346:
863:
588:
852:
1031:
230:, more than 1 million people deserted from the Red Army in 1918, around 2 million people deserted in 1919, and almost 4 million deserters escaped from the Red Army in 1921. Around 500,000 deserters were arrested in 1919 and close to 800,000 in 1920 by Cheka troops and special divisions created to combat desertions. Thousands of deserters were killed, and their families were often taken hostage. According to Lenin's instructions:
649:('liquidators'), engaged in security and emergency management activities; hundreds of servicemen were exposed to heavy radiation and dozens died. By 1989, with the increasing popular discontent nationwide that had begun to manifest in the USSR, the internal troops of the MVD, on orders from the Presidum of the Supreme Soviet, officially became a reporting agency of the MIA after years as a part of the Ministry of Defense.
20:
722:("People's Police Alert Units") was created in 1955. These units were created for a further reason as well: to have additional ground troop capacities in the event of a war, that did not show up at armaments negotiations, because those internal troops were not part of the military and still had suitable and compatible equipment. There were also internal troops in Bulgaria.
693:
766:) retained the name, organization and tasks of their internal troops. Up until December 2002, Armenia maintained a Ministry of Internal Affairs, but along with the Ministry of National Security, it was reorganised as a non-ministerial institution (the two organisations became the Police of Armenia and the National Security Service). Georgia detached a
630:
On April 23, 1979, on the basis of
Headquarters 89th Convoy Division (Novosibirsk's Military Unit Number 7540) was created the Directorate of Internal Troops (UVV) MIA Western Siberia (with the inclusion of the 90th and 102nd convoy divisions). On the basis of the 44th Convoy Division the UVV MIA North-West and the Baltic States was created.
1026:
583:
In 1969, the internal forces were managed by the Main
Department of Internal Troops MVD of the USSR. By an order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs number 007 of 22 February 1969 on the basis of the Internal Troops, Internal and Escort of the Interior Ministry of the Ukrainian SSR, the Ukrainian SSR
318:
On
November 20, 1939, by Order of the NKVD of the USSR, the "Regulations on the escort troops of the NKVD of the USSR" were adopted. It stipulated the tasks of escorting persons in custody and the procedure for external security of individual prisons. The same Regulations set the wartime tasks of the
361:
in Moscow (transferred from the OGPU in 1934). In
October 1940, a specialised NKVD force had also been formed to assist with local air defence for important areas. By June 1941 this new Main Directorate for Local Antiaircraft Defence had three regiments, including in Moscow, and four battalions, all
629:
Ten other convoy divisions were formed up to the 1990s; 42nd (Vilnius), 68th
Division (Gorky), 75th (Alma-Ata), 86th, 101st, 102nd, 38th, 39th, 48th, 50th and 76th (77th?) Convoy Division (Petrovsky). On January 11, 1978, was established Interior Ministry forces in the Far East and Eastern Siberia.
328:
On March 4, 1941, the
Directorate of Operational Forces of the NKVD of the USSR was created. In 1941, the Directorate of Convoy Troops of the NKVD was disbanded and merged with the Directorate of Internal Troops of the NKVD. The main tasks for this department: participation in hostilities, guarding
234:
After the expiration of the seven-day deadline for deserters to turn themselves in, punishment must be increased for these incorrigible traitors to the cause of the people. Families and anyone found to be assisting them in any way whatsoever are to be considered as hostages and treated accordingly.
304:
Main
Directorate of Convoy Troops - jointly manned by the Red Army and the NKVD. The directorate's mission was to convoy the "condemned, military prisoners of war, and persons subject to deportation, and also to provide external security for prisoner-of-war camps, prisons, and some objectives in
356:
In July 1941, formations of the NKVD were providing security for government installations, railway lines, and industrial centres. Railway security forces totalled 62,100, comprising nine divisions and five brigades securing 1,700 sites. Operational forces, the direct forerunners of the internal
269:, and some scholars have estimated that 70,000 were imprisoned by September 1921 (this number excludes those in several camps in regions that were in revolt, such as Tambov). Conditions in these camps led to high mortality rates, and "repeated massacres" took place. The Cheka at the
580:(Управление ВВ НКВД-МВД-МГБ Прибалтийского округа). This headquarters supervised several internal troops divisions, including the 14th Railway Facilities Protection Division from 1944 to 1951. Other divisions in the Baltic MD included the 4th, 5th, and 63rd Rifle Divisions NKVD.
450:
4. To form the divisions designated above, assign 1,000 soldiers and non-commissioned officers and 500 command cadre from the NKVD's cadre to each division. Request the Red Army
General Staff to provide the remainder of personnel by calling up all categories of soldiers from the
496:
Convoy forces were increased in strength throughout the war. In August 1942 there were four divisions (35th-38th) and five brigades (41st, 43rd, 44th, 45th, 47th; the 42nd and 46th had disappeared). Numbers reached 44,000 in July 1943 and 151,000 in August 1945.
615:
19th, 36th (Moscow), 43rd (Minsk), 44th (Leningrad), 54th (Rostov-on-Don), 79th (Kirov), 80th (Kuibyshev), 83rd (Syktyvkar), 84th (Perm), 87th (Sverdlovsk), 88th (Tashkent), 89th (Novosibirsk), 90th (Kemerovo), 91st (Irkutsk), and 92nd (Khabarovsk) Convoy
1055:
575:
A series of internal troops districts supervised many divisions, brigades, regiments, and battalions. Among them was the headquarters for internal troops in the Baltic area, which became
Directorate Internal Troops NKVD-MVD-MGB
667:
Prior to the 1990s, there were 180 regiments (of varying size) of internal troops, of which 90 were mainly guards of correctional institutions, important public facilities and public order. Some of them became engaged in the
345:
587:
135:", but a close equivalent of the major police organizations found in other countries. Over time, internal troops also gained responsibility for waging civil war, safeguarding of highly-important facilities (like
516:
suffered almost 90% casualties during the battle. Large VV units also stayed in the rear to maintain order, fight enemy infiltrators and to guard key installations (such as the armament manufacturing complex at
878:, command and service. The chief commander and staff of the Troops report only to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, maintaining their separate chain of command. Soviet VV units were predominantly formed up of
332:
In June 1941, the NKVD had two convoy forces security divisions and seven brigades totaling 38,311 personnel to carry out convoy missions. The 13th NKVD Convoy Forces
Security Division was in the west of the
337:, the 14th Convoy Forces Security Division was in the Moscow region, plus six separate convoy brigades, including the 41st in the northwest, the 42nd covering the western axis, and the 43rd the southwest.
1249:, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War, 14, citing 'The internal forces in the years of peaceful socialist construction, 1922–1941,' Moscow, Iuridicheskaia Literatura, 1977, 507–508.
239:
In September 1918, in just twelve provinces of Russia, 48,735 deserters and 7,325 brigands were arrested: 1,826 were executed and 2,230 were deported. A typical report from a Cheka department stated:
1495:
886:. Modern troops in Russia and Ukraine are experiencing a slow transition to the contract personnel system. VV officers are trained in both own special academies and the Army's military academies.
179:, and were known as "NKVD Troops", formerly the "Internal Security Forces" (Russian: Voyska vnutrenney okhrany Respubliki or VOHR)), remained there with all the mergers and splittings of Soviet
386:
540:). A total of 977,000 servicemen were killed in action. More than 100,000 soldiers and officers received awards for gallantry in the face of the enemy, and 295 servicemen were awarded the "
862:
1675:
750:
After the fall of Soviet Union in 1990–91, local internal troops units were resubordinated to the respective new independent states, except for the three Baltic countries. Azerbaijan (
315:
On September 1, 1939, the law "On General Military Duty" was adopted. For the first time, the law stated that the internal troops are an integral part of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
200:
285:
In 1937, the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GUPVO NKVD) was renamed the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR (GUPVV).
143:
and prison security (except in Russia). As such, these forces have been involved in major wars as well as combating insurgencies and other civil unrest, including the
325:
The number of personnel of the Convoy Troops on January 1, 1940, reached 34,295 people (one division, 9 brigades, 2 separate regiments and 2 junior command schools).
78:(VV) Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del, or "Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs" (MVD) (until 2016). Other countries that have had such forces include:
322:
In the pre-war years, the internal troops guarded 135 government facilities. They also escorted to 156 judicial institutions and served on 176 railway routes.
1503:
1696:
493:; some fought through to Berlin, although by that time, as regular Red Army divisions, they had little remaining connection to their founding NKVD cadres.
1731:
653:
522:
357:
troops, included 11 regiments stationed in the western military districts, seven regiments and three battalions in the internal districts, and the
291:
On February 2, 1939, 6 separate departments were created within the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Troops within the NKVD of the USSR:
1212:
1701:
1366:
529:
1676:
Nikita Astashin. The establishment, airlift, and deployment of a task force for a post-riot area: the Soviet experience in Temirtau, 1959
184:
250:
has been put down. The families of the deserters have been taken as hostages. When we started to shoot one person from each family, the
362:
engineer-anti-chemical units. Another division and five brigades totalling just under 30,000 men were in the process of formation.
72:
Perhaps the most prominent example, since the Soviet era have been the Russian Внутренние войска Министерства внутренних дел (ВВ)
1381:
771:
901:
units that developed within the VV, were created to deal with terrorism and hostage crises. Fields units are essentially light
1008:
400:
In accordance with a decision of the USSR's government, the NKVD of the USSR is charged with forming fifteen rifle divisions .
226:
of taking and executing numerous hostages, often in connection with desertions of forcefully mobilized peasants. According to
1711:
1628:
1196:
832:
358:
277:
river. Occasionally, entire prisons were "emptied" of inmates via mass shootings prior to abandoning a town to White forces.
188:
1445:
1297:
1262:, Helion & Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2011, Kindle ed., ch. 4. In the event the five mountain divisions were never formed.
1659:
874:
Despite being subordinated to a civilian police authority, internal troops are a military force with centralized system of
500:
Typically, NKVD Internal Troops were defensive in nature, although they played a particularly instrumental role during the
288:
On April 20, 1938, the number of NKVD troops, including military units of convoy troops, was established at 28,800 people.
1575:
Werth, Nicolas; Bartosek, Karel; Panne, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Courtois, Stephane (1999).
920:) originally consisted of the units that guard the perimeters of the prisons, and the prisoner transport teams (actually
1610:
429:
425:
262:
of 1920–1921, around 100,000 peasant rebels and their families were imprisoned or deported and perhaps 15,000 executed.
1646:
1590:
1565:
1280:
1235:
1145:
1174:
738:(Federal Border Guard) was a paramilitary police with infantry units as well, for a short period there was even a
1543:
1350:
739:
673:
1502:(in Russian). Russia. Temporary Information Center of the Russian Federation FSVNG. 25 May 2016. Archived from
775:
270:
889:
The main kinds of internal troops are field units, prison security units, various facility-guarding units and
1090:
779:
751:
697:
95:
91:
87:
641:, the internal troops became significantly reduced in size, but retained their pre-war functions. After the
1726:
1706:
816:
783:
156:
125:
These forces were introduced during the Soviet era, initially to provide armed, tactical responses for the
928:"). In post-Soviet countries, some or all of the prison-related tasks were transferred to other agencies.
1577:
856:
115:
1606:"Internal Troops of the MVD SSSR", by William C. Fuller, College Station Papers, Defence Studies, 1983.
981:
836:
797:
767:
763:
591:
441:
99:
83:
79:
969:
812:
805:
755:
718:
74:
23:
1678:– the story of one of the most significant operations carried out by the Internal Troops after 1945.
831:(Rosgvardiya). Differently from the old Interior Troops, the Rosgvarsyia is not subordinated to the
1716:
1582:
975:
828:
577:
565:
541:
513:
393:
66:
1496:"21-я бригада оперативного назначения войск национальной гвардии России награждена орденом Жукова"
1030:Советская деревня глазами ВЧК — ОГПУ — НКВД. 1918—1922. — М., 1998. Со ссылкой на
958:
709:
107:
1667:
1335:
646:
119:
103:
1533:
1100:
937:
759:
553:
521:, protected by the 156th NKVD regiment in 1941) and the railway installations guarded by the
254:
began to come out of the woods and surrender. Thirty-four deserters were shot as an example.
111:
664:) was transferred into the MVD as the 100th Motorised Division for Special Use VV MVD SSSR.
1691:
894:
509:
445:
437:
433:
421:
417:
413:
409:
378:
223:
804:
and as part of a general military and governmental reform. They were reorganized into the
8:
941:
is a Soviet 1990 drama film, based on the real story of VV soldier who killed his entire
867:
840:
533:
381:, the 132nd Independent Battalion of the Convoy Troops of the NKVD joined the defence of
136:
606:
Internal Troops Directorates (UVV) of the MVD of the Ukrainian SSR and the Moldavian SSR
1206:
942:
902:
851:
681:
642:
505:
54:
1322:
1642:
1624:
1586:
1561:
1539:
1276:
1231:
1192:
1141:
734:
215:
144:
62:
1469:
1187:
584:
and the Moldavian SSR MVD Internal Troops Directorates were officially established.
453:
5. Complete concentrating the NKVD cadre at the formation regions by 17 July 1941...
301:
Main Directorate for the Protection of Particularly Important Industrial Enterprises
1553:
909:
638:
569:
532:
were on active duty during the war. Of those, 18 units were awarded battle honors (
501:
462:
457:
These divisions, in addition to NKVD border troops, participated in the defense of
403:
259:
163:
military command and fulfill the missions of local defence and rear area security.
329:
reception centers for prisoners of war, guarding trains, and escorting prisoners.
1618:
1354:
1301:
677:
669:
561:
490:
552:
After the war's end, internal troops played an important role in fighting local
964:
898:
890:
537:
486:
466:
406:
is entrusted with the task of forming fifteen rifle divisions of NKVD forces...
382:
274:
1639:
KGB and Soviet Security Uniforms and Militaria 1917–1991 in Colour Photographs
1432:
905:, similar to respective regular army units by their organization and weapons.
1721:
1685:
1529:
875:
661:
657:
557:
334:
227:
180:
152:
140:
1246:
730:
713:
572:
with gunfire, which resulted in death of at least 100 political prisoners.
518:
366:
251:
207:). It was later reorganized into the DON (Special-Purpose Division) of the
160:
148:
46:
1170:
946:
883:
790:
705:
374:
50:
1400:
801:
634:
595:
482:
1367:"У МВС вшанували учасників ліквідації наслідків аварії на ЧАЕС (ФОТО)"
1347:
1186:История Внутренних Войск. Краткий очерк. (В. Т. Власенко);
879:
243:
127:
774:
and transferred its former internal troops under the command of the
273:
camp adopted the practice of drowning bound prisoners in the nearby
987:
726:
704:
The pattern of internal troops was copied by many countries of the
478:
370:
219:
42:
808:(NGU), which still serves in similar role to the internal troops.
1433:
Interior Troops Abolished, Units Merged with the Defense Ministry
132:
19:
827:—were transferred and merged under a new organization named the
369:, most units of the NKVD Internal Troops were engaged alongside
1189:"История правоохранительных органов отечества". Учебное пособие
925:
609:
474:
458:
192:
58:
53:-like law enforcement services, which are found mostly in the
1336:
http://shieldandsword.mozohin.ru/VD3462/mvd6691/troops/vv.htm
800:
were disbanded due the negative reputation gained during the
692:
266:
204:
196:
172:
530:
53 internal troops divisions and 20 internal troops brigades
1171:"История Внутренних Войск. Краткий очерк. (В. Т. Власенко)"
1009:"Внутренние войска будут выведены из состава Нацгвардии КР"
824:
820:
470:
408:
3. Begin forming and deploying the divisions immediately:
350:
208:
183:
services and ended up under the control of the police-like
176:
1037:
359:
F. E. Dzerzhinsky Independent Special Designation Division
171:
The Russian internal troops were formed in 1919 under the
298:
Main Directorate for the Protection of Railway Facilities
246:
Province, 23 June 1919. The uprising of deserters in the
1558:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
1470:"Russian Federation Council Approves New National Guard"
1058:«Красный и Белый террор в России в 1917—1922 годах»
839:, which in practice puts it under direct control of the
319:
internal troops to escort and protect prisoners of war.
687:
1574:
1423:
Taylor and Francis, Europa World Yearbook 2004, p.554.
1401:"100th Motorised Division for Special Use VV MVD SSSR"
1106:
1078:
1072:
782:
was dissolved in April 2014 and was replaced with the
392:
Raising of new NKVD forces for the front began in the
305:
which the work of 'special contingents' was employed."
931:
349:
Banner of the 175th Rifle Regiment, Internal Troops,
258:
Estimates suggest that during the suppression of the
187:. The best-known of the internal troops divisions is
1535:
A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924
1032:Российский государственный военно-исторический архив
1578:
Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1118:
789:Modern internal troops can partly be compared with
684:to decimate a crowd of unarmed Georgian civilians.
676:. Their activities during this period included the
1068:
1066:
1064:
645:in 1986, internal troops personnel were among the
1488:
1683:
866:Kyrgyz internal troops during a rehearsal for a
523:14th Railway Facilities Protection Division NKVD
1620:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia
1273:Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943
1228:Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943
1138:Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943
1061:
1049:
1616:
568:. In 1953, the internal troops suppressed the
1462:
1382:"Soldiers 'sacrificed to clean up Chernobyl'"
159:. During wartime, internal troops fall under
1697:Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)
1019:
612:"Felix Dzerzhinky" (Reutov, Moscow region).
218:, the internal troops of the Cheka and the
1211:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
602:At the beginning of 1969 in the MVD were:
265:This campaign marked the beginning of the
61:. Internal troops are subordinated to the
1552:
1323:Headquarters of Internal Troops 1941–1951
1112:
1096:
1084:
1732:Political repression in the Soviet Union
861:
850:
691:
586:
344:
33:, sometimes alternatively translated as
18:
846:
754:), Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation (
1684:
882:drafted by the same system as for the
745:
652:On 1 October 1989, the Ground Forces'
311:Main Military Construction Directorate
118:are officially a reserve force in the
1528:
1334:These four paragraphs are drawn from
1124:
1043:
990:(Democratic Republic of Afghanistan)
688:Internal troops outside Soviet Union
489:and were heavily engaged during the
308:Main Directorate of Military Support
1702:Law enforcement in communist states
1611:Library of Congress Country Studies
1435:. Civil Georgia. 15 September 2004.
1348:http://www.sibfo.ru/ovv/history.php
914:конвойные войска, konvoinyie voyska
340:
199:" detachment of the VChK (formerly
13:
1600:
1446:"Ukraine: National Guard Restored"
1191:. Moscow. 2008. pp. 134–258.
932:Internal troops in popular culture
387:losing its standard in the process
201:1st Automobile Fighting Detachment
14:
1743:
1653:
295:Main Directorate of Border Troops
69:) of their respective countries.
1668:Structure of the Internal Troops
1609:"Soviet Union, a County Study",
1379:
815:, as well other units under the
678:1989 violent incident in Tbilisi
1438:
1426:
1417:
1392:
1373:
1359:
1340:
1328:
1315:
1290:
1265:
1252:
1240:
1220:
1177:from the original on 2016-04-11
1163:
1150:
1130:
897:. Since the 1980s, the several
674:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
622:Special motorized militia units
195:which traces its roots to the "
1522:
1300:. Serpukhov.su. Archived from
1001:
908:Soviet prison security units (
1:
1637:László Békési, György Török:
1073:Werth, Bartosek et al. (1999)
994:
780:Internal Troops of Kazakhstan
752:Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
698:Internal Troops of Kazakhstan
1712:Military of the Soviet Union
1660:Agentura.ru: Internal Troops
1075:, Chapter 4: The Red Terror.
833:Ministry of Internal Affairs
817:Russian Ministry of Interior
784:National Guard of Kazakhstan
772:Ministry of Internal Affairs
619:Guard brigades and regiments
377:troops. On the first day of
280:
7:
1260:Barbarossa Derailed, Vol. 1
952:
793:forces all over the world.
570:Vorkuta labor camp uprising
547:
10:
1748:
982:Special Corps of Gendarmes
837:Security Council of Russia
764:Internal Troops of Ukraine
633:With the beginning of the
166:
970:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft
913:
857:Mongolian internal troops
806:National Guard of Ukraine
798:Ukrainian internal troops
756:Internal Troops of Russia
719:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft
672:that occurred during the
592:Ukrainian internal troops
396:with an order of June 26:
116:Mongolian internal troops
24:Internal troops of Russia
16:Soviet paramilitary force
1583:Harvard University Press
1476:. Interfax. 29 June 2016
949:(brutal hazing system).
829:National Guard of Russia
708:. In 1945 in Poland the
680:when VV servicemen used
578:Baltic Military District
566:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
542:Hero of the Soviet Union
514:10th NKVD Rifle Division
394:Moscow Military District
39:interior ministry forces
1641:, Ramsbury (UK), 2002,
1617:Figes, Orlando (2007).
1027:Данилов В. П.
959:Internal Security Corps
813:Russian internal troops
710:Internal Security Corps
248:Petropavlovskaya volost
1325:, accessed April 2014.
1285:Sukhoputnye sily RKKA,
1158:Sukhoputnye sily RKKA,
1056:Литвин А. Л.
871:
859:
778:in November 2004. The
735:Bundesgrenzschutz /BGS
716:a similar unit or the
701:
599:
528:Altogether, more than
455:
402:1. Lieutenant General
353:
256:
237:
151:, mass repressions of
120:Mongolian Armed Forces
27:
1283:, drawing on Lensky,
976:People's Armed Police
865:
854:
835:(MVD), but under the
760:Tajik Internal Troops
695:
590:
554:anti-Soviet partisans
398:
348:
241:
232:
104:Bulgaria (until 1991)
22:
1015:. 11 September 2018.
945:unit as a result of
847:General organization
712:was established, in
534:military decorations
510:Battle of Stalingrad
446:256th Rifle Division
442:254th Rifle Division
438:252nd Rifle Division
434:251st Rifle Division
430:250th Rifle Division
426:249th Rifle Division
422:247th Rifle Division
418:246th Rifle Division
414:244th Rifle Division
410:243rd Rifle Division
379:Operation Barbarossa
137:nuclear power plants
1727:Paramilitary police
1707:Military of Ukraine
1450:Library of Congress
870:in Bishkek in 2015.
841:President of Russia
776:Ministry of Defence
746:Current deployments
682:entrenching shovels
67:interior ministries
1353:2014-04-15 at the
1275:(2005), 163, 176,
943:prisoner transport
916:; criminal slang:
903:motorized infantry
872:
868:Victory Day Parade
860:
768:militarized branch
702:
654:14th Tank Division
643:Chernobyl disaster
625:Military Academies
600:
506:Siege of Leningrad
354:
75:Vnutrenniye Voiska
55:post-Soviet states
28:
1630:978-0-8050-7461-1
1554:Gellately, Robert
1538:. Penguin Books.
1198:978-5-93004-254-2
740:mandatory service
404:I. I. Maslennikov
216:Russian Civil War
145:Russian Civil War
63:interior minister
1739:
1672:
1664:
1634:
1596:
1571:
1549:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1474:The Moscow Times
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1357:
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1085:Gellately (2008)
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1016:
1005:
984:(Russian Empire)
915:
670:ethnic conflicts
639:de-Stalinisation
502:Battle of Moscow
341:Second World War
260:Tambov Rebellion
1747:
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1717:Military police
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1601:Further reading
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1506:on 10 June 2016
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1355:Wayback Machine
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1013:Вечерний Бишкек
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934:
855:Members of the
849:
762:) and Ukraine (
758:), Tajikistan (
748:
690:
562:Forest Brothers
550:
538:honorary titles
491:Battle of Kursk
452:
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407:
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373:forces against
343:
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139:), large-scale
35:interior troops
31:Internal troops
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1398:Michael Holm,
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891:special forces
848:
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696:Emblem of the
689:
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487:North Caucasus
467:Brest Fortress
383:Brest Fortress
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224:terror tactics
222:practiced the
211:and the NKVD.
181:state security
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86:(until 2004),
82:(until 2014),
15:
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1623:. Macmillan.
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1386:New Scientist
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1304:on 2015-02-25
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1140:(2005), 163.
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1086:
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662:Rostov Oblast
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647:cleanup crews
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560:(such as the
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228:Orlando Figes
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153:Stalinist era
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141:crowd control
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131:– literally "
130:
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1671:(in Russian)
1663:(in Russian)
1638:
1619:
1576:
1557:
1534:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1499:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1428:
1419:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1394:
1385:
1380:Rich, Vera.
1375:
1361:
1346:See further
1342:
1330:
1317:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1292:
1284:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1247:David Glantz
1242:
1227:
1222:
1188:
1179:. Retrieved
1165:
1157:
1152:
1137:
1132:
1125:Figes (1998)
1120:
1108:
1092:
1080:
1051:
1044:Figes (1998)
1039:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1003:
936:
935:
921:
917:
907:
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796:In 2014 the
795:
788:
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717:
714:East Germany
703:
666:
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367:World War II
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213:
170:
161:armed forces
157:Chechen Wars
149:World War II
126:
124:
108:Turkmenistan
73:
71:
57:, primarily
47:paramilitary
38:
34:
30:
29:
1692:Gendarmerie
1545:0670-859168
1523:Works cited
1500:rosgvard.ru
1321:Soldat.ru,
947:dedovschina
884:Soviet Army
791:riot police
731:West German
706:Warsaw Pact
594:during the
214:During the
191:based near
51:gendarmerie
1686:Categories
1455:2022-04-14
1410:2017-07-01
1405:www.ww2.dk
1308:2014-04-02
1298:"Лнфюияйн"
1181:2015-01-15
995:References
880:conscripts
802:Euromaidan
742:in force.
635:Khrushchev
596:Euromaidan
564:) and the
512:where the
508:, and the
483:Stalingrad
271:Kholmogory
155:, and the
112:Tajikistan
96:Azerbaijan
92:Kyrgyzstan
88:Kazakhstan
1560:. Knopf.
1217:(«Щит-М»)
1207:cite book
938:The Guard
770:from its
616:Divisions
544:" title.
463:Leningrad
451:reserves.
281:The 1930s
244:Yaroslavl
128:militsiya
1556:(2008).
1532:(1998).
1351:Archived
1258:Glantz,
1175:Archived
1156:Lensky,
988:Sarandoy
961:(Poland)
953:See also
918:vertuhai
819:—mainly
727:Cold War
637:era and
548:Cold War
479:Voronezh
371:Red Army
220:Red Army
43:military
1480:29 June
1287:188-91.
978:(China)
910:Russian
725:During
598:clashes
556:in the
365:During
203:of the
175:(later
167:History
133:militia
100:Belarus
84:Georgia
80:Ukraine
26:in 2009
1645:
1627:
1589:
1564:
1542:
1510:27 May
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1234:
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926:convoy
922:konvoi
610:OMSDON
504:, the
485:, the
475:Odessa
465:, the
459:Moscow
252:Greens
193:Moscow
189:OMSDON
110:, and
59:Russia
41:, are
893:like
876:ranks
275:Dvina
267:Gulag
205:VTsIK
197:OSNAZ
173:Cheka
65:(and
1722:NKVD
1643:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1512:2016
1482:2016
1277:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1213:link
1193:ISBN
1160:190.
1142:ISBN
825:OMON
823:and
821:SOBR
729:the
519:Tula
471:Kiev
375:Axis
351:NKVD
209:OGPU
177:NKVD
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656:at
536:or
448:...
185:MVD
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37:or
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