72:
49:
60:
38:
22:
558:
229:, revealing the truth. Gyaros was shut down in November 1968 following international protest of its poor conditions and criticism from the Red Cross. Ai Stratis, reopened by the junta and used for individual cases, was devastated by a 1968 earthquake that destroyed much of the camp where prisoners were forced to live.
71:
171:, socialists, trade union organizers, and others who opposed the government. Most of those imprisoned were working-class, but others were intellectuals. Prisoners sentenced to internal exile were taken to barren islands where they had to organize their own food and shelter.
544:
191:. In Ai Stratis, where 5,500 people including women and children were sent between 1946 and 1947, camps were established for the first time. Twenty thousand were sent to a concentration camp on the uninhabited island of
183:(1946–1949), thousands of left-wing combatants and suspected sympathizers were arrested and imprisoned. After the civil war, political prisoners continued to be held throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The island of
316:
Mamoulaki, E (9 March 2016). "Pictures of Exile, Memories of
Cohabitation: Photography, Space and Social Interaction in the Island of Ikaria". In Carabott, Philip; Hamilakis, Yannis; Papargyriou, Eleni (eds.).
132:
Exile was preferred to imprisonment on the mainland because the mainland prisons were overcrowded and exile made it easier to monitor the prisoners' correspondence and limit their political influence. The 1929
367:
Michou, Maria (27 March 2017). "Inhabiting the memory of political incarceration in Greece: two women's narratives from the Civil War and the Junta". In
Karakatsanis, Leonidas; Papadogiannis, Nikolaos (eds.).
264:, to "preserv the island of exile and its remaining ruins as symbols of the struggle against fascism, and of the human spirits and democracy’s triumph against oppression and dehumanization".
1140:
925:
1109:
199:
of the
Mediterranean". The prisoners had to work building the prison, but as soon as it was completed, the island was shut down in 1952 due to condemnation from the
203:
of the poor conditions there. Ai
Stratis, designated for "unrepentant" prisoners, remained open until 1963, although the number of prisoners gradually decreased.
48:
920:
1145:
930:
905:
215:, the junta expanded the arrest of political dissidents and the use of prison islands. Around 6,000 people were sent to Gyaros, now called the "Greek
155:
seized power via a bloodless coup. Under his rule, several isolated islands functioned as places of exile for left wing activists and communists.
648:
143:
was used from 1929 and was not shut down until 1974. Until 1943, there were no camps and the exiles rented houses from the local residents.
699:
591:
772:
1211:
935:
998:
529:
477:
415:
377:
326:
117:
Internal exile has a long history of use by rulers of Greece, and in the early twentieth century was used for opponents of
810:
139:
law criminalized subversive ideas as well as actions, leading to an increase in the number of prisoners. The island of
1216:
1114:
981:
815:
424:
Kenna, Margaret E. (2008). "Conformity and
Subversion: Handwritten Newspapers from an Exiles' Commune, 1938–1943".
386:
Asimakoulas, Dimitris (2005). "Brecht in dark times: Translations of his works under the Greek junta (1967–1974)".
219:". The junta denied that political prisoners were held there, but the lie was exposed when German journalists for
1206:
1130:
1049:
884:
233:
827:
673:
1201:
765:
728:
256:. The island of Makronisos has been protected since 1989. Greece is trying to have the island recognized by
125:
and after the coming of
Venizelos in power, in summer 1917, many political opponents (such as the former PM
152:
90:
468:
Pantzou, Nota (2011). "Materialities and
Traumatic Memories of a Twentieth-Century Greek Exile Island".
1186:
986:
976:
839:
800:
546:Διλήματα της ελληνικής συνταγματικής ιστορίας:20ος αιώνας, Σπύρος Βλαχόπουλος, Ευάνθης Χατζηβασιλείου
289:
168:
406:
Pantzou, Nota (2015). "War remnants of the Greek archipelago". In Carr, Gilly; Reeves, Keir (eds.).
1191:
1099:
758:
592:"Music and 're-education' in Greek prison camps: from Makronisos (1947-1955) to Giaros (1967-1968)"
167:(1936–1941). Under Metaxas about 1,000 were sentenced to internal exile, including members of the
1221:
1079:
864:
1059:
1176:
1069:
1054:
955:
889:
879:
622:
370:
The
Politics of Culture in Turkey, Greece & Cyprus: Performing the Left Since the Sixties
237:
212:
1196:
795:
94:
8:
1039:
991:
945:
859:
844:
832:
599:
Torture: Quarterly
Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture
261:
1074:
1064:
1013:
950:
849:
441:
356:
226:
1104:
1084:
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915:
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411:
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322:
89:
was used to punish political dissidents by various Greek governments, including the
960:
805:
433:
395:
221:
126:
1089:
1023:
1008:
910:
781:
180:
122:
98:
30:
163:
Prison camps for political dissidents on barren islands were established by the
1181:
1044:
294:
200:
164:
109:. Over 100 locations were used for exile at various times in the 20th century.
399:
337:"Music, Torture, Testimony: Reopening the Case of the Greek Junta (1967–1974)"
1170:
1155:
1094:
610:
352:
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was used from 1947 to 1955 and became something of a "model camp" for the
1150:
869:
241:
188:
102:
80:
59:
521:
The Social
Organization of Exile: Greek Political Detainees in the 1930s
360:
336:
437:
184:
140:
118:
53:
41:
135:
37:
21:
647:
Times, Steven V. Roberts Special to The New York (24 October 1974).
519:
750:
252:
The practice of internal exile was abolished in 1974, during the
257:
196:
192:
121:, such as monarchists, conservatives or communists. During the
26:
216:
86:
76:
64:
820:
707:
700:"Makronissos Exile Island Declared an Archaeological Site"
674:"'Exiles in the Aegean': a year after the EU–Turkey deal"
408:
Heritage and Memory of War: Responses from Small Islands
16:
State-sponsored exile for political dissidents in Greece
649:"Papadopoulos Sent Into Island Exile With 4 From Junta"
319:
Camera Graeca: Photographs, Narratives, Materialities
498:Καλπάκι, φυλακές - ξερονήσια (το μαρτύριο ενός λαού)
729:"Greece to submit bid to UNESCO for 'exile island'"
1168:
105:. Those targeted were typically sent to smaller
766:
287:
25:20,000 political prisoners were banished to
518:Kenna, Margaret E. (2013). "introduction".
385:
773:
759:
585:
583:
581:
579:
315:
697:
491:
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58:
47:
36:
20:
821:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
589:
559:"ΑΘΗΝΑ: Από πραξικόπημα σε πραξικόπημα"
513:
511:
509:
507:
467:
405:
334:
1169:
936:Massacre of the First Sapper Battalion
576:
495:
366:
236:, five leaders of the junta including
999:National Liberation Front (Macedonia)
754:
646:
517:
486:
423:
288:Papadimitriou, Yanis (11 June 2017).
75:Thousands of people were banished to
63:Political detainees were deported to
504:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
290:"Yaros, the forgotten prison island"
283:
281:
279:
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227:photographed the island from the air
780:
97:regimes, the government during the
13:
174:
146:
14:
1233:
982:Provisional Democratic Government
452:
274:
158:
232:In October 1974 just before the
1050:Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens
721:
698:Giacheia, Assil (4 July 2019).
691:
666:
426:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
234:1974 Greek legislative election
1212:Political repression in Greece
816:Greek People's Liberation Army
640:
551:
538:
472:. Springer. pp. 191–205.
309:
206:
129:) were put in internal exile.
1:
1141:Sacred Bond of Greek Officers
267:
112:
828:Collaborationist governments
247:
7:
470:Archaeologies of Internment
240:were temporarily exiled to
10:
1238:
1110:Countryside Security Units
1123:
1032:
987:Democratic Army of Greece
977:Communist Party of Greece
969:
898:
840:Greek government-in-exile
811:National Liberation Front
801:Axis occupation of Greece
788:
400:10.1075/target.17.1.06asi
169:Communist Party of Greece
1217:Anti-communism in Greece
1100:Royal Hellenic Air Force
496:Πικρός, Γιώργης (1978).
372:. Taylor & Francis.
1080:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
865:Battle of Kilkis (1944)
1207:Suppression of dissent
1060:Konstantinos Tsaldaris
590:Papaeti, Anna (2013).
335:Papaeti, Anna (2013).
83:
68:
56:
45:
34:
1070:Konstantinos Ventiris
1055:Themistoklis Sofoulis
500:(in Greek). Καρανάση.
238:Georgios Papadopoulos
213:coup of 21 April 1967
179:During and after the
74:
62:
51:
40:
29:during and after the
24:
1202:4th of August Regime
1124:Impact and aftermath
926:Capture of Ierapetra
921:Thessaloniki bombing
796:4th of August Regime
628:on 21 September 2021
52:Democracy Museum in
1040:George II of Greece
1033:National Government
992:Popular Civil Guard
946:Operation Peristera
860:Battle of Meligalas
833:Security Battalions
262:World Heritage Site
225:rented a plane and
1146:Centrist Interlude
1075:Konstantinos Dovas
1065:Alexandros Papagos
1014:Charilaos Florakis
951:Operation Pyravlos
931:Operation Charavgi
899:Events (1946-1949)
850:Lebanon Conference
653:The New York Times
438:10.1353/mgs.0.0006
341:The World of Music
153:Theodoros Pangalos
84:
69:
57:
46:
35:
1187:Islands of Greece
1164:
1163:
1105:Greek Gendarmerie
1085:Dimitrios Giatzis
1019:Alexandros Rosios
1004:Nikos Zachariadis
956:Tito–Stalin split
941:Operation Koronis
916:Battle of Konitsa
875:Treaty of Varkiza
855:Caserta Agreement
704:GreekReporter.com
531:978-1-134-43682-8
479:978-1-4419-9666-4
417:978-1-317-56698-4
379:978-1-317-42821-3
328:978-1-317-17005-1
1229:
961:Operation Pyrsos
906:Litochoro attack
806:Greek Resistance
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621:. Archived from
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563:historyreport.gr
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127:Spyridon Lambros
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1192:Greek Civil War
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1090:James Van Fleet
1028:
1024:Petros Kokkalis
1009:Markos Vafiadis
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911:Truman Doctrine
894:
890:1946 referendum
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782:Greek Civil War
779:
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181:Greek Civil War
177:
175:Greek Civil War
161:
149:
147:Pangalos regime
123:National Schism
115:
99:Greek Civil War
67:since the 1910s
31:Greek Civil War
17:
12:
11:
5:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1222:Prison islands
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1184:
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432:(1): 115–157.
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378:
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295:Deutsche Welle
272:
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249:
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211:Following the
208:
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201:United Nations
176:
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165:Metaxas regime
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159:Metaxas regime
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151:In June 1925,
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87:Internal exile
15:
9:
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1156:Metapolitefsi
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1095:Hellenic Army
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885:1946 election
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678:openDemocracy
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541:
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524:. Routledge.
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410:. Routledge.
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397:
394:(1): 93–110.
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254:Metapolitefsi
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28:
23:
19:
1177:Greek exiles
1135:
880:White Terror
739:17 September
737:. Retrieved
735:. April 2020
733:Balkans Post
732:
723:
713:17 September
711:. Retrieved
703:
693:
683:17 September
681:. Retrieved
677:
668:
658:17 September
656:. Retrieved
652:
642:
632:17 September
630:. Retrieved
623:the original
605:(2): 34–43.
602:
598:
566:. Retrieved
562:
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469:
429:
425:
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391:
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369:
347:(1): 67–89.
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301:14 September
299:. Retrieved
293:
251:
231:
220:
210:
178:
162:
150:
134:
131:
116:
85:
44:from a ferry
18:
1197:Greek junta
1151:Greek junta
870:Dekemvriana
207:Greek junta
189:Greek junta
103:Greek junta
81:Greek junta
79:during the
1171:Categories
970:Communists
845:Red Terror
789:Background
268:References
195:, dubbed "
185:Makronisos
141:Ai Stratis
119:Venizelism
113:Background
101:, and the
54:Ai Stratis
42:Makronisos
611:1997-3322
568:28 August
446:144654989
353:0043-8774
248:Aftermath
136:Idionymon
1131:Refugees
619:24480891
361:24318197
91:Pangalos
95:Metaxas
617:
609:
528:
476:
444:
414:
388:Target
376:
359:
351:
325:
258:UNESCO
197:Dachau
193:Gyaros
27:Gyaros
1182:Exile
626:(PDF)
595:(PDF)
442:S2CID
357:JSTOR
260:as a
222:Stern
217:Gulag
77:Leros
65:Anafi
741:2020
715:2020
708:AMNA
685:2020
660:2020
634:2020
615:PMID
607:ISSN
570:2023
526:ISBN
474:ISBN
412:ISBN
374:ISBN
349:ISSN
323:ISBN
303:2020
93:and
1115:TEA
434:doi
396:doi
242:Kea
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706:.
702:.
676:.
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