118:
109:
than truth-tellers. According to
Granhag & Strömwall, there are three approaches to non-verbal deceptive behavior. The first is the emotional approach, which suggests that liars will alter their behaviors based on their own emotional feelings. For example, if a subject is lying and they begin to experience guilt, they will shift their gaze. The second approach is the cognitive approach, which suggests that lying requires more thought than telling the truth, which in turn, may result in a liar making more errors in speech. Lastly, the attempted control approach suggests a subject who is lying will attempt to be seemingly normal or honest, and will try to adjust their behaviors to make themselves believable.
474:
only includes the final statement of the suspect. "Taped interrogation" is the traditional term for this process; however, as analog is becoming less and less common, statutes and scholars are referring to the process as "electronically recording" interviews or interrogations. Alaska, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, and
Wisconsin are the only states to require taped interrogation. New Jersey's taping requirement started on January 1, 2006. Massachusetts allows jury instructions that state that the courts prefer taped interrogations. Neil Nelson of the St. Paul Police Department, an expert in taped interrogation, has described taped interrogation in Minnesota as the "best tool ever forced down our throats".
371:
27:
192:
453:
319:. In some Asian and South Pacific nations, such as Malaysia and the Philippines, torture for interrogating and terrorizing opponents became widespread. "In its pursuit of torturers across the globe for the past forty years," writer Alfred McCoy notes, "Amnesty International has been, in a certain sense, following the trail of CIA programs."
473:
By the 2000s, a growing movement calls for the mandatory electronic recording of all custodial interrogations in the United States. "Electronic recording" describes the process of recording interrogations from start to finish. This is in contrast to a "taped" or "recorded confession," which typically
266:
in interrogations extends over more than 2,000 years in Europe. It was recognized early on that information extracted under duress was deceptive and untrustworthy. The Roman imperial jurist Ulpian in the third century AD remarked that there is "no means of obtaining the truth" from those who have the
270:
The use of torture as an investigative technique waned with the rise of
Christianity since it was considered "antithetical to Christ's teachings," and in 866 Pope Nicholas I banned the practice. But after the 13th century many European states such as Germany, France, Portugal, Italy, and Spain began
423:
is widely used by U. S. law enforcement officers for interrogation purposes. It involves steps to obtaining a confession and methods for detecting signs of deception in the suspect's body language. The technique has been criticized for being difficult to apply across cultures and as eliciting false
108:
The major aim of this technique is to investigate to what extent verbal and non-verbal features of liars' and truth-tellers' behaviour change during the course of repeated interrogations. It has shown that liars display significantly fewer smiles, self-manipulations, pauses, and less gaze aversion
99:
As noted above, traditionally the issue of deception is considered from the perspective of the interrogator engaging in deception towards the individual being interrogated. By the 2000s, information began appearing in research studies on effective interview methods used to gather information from
135:
and interrogation, in which a team of two interrogators take apparently opposing approaches to the subject. One adopts a hostile or accusatory demeanor, emphasizing threats of punishment, while the other adopts a more sympathetic demeanor, emphasizing reward, in order to convince the subject to
322:
After the revelation of CIA sponsored torture in the 1970s and the subsequent outcry, the CIA largely stopped its own interrogations under torture. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, it "outsourced" such interrogation through renditions of prisoners to third world allies, often called
398:
British military personnel were found to have misused a number of techniques during the detention of suspects in
Northern Ireland in the early 1970s. Police deception in interrogation was banned in the UK in 1984 with the passage of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE).
90:, there is no law or regulation that forbids the interrogator from lying about the strength of their case, from making misleading statements or from implying that the interviewee has already been implicated in the crime by someone else. See case law on trickery and deception (
248:
279:
could plausibly claim that "torture has ceased to exist." Yet in the 20th century authoritarian states such as
Mussolini's Fascist Italy, Hitler's Third Reich, and Lenin's and Stalin's Soviet Union once again resumed the practice, and on a massive scale.
424:
confessions from innocent people. An example is described in the analysis of the Denver police's
January 2000 interrogation of 14-year-old Lorenzo Montoya, which took place during its investigation of the murder of 29-year-old Emily Johnson.
1075:
65:
with the goal of eliciting useful information, particularly information related to suspected crime. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a congenial rapport with the subject to
1710:
391:' also impact interrogation techniques and procedures. One of the first attempts by British Courts to guide and set standards for police officers interrogating suspects was the declaration of the '
275:, and for secular investigations. By the 18th century the spreading influence of the Enlightenment led European nations to abandon officially state-sanctioned interrogation by torture. By 1874
1083:
362:
prohibited so-called enhanced interrogation in 2009, and as of March 2012 there is no longer a nation which openly admits to deliberate abuse of prisoners for purposes of interrogation.
160:
The use of drugs in interrogation is both ineffective and illegal. The Body of
Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (adopted by the
1726:
1505:
335:" or "interrogation in depth" to collect intelligence on Al Qaeda, starting in 2002. Ultimately the CIA, the US military, and their contract employees tortured untold thousands at
432:
The Fifth
Amendment, which states that one cannot be made to be "a witness against himself", prohibits law enforcement from forcing suspects to offer self-incriminating evidence.
416:, in which the police seek to obtain material that will aid in convicting a suspect rather than discovering the facts of the case. To this end, a variety of tactics are employed.
311:. The CIA taught its refined techniques of torture through police and military training to American-supported regimes in the Middle East, in Southeast Asia during the bloody
1468:
584:
555:
2408:
2621:
2172:
1718:
931:
683:
1469:"Text of the new Illinois law (SB15) requiring electronic recording of custodial interrogations in murder case (The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Act)"
785:
2418:
348:
445:
Rights afforded to them by the Fifth
Amendment, such as the right to remain silent and the right to seek counsel. If the police fail to administer the
291:
was a significant influence among world powers regarding torture techniques in its support of anti-Communist regimes. The CIA adopted methods such as
1236:
395:' in 1912 by the judges of the King's Bench Division in England. These rules, although not law, still have weight in the United Kingdom and Canada.
1022:
352:
1676:
1446:
164:
as resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988) forbids "methods of interrogation which impair the capacity of decision of judgment." Furthermore, the
1476:
1535:
1184:
Mumford, Andrew (March 2012). "Minimum Force Meets
Brutality: Detention, Interrogation and Torture in British Counter-Insurgency Campaigns".
1135:
1730:
1536:"Wisconsin Supreme Court rules that all custodial interrogations of juveniles must be recorded. (In the Interest of Jerrell C.J.) (05-3-25)"
1513:
1283:
Kassin, Saul; Fong, Christina (1999). "'I'm Innocent!': Effects of Training on Judgments of Truth and Deception in the Interrogation room".
2551:
2215:
117:
1048:
1011:
2198:
2165:
2070:
351:
and the bipartisan U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee report Whether these interrogations under torture produced useful information is
1601:
1407:
1026:
2614:
2255:
525:. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.186-Tactics And Techniques, Evasion, Capture And Escape. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9
359:
1481:
331:, American authorities cast aside scruples, legally authorizing some forms of interrogation by torture under euphemisms such as "
1565:
100:
individuals who score in the medium to high range on measures of psychopathology, and who exhibit deception with interrogators.
2443:
2413:
2158:
2053:
2009:
762:
2596:
1168:
820:
738:
595:
2245:
2004:
566:
1759:
498:
2189:
1012:"Report of the Committee on Armed Services United States Senate Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in US Custody"
536:
1905:
1391:
1366:
1267:
1113:
939:
695:
332:
234:
1506:"GENERAL ORDER: RECORDING OF SUSPECTS IN SERIOUS CRIMES Number: 2-23A & THE PRESERVATION OF NOTES & RECORDS"
1320:"Presupposition as investigator certainty in a police interrogation: The case of Lorenzo Montoya's false confession"
2546:
2538:
1940:
1865:
2556:
789:
488:
201:
161:
370:
2487:
2312:
2227:
1807:
20:
2181:
145:
449:
rights, all statements under interrogation are prohibited from being used as evidence in court proceedings.
169:
1228:
2604:
1714:
503:
288:
267:
strength to resist, while those unable to withstand the pain "will tell any lie rather than suffer it."
1684:
645:"Working Together but in Opposition: An Examination of the "Good-Cop/Bad-Cop" Negotiating Team Tactic"
307:. The CIA also researched 'no-touch' torture, involving sensory deprivation, self-inflicted pain, and
1454:
165:
58:
1646:
2647:
2519:
2250:
46:
1543:
1145:
763:"Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment"
2642:
2571:
2561:
2509:
2240:
1890:
1860:
1752:
324:
62:
2586:
2524:
2504:
2453:
2210:
1056:
205:
2473:
2139:
1408:"REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR RECORDATION OF CUSTODIAL INTERROGATIONS"
722:
152:) tactic involves "unrelenting continuous interrogation by multiple rotating interrogators".
54:
1612:
1418:
2576:
2514:
2400:
2356:
2341:
2290:
2235:
2065:
2048:
2021:
1784:
730:
483:
328:
308:
216:
124:
pulling his hair in frustration during a February 2003 interrogation by Canadian officials
8:
2609:
2483:
2300:
2273:
2127:
2031:
1779:
812:
805:
1319:
2581:
2566:
2458:
2433:
2371:
2322:
2307:
2016:
1983:
1957:
1935:
1930:
1900:
1885:
1745:
1339:
1300:
1209:
1140:
744:
691:
437:
413:
50:
1382:
Candela, Kimberlee (June 24, 2011). "Miranda Rights". In Chambliss, William J. (ed.).
2423:
2132:
1801:
1576:
1387:
1362:
1343:
1263:
1232:
1213:
1201:
1164:
816:
734:
664:
613:
1304:
770:
2478:
2428:
2097:
1829:
1331:
1292:
1193:
726:
656:
644:
625:
392:
316:
128:
2366:
2295:
2117:
2092:
2026:
1988:
1925:
1197:
457:
312:
255:
92:
807:
A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror
441:
ruling, police are required to read aloud to suspects under interrogation their
2463:
2283:
1795:
786:"Physician Participation in Interrogation Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 9.7.4"
420:
344:
1296:
973:
Enhanced interrogation has always been a kind of handy euphemism (for torture)
2636:
2381:
2346:
2043:
1945:
1920:
1839:
1335:
1205:
523:
The Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces: How The Professionals Fight And Win
468:
292:
87:
748:
26:
2468:
2386:
2376:
2317:
2122:
1910:
1895:
1834:
1819:
1812:
668:
660:
540:
295:, sleep deprivation, and the use of electric shock, which were used by the
251:
2150:
1105:
961:
172:, for example, both forbid participation by physicians in interrogations.
2278:
2112:
1978:
1824:
1071:
594:. All-about-forensic-psychology.com. pp. 19:2, 50–67. Archived from
276:
272:
132:
1636:
See Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 813 N.E.2d 516, 533–34 (Mass. 2004).
2351:
2107:
2087:
2080:
2060:
1967:
719:
The Compelling Ideal: Thought Reform and the Prison in China, 1901-1956
336:
304:
121:
1727:"These 11 Expert Interrogation Tips Will Improve Your Investigations!"
2332:
2327:
2265:
2102:
1915:
1844:
1768:
83:
42:
629:
212:
2336:
1950:
412:
In the United States, police interrogations are conducted under an
388:
387:
Statutory law and regulatory law, various legal precedents called '
284:
614:"Repeated interrogations: Verbal and non-verbal cues to deception"
2036:
493:
296:
263:
181:
67:
537:"Police Deception: The Law and the Skin Trade in the Windy City"
585:"The Last Frontier: Myths & The Female Psychopathic Killer"
340:
86:
can form an important part of effective interrogation. In the
1098:
375:
1737:
1654:
556:"The Arrogant Chameleons: Exposing Fraud Detection Homicide"
1400:
1049:"Report Gives New Detail on Approval of Brutal Techniques"
565:. All-about-psychology.com. pp. 26–33. Archived from
469:
Push for mandatory recording of interrogations in the U.S.
247:
452:
300:
1040:
783:
16:
Interviews by police, military or intelligence personnel
2622:
Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
1557:
612:
Granhag, Pär Anders; Strömwall, Lief A. (April 2002).
347:
prisons scattered around the globe, according to the
688:
Program on Negotiation Daily Harvard Law School Blog
649:
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
962:"Transcript of interview with CIA director Panetta"
834:
832:
349:
Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture
1498:
1359:Speaking of crime the language of criminal justice
804:
583:Perri, Frank S.; Lichtenwald, Terrance G. (2010).
554:Perri, Frank S.; Lichtenwald, Terrance G. (2008).
303:, and North Koreans from their involvement in the
2634:
1639:
1136:"Holder Tells Senators Waterboarding Is Torture"
1023:United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
829:
611:
582:
553:
1357:Solan, Lawrence; Tiersma, Peter Meijes (2005).
1226:
1729:. MaestroVision. 6 August 2020. Archived from
1477:Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law
1161:Criminal Investigation: In Search of the Truth
642:
2166:
1753:
1594:
643:Brodt, Susan; Tuchinsky, Marla (March 2000).
427:
103:
1356:
1076:"Facing up to what we did in interrogations"
684:"The Good Cop, Bad Cop Negotiation Strategy"
681:
2180:
2173:
2159:
1760:
1746:
1282:
534:
271:to return to physical abuse for religious
215:. Please do not remove this message until
30:A police interrogation room in Switzerland
1262:. Harvard University Press. p. 119.
1260:Police Interrogation and American Justice
1158:
235:Learn how and when to remove this message
139:
1447:"Electronic Recording of Interrogations"
1361:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1046:
929:
451:
369:
360:administration of President Barack Obama
246:
211:Relevant discussion may be found on the
116:
25:
2587:Scientific & Technical intelligence
1441:
1439:
1381:
1183:
1163:. Canada: Pearson Canada. p. 110.
407:
2635:
2010:Chinese espionage in the United States
1674:
1564:Poritz, Deborah T. (14 October 2005).
1563:
1317:
1229:"How the UK Police Interview Suspects"
315:, and throughout Latin America during
155:
2154:
1741:
1227:Griffiths, Andy (December 21, 2012).
1133:
1116:from the original on 22 February 2022
998:
985:
917:
904:
891:
878:
865:
852:
839:
802:
716:
2409:By alliances, nations and industries
2005:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
1436:
1070:
1001:, pp. 108, 117, 120–23, 143–44)
731:10.12987/yale/9780300185942.001.0001
185:
2071:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
1675:Wagner, Dennis (December 6, 2005).
1602:"RULE 3:17. Electronic Recordation"
1540:Texas Juvenile Probation Commission
1257:
910:
871:
499:FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation
112:
13:
1512:. 11 February 2005. Archived from
1510:Maine Chiefs of Police Association
1047:Knowlton, Brian (April 21, 2009).
1025:. 20 November 2008. Archived from
535:Obenberger, J. D. (October 1998).
131:is a psychological tactic used in
14:
2659:
1906:Computer and network surveillance
1703:
1611:. 14 October 2005. Archived from
1239:from the original on May 13, 2023
930:Froomkin, Dan (7 November 2005).
769:. 9 December 1988. Archived from
382:
333:enhanced interrogation techniques
1941:Short-range agent communications
1717:. April 14, 2007. Archived from
1711:"The Man in the Snow White Cell"
811:. Henry Holt & Co. pp.
682:Shonk, Katie (January 7, 2020).
402:
262:The history of the state use of
190:
2557:Words of estimative probability
2419:Operational platforms by nation
1668:
1630:
1528:
1461:
1375:
1350:
1318:Gaines, Philip (July 1, 2018).
1311:
1276:
1251:
1220:
1177:
1152:
1127:
1064:
1004:
991:
978:
954:
932:"Cheney's Dark Side is Showing"
923:
897:
884:
858:
845:
796:
777:
489:Interrogation of Saddam Hussein
1647:"Neil Nelson & Associates"
1451:Center for Policy Alternatives
1106:"Obama: U.S. will not torture"
784:American Medical Association.
755:
710:
675:
636:
605:
576:
547:
528:
516:
21:Interrogation (disambiguation)
1:
1767:
1417:. 30 May 2007. Archived from
1258:Leo, Richard A. (June 2009).
509:
365:
73:
1651:Neil Nelson & Associates
1198:10.1080/15027570.2012.674240
618:Applied Cognitive Psychology
327:. But in the furor over the
258:by government troops in 1798
170:American Medical Association
78:
7:
2605:Intelligence cycle security
1715:Central Intelligence Agency
1677:"FBI's policy drawing fire"
1134:Stout, David (2009-01-15).
504:Resistance to interrogation
477:
289:Central Intelligence Agency
217:conditions to do so are met
10:
2664:
1386:. SAGE Publications, Inc.
1186:Journal of Military Ethics
1061:(report linked to article)
428:Constitutional protections
179:
175:
146:People's Republic of China
104:Verbal and non-verbal cues
59:organized crime syndicates
18:
2595:
2537:
2497:
2442:
2399:
2264:
2226:
2206:
2197:
2188:
1997:
1966:
1876:
1853:
1775:
717:Kiely, Jan (2014-05-27).
378:police interrogation room
166:World Medical Association
1384:Courts, Law, and Justice
1336:10.1177/0957926518754417
1159:Van Allen, Bill (2012).
47:law enforcement officers
45:as commonly employed by
2572:Intelligence assessment
2562:All-source intelligence
2182:Intelligence management
1891:Covert listening device
1861:Intelligence assessment
1324:Discourse & Society
1297:10.1023/a:1022330011811
1112:. AP News. 2009-01-09.
63:terrorist organizations
2256:Operational techniques
2211:Special reconnaissance
1285:Law and Human Behavior
964:. NBC News. 2011-05-03
920:, pp. 99, 109–10)
894:, pp. 18, 60–107)
803:McCoy, Alfred (2007).
661:10.1006/obhd.1999.2879
465:
379:
259:
148:, the "wheel battle" (
140:Rotating interrogators
125:
31:
2140:Targeted surveillance
723:Yale University Press
455:
373:
250:
120:
55:intelligence agencies
29:
2577:Medical intelligence
2547:Competing hypotheses
2357:Industrial espionage
2342:Denial and deception
2066:Industrial espionage
1866:competing hypotheses
1681:The Arizona Republic
484:Covert interrogation
462:Mémoires Historiques
408:Police interrogation
329:September 11 attacks
309:psychological stress
19:For other uses, see
2610:Counterintelligence
2525:Technical (TECHINT)
2520:Open-source (OSINT)
2510:Geospatial (GEOINT)
2484:Casualty estimation
1687:on October 16, 2013
1566:"Notice to the Bar"
1516:on 15 November 2005
1074:(1 November 2013).
1029:on 12 November 2021
435:As a result of the
343:, and other secret
204:of this section is
162:UN General Assembly
156:Mind-altering drugs
2582:Military geography
2567:Basic intelligence
2505:Financial (FININT)
2446:signature (MASINT)
2372:One-way voice link
2308:Concealment device
2017:Cold War espionage
1984:Front organization
1958:Surveillance tools
1936:Phone surveillance
1931:One-way voice link
1886:Concealment device
1141:The New York Times
1086:on 12 January 2013
868:, pp. 11, 59)
692:Harvard Law School
466:
438:Miranda v. Arizona
414:adversarial system
380:
260:
126:
51:military personnel
32:
2630:
2629:
2533:
2532:
2424:Direction finding
2414:In modern history
2395:
2394:
2148:
2147:
1802:Agent provocateur
1721:on June 13, 2007.
1609:New Jersey Courts
1573:New Jersey Courts
1233:Innocence Project
1170:978-0-13-800011-0
822:978-0-8050-8248-7
740:978-0-300-18594-2
698:on March 18, 2019
592:Forensic Examiner
563:Forensic Examiner
245:
244:
237:
2655:
2429:Traffic analysis
2401:Signals (SIGINT)
2236:Asset recruiting
2204:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2151:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:on 27 July 2021.
1722:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1683:. Archived from
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:on 14 March 2009
1653:. Archived from
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1575:. Archived from
1570:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1542:. Archived from
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1480:. Archived from
1473:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:. Archived from
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:on 23 June 2022.
1144:. Archived from
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1082:. Archived from
1068:
1062:
1060:
1059:on 8 March 2022.
1055:. Archived from
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1016:
1008:
1002:
995:
989:
982:
976:
975:
970:
969:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
938:. Archived from
927:
921:
914:
908:
901:
895:
888:
882:
875:
869:
862:
856:
849:
843:
836:
827:
826:
810:
800:
794:
793:
788:. Archived from
781:
775:
774:
773:on 5 April 2016.
759:
753:
752:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
694:. Archived from
679:
673:
672:
640:
634:
633:
609:
603:
602:
600:
589:
580:
574:
573:
572:on 12 July 2022.
571:
560:
551:
545:
544:
539:. Archived from
532:
526:
520:
325:torture-by-proxy
317:Operation Condor
240:
233:
229:
226:
220:
194:
193:
186:
129:Good cop/bad cop
113:Good cop/bad cop
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2648:Law enforcement
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2591:
2529:
2515:Imagery (IMINT)
2493:
2454:Electro-optical
2445:
2444:Measurement and
2438:
2391:
2367:Numbers station
2296:Black operation
2260:
2222:
2184:
2179:
2149:
2144:
2118:Sting operation
2027:Black operation
1993:
1989:Limited hangout
1971:
1962:
1926:Numbers station
1878:
1872:
1849:
1789:
1771:
1766:
1725:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1618:on 12 June 2022
1615:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1582:on 12 July 2022
1579:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1457:on 1 June 2006.
1445:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1424:on 12 July 2022
1421:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1355:
1351:
1316:
1312:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1221:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1157:
1153:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1080:Washington Post
1069:
1065:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
996:
992:
983:
979:
967:
965:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
942:on 5 March 2016
936:Washington Post
928:
924:
915:
911:
902:
898:
889:
885:
876:
872:
863:
859:
850:
846:
837:
830:
823:
801:
797:
782:
778:
761:
760:
756:
741:
715:
711:
701:
699:
680:
676:
641:
637:
630:10.1002/acp.784
610:
606:
601:on 6 July 2022.
598:
587:
581:
577:
569:
558:
552:
548:
543:on 8 July 2008.
533:
529:
521:
517:
512:
480:
471:
458:torture chamber
430:
410:
405:
385:
368:
313:Phoenix Program
287:, the American
256:United Irishmen
241:
230:
224:
221:
210:
195:
191:
184:
178:
158:
142:
115:
106:
93:Frazier v. Cupp
81:
76:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:Interrogations
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Target-centric
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2474:Radiofrequency
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2199:Human (HUMINT)
2192:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1879:communications
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1798:
1796:Agent handling
1792:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1705:
1704:External links
1702:
1699:
1698:
1667:
1638:
1629:
1593:
1556:
1527:
1497:
1460:
1435:
1399:
1392:
1374:
1367:
1349:
1330:(4): 399–419.
1310:
1291:(5): 499–516.
1275:
1268:
1250:
1219:
1176:
1169:
1151:
1126:
1097:
1063:
1053:New York Times
1039:
1003:
990:
988:, p. 152)
977:
953:
922:
909:
896:
883:
870:
857:
844:
828:
821:
795:
792:on 2017-12-25.
776:
767:United Nations
754:
739:
709:
674:
655:(2): 155–177.
635:
624:(3): 243–257.
604:
575:
546:
527:
514:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
479:
476:
470:
467:
429:
426:
421:Reid technique
409:
406:
404:
401:
384:
383:United Kingdom
381:
374:Film set of a
367:
364:
353:hotly disputed
345:CIA black site
243:
242:
198:
196:
189:
180:Main article:
177:
174:
157:
154:
141:
138:
114:
111:
105:
102:
80:
77:
75:
72:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2660:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:organizations
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2597:Dissemination
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Steganography
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Interrogation
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Eavesdropping
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Direct action
2249:
2247:
2246:Covert action
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2216:organizations
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:interrogation
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:Eavesdropping
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:Steganography
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Invisible ink
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Sleeper agent
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1546:on 2010-08-20
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1487:on 2007-09-26
1483:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1393:9781412978576
1389:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1368:9780226767932
1364:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1269:9780674035317
1265:
1261:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
987:
981:
974:
963:
957:
941:
937:
933:
926:
919:
913:
907:, p. 11)
906:
900:
893:
887:
881:, p. 59)
880:
874:
867:
861:
855:, p. 17)
854:
848:
842:, p. 16)
841:
835:
833:
824:
818:
814:
809:
808:
799:
791:
787:
780:
772:
768:
764:
758:
750:
746:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
597:
593:
586:
579:
568:
564:
557:
550:
542:
538:
531:
524:
519:
515:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
475:
463:
459:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:
433:
425:
422:
417:
415:
403:United States
400:
396:
394:
393:Judges' Rules
390:
377:
372:
363:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:waterboarding
290:
286:
281:
278:
274:
268:
265:
257:
254:of suspected
253:
249:
239:
236:
228:
225:December 2015
218:
214:
208:
207:
203:
197:
188:
187:
183:
173:
171:
167:
163:
153:
151:
147:
137:
134:
130:
123:
119:
110:
101:
97:
95:
94:
89:
88:United States
85:
71:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:(also called
36:
35:Interrogation
28:
22:
2387:Surveillance
2377:Resident spy
2361:
2318:Cryptography
2123:Surveillance
2075:
1911:Cyber spying
1896:Cryptography
1835:Resident spy
1820:Double agent
1800:
1731:the original
1719:the original
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1680:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1650:
1641:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1608:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1572:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1509:
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1475:
1463:
1455:the original
1450:
1426:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1415:NJCourts.gov
1414:
1402:
1383:
1377:
1358:
1352:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1259:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1222:
1192:(1): 10–25.
1189:
1185:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1146:the original
1139:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1079:
1072:Will, George
1066:
1057:the original
1052:
1042:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:the original
1018:
1006:
993:
980:
972:
966:. Retrieved
956:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
935:
925:
912:
899:
886:
873:
860:
847:
806:
798:
790:the original
779:
771:the original
766:
757:
749:j.ctt13x1t56
718:
712:
700:. Retrieved
696:the original
687:
677:
652:
648:
638:
621:
617:
607:
596:the original
591:
578:
567:the original
562:
549:
541:the original
530:
522:
518:
472:
461:
456:Inquisition
446:
442:
436:
434:
431:
418:
411:
397:
386:
357:
321:
282:
269:
261:
252:Half-hanging
231:
222:
200:
159:
149:
143:
127:
107:
98:
91:
82:
43:interviewing
38:
34:
33:
2459:Geophysical
2241:Cell system
2228:Clandestine
2113:Stay-behind
2022:Recruitment
1979:Canary trap
1877:Devices and
1825:Field agent
1691:October 16,
283:During the
277:Victor Hugo
273:inquisition
136:cooperate.
133:negotiation
39:questioning
2637:Categories
2488:earthquake
2352:False flag
2190:Collection
2108:Sexpionage
2088:COINTELPRO
2081:safe house
2061:False flag
1998:Operations
1972:techniques
1968:Tradecraft
1661:2011-03-04
1550:2010-08-20
1491:2007-09-26
1120:2014-04-23
1090:12 January
1033:2014-04-23
999:McCoy 2007
986:McCoy 2007
968:2011-08-21
918:McCoy 2007
905:McCoy 2007
892:McCoy 2007
879:McCoy 2007
866:McCoy 2007
853:McCoy 2007
840:McCoy 2007
510:References
366:By country
337:Abu Ghraib
305:Korean War
202:neutrality
150:chelunzhan
122:Omar Khadr
74:Techniques
2479:Materials
2333:Defection
2328:Dead drop
2301:black bag
2266:Espionage
2032:black bag
1916:Dead drop
1845:Spymaster
1769:Espionage
1344:148639209
1214:144565278
1206:1502-7570
213:talk page
84:Deception
79:Deception
2539:Analysis
2337:Turncoat
2284:handling
2098:SHAMROCK
1951:microdot
1854:Analysis
1305:53586929
1237:Archived
1114:Archived
1110:NBC News
1019:NY Times
946:29 March
702:June 10,
669:10706812
478:See also
389:case law
376:Japanese
285:Cold War
206:disputed
2486: (
2464:Nuclear
2434:TEMPEST
2093:MINARET
2037:wetwork
1622:12 July
1586:12 July
1520:12 July
1428:12 July
1243:May 13,
494:Torture
447:Miranda
443:Miranda
297:Gestapo
264:torture
182:Torture
176:Torture
144:In the
68:torture
2323:Cutout
2274:Agents
2128:Global
2054:MASINT
2049:SIGINT
1901:Cutout
1785:Assets
1780:Agents
1390:
1365:
1342:
1303:
1266:
1212:
1204:
1167:
819:
747:
737:
667:
464:(1716)
341:Bagram
61:, and
2498:Other
2469:Radar
2313:Cover
2291:Asset
2279:field
1813:Agent
1808:Cover
1616:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1580:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1340:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1015:(PDF)
813:16–17
745:JSTOR
599:(PDF)
588:(PDF)
570:(PDF)
559:(PDF)
41:) is
2133:Mass
2103:FVEY
1830:Mole
1693:2013
1624:2022
1588:2022
1522:2022
1430:2022
1388:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1245:2023
1202:ISSN
1165:ISBN
1092:2013
948:2012
817:ISBN
735:ISBN
704:2021
665:PMID
419:The
358:The
199:The
168:and
1970:and
1332:doi
1293:doi
1194:doi
727:doi
657:doi
626:doi
301:KGB
96:).
2639::
2335:/
1713:.
1679:.
1649:.
1607:.
1571:.
1538:.
1508:.
1474:.
1449:.
1438:^
1413:.
1338:.
1328:29
1326:.
1322:.
1299:.
1289:23
1287:.
1235:.
1231:.
1208:.
1200:.
1190:11
1188:.
1138:.
1108:.
1078:.
1051:.
1021:.
1017:.
971:.
934:.
831:^
815:.
765:.
743:.
733:.
725:.
721:.
690:.
686:.
663:.
653:81
651:.
647:.
622:16
620:.
616:.
590:.
561:.
460:.
355:.
339:,
299:,
70:.
57:,
53:,
49:,
2490:)
2174:e
2167:t
2160:v
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1695:.
1664:.
1626:.
1590:.
1553:.
1524:.
1494:.
1432:.
1396:.
1371:.
1346:.
1334::
1307:.
1295::
1272:.
1247:.
1216:.
1196::
1173:.
1123:.
1094:.
1036:.
997:(
984:(
950:.
916:(
903:(
890:(
877:(
864:(
851:(
838:(
825:.
751:.
729::
706:.
671:.
659::
632:.
628::
238:)
232:(
227:)
223:(
219:.
209:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
