189:
the
Secretary of State can have the employee deported (the international organization, however, has to be notified first and the employee has to be allotted a reasonable time to leave). Besides designating the status of international organizations, the President has the authority to withhold an organization or employees from receiving certain immunities, exemptions, and privileges the Act offers. The President can also limit the benefits an organization or its employees receives. In addition, the President has the power to revoke a designation if an international organization abuses the powers that it is given, which means the organization would no longer enjoy any of the benefits listed in the title.
30:
153:
entitled benefits organizations and their employees receive are similar to the benefits that foreign governments are granted. For example, international organizations and employees of the organizations are exempted from certain taxes. In addition, property and assets belonging to international organizations or their employees cannot be searched or confiscated. A lawsuit or any other type of legal action cannot be brought upon these organizations or their employees. The privileges, exemptions, and immunities that the employees and officers receive are extended to their immediate family members as well.
173:
United States participates pursuant to any treaty or under the authority of any Act of
Congress authorizing such participation or making an appropriation for such participation..." (Section 1 of the Act). International organizations need to fit the definition to be protected by this particular Act. Although the Act initially aimed at international organizations of which the U.S. was a member, recent extensions have covered also international organizations with which the U.S. cooperates but in which they do not participate, such as the
697:
754:
Government and
Interpol officials claim people are overreacting and are against Interpol receiving privileges, immunities, and exemptions because they do not know how Interpol functions. For example, Interpol does not make arrests (a common misconception) and it does not have a police force. Instead,
156:
The IOIA was passed to strengthen the international organizations that the U.S. collaborates with, including those that are located in foreign countries. The Senate
Committee believed that passing this Act would allow international organizations to perform more effectively and accomplish their goals.
750:
did not support the
President extending privileges, exemptions, and immunities to Interpol. Conservative bloggers claimed that by increasing the privileges and immunities Interpol received, the President was allowing an international police to run amok without legal restraint. They also believe that
188:
was given the power to advise the
President (who makes the final decisions) on matters like whether an organization should or should not be granted protection under the IOIA. The Secretary of State also has the power to determine if an employee's presence is no longer "desirable"; in such instances,
152:
passed the IOIA on
December 29, 1945; the Act can be found under Title 22, chapter 7, sub-chapter XVIII. The IOIA entitles international organizations and their employees to certain exemptions, immunities, and privileges that other organizations and their employees are not granted. In addition, the
172:
If international organizations want the advantages listed in the title, they need to fit the Act's definition of what an "international organization" is. The IOIA states: "For the purposes of this title, the term "international organization" means a public international organization in which the
234:
Many of these benefits of employees and officials, however, do not apply to U.S. citizens (including dual citizens). More specifically, the salary of a person working for an international organization within the United States is exempt from U.S. tax under the condition that the person is either
695:
changed its income tax laws with retroactive effect, several international organizations pointed out that their foreign employees were exempt from income taxes due to the relevant treaty and that, while the IOIA shielded them from federal taxes, this was not the case for state and local taxes.
774:
ruled that the IOIA did not grant international organizations absolute immunity. Rather, it ruled that, like foreign governments, international organizations could be sued under federal law for their commercial activities. This was a rejection of longstanding jurisprudence which held that
217:. Moreover, any of the rights granted can be waived. Also, organizations and their employees can only receive these benefits if the Secretary of State notifies and acknowledges the international organization and its workers. The benefits that employees and officials enjoy include:
540:
139:
federal law enacted in 1945. It "established a special group of foreign or international organizations whose members could work in the U.S. and enjoy certain exemptions from US taxes and search and seizure laws". These advantages are usually given to diplomatic bodies.
630:
297:
393:
620:
292:
474:
353:
212:
Employees and officers of international organizations designated under the Act also receive benefits. Even though, the Act provides employees, officers, and their family members many benefits, it does not grant full
999:
725:
passed the H.R. 3269 bill on
December 6, 2005. The Senate referred the bill to the Committee on Foreign Relations; that was the last action taken regarding H.R. 3269. As a result, the bill did not become a law.
650:
545:
197:
International organizations receive the same privileges, immunities, and exemptions as foreign governments. Some of these privileges, immunities, and exemptions (listed under section 4 of the Act) include:
802:
779:
enjoyed by foreign governments in 1945 (when the IOIA was first enacted) even though
Congress had placed restrictions on foreign governments' sovereign immunity in subsequent legislation, including the
763:
408:
247:; a U.S. citizen working for an international organization outside of the U.S. does not pay self-employment tax, nor does a green card holder working for an international organization in the U.S.
525:
363:
338:
520:
640:
428:
580:
398:
2520:
279:
514:
585:
388:
115:
92:
73:
54:
873:
2505:
590:
378:
982:
2515:
2510:
328:
645:
373:
49:
550:
307:
87:
68:
2470:
504:
464:
221:
Exemption from property taxes imposed by
Congress, internal-revenue taxes, communication taxes and taxes on transportation of persons or property
484:
459:
449:
739:
433:
230:
Family members of employees and officers of international organizations receive similar privileges, immunities, and exemptions as well.
898:
Executive Order 9698--Designating public international organizations entitled to enjoy certain privileges, exemptions, and immunities
575:
403:
274:
665:
605:
570:
555:
494:
418:
284:
444:
423:
368:
722:
243:. Furthermore, a U.S. citizen working for an international organization in the U.S. must report self-employment income and pay
920:
509:
499:
439:
358:
675:
227:
Exemption from legal suits or any other legal action in regards to activities related to work (unless the right is waived)
174:
1015:
966:
793:
718:
383:
106:
37:
670:
560:
479:
469:
454:
413:
323:
162:
158:
933:
22 USC § 288k - Extension of certain privileges, exemptions, and immunities to Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices
781:
615:
2412:
897:
595:
565:
348:
746:
granted certain benefits found in the IOIA to Interpol. Conservative bloggers and people such as former Speaker
742:(Interpol). Some of these benefits included immunity from lawsuits and prosecution. Likewise in 2009, President
923:, Georgetown Journal of International Law, pages 311–364. See in particular page 333 with footnotes 155 to 157.
333:
2500:
184:
has been the agency that receives applications from organizations requesting designation under the Act. The
717:
on July 13, 2005. The bill called for an amendment in the International Organization Immunities Act so the
714:
343:
771:
529:
489:
302:
149:
224:
Admission of officers and employees representing international organizations without checks from customs
680:
244:
660:
610:
169:
are examples of designated public international organizations covered by the Act when it was passed.
2398:
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2158:
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2053:
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2008:
1993:
1978:
1963:
1933:
1918:
1903:
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1813:
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1213:
1198:
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1123:
1108:
1093:
1078:
1063:
1048:
1033:
685:
625:
535:
259:
254:
821:
formerly known as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe
202:
Immunity from search and confiscation of any property and assets owned (unless immunity is waived)
2263:
2248:
1948:
1888:
1828:
1798:
1783:
1603:
1543:
1498:
1423:
1393:
1288:
250:
International organizations (and their employees) enjoying these benefits include the following.
698:
Agreement on State and Local Taxation of Foreign Employees of Public International Organizations
655:
269:
240:
318:
313:
119:
96:
77:
58:
29:
2451:
2439:
862:
111:
8:
214:
181:
17:
908:
776:
751:
it is a plot to allow international courts to arrest and prosecute American officials.
599:
185:
80:
61:
756:
692:
99:
1000:
How to Report Wage Income Paid by Foreign Governments or International Organizations
955:
970:
932:
180:
The IOIA also states powers of certain offices. Since the time it was passed, the
2395:
2380:
2365:
2350:
2335:
2320:
2305:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2170:
2155:
2140:
2125:
2110:
2095:
2080:
2065:
2050:
2035:
2020:
2005:
1990:
1975:
1960:
1945:
1930:
1915:
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1120:
1105:
1090:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1030:
1019:
943:
797:
696:
Subsequently, on May 14, 1994, the President signed and brought into force the
635:
166:
541:
Israel-United States Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation
2494:
747:
735:
264:
136:
759:
states that the national police force makes arrests based on national laws.
743:
208:
Free from baggage search and any other procedures related to customs duties
755:
Interpol shares information and files with the 188 countries it serves.
721:
would be recognized as an international organization under the Act. The
2423:
631:
United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property
874:
Just What Did President Obama's Executive Order regarding INTERPOL Do?
803:
Persons Employed by a Foreign Government or International Organization
298:
Council of Europe in Respect of the Group of States Against Corruption
394:
International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico
946:, U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 2 (General)
885:
842:
formerly known as the Organization for European Economic Cooperation
521:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
192:
762:
641:
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
621:
Preparatory Commission of the International Atomic Energy Agency
983:
Employees of Foreign Governments or International Organizations
293:
Commission for the Study of Alternatives to the Panama Canal
581:
Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina
399:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
2452:"Order on Interpol Work Inside U.S. Irks Conservatives"
515:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
475:
International Joint Commission—United States and Canada
2471:"U.S. Supreme Court Rules That World Bank Can Be Sued"
775:
international organizations shared the same expansive
586:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
389:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
591:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
379:
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
329:
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
944:2 FAM 1420: International Organizations Immunities
921:Deconstructing international organization immunity
646:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
374:Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
239:a U.S. citizen, or is a U.S. citizen as well as a
23:International Organizations Immunities Act of 1945
354:Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences
205:Exemption from any internal-revenue taxes imposed
193:Privileges, exemptions, and immunities of the act
2492:
551:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
308:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
2521:Foreign sovereign immunity in the United States
505:International Secretariat for Volunteer Service
465:International Fund for Agricultural Development
713:A bill called H.R. 3269 was introduced to the
2413:"National Treaty Law and Practice, Chapter 6"
651:United States-Mexico Border Health Commission
546:ITER International Fusion Energy Organization
485:International Maritime Satellite Organization
460:International Food Policy Research Institute
2506:United States foreign relations legislation
708:
450:International Fertilizer Development Center
2516:United States federal taxation legislation
2511:United States federal criminal legislation
909:International Organizations Immunities Act
829:
827:
740:International Criminal Police Organization
434:International Criminal Police Organization
133:International Organizations Immunities Act
2468:
886:International Organization Immunities Act
576:North Pacific Marine Science Organization
404:International Civil Aviation Organization
275:Border Environment Cooperation Commission
143:
764:Jam v. International Finance Corporation
666:World Intellectual Property Organization
606:Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
571:North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
556:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
495:International Pacific Halibut Commission
419:International Committee of the Red Cross
285:Commission for Environmental Cooperation
824:
729:
445:International Development Law Institute
424:International Cotton Advisory Committee
409:International Civilian Office in Kosovo
369:Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
2493:
723:United States House of Representatives
526:International Wheat Advisory Committee
2444:
2420:American Society of International Law
510:International Telecommunication Union
500:International Renewable Energy Agency
440:International Development Association
359:Inter-American Investment Corporation
2462:
676:World Organisation for Animal Health
364:Inter-American Statistical Institute
339:Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices
175:Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices
13:
2410:
719:Bank for International Settlements
703:
384:International Atomic Energy Agency
107:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
14:
2532:
738:extended certain benefits to the
671:World Meteorological Organization
561:Multinational Force and Observers
480:International Labour Organization
470:International Hydrographic Bureau
455:International Finance Corporation
414:International Coffee Organization
324:Food and Agriculture Organization
163:International Labour Organization
159:Food and Agriculture Organization
2433:
2404:
2389:
2374:
2359:
2344:
2329:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2269:
876:, ABCNews.com, December 30, 2009
782:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
616:Pan American Health Organization
289:Commission for Labor Cooperation
28:
2254:
2239:
2224:
2209:
2194:
2179:
2164:
2149:
2134:
2119:
2104:
2089:
2074:
2059:
2044:
2029:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1969:
1954:
1939:
1924:
1909:
1894:
1879:
1864:
1849:
1834:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1714:
1699:
1684:
1669:
1654:
1639:
1624:
1609:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1549:
1534:
1519:
1504:
1489:
1474:
1459:
1444:
1429:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1369:
1354:
1339:
1324:
1309:
1294:
1279:
1264:
1249:
1234:
1219:
1204:
1189:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1129:
1114:
1099:
1084:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1024:
1009:
992:
975:
960:
836:
815:
596:Organization of American States
566:North American Development Bank
349:Inter-American Development Bank
949:
937:
926:
913:
902:
891:
879:
867:
856:
429:International Cotton Institute
334:Great Lakes Fishery Commission
1:
2469:McDonnell, Tim (2019-03-07).
849:
888:, article by Lawrence Preuss
715:109th United States Congress
344:Inter-American Defense Board
7:
787:
772:United States Supreme Court
530:International Wheat Council
490:International Monetary Fund
303:Customs Cooperation Council
150:79th United States Congress
38:United States Supreme Court
10:
2537:
681:World Tourism Organization
241:citizen of The Philippines
15:
661:World Health Organization
611:Pacific Salmon Commission
44:
36:
27:
1004:Internal Revenue Service
987:Internal Revenue Service
808:
709:Attempt to amend the act
686:World Trade Organization
626:South Pacific Commission
536:Interparliamentary Union
260:African Development Fund
255:African Development Bank
656:Universal Postal Union
280:Caribbean Organization
270:Asian Development Bank
144:Background information
2236:. September 29, 1969.
1816:. September 12, 1980.
1651:. September 15, 1995.
319:European Space Agency
314:European Central Bank
2501:1945 in American law
2356:. September 1, 1956.
2326:. December 30, 1948.
2296:. December 21, 2004.
2251:. February 19, 1946.
2221:. November 25, 1949.
2191:. February 18, 1960.
2161:. February 20, 1989.
1996:. November 19, 2007.
1861:. September 3, 2015.
1801:. February 19, 1946.
1666:. December 16, 2009.
1606:. December 19, 1947.
1471:. December 13, 1958.
1291:. February 19, 1946.
1171:. December 18, 2001.
1111:. December 30, 1961.
730:Interpol controversy
2458:. 31 December 2009.
2371:. January 12, 2017.
2086:. January 26, 1994.
2071:. January 26, 1994.
1951:. January 24, 1947.
1936:. January 18, 1996.
1921:. January 19, 1977.
1846:. October 23, 1962.
1756:. October 31, 1990.
1681:. January 19, 1977.
1531:. January 19, 1977.
1441:. October 23, 1962.
1321:. October 23, 1962.
1306:. January 13, 2006.
1261:. January 17, 1974.
1231:. December 5, 1966.
1036:. February 8, 1983.
734:In 1983, President
245:self-employment tax
215:diplomatic immunity
182:Department of State
24:
18:diplomatic immunity
2411:Dalton, Robert E.
2311:. August 31, 1957.
2206:. August 31, 1957.
2176:. October 2, 1986.
1726:. October 2, 1956.
1486:. August 31, 1957.
1411:. October 2, 1986.
1156:. October 2, 1986.
833:limited privileges
777:sovereign immunity
691:In 1992, when the
600:Pan American Union
186:Secretary of State
22:
2386:. March 22, 1985.
2056:. March 16, 1994.
2041:. April 22, 1982.
2026:. August 2, 1988.
1981:. March 13, 1995.
1966:. August 7, 1998.
1741:. April 22, 1982.
1711:. March 14, 1977.
1696:. March 29, 1993.
1456:. March 28, 1952.
1381:. April 27, 1962.
1351:. March 26, 1951.
1141:. March 16, 1994.
1126:. March 16, 1994.
1096:. March 16, 1994.
1066:. April 13, 2005.
1051:. March 14, 1977.
919:Aaron I-. Young,
863:Public Law 79-291
757:Rachel Billington
693:State of Maryland
129:
128:
2528:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2429:on June 2, 2013.
2428:
2422:. Archived from
2417:
2408:
2402:
2401:. April 9, 1997.
2393:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2341:. June 18, 1975.
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2281:. March 8, 1988.
2273:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:. June 11, 1997.
2123:
2117:
2116:. June 27, 1950.
2108:
2102:
2101:. March 8, 2011.
2093:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2011:. April 1, 1996.
2003:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1876:. July 20, 1967.
1868:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1831:. July 11, 1946.
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:. June 25, 1948.
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1636:. June 16, 1983.
1628:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1591:. June 23, 1988.
1583:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1561:. March 8, 2011.
1553:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:. March 2, 1984.
1508:
1502:
1501:. July 11, 1946.
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1426:. July 11, 1946.
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1396:. July 11, 1946.
1388:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1366:. April 8, 1960.
1358:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1336:. June 30, 1997.
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1276:. June 18, 1991.
1268:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1201:. June 18, 1991.
1193:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1081:. March 7, 1967.
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1007:
996:
990:
979:
973:
964:
958:
953:
947:
941:
935:
930:
924:
917:
911:
906:
900:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
860:
843:
840:
834:
831:
822:
819:
50:Elkins v. Moreno
32:
25:
21:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2396:Executive Order
2394:
2390:
2381:Executive Order
2379:
2375:
2366:Executive Order
2364:
2360:
2351:Executive Order
2349:
2345:
2336:Executive Order
2334:
2330:
2321:Executive Order
2319:
2315:
2306:Executive Order
2304:
2300:
2291:Executive Order
2289:
2285:
2276:Executive Order
2274:
2270:
2266:. May 31, 1947.
2261:Executive Order
2259:
2255:
2246:Executive Order
2244:
2240:
2231:Executive Order
2229:
2225:
2216:Executive Order
2214:
2210:
2201:Executive Order
2199:
2195:
2186:Executive Order
2184:
2180:
2171:Executive Order
2169:
2165:
2156:Executive Order
2154:
2150:
2146:. June 3, 1954.
2141:Executive Order
2139:
2135:
2126:Executive Order
2124:
2120:
2111:Executive Order
2109:
2105:
2096:Executive Order
2094:
2090:
2081:Executive Order
2079:
2075:
2066:Executive Order
2064:
2060:
2051:Executive Order
2049:
2045:
2036:Executive Order
2034:
2030:
2021:Executive Order
2019:
2015:
2006:Executive Order
2004:
2000:
1991:Executive Order
1989:
1985:
1976:Executive Order
1974:
1970:
1961:Executive Order
1959:
1955:
1946:Executive Order
1944:
1940:
1931:Executive Order
1929:
1925:
1916:Executive Order
1914:
1910:
1906:. May 14, 1973.
1901:Executive Order
1899:
1895:
1891:. May 31, 1947.
1886:Executive Order
1884:
1880:
1871:Executive Order
1869:
1865:
1856:Executive Order
1854:
1850:
1841:Executive Order
1839:
1835:
1826:Executive Order
1824:
1820:
1811:Executive Order
1809:
1805:
1796:Executive Order
1794:
1790:
1781:Executive Order
1779:
1775:
1771:. May 29, 1958.
1766:Executive Order
1764:
1760:
1751:Executive Order
1749:
1745:
1736:Executive Order
1734:
1730:
1721:Executive Order
1719:
1715:
1706:Executive Order
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1691:Executive Order
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1676:Executive Order
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1670:
1661:Executive Order
1659:
1655:
1646:Executive Order
1644:
1640:
1631:Executive Order
1629:
1625:
1621:. May 27, 1966.
1616:Executive Order
1614:
1610:
1601:Executive Order
1599:
1595:
1586:Executive Order
1584:
1580:
1576:. May 22, 1965.
1571:Executive Order
1569:
1565:
1556:Executive Order
1554:
1550:
1546:. May 31, 1947.
1541:Executive Order
1539:
1535:
1526:Executive Order
1524:
1520:
1511:Executive Order
1509:
1505:
1496:Executive Order
1494:
1490:
1481:Executive Order
1479:
1475:
1466:Executive Order
1464:
1460:
1451:Executive Order
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1436:Executive Order
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1421:Executive Order
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1391:Executive Order
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1361:Executive Order
1359:
1355:
1346:Executive Order
1344:
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1331:Executive Order
1329:
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1316:Executive Order
1314:
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1301:Executive Order
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1295:
1286:Executive Order
1284:
1280:
1271:Executive Order
1269:
1265:
1256:Executive Order
1254:
1250:
1246:. May 22, 1967.
1241:Executive Order
1239:
1235:
1226:Executive Order
1224:
1220:
1211:Executive Order
1209:
1205:
1196:Executive Order
1194:
1190:
1186:. June 5, 1971.
1181:Executive Order
1179:
1175:
1166:Executive Order
1164:
1160:
1151:Executive Order
1149:
1145:
1136:Executive Order
1134:
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1121:Executive Order
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2524:
2523:
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2456:New York Times
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1216:. May 29, 2003
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794:22 U.S.C.
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2480:2019-11-26
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850:References
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