903:
3309:
The following additional characteristics apply to all x64 versions of Windows:
3193:
3136:
3106:
2537:
2510:(x87 floating-point compare) instructions will clear the OF, SF and AF bits of
2386:
2380:
1872:
1786:
1733:
1483:
1233:
854:
831:
431:
187:
110:
109:
With 64-bit mode and the new paging mode, it supports vastly larger amounts of
6857:
Visual Studio 2022 Documentation – MSVC Linker Reference – MSVC Linker Options
5115:
2573:
The ordering guarantees provided by some memory ordering instructions such as
1593:
The first processor to implement Intel 64 was the multi-socket processor
46:
7856:
7739:
7719:
7714:
7126:"The Xbox One: Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4"
6137:"Intel® Xeon PhiTM Coprocessor Instruction Set Architecture Reference Manual"
6106:
5498:"Practical Lock-Free and Wait-Free LL/SC/VL Implementations Using 64-Bit CAS"
5379:
3757:
and Microsoft ACME installers by silently substituting them with 32-bit code.
3754:
3657:
3472:
3454:
3270:
3082:
Comparison of Linux distributions § Instruction set architecture support
2792:
2733:
1548:
1114:
6017:
4136:
4016:
164:
The compatibility mode defined in the architecture allows 16-bit and 32-bit
7428:
6890:
5749:
4428:. PC System Architecture Series (Second ed.). Addison-Wesley. p.
3772:
3639:
3616:
3605:(JDK): the name "amd64" is used in directory names containing x86-64 files.
3574:
3440:
3061:
2645:
The AMD64 processors prior to Revision F (distinguished by the switch from
2363:
1736:
without going through the unpaged mode. Specific removed features include:
846:
353:
341:
337:
310:
5176:
5145:
3245:
be manually selected, in which case only 32-bit executables will run. The
1608:) to Intel 64, and has been included in then current Xeon code-named
805:
793:
781:
6895:"Everything You Need To Know To Start Programming 64-Bit Windows Systems"
6297:
4742:"Craig Barrett confirms 64 bit address extensions for Xeon. And Prescott"
3547:
3428:
3249:
command can be used to determine if a system is running a 64-bit kernel.
3147:
2718:
2481:
1880:
1321:
1077:
862:
661:
642:
The original implementation of the AMD64 architecture implemented 40-bit
408:. The designers took the opportunity to make other improvements as well.
191:
6492:
4351:"BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide (BKDG) For AMD Family 10h Processors"
3796:
3273:, which also has many different editions, was released in January 2007.
3089:
was the first operating system kernel to run the x86-64 architecture in
368:(followed by "X2", "X3", "X4" or "X6" to indicate the number of cores),
247:) of memory or more. It has effectively replaced the discontinued Intel
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7674:
7669:
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6570:
3721:
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3487:
3369:
3102:
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1081:
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905:
850:
842:
824:
183:
170:
165:
7240:"Steam Deck: Five big things we learned from Valve's developer summit"
5593:
2705:
or alternative lock-free approaches. Its absence also prevents 64-bit
7709:
7679:
7465:
7244:
6622:
6518:
5804:
4900:
4497:
3990:
3733:
3599:
command identifies both AMD64- and Intel 64-based systems as "amd64".
3577:
refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64 under the architecture name "amd64".
3558:
refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64 under the architecture name "amd64".
3504:
3274:
3201:
3090:
3057:
3046:
2916:
2850:
2844:
2808:
2710:
2662:
2646:
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2442:
2396:
1908:
1822:
Intel believes the change follows logically after the removal of the
1782:
1729:
1684:
1656:
1652:
1651:
Intel's processors implementing the Intel64 architecture include the
1640:
1636:
1632:
1494:
1458:
1432:
1369:
1354:
1332:
1299:
1156:
1141:
909:
881:
669:
567:
551:
365:
349:
345:
333:
221:
175:
6939:
5846:"64-bit Intel® Xeon™ Processor MP with up to 8MB L3 Cache Datasheet"
5082:"System V Application Binary Interface Low Level System Information"
4855:"Intel Publishes "X86-S" Specification For 64-bit Only Architecture"
3444:
run as a 64-bit application in 64-bit editions of Microsoft Windows.
3421:
will not be ported to 64-bit architectures such as x86-64 and IA-64.
2948:
2563:
of 64-bit guests. LMLSE support was removed in the Zen 3 processor.
1555:
that the project was indeed underway. Intel's chairman at the time,
1537:
that AMD created as an extension to Intel's own x86 processor line.
1418:
7749:
7744:
6963:
6961:
6080:
3877:
3631:
3479:
respectively, also incorporate AMD x86-64 processors, based on the
3458:
3184:, and the 32-bit kernel does not support 64-bit kernel extensions.
3123:
2838:
2763:
2751:
2737:
2714:
2658:
1864:
1823:
1712:
1628:
1541:
1462:
1375:
1073:
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901:
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family) take the higher-addressed half of the address space (named
835:
820:
626:
622:
614:
244:
237:
229:
154:
7117:
6885:
6883:
6881:
2774:(Genoa). Non-server CPUs retain smaller address spaces for longer.
7653:
7559:
7429:
Stephen Shankland and Jonathan E. Skillings (November 12, 2009).
5296:
4200:"IBM WebSphere Application Server 64-bit Performance Demystified"
3555:
3543:
3523:
3406:
instructions, which are also supported on Intel processors as of
3229:
3163:
3116:
3065:
2911:
2878:
2812:
2800:
2759:
2552:
1904:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1660:
1590:
for its implementation, paralleling AMD's use of the name AMD64.
647:
575:
357:
329:
317:
248:
217:
53:
7458:"AMD and Intel Settle Their Differences: AMD Gets To Go Fabless"
6958:
6940:"Behind Windows x86-64's 44-bit Virtual Memory Addressing Limit"
2766:) and physical to 52 bits (4 PiB) in 2021, necessitating a
2514:
on Intel 64, but leave these flag bits unmodified on AMD64.
56:, the first CPU to introduce the x86-64 extensions in April 2003
7772:
7620:
7610:
7144:
6878:
5101:
3566:
3551:
3395:
3362:
3197:
3155:
3110:
2920:
2895:
2796:
2744:
2511:
2343:
2339:
1892:
1692:
1624:
1605:
952:
889:
774:
Canonical address space implementations (diagrams not to scale)
720:
713:
instruction sets are not standard features of the architecture.
559:
369:
232:
family which was software-compatible with AMD's specification.
210:
103:
92:
6327:
5969:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual"
145:, 128 bits each, is used. (Each register can store one or two
7605:
7178:"What to expect from Sony 'PlayStation 5' launch in November"
5626:"Revision Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Processors"
4828:
3873:
3687:
3646:
3519:
3480:
3436:
3432:
3345:
3322:
3241:
3209:
3173:
3086:
2804:
2674:
2287:
1579:
1454:
1446:
by creating a virtual processor running in the desired mode.
1443:
728:
583:
563:
377:
328:
AMD's processors implementing the AMD64 architecture include
297:
285:
281:
263:
252:
236:
introduced x86-64 in their VIA Isaiah architecture, with the
31:
4876:"Envisioning a Simplified Intel Architecture for the Future"
4682:"From the AMI Archives: AMIBIOS 8 and the Transition to EFI"
2770:. The following year AMD64 added the same in 4th generation
2425:
only in 64-bit mode (not in compatibility mode), and allows
1475:
4 GiB. 64-bit programs cannot be run from legacy mode.
924:
of memory (about 0.195% of the 256 TiB virtual space).
364:(followed by "X3" or "X4" to indicate the number of cores),
7831:
7648:
6700:
6372:
5297:"How retiring segmentation in AMD64 long mode broke VMware"
4492:
3857:
3855:
3853:
2924:
2822:
2771:
2189:
1945:
1827:
1664:
1659:
models 3x1, 3x6, 355, 347, 352, 360, and 365 and all later
1594:
1582:
extensions) and in March 2004 unveiled the "official" name
1510:
1439:
1363:
1150:
706:
697:
618:
579:
544:
381:
130:
37:"x64" redirects here. For the New York City bus route, see
7152:"The Tech Spec Test: Xbox One Vs. PlayStation 4"
6567:"Apple – Mac OS X Xcode 2.4 Release Notes: Compiler Tools"
6418:
You can either use the multilib packages or a i686 chroot.
5461:"Live Migration with AMD-V™ Extended Migration Technology"
2740:. The 64-bit version of Windows 8.1 requires this feature.
1559:, admitted that this was one of their worst-kept secrets.
735:; however, this works only on an entire segment at a time.
7590:
7520:
Early report of differences between Intel IA32e and AMD64
7431:"Intel to pay AMD $ 1.25 billion in antitrust settlement"
6487:
6485:
3737:
3539:
3386:
3159:
3050:
2349:
1988:
701:
604:
596:
Similarly, the number of 128-bit XMM registers (used for
423:
301:
277:
225:
198:
134:
96:
50:
7231:
6324:"Tutorial for entering protected and long mode from DOS"
5937:"Intel® Xeon® Processor 7500 Series Datasheet, Volume 2"
5714:"Intel Xeon 2.8 GHz - NE80551KG0724MM / BX80551KG2800HA"
4768:""A Roundup of 64-Bit Computing", from internetnews.com"
4236:"AMD Discloses New Technologies At Microporcessor Forum"
3850:
3368:
Instead of FS segment descriptor on x86 versions of the
2284:
and newer Intel "big" cores (AVX512 enabled models only)
1362:, real mode OS, or any OS interfacing with a firmware's
916:
is extended from four entries to 512, and an additional
900:(2 bytes). Long mode also supports page sizes of 1
6990:"Memory Limits for Windows and Windows Server Releases"
6641:
3237:
10 and later releases support the x86-64 architecture.
2894:
x86-64 architecture support was first committed to the
908:
system used by systems in PAE mode, systems running in
632:
This means that very large files can be operated on by
7378:"Patent Cross License Agreement Between AMD and Intel"
6482:
6458:
6456:
2833:) have also played a big role in performance. Intel's
2456:
prefix can be used with the far-pointer instructions (
2173:
and newer Intel "big" cores (AVX2 enabled models only)
7550:
Seven Steps of Migrating a Program to a 64-bit System
6650:"Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review"
4264:(Press release). AMD. August 10, 2000. Archived from
4238:(Press release). AMD. October 5, 1999. Archived from
3162:
on 64-bit Intel-based machines, as well as on 64-bit
2693:
on data larger than the size of a pointer, common in
2587:
is dispatch-serializing (enabling it to be used as a
2484:
argument to 80 bits (64-bit offset + 16-bit segment).
1958:
matches the common capabilities between the 2003 AMD
1903:
In 2020, through a collaboration between AMD, Intel,
849:) for themselves and leave the lower-addressed half (
6051:"AMD EPYC Genoa Gaps Intel Xeon in Stunning Fashion"
3889:
3887:
3885:
3260:
x64 editions of Microsoft Windows client and server—
2366:) that avoid any differences, at least for ordinary
6909:
6820:"Windows Server 2003 SP1 Administration Tools Pack"
6537:
6453:
4928:"Isaiah revealed: VIA's new low-power architecture"
3515:, use the contraction "x64" in marketing material.
2973:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2399:
update unchanged from their 32-bit only processors.
1895:line, while retaining their encryption extensions.
1506:
201:and released in 2000, has been implemented by AMD,
6435:"Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks"
6264:
6238:
5971:. September 2014. p. 2-21. Archived from
4894:"VIA to launch new processor architecture in 1Q08"
4421:
4205:. IBM Corporation. September 6, 2007. p. 14.
3382:is not really used by any modern operating system.
2923:, which allowed for an easy implementation of the
2845:Operating system compatibility and characteristics
2743:Early Intel CPUs with Intel 64 also lack the
1837:
1082:Operating system compatibility and characteristics
1076:. However, as of 2020, there were no known x86-64
1062:Operating system compatibility and characteristics
654:(PAE) mode, or 4 GiB of RAM without PAE mode.
411:Notable changes in the 64-bit extensions include:
7487:x86-64: Extending the x86 architecture to 64-bits
7482:AMD Developer Guides, Manuals & ISA Documents
6623:"Mac OS X v10.6: Macs that use the 64-bit kernel"
6432:
6290:
6187:
5745:"Intel tweaks EM64T for full AMD64 compatibility"
4795:"Intel to demo 'CT' 64-bit processor line at IDF"
4744:. The Inquirer. February 17, 2004. Archived from
4452:
3893:
3882:
1067:
360:("Palermo" E6 stepping and all "Manila" models),
7854:
7123:
6703:"So We Don't Have a Solution for Catalina...Yet"
6597:"Apple – Mac OS X Leopard – Technology - 64-bit"
6428:
6426:
6107:"Sublist Generator | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites"
3744:use AMD64, as does Microsoft Windows internally.
2566:When returning to a non-canonical address using
1891:which were unavailable on its predecessors, the
1844:X86 § APX (Advanced Performance Extensions)
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
761:
692:The original AMD64 architecture adopted Intel's
7510:Intel tweaks EM64T for full AMD64 compatibility
7010:
6915:
6212:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4192:
4134:
3724:, use x86-64 and x86_64, while others, notably
6081:"Statistics | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites"
5558:
5556:
5531:"Why is the virtual address space 4GB anyway?"
5444:The Significance of the x86 LFENCE Instruction
4424:Pentium Pro and Pentium II System Architecture
3826:
3824:
3822:
3688:AMD Generic Encapsulated Software Architecture
3642:refer to this 64-bit architecture as "x86_64".
3497:
1851:
1574:); within weeks they began referring to it as
404:arithmetic and logical operations, and 64-bit
7575:
7154:. Game Informer. May 21, 2013. Archived from
6853:"/LARGEADDRESSAWARE (Handle Large Addresses)"
6423:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
3930:
3928:
3494:(APU), based on the Zen 2 microarchitecture.
3313:Ability to run existing 32-bit applications (
1795:VT-x will no longer provide unrestricted mode
1397:
600:instructions) is also increased from 8 to 16.
68:, as published and distributed by AMD in 2002
7489:– technical talk by the architect of AMD64 (
7013:"AMD says goodbye to 3DNow! instruction set"
6889:
6847:
6845:
5495:
4554:
4473:
4413:
4373:Physical address space increased to 48 bits.
4308:
4171:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
2346:, are excluded from the level requirements.
686:and code loaded at run time, more efficient.
657:Larger physical address space in legacy mode
7011:Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (August 23, 2010).
6668:
6511:
5553:
4408:Physical address space increased to 48 bits
3819:
1898:
1422:State diagram of the x86-64 operating modes
766:
625:(2 bytes). This is compared to just 4
7582:
7568:
6348:
5323:"VMware and CPU Virtualization Technology"
4712:"Intel is Continuing the Yamhill Project?"
4676:
4674:
4391:. March 2, 2008. p. 7. Archived from
3925:
3666:refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86_64".
3660:refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86_64".
3623:refers to 64-bit architecture as "x86_64".
2724:Early AMD64 and Intel 64 CPUs lacked
2669:instruction, which is an extension of the
1055:
543:AMD64 still has fewer registers than many
7237:
7070:"Driver history for Microsoft SQL Server"
6842:
6647:
5822:"Product Change Notification 104101 – 00"
5777:"Product Change Notification 105271 – 00"
5658:"Product Change Notification 105224 - 01"
5417:. Intel. September 2014. pp. 4–412.
5270:. Intel. September 2013. pp. 4–400.
5238:. Intel. September 2013. pp. 4–397.
5177:"64-bit computing in theory and practice"
4345:
4343:
4087:
3033:Learn how and when to remove this message
2373:
1008:Bit 31…12 of base address
387:
7045:. Programming Guide for 64-bit Windows.
6969:"64-bit programming for Game Developers"
6731:
6433:Thorsten Leemhuis (September 13, 2011).
5168:
4954:"VIA Launches VIA Nano Processor Family"
4870:
4868:
3959:
3957:
3789:
2782:
2603:
2581:differ between Intel 64 and AMD64:
1747:VT-x will no longer emulate this feature
1417:
675:Instruction pointer relative data access
262:
59:
45:
7515:Analyst: Intel Reverse-Engineered AMD64
7219:from the original on September 17, 2020
7188:from the original on September 19, 2020
6713:from the original on September 29, 2021
6525:from the original on September 26, 2019
6304:from the original on September 23, 2009
6048:
4792:
4671:
4419:
3997:from the original on September 26, 2019
3807:from the original on September 26, 2019
3146:supports 64-bit GUI applications using
3135:Mac OS X 10.4.7 and higher versions of
1875:performance as the previous-generation
904:(2 bytes). Rather than the three-level
868:
865:, which was released in October 2013.
197:The original specification, created by
66:x86-64 Architecture Programmer's Manual
14:
7863:Computer-related introductions in 2003
7855:
6946:from the original on December 23, 2008
6863:from the original on December 21, 2022
6744:from the original on November 11, 2020
6464:"x32 - a native 32-bit ABI for x86-64"
6370:
6278:from the original on September 4, 2010
6061:from the original on November 17, 2022
6049:Kennedy, Patrick (November 10, 2022).
5949:from the original on November 17, 2022
5917:from the original on December 13, 2022
5884:from the original on November 17, 2022
5878:"Justin Boggs's at Microsoft PDC 2008"
5858:from the original on November 17, 2022
5591:
5528:
5174:
5126:from the original on December 21, 2022
5062:from the original on February 20, 2022
5049:
5021:"New x86-64 micro-architecture levels"
5018:
4984:"VIA Isaiah Architecture Introduction"
4925:
4340:
4289:AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual
4144:AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual
3656:Breaking with most other BSD systems,
3448:
3317:programs) and dynamic link libraries (
3068:, but more complex since x86-64 lacks
2350:Differences between AMD64 and Intel 64
1810:Some unused operating system mode bits
1048:Intel has implemented a scheme with a
7563:
7455:
7252:from the original on February 7, 2022
7238:Hollister, Sean (November 12, 2021).
6499:from the original on October 30, 2011
6379:from the original on December 7, 2009
6200:from the original on December 4, 2008
6117:from the original on December 7, 2018
5988:
5902:
5742:
5606:from the original on January 11, 2023
5477:from the original on December 6, 2022
5424:from the original on January 13, 2015
5277:from the original on October 20, 2013
5245:from the original on October 20, 2013
5213:from the original on January 11, 2023
5092:from the original on February 2, 2021
4964:from the original on February 3, 2019
4934:from the original on January 27, 2008
4907:from the original on December 3, 2008
4865:
4536:from the original on December 5, 2018
4212:from the original on January 25, 2022
3954:
3694:Transient execution CPU vulnerability
3653:and in their developer documentation.
912:use four levels of page table: PAE's
316:The first AMD64-based processor, the
276:AMD64 (also variously referred to by
7023:from the original on January 8, 2023
6656:from the original on October 9, 2009
6629:from the original on August 31, 2009
5638:from the original on August 24, 2009
5592:Petkov, Borislav (August 10, 2009).
5392:from the original on August 20, 2018
5156:from the original on January 9, 2023
5116:"QEMU version 7.2.0 released - QEMU"
4504:from the original on January 6, 2014
4488:"Memory Limits for Windows Releases"
3894:Kevin Van Vechten (August 9, 2006).
2971:adding citations to reliable sources
2942:
2701:one must use workarounds, such as a
2607:
2452:On Intel 64 but not AMD64, the
2449:48 bits of instruction pointer.
1646:
962:Bit 51…32 of base address
7525:Porting to 64-bit GNU/Linux Systems
7278:from the original on April 28, 2015
7206:
6732:Thomases, Ken (December 11, 2019).
6252:from the original on April 27, 2009
6087:from the original on March 19, 2014
5997:from the original on March 28, 2016
5570:from the original on April 28, 2014
5541:from the original on March 26, 2017
5299:. Pagetable.com. November 9, 2006.
5187:from the original on March 12, 2011
5050:Weimer, Florian (January 5, 2021).
5031:from the original on April 14, 2021
4688:. September 8, 2017. Archived from
4655:. MiTEC International Corporation.
4461:from the original on April 11, 2013
4386:"Myth and facts about 64-bit Linux"
4363:from the original on April 18, 2016
4049:from the original on April 13, 2018
3503:"x86_64". Other companies, such as
3262:Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
3122:64-bit Linux allows up to 128
2709:prior to Windows 8.1 from having a
1966:initial implementations in the AMD
1828:hardware-accelerated virtualization
1732:. There will be a way to switch to
1655:F-series/5x1 series, 506, and 516,
1604:Disable (XD) (Intel's name for the
1295:16-bit protected mode or 32-bit OS
24:
7589:
7555:Memory Limits for Windows Releases
6437:. www.h-online.com. Archived from
6272:"Summer of Code accepted students"
6175:from the original on June 22, 2013
5905:"AMD Opteron Multicore Processors"
5757:from the original on June 30, 2022
5724:from the original on June 28, 2020
5335:from the original on July 17, 2011
5303:from the original on July 18, 2011
4993:. January 23, 2008. Archived from
4835:from the original on June 29, 2011
4793:Lapedus, Mark (February 6, 2004).
4627:"Opteron 8000 Series Motherboards"
4575:"Opteron 6100 Series Motherboards"
4180:from the original on July 14, 2021
4153:from the original on July 13, 2018
3942:from the original on July 25, 2017
3626:Some Linux distributions, such as
2695:lock-free and wait-free algorithms
1619:implementing Intel 64 is the
1087:
918:Page-Map Level 4 (PML4) Table
872:
323:
27:64-bit version of x86 architecture
25:
7889:
7540:Intel Software Network: "64 bits"
7505:AMD's "Enhanced Virus Protection"
7475:
7456:Smith, Ryan (November 12, 2009).
7410:from the original on July 7, 2017
7380:. January 1, 2001. Archived from
7132:from the original on June 7, 2013
7124:Anand Lal Shimpi (May 21, 2013).
6408:from the original on May 14, 2012
6226:from the original on May 18, 2010
6149:from the original on May 21, 2014
6030:from the original on May 26, 2022
5694:from the original on May 18, 2021
5564:"System Requirements—Windows 8.1"
5019:Weimer, Florian (July 10, 2020).
4805:from the original on May 25, 2021
4722:from the original on June 5, 2022
4659:from the original on June 6, 2010
4633:from the original on May 27, 2010
4607:from the original on May 27, 2010
4581:from the original on June 3, 2010
4328:from the original on May 16, 2011
4172:Raymond Chen (October 31, 2013).
4135:AMD Corporation (December 2016).
4075:from the original on June 3, 2017
4023:from the original on June 3, 2013
3838:from the original on June 2, 2012
3240:For Solaris 10, just as with the
3056:It may also be possible to enter
2713:address space larger than 8
2673:instruction present on most post-
1478:
422:(GPRs) are expanded from 32
7449:
7422:
7404:"AMD Intel Settlement Agreement"
7396:
7370:
7352:
7334:
7316:
7290:
7264:
7200:
7170:
7089:
7062:
7035:
7004:
6982:
6932:
6916:Chris St. Amand (January 2006).
6812:
6782:
6756:
6725:
6694:
6615:
6589:
6559:
6470:from the original on May 5, 2012
5989:Logan, Tom (November 14, 2011).
5510:from the original on May 2, 2013
5175:Wasson, Scott (March 23, 2005).
4926:Stokes, Jon (January 23, 2008).
4524:"5-Level Paging and 5-Level EPT"
2947:
2861:
2612:
2480:) to increase the size of their
2327:
1725:
804:
792:
780:
664:the AMD64 architecture supports
7495:second talk by the same speaker
6770:(Press release). April 25, 2005
6394:
6364:
6342:
6316:
6161:
6129:
6099:
6073:
6042:
6009:
5982:
5961:
5929:
5896:
5870:
5838:
5814:
5793:
5769:
5743:Smith, Tony (August 23, 2005).
5736:
5706:
5674:
5650:
5618:
5585:
5522:
5489:
5453:
5436:
5404:
5372:
5347:
5315:
5289:
5257:
5225:
5199:
5138:
5108:
5074:
5043:
5012:
4976:
4946:
4919:
4886:
4847:
4817:
4786:
4760:
4734:
4704:
4645:
4619:
4593:
4567:
4548:
4516:
4446:
4378:
4299:
4280:
4254:
4228:
4165:
4061:
3766:
3747:
3706:
2958:needs additional citations for
1838:Advanced Performance Extensions
1728:, and start directly in 64-bit
1540:Intel's project was originally
434:default to 8-byte strides, and
186:, as x86 processors supporting
7272:"ProcessorArchitecture Fields"
6573:April 11, 2007. Archived from
6015:
5385:. AMD. May 2018. p. 419.
5207:"Discussion on Stack Overflow"
4137:"Volume 2: System Programming"
4043:"WOW64 Implementation Details"
4035:
4009:
3983:
3486:Although considered a PC, the
2358:. Compilers generally produce
1789:), 16-bit protected mode, VM86
1469:
1068:Physical address space details
593:Additional XMM (SSE) registers
320:, was released in April 2003.
13:
1:
6246:"DragonFlyBSD: GoogleSoC2008"
4069:"ProcessorArchitecture Class"
3783:
2192:emulation (as of version 7.2)
2179:and newer Intel "small" cores
2071:and newer Intel "small" cores
1915:CPU microarchitecture levels
880:The 64-bit addressing mode ("
787:Current 48-bit implementation
762:Virtual address space details
639:Larger physical address space
7043:"General Porting Guidelines"
6349:Andi Kleen (June 26, 2001).
5991:"Intel Core i7-3960X Review"
4825:"Intel 64 Architecture"
3965:"Microsoft 64-Bit Computing"
3672:
3471:The current generation, the
3200:(and the commercial version
2884:application binary interface
2825:-based supercomputer called
1955:baseline for all x86-64 CPUs
1527:
1489:
1426:
914:Page-Directory Pointer Table
610:Larger virtual address space
300:, the 32-bit version of the
7:
6678:. Apple Inc. Archived from
6599:. Apple Inc. Archived from
3967:. Microsoft. Archived from
3936:"Solaris 10 on AMD Opteron"
3681:
3498:Industry naming conventions
3492:accelerated processing unit
3361:Full implementation of the
3277:was released in July 2009.
2778:
2433:in both modes. AMD64 lacks
2065:and newer Intel "big" cores
1852:VIA's x86-64 implementation
1643:) implement Intel 64.
1570:, another codename from an
1516:
1084:" section of this article.
886:Physical Address Extensions
582:-like machines such as the
129:is supported via mandatory
64:The five-volume set of the
10:
7894:
5529:darwou (August 20, 2004).
4629:. Supermicro Corporation.
4603:. Supermicro Corporation.
4601:"Supermicro XeonSolutions"
4577:. Supermicro Corporation.
3896:"re: Intel XNU bug report"
3740:family of OSs and several
3477:Xbox Series X and Series S
3255:
3227:
3223:
3079:
2906:
2873:
2551:AMD processors ever since
1841:
1813:16-bit and 32-bit Startup
1430:
1007:
969:
961:
956:
943:
940:
666:Physical Address Extension
652:Physical Address Extension
271:
36:
29:
7760:
7692:
7662:
7641:
7634:
7598:
7527:, by Andreas Jaeger from
6824:Microsoft Download Center
6466:. linuxplumbersconf.org.
6351:"Porting Linux to x86-64"
6298:"DragonFlyBSD: release24"
5599:Linux kernel mailing list
3490:uses a custom AMD x86-64
2933:Symmetric multiprocessing
2889:
2835:Xeon Phi "Knights Corner"
2721:requires the instruction.
2621:This section needs to be
2275:
2264:
2187:and newer AMD "big" cores
2164:
2153:
2079:and newer AMD "big" cores
2056:
2045:
1952:
1933:
1807:supported would be X2APIC
1265:16-bit protected mode OS
1232:
1229:
1180:
1177:
1140:
1115:general-purpose registers
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1010:
972:
745:Removal of older features
711:Streaming SIMD Extensions
680:position-independent code
648:AMD 10h microarchitecture
420:general-purpose registers
415:64-bit integer capability
284:architecture designed by
127:Floating-point arithmetic
123:general-purpose registers
117:than was possible on its
6918:"Making the Move to x64"
5799:0F47h debuted in the B0
3699:
3172:is the first version of
3130:
3075:
3045:It is possible to enter
2717:. The 64-bit version of
1899:Microarchitecture levels
1715:7200 series processors.
930:64 bit page table entry
888:(PAE); because of this,
767:Canonical form addresses
305:evolutionary way to add
258:
133:-like instructions, and
6357:on September 10, 2010.
5827:. Intel. Archived from
5782:. Intel. Archived from
5663:. Intel. Archived from
4897:(subscription required)
4453:Microsoft Corporation.
3900:Darwin-dev mailing list
3621:GNU Compiler Collection
3425:Microsoft Visual Studio
3176:that supports a 64-bit
2677:processors. Similar to
2653:memory and new sockets
1792:16-bit addressing mode
1718:
1689:Pentium Extreme Edition
1107:Type of code being run
1056:Operating system limits
709:instructions and later
251:architecture (formerly
149:numbers or one to four
39:X64 (New York City bus)
7433:. CNET. Archived from
5146:"ChangeLog/7.2 - QEMU"
5056:Red Hat developer blog
4017:"Gentoo/AMD64 Project"
3279:Windows Server 2008 R2
2938:
2856:
2788:
2374:Recent implementations
1507:virtual memory details
1423:
877:
719:The No-Execute bit or
682:, as is often used in
629:(2 bytes) for the x86.
388:Architectural features
268:
180:backward compatibility
69:
57:
7705:High Bandwidth Memory
7535:Intel 64 Architecture
7304:on September 23, 2005
6768:Microsoft News Center
6676:"Mac OS X Technology"
5789:on November 17, 2005.
5670:on November 17, 2005.
4774:on September 25, 2012
4653:"Tyan Product Matrix"
4556:US patent 9858198
4500:. November 16, 2013.
4420:Shanley, Tom (1998).
3413:Some components like
2868:Google Summer of Code
2786:
2665:) of 2006 lacked the
2604:Older implementations
2540:state (involving the
2441:in both sub-modes of
2417:Intel 64 allows
1929:Supported processors
1421:
1269:16-bit protected mode
1209:16-bit protected mode
876:
811:64-bit implementation
799:57-bit implementation
476:) in x86 to 16 (i.e.
294:backward-incompatible
266:
63:
49:
6652:. Ars Technica LLC.
6330:on February 22, 2017
5088:. January 29, 2021.
5000:on September 7, 2008
3971:on December 12, 2010
3603:Java Development Kit
3585:environment variable
3441:Managed applications
2967:improve this article
2368:application programs
2335:linux distribution.
1926:Example instruction
1885:thermal design power
1711:processors, and the
1568:Clackamas Technology
896:(2 bytes) or 2
892:sizes may be 4
884:") is a superset of
869:Page table structure
739:Segmented addressing
441:Additional registers
190:have done since the
7437:on November 8, 2012
7184:. August 31, 2020.
6603:on January 12, 2009
6441:on October 28, 2011
6373:"Andi Kleen's Page"
4801:. AspenCore Media.
4748:on January 12, 2013
4692:on October 25, 2021
4686:American Megatrends
4529:. Intel. May 2017.
4398:on October 10, 2010
4146:. AMD Corporation.
3910:on February 1, 2020
3832:"x86-64 Code Model"
3742:Linux distributions
3563:Linux distributions
3483:microarchitecture.
3449:Video game consoles
3429:native applications
3419:Data Access Objects
3415:Jet Database Engine
3356:virtual DOS machine
3266:Windows Server 2003
2292:and newer AMD cores
1974:processor families
1962:and the 2004 Intel
1916:
1178:Compatibility mode
931:
733:segment descriptors
731:as an attribute of
394:processor registers
7182:The Indian Express
6830:on August 27, 2016
6404:. April 23, 2012.
5903:Waldecker, Brian.
5496:Maged M. Michael.
4019:. Gentoo Project.
3797:"Debian AMD64 FAQ"
3730:Oracle Corporation
3513:Oracle Corporation
2789:
2356:system programming
1914:
1889:x86 virtualization
1861:Centaur Technology
1803:support; the only
1741:Segmentation gates
1675:processors since "
1513:-style interface.
1424:
1149:64-bit OS, 64-bit
1133:default in italics
1050:5-level page table
970:31 … 12
944:51 … 32
941:62 … 52
929:
878:
660:When operating in
644:physical addresses
269:
70:
58:
7850:
7849:
7688:
7687:
7213:www.anandtech.com
7207:Cutress, Dr Ian.
7099:. Office Access.
6800:on April 20, 2016
6794:Microsoft Support
6682:on March 28, 2011
6577:on April 22, 2009
5975:on May 14, 2019.
5834:on July 16, 2004.
5535:The Old New Thing
5468:developer.amd.com
5086:x86-64 psABI repo
4956:(Press release).
4903:. July 25, 2007.
3876:General Commands
3581:Microsoft Windows
3466:microarchitecture
3182:kernel extensions
3140:are 32-bit only.
3070:virtual 8086 mode
3043:
3042:
3035:
3017:
2687:atomic operations
2642:
2641:
2332:
2331:
1879:at an equivalent
1771:String port I/O (
1757:Ring 3 I/O port (
1673:Pentium Dual-Core
1671:", all models of
1393:
1392:
1291:Virtual 8086 mode
1044:
1043:
973:11 … 9
755:virtual 8086 mode
751:task state switch
588:register renaming
438:are 8 bytes wide.
406:virtual addresses
214:microarchitecture
166:user applications
16:(Redirected from
7885:
7878:AMD technologies
7873:64-bit computers
7868:X86 architecture
7639:
7638:
7584:
7577:
7570:
7561:
7560:
7470:
7469:
7468:on May 13, 2010.
7464:. Archived from
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7384:on June 21, 2007
7374:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7300:. Archived from
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7039:
7033:
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7030:
7028:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6965:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6887:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6868:
6849:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6826:. Archived from
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6796:. Archived from
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6734:"win32 on macOS"
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6707:CodeWeavers Blog
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6545:"5-level paging"
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6495:. Google Sites.
6489:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6384:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6353:. Archived from
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6326:. Archived from
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6022:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5909:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5826:
5818:
5812:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5740:
5734:
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5731:
5729:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5577:
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5560:
5551:
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5548:
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5526:
5520:
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5515:
5509:
5502:
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5487:
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5484:
5482:
5476:
5465:
5457:
5451:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5384:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5359:lkml.indiana.edu
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5293:
5287:
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5282:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5203:
5197:
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5194:
5192:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5027:(Mailing list).
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4960:. May 29, 2008.
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4930:. Ars Technica.
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4898:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4859:www.phoronix.com
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4770:. Archived from
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4484:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4427:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4327:
4321:. pp. 4–7.
4320:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4268:on March 8, 2012
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4242:on March 8, 2012
4232:
4226:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4141:
4132:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3906:. Archived from
3891:
3880:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3793:
3777:
3770:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3726:Sun Microsystems
3710:
3652:
3542:systems such as
3509:Sun Microsystems
3439:emulation mode.
3405:
3401:
3376:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3305:
3296:
3248:
3220:64-bit kernels.
3217:universal binary
3097:. Some, such as
3038:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3016:
2975:
2951:
2943:
2731:
2727:
2703:critical section
2700:
2691:compare and swap
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2596:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2547:
2543:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2389:
2383:
2379:Intel 64's
1942:
1920:Level name
1917:
1913:
1857:VIA Technologies
1778:
1774:
1764:
1760:
1663:, all models of
1641:Mobile Pentium 4
1617:mobile processor
1615:The first Intel
1566:(presumably for
1449:Since the basic
1412:
1408:
1329:or real mode OS
1102:Operating system
1095:
1094:
932:
928:
863:Windows 8.1
808:
796:
784:
689:SSE instructions
684:shared libraries
548:instruction sets
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
399:
307:64-bit computing
234:VIA Technologies
151:single-precision
147:double-precision
143:vector registers
21:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7882:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7756:
7684:
7658:
7630:
7616:Radeon Software
7594:
7588:
7478:
7473:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7438:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7281:
7279:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7255:
7253:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7205:
7201:
7191:
7189:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7159:
7158:on June 7, 2013
7150:
7149:
7145:
7135:
7133:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7080:
7078:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6914:
6910:
6900:
6898:
6888:
6879:
6866:
6864:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6771:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6699:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6648:John Siracusa.
6646:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6580:
6578:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6526:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6502:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6454:
6444:
6442:
6431:
6424:
6411:
6409:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6382:
6380:
6369:
6365:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6178:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6016:Ye, Huaisheng.
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5987:
5983:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5831:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5667:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5590:
5586:
5573:
5571:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5450:on 10 Jun 2023.
5446:, 14 May 2018.
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5363:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5181:The Tech Report
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5095:
5093:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4418:
4414:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4139:
4133:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3913:
3911:
3892:
3883:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3736:, use x64. The
3711:
3707:
3702:
3684:
3675:
3650:
3500:
3451:
3403:
3399:
3374:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3294:
3258:
3246:
3232:
3226:
3215:macOS uses the
3133:
3084:
3078:
3039:
3028:
3022:
3019:
2976:
2974:
2964:
2952:
2941:
2931:name "XD bit".
2909:
2892:
2876:
2864:
2859:
2847:
2841:supercomputer.
2781:
2729:
2725:
2698:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2352:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2276:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2057:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1901:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1820:
1776:
1772:
1767:port-mapped I/O
1762:
1758:
1721:
1649:
1647:Implementations
1623:version of the
1530:
1519:
1492:
1481:
1472:
1451:instruction set
1435:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1398:
1110:Size (in bits)
1090:
1088:Operating modes
1070:
1058:
871:
855:tagged pointers
816:
815:
814:
813:
812:
809:
801:
800:
797:
789:
788:
785:
776:
775:
769:
764:
753:mechanism, and
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
428:Pushes and pops
397:
390:
326:
324:Implementations
290:Hewlett-Packard
274:
261:
159:addressing mode
115:physical memory
100:instruction set
95:version of the
75:(also known as
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7891:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7651:
7645:
7643:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7484:
7477:
7476:External links
7474:
7472:
7471:
7448:
7421:
7395:
7369:
7351:
7333:
7315:
7289:
7263:
7230:
7199:
7169:
7143:
7116:
7102:Microsoft Docs
7088:
7075:Microsoft Docs
7061:
7048:Microsoft Docs
7034:
7003:
6981:
6957:
6931:
6908:
6877:
6841:
6811:
6781:
6755:
6724:
6693:
6667:
6640:
6614:
6588:
6558:
6536:
6521:. debian.org.
6510:
6481:
6452:
6422:
6393:
6363:
6341:
6315:
6289:
6263:
6237:
6211:
6186:
6160:
6128:
6111:www.top500.org
6098:
6083:. Top500.org.
6072:
6041:
6008:
5981:
5960:
5928:
5910:. p. 13.
5895:
5869:
5837:
5813:
5809:dual-core Xeon
5792:
5768:
5735:
5705:
5673:
5649:
5617:
5584:
5552:
5521:
5488:
5452:
5435:
5403:
5371:
5346:
5314:
5288:
5256:
5224:
5209:. March 2021.
5198:
5167:
5137:
5107:
5073:
5042:
5011:
4975:
4945:
4918:
4885:
4864:
4846:
4816:
4785:
4759:
4733:
4703:
4670:
4644:
4618:
4592:
4566:
4547:
4515:
4472:
4445:
4438:
4412:
4377:
4356:. p. 24.
4339:
4307:
4298:
4279:
4253:
4227:
4191:
4164:
4086:
4060:
4034:
4008:
3982:
3953:
3924:
3904:Apple Computer
3881:
3849:
3818:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3746:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3643:
3624:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3589:
3578:
3559:
3522:refers to the
3499:
3496:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3422:
3411:
3383:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3275:Windows 7
3257:
3254:
3225:
3222:
3132:
3129:
3077:
3074:
3041:
3040:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2908:
2905:
2891:
2888:
2875:
2872:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2846:
2843:
2818:As of 2023, a
2793:supercomputers
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2768:5-level paging
2748:
2741:
2722:
2640:
2639:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2571:
2564:
2561:virtualization
2549:
2548:instructions).
2538:floating-point
2534:
2515:
2492:
2485:
2450:
2446:
2415:
2400:
2393:
2375:
2372:
2351:
2348:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1970:and the Intel
1951:
1948:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1900:
1897:
1873:floating-point
1853:
1850:
1842:Main article:
1839:
1836:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1787:huge real mode
1780:
1769:
1765:) access; see
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1744:32-bit ring 0
1742:
1738:
1734:5-level paging
1720:
1717:
1648:
1645:
1529:
1526:
1518:
1515:
1491:
1488:
1484:Protected mode
1480:
1479:Protected mode
1477:
1471:
1468:
1431:Main article:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:Protected mode
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
955:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
870:
867:
832:sign extension
810:
803:
802:
798:
791:
790:
786:
779:
778:
777:
773:
772:
771:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
746:
743:
736:
725:buffer overrun
717:
716:No-Execute bit
714:
690:
687:
676:
673:
658:
655:
640:
637:
630:
611:
608:
601:
598:Streaming SIMD
594:
591:
541:
442:
439:
416:
396:(for example,
389:
386:
325:
322:
273:
270:
260:
257:
188:protected mode
111:virtual memory
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7890:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7585:
7580:
7578:
7573:
7571:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7499:video archive
7496:
7492:
7491:video archive
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7414:September 18,
7409:
7405:
7399:
7383:
7379:
7373:
7361:
7355:
7343:
7337:
7325:
7319:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7234:
7223:September 14,
7218:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7192:September 14,
7187:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7131:
7128:. Anandtech.
7127:
7120:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7007:
6991:
6985:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6919:
6912:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6874:
6862:
6859:. Microsoft.
6858:
6854:
6848:
6846:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6748:September 29,
6743:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6717:September 29,
6712:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6628:
6625:. Apple Inc.
6624:
6618:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6546:
6540:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6486:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6419:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6390:
6378:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6199:
6196:
6190:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6145:
6138:
6132:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6060:
6057:. p. 2.
6056:
6052:
6045:
6026:
6019:
6012:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5945:
5938:
5932:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5883:
5880:. p. 5.
5879:
5873:
5854:
5847:
5841:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5785:
5778:
5772:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5690:
5683:
5677:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5634:
5627:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5540:
5537:. Microsoft.
5536:
5532:
5525:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5388:
5381:
5375:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5331:
5324:
5318:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5273:
5266:
5260:
5241:
5234:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5155:
5151:
5150:wiki.qemu.org
5147:
5141:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5103:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4979:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4778:September 18,
4773:
4769:
4763:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4557:
4551:
4532:
4525:
4519:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4439:0-201-30973-4
4435:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4416:
4409:
4394:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4359:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4324:
4317:
4311:
4302:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4224:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4022:
4018:
4012:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3921:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3868: –
3865:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3755:InstallShield
3750:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3658:DragonFly BSD
3655:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:PlayStation 5
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3455:PlayStation 4
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3342:memory (RAM).
3340:
3337:
3324:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:instruction.
3291:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:Windows Vista
3267:
3263:
3253:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3208:, was to add
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:Mac OS X 10.6
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:Mac OS X 10.5
3141:
3138:
3137:Mac OS X 10.4
3128:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3034:
3026:
3023:December 2022
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984: –
2983:
2979:
2978:Find sources:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2956:This article
2954:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2862:DragonFly BSD
2854:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
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2240:
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2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:Intel (Atom)
2172:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2067:Intel (Atom)
2064:
2063:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:CPU features
1922:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1770:
1768:
1756:
1754:
1753:Rings 1 and 2
1751:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
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1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1644:
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1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:Intel 64
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1557:Craig Barrett
1554:
1550:
1549:Yamhill River
1546:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1523:
1522:Intel 64
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
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1445:
1441:
1434:
1420:
1407:
1405:
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1401:
1396:
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1379:
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1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
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1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:or 64-bit OS
1183:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
966:
965:
959:
954:
951:
948:
947:
937:
934:
933:
927:
926:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
866:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
807:
795:
783:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
681:
677:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:has 32 GPRs;
553:
549:
546:
542:
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
413:
412:
409:
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403:
395:
385:
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379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
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347:
343:
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335:
331:
321:
319:
314:
312:
308:
303:
299:
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287:
283:
279:
265:
256:
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250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
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215:
212:
208:
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200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
67:
62:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7767:
7761:Instructions
7700:Cool'n'Quiet
7466:the original
7461:
7451:
7439:. Retrieved
7435:the original
7424:
7412:. Retrieved
7398:
7386:. Retrieved
7382:the original
7372:
7354:
7336:
7318:
7308:February 17,
7306:. Retrieved
7302:the original
7292:
7282:September 4,
7280:. Retrieved
7266:
7256:November 12,
7254:. Retrieved
7243:
7233:
7221:. Retrieved
7212:
7202:
7190:. Retrieved
7181:
7172:
7160:. Retrieved
7156:the original
7146:
7134:. Retrieved
7119:
7107:. Retrieved
7100:
7091:
7079:. Retrieved
7073:
7064:
7052:. Retrieved
7046:
7037:
7025:. Retrieved
7016:
7006:
6994:. Retrieved
6984:
6972:. Retrieved
6948:. Retrieved
6934:
6922:. Retrieved
6911:
6899:. Retrieved
6893:(May 2006).
6891:Matt Pietrek
6872:
6867:December 21,
6865:. Retrieved
6856:
6832:. Retrieved
6828:the original
6823:
6814:
6802:. Retrieved
6798:the original
6793:
6784:
6772:. Retrieved
6767:
6758:
6746:. Retrieved
6737:
6727:
6715:. Retrieved
6706:
6696:
6686:November 19,
6684:. Retrieved
6680:the original
6670:
6658:. Retrieved
6643:
6633:November 29,
6631:. Retrieved
6617:
6607:November 19,
6605:. Retrieved
6601:the original
6591:
6581:November 19,
6579:. Retrieved
6575:the original
6561:
6549:. Retrieved
6547:. kernel.org
6539:
6527:. Retrieved
6519:"AMD64 Port"
6513:
6501:. Retrieved
6472:. Retrieved
6443:. Retrieved
6439:the original
6417:
6410:. Retrieved
6402:"Arch64 FAQ"
6396:
6388:
6381:. Retrieved
6371:Andi Kleen.
6366:
6358:
6355:the original
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6328:the original
6318:
6306:. Retrieved
6292:
6280:. Retrieved
6266:
6254:. Retrieved
6240:
6228:. Retrieved
6220:"AMD64 port"
6214:
6202:. Retrieved
6189:
6177:. Retrieved
6163:
6151:. Retrieved
6131:
6119:. Retrieved
6110:
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6075:
6065:November 17,
6063:. Retrieved
6055:ServeTheHome
6054:
6044:
6032:. Retrieved
6011:
5999:. Retrieved
5984:
5976:
5973:the original
5963:
5953:November 17,
5951:. Retrieved
5931:
5921:November 17,
5919:. Retrieved
5898:
5888:November 17,
5886:. Retrieved
5872:
5862:November 17,
5860:. Retrieved
5840:
5829:the original
5816:
5795:
5784:the original
5771:
5759:. Retrieved
5750:The Register
5748:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5717:
5708:
5696:. Retrieved
5676:
5665:the original
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5620:
5608:. Retrieved
5597:
5587:
5579:
5572:. Retrieved
5543:. Retrieved
5534:
5524:
5512:. Retrieved
5491:
5479:. Retrieved
5467:
5455:
5442:Hadi Brais,
5438:
5428:December 28,
5426:. Retrieved
5406:
5394:. Retrieved
5374:
5362:. Retrieved
5358:
5349:
5339:September 8,
5337:. Retrieved
5317:
5305:. Retrieved
5291:
5279:. Retrieved
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5201:
5189:. Retrieved
5180:
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5149:
5140:
5128:. Retrieved
5120:www.qemu.org
5119:
5110:
5100:– via
5094:. Retrieved
5085:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5055:
5045:
5033:. Retrieved
5024:
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4995:the original
4978:
4966:. Retrieved
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
4858:
4849:
4837:. Retrieved
4819:
4807:. Retrieved
4798:
4788:
4776:. Retrieved
4772:the original
4762:
4750:. Retrieved
4746:the original
4736:
4724:. Retrieved
4715:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:the original
4661:. Retrieved
4647:
4635:. Retrieved
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4595:
4583:. Retrieved
4569:
4550:
4538:. Retrieved
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4491:
4463:. Retrieved
4448:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4400:. Retrieved
4393:the original
4380:
4372:
4367:February 27,
4365:. Retrieved
4330:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4295:. p. 1.
4288:
4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4266:the original
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4240:the original
4230:
4221:
4214:. Retrieved
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4143:
4077:. Retrieved
4063:
4051:. Retrieved
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4011:
4001:November 23,
3999:. Retrieved
3991:"AMD64 Port"
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3969:the original
3944:. Retrieved
3919:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:the original
3899:
3842:November 23,
3840:. Retrieved
3809:. Retrieved
3800:
3791:
3773:The Register
3768:
3749:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3676:
3640:Gentoo Linux
3617:Linux kernel
3610:
3596:
3575:Gentoo Linux
3533:
3528:
3517:
3501:
3485:
3470:
3452:
3427:can compile
3379:
3308:
3300:
3297:instruction.
3283:
3259:
3251:
3239:
3233:
3214:
3205:
3192:
3186:
3168:
3142:
3134:
3121:
3115:
3085:
3062:DOS extender
3055:
3044:
3029:
3020:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2977:
2965:Please help
2960:verification
2957:
2929:
2910:
2900:NetBSD/amd64
2899:
2893:
2877:
2865:
2848:
2817:
2790:
2633:January 2023
2630:
2622:
2364:machine code
2353:
2337:
2333:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2265:
2236:vfmadd132pd
2183:
2169:
2166:
2154:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2061:
2058:
2046:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1939:
1902:
1869:
1867:brand name.
1855:
1847:
1821:
1722:
1709:Core i3
1705:Core i5
1701:Core i7
1697:Core i9
1650:
1614:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1572:Oregon river
1567:
1563:
1561:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1493:
1482:
1473:
1448:
1436:
1382:
1381:
1342:
1341:
1309:
1308:
1278:
1277:
1254:
1253:
1230:Legacy mode
1218:
1217:
1197:
1196:
1166:
1165:
1146:64-bit mode
1132:
1131:
1091:
1078:motherboards
1071:
1059:
1047:
1011:
957:
917:
913:
879:
859:
847:kernel space
840:
829:
817:
578:have 31) or
410:
391:
354:Turion 64 X2
342:Athlon 64 FX
338:Athlon 64 X2
327:
315:
292:, which was
275:
242:
196:
163:
108:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
65:
43:
6992:. Microsoft
6920:. Microsoft
6897:. Microsoft
6774:January 29,
6551:February 7,
6529:October 29,
6503:November 1,
6474:November 1,
6445:November 1,
6121:December 6,
5514:January 21,
5364:November 3,
5281:January 21,
5249:January 21,
4938:January 24,
4696:October 25,
4508:January 20,
4272:November 9,
4246:November 9,
4079:January 24,
4053:January 24,
3975:December 9,
3946:December 9,
3801:Debian Wiki
3548:MidnightBSD
3194:macOS 10.15
3064:similar to
2815:processor.
2795:tracked by
2719:Windows 8.1
2685:allows for
2589:speculation
2555:Rev. E and
2482:far pointer
2360:executables
2054:cmpxchg16b
1881:clock speed
1834:emulation.
1785:(including
1726:legacy mode
1693:Core 2
1597:code-named
1547:(after the
1470:Legacy mode
1337:16, 20, 32
1322:Unreal mode
1064:" section.
662:legacy mode
171:executables
157:and 64-bit
7857:Categories
7788:CVT16/F16C
7735:AMD Wraith
7725:Turbo Core
7693:Technology
7626:Xilinx ISE
7593:technology
7529:GCC Summit
7388:August 23,
7360:US 6732258
7342:US 6889312
7324:US 6877084
7105:. KB957570
7027:January 8,
6834:August 14,
6804:August 14,
6571:Apple Inc.
6383:August 21,
6023:. Lenovo.
5328:. VMware.
5160:January 9,
5130:January 9,
4752:August 20,
3993:. Debian.
3938:. Oracle.
3914:October 5,
3784:References
3636:Arch Linux
3488:Steam Deck
3370:Windows NT
3304:CMPXCHG16B
3295:CMPXCHG16B
3228:See also:
3206:wine32on64
3099:Arch Linux
3080:See also:
2993:newspapers
2734:90 nm
2699:CMPXCHG16B
2697:. Without
2683:CMPXCHG16B
2667:CMPXCHG16B
2531:VPMASKMOVQ
2527:VPMASKMOVD
2523:VMASKMOVPD
2519:VMASKMOVPS
2304:vdbpsadbw
2228:vcvtph2ps
2141:pcmpestri
2069:Silvermont
2051:CMPXCHG16B
1983:cmpxchg8b
1934:(baseline)
1877:VIA Esther
1503:Intel 8088
1499:Intel 8086
1366:interface
1360:Bootloader
1327:Bootloader
1298:subset of
1239:Bootloader
1182:Bootloader
1130:operands (
1127:addresses
1098:Operating
906:page table
851:user space
843:Windows NT
825:page table
556:64-bit ARM
400:), 64-bit
374:Fusion/APU
267:AMD64 logo
7720:PowerTune
7715:PowerPlay
7710:PowerNow!
7635:Platforms
7462:AnandTech
7441:April 24,
7245:The Verge
7109:April 18,
7081:April 18,
7054:April 18,
6996:April 18,
6974:April 18,
6924:April 18,
6901:April 18,
6493:"x32-abi"
6091:March 22,
5805:Pentium D
5718:CPU-World
5574:April 27,
5545:March 25,
5396:August 2,
5191:March 22,
5096:March 11,
5066:March 22,
5035:March 11,
4901:DigiTimes
4498:Microsoft
4465:March 19,
4157:March 25,
3834:. Apple.
3734:Microsoft
3673:Licensing
3588:versions.
3518:The term
3505:Microsoft
3453:Both the
3408:Broadwell
3404:PREFETCHW
3321:s) using
3202:CrossOver
3188:OS X 10.8
3095:userlands
3091:long mode
3058:long mode
3047:long mode
2927:feature.
2917:hackathon
2851:long mode
2711:user-mode
2679:CMPXCHG8B
2671:CMPXCHG8B
2557:Athlon 64
2487:When the
2443:long mode
2397:microcode
2312:vplzcntd
2266:x86-64-v4
2184:Excavator
2177:Gracemont
2162:vzeroall
2155:x86-64-v3
2125:addsubpd
2106:LAHF-SAHF
2076:Bulldozer
2047:x86-64-v2
2041:cvtpi2pd
2033:cvtss2si
1940:x86-64-v1
1783:Real mode
1730:long mode
1685:Pentium D
1657:Celeron D
1653:Pentium 4
1637:Celeron M
1633:Pentium M
1610:Irwindale
1542:codenamed
1495:Real mode
1490:Real mode
1459:recompile
1433:Long mode
1427:Long mode
1370:real mode
1355:Real mode
1333:real mode
1300:real mode
1142:Long mode
1124:sub-mode
1104:required
1005:Content:
949:Content:
910:long mode
882:long mode
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