Upheaval of the Five Barbarians

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in the fourth centuries C.E.). During our dynasty, surrendering barbarians were relocated to the hinterlands in great numbers. Because was generous in its stipends and awards, merely amuse themselves with archery and hunting. The brave among them gain recognition through the military. serve as assistant regional commanders and regional vice commanders. Although they do not hold the seals of command, they may serve as senior officers. Some among those who receive investiture in the nobility of merit may occasionally hold the seals of command. However places heavy emphasis on maintaining centralized control of the armies, do not dare commit misdeeds. As a consequence, during the

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fiefdoms. Thus, their populations declined as the war and famines began to take their tolls. When Liu Kun lost his capital to Han in 312, he was forced to flee to the Tuoba, who helped him reclaim the city. Wang Jun and Liu Kun were also distrustful of and refused to collaborate with each other, stemming from Liu Kun's role in persuading the court to award Dai Commandery, a commandery under Wang Jun, to the Tuoba.

130: 1666:, inherited a difficult situation. The civil wars had exhausted the Jin military in the north and left major cities, including Luoyang, vulnerable. Despite quelling them, Ji Sang and Wang Mi’s rebellions saw rebels occupying Ye and Xuchang. Internally, Yue was also desperate to secure his paramountcy and avoid the same fate as his predecessors, especially with the ascension of the abled 1977:

In the end, Shi Le was able to exploit Wang Jun and Liu Kun's weaknesses. During a siege on Xiangguo in 312, Shi Le's forces captured a cousin of the Duan chieftain, opening up negotiations between the two sides. Convinced by Shi Le's sincerity, the Duan agreed to severe their ties with Wang Jun, and

1817:

Being only a minor upon his ascension, Emperor Min was mostly a figurehead for his closest generals, only retaining his ability to legitimately hand out appointments throughout the empire. Not long after recapturing Chang'an, these generals fought each other in a brief but bloody power struggle, with

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Late during the Eastern Han (25-220 C.E.), surrendering barbarians were settled in the hinterlands . In time, they learned to study and grew conversant with past and present. As a result, during the Jin dynasty (265-419), there occurred the Revolt of the Five Barbarian (late in the third and early

2357:

The different waves of migration such as the fourth century and Tang dynasty northern Han Chinese migrants to the south are claimed as the origin of various Chen families in Fuzhou, Fujian. Mass migrations led to southern China's population growth, economic, agricultural and cultural development as

1708:

By the Yongjia period trouble and disturbances were widespread. From Yongzhou eastward many suffered from hunger and poverty. People were sold . Vagrants became countless…there was a bad plague of locusts…Virulent disease accompanied the famine. The people were murdered by bandits. The rivers were

2210:

As the upheaval unfolded, Jiankang emerged as a centre of authority in southern China. Safe from the chaos in the north, many northern officials flocked to serve under Sima Rui, and after Emperor Min's capture, the gentry clans backed him to take the throne. The Jiankang regime was uninterested in

1741:

was overthrown by Liu Cong just a week into his reign. After taking the throne, Liu Cong made another attempt to capture Luoyang. Tension between Sima Yue and Emperor Huai reached its breaking point in 311 when Yue discovered the emperor's conspiracy with Gou Xi to depose him. Yue wanted to attack

1305:

There was a severe decline in population; the Han census in 157 was 56.5 million people and 10.7 million household, but Jin census in 280 was only 16 million people and 2.5 million households. The cold and dry weathers prompted Chinese farmers to move to the warmer southlands and steppe peoples to

2419:

Southern Chinese Daoism developed as a result of a merger of the religious beliefs of the local southern Han Chinese aristocrats and northern Han Chinese emigres fleeing the five barbarians. The Han aristocrats of both south and north were highly insular and closed against outsiders and descended

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people. Their exact origins is still debated by scholars today, but it is believed that they were once a part of the Southern Xiongnu and later resided in Shangdang. Between 303 and 304, Bing suffered from a famine which displaced many of the Xiongnu, Jie and other tribal populace. The provincial

2456:

on military campaign. Thus, for more than 200 years, we have had peace throughout the realm. The dynastic forefathers' policies are the product of successive generations of guarding against the unexpected. are more thorough than those of the Han. The foundations of merit surpass the Sima family

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it stayed peaceful unlike the north. Yellow registers were used to record the original southern Han Chinese population before the migration and white registers were used to record the massive influx of commoner and aristocratic northern Han Chinese migrants by the Eastern Jin dynasty government.

1995:

to recapture the city. Shortly after Emperor Min ascended the throne in 313, Liu Yao and the other Han generals immediately began efforts to defeat him. Emperor Min's generals were able to inflict the Han forces some defeats but ultimately failed at halting their advances. In autumn 316, Liu Yao

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However, both Wang Jun and Liu Kun were heavily reliant on their tribal allies. The two governors had trouble maintaining population in their territories, as initially, they would attract thousands of refugees, but just as many people would leave them to join the safer and better-managed Xianbei

1670:

in early 307. Yue was wary of the new emperor and left Luoyang with the imperial army shortly after his enthronement. During his return in 309, he had Emperor Huai’s advisors killed and replaced the veteran palace guards with soldiers from his own fief. While consolidating his power, these acts

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In 301, the court in Luoyang ordered the refugees to return to Guanzhong, but they were reluctant to comply as they believed that it was still unstable and they did not have enough supplies to guarantee a safe journey. Li Te extended their stay by negotiating with Luo Shang, but the latter soon

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in northern China and a return to stability, a small reverse migration of southern defectors to northern China took place. In Luoyang a Wu quarter was set up for southerners moving north. Han Chinese male nobles and royals of the southern dynasties who fled north to defect married over half of

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and serving as his chancellor. The Eastern Jin, dependent on established southern nobility as well as exiled northern nobility for its survival, became a relatively weak dynasty dominated by regional nobles who served as governors; nonetheless it would survive for another century as a southern

1421:

Li Xiong initially declared himself King before promoting himself to Emperor in 306. Between Cheng's inception and the fall of Western Jin, Cheng took a slow approach to expansion, only acting when there was a neighbouring refugee revolt. Their most significant gain came in 314, when rebels in

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and other tribes were also left to their own devices and asserted their power over the region. While some of the tribes welcomed and sided with the Han regime, there were also those who remained loyal to Jin and helped in the restoration. Others remained neutral during the conflict and formed

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Li Te had much success against the Jin forces as he defeated them in several battles. In 303, his forces reached the vicinity of Chengdu where he declared a new reign era, hinting at a new regime. However, before he could realize it, he was abruptly killed in an ambush. Leadership fell to his

2403:

The descendants of northern Han Chinese aristocrats who fled the five barbarians uprising to move south with the Eastern Jin and the local southern Han Chinese aristocrats already in southern China combined to form the Chinese Southern aristocracy in the Tang dynasty, in competition with the

1036:“In the past, our ancestors and those of the Han acted like brothers through joy and sorrow. However, since the fall of Han and the rise of Wei and Jin, our titles of chanyus hold no value, and we have not gained a foot of land since. Although we have been bestowed with many noble ranks, our 1996:

finally laid siege on Chang'an. Suo Chen and Qu Yun mounted a last-ditch defence, but by winter, the food supply within the city had exhausted. Most of the city's inhabitants had either fled or perished, and with no signs of reinforcements, Emperor Min surrendered to Han on 11 December 316.

923:

in 280, Emperor Wu issued for the demobilization of every province and commandery in the empire and reduced the military authority of the provincial inspector into a civilian role. Only 100 military officials were stationed in large commanderies, while smaller commanderies only had 50.

1158:

The rebellions, along with the Xiongnu revolts in Bing, raised alarms among a few people in the Jin court. After the unification, the minister Guo Qin (郭欽), advised Emperor Wu to focus on moving the tribal peoples out of the borders. Following Qi Wannian's defeat, another minister,

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became frustrated with the delay and tried to force a move. As conflict appeared inevitable, many of the refugees flocked to Li Te to defend themselves. In winter 301, Luo Shang sent his troops to attack them, beginning a three-year-long rebellion led by Li Te and his family.

1512:, although some modern Chinese historians believe he was a member of the non-related but influential Chuge tribe (屠各部) instead. He served a series of offices under Jin overseeing the Xiongnu, becoming popular among the Xiongnu and Han Chinese in Bing and You provinces. 1310:

era (280–289), the Jin accepted a series of submissions from the Xiongnu living outside the border, with the largest group coming in 286, purportedly at 100,000. Natural disasters and famines became common occurrences and were aggravated by the War of the Eight Princes.

1426:

surrendered the region to Cheng. Its existence was threatened in 309 when Luo Shang launched an offensive to support rebelling Cheng administrators. Despite losing key commanderies early on, Cheng was eventually successful at recovering them and repelling Jin by 311.

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Under Liu Yuan, Shi Le and Wang Mi were elevated to powerful commanders. Wang Mi was a friend of Liu Yuan and was thus immediately entrusted with important military affairs. Meanwhile, Shi Le, around the time of joining Han, helped convinced several tribes around

942:

While the Jin military weakened itself under the princes, many defenseless commanderies became targets for rebellion by the empire's disgruntled or opportunistic subjects. In the finals years of the Western Jin, tribal subjects collectively known as the

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were also involved in the uprisings and often joined forces with the Five Barbarians. Years of poor administration and civil wars between the ruling princes left the empire vulnerable to its disaffected and opportunistic subjects. Ethnic tensions in the

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state. Eastern Jin maintained nominal suzerainty over the Murong state until 353 as the Murong accepted titles from them. An official in the Murong state, Dong Shou defected to Goguryeo. Han Chinese refugees migrated west into Han Chinese controlled

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at a banquet and absorbed his army. Liu Cong, fearing that Shi Le would rebel, was powerless to punish him and could only appease him to prevent escalation. Shi Le was virtually in control of Han's eastern domain, with his only challenge coming from

2027:

While Han enjoyed military success, it was also internally unstable. Due to conflict between Liu Cong and his own ministers, the court suffered from bloody infighting with Liu Cong executing many key officials. After he died in 318, his successor

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attacked Luoyang twice in 309, without success. The attacks, famine and animosity with the emperor convinced Sima Yue to bring the imperial army out on the field. In 310, he left the capital with the 40,000 men to Xiang County (項縣; in present-day

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period in 280, China was once again in a state of division. The Sixteen Kingdoms ushered northern China into an age of constant warfare as well as political and economic collapse. The period ended in 439 with the unification of the north by the

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and executed him in 314. In 316, the Tuoba fell into civil war and left Liu Kun without his key ally to fend off Shi Le. Soon afterwards, Liu Kun suffered a decisive defeat to Shi Le, prompting his subordinates to surrender the province to Han.

2330:"garments and headdresses moving south"). Many of those who fled south were of prominent families, who had the means to escape; among these prominent northern families were the Xie clan and the Wang clan, whose prominent members included 2084:

became effectively independent. Their natural defenses and stable governance made them popular areas for refugees, with the Murong notably employing Han Chinese officials into their administration. The Zhang clan's regime is known as the

1907:, who even then was a warlord who waivered his allegiance constantly. Early in the upheaval, Shi Le’s army operated as a roving band that attacked and pillaged counties but never capturing them. After a disastrous campaign to attack 1097:

further encouraged the immigration of nomadic people to repopulate devastated areas and provide military power and labour. The Guanzhong region in particular became a contested region between warlords and later between the states of

1234:, sought to consolidate his control over his province amidst the War of the Eight Princes. He allied himself with the neighbouring Duan and a chief of the Yuwen, who provided him with auxiliaries who fought in the campaigns against 2308:

The chaos and devastation of the north led to a mass migration of Han Chinese to the areas south of the Huai River, where conditions were relatively stable. The southward migration of the Jin nobility is referred to in Chinese as

1081:

rivers. There, they practiced agriculture and lived together with Chinese settlers. However, they also faced oppression from the local administrators, which often led to large-scale rebellions. Living close to the Qiang were the

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informing them about the upheaval. He claimed that every single one of the diaspora Sogdians and Indians in Luoyang had died of starvation, and the emperor had fled the capital as the city and palaces were burnt. He added that

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Later in 304, Liu Yuan established the state of Han (renamed Zhao in 319, thus the name Han-Zhao). Despite being a Xiongnu, Liu Yuan depicted his state as a continuation of the Han dynasty, citing that his ancestors like

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volunteered to lead a northern expedition, Rui permitted it but provided him with very meager supplies and no weapons, armors or soldiers. With Emperor Min's death in 318, Sima Rui declared himself emperor and found the

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tribes respectively. The Duan continued their alliance with Wang Jun after the War of the Eight Princes and played a crucial role in hindering Shi Le's forces. In addition to the Duan, Wang Jun was also supported by the

1430:

The wars with Li Te and Cheng created more refugees, this time from Yi province moving east into Jing province. Jin forces in the south were unable to concentrate their resources on the southwest due to rebellions in

1830:, let alone outside of it. The Jin administrators in Guanzhong were unenthused about supporting the new government and often hesitant to send out their forces to aid it. Emperor Min had to rely on the Inspector of 1527:

and his tribal allies marched onto Ye. After agreeing to join the plot, Liu Yuan received Sima Ying's permission to return to Bing so that he could gather the Xiongnu to help repel Wang Jun. Once Liu Yuan reached

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and Shi Le joined forces to defeat Jin Zhun, during which Liu Yao was acclaimed as the new emperor. However, after the rebellion, Shi Le finally declared his independence in 319. Liu Yao relocated the capital to

1570:. The two rebellions were swiftly dealt with by late-306, but Jin was unable to completely wipe out their forces, allowing their remnants to develop into more serious threats. Many of these rebel leaders were 3266: 1114:

commanderies. The Qiang and Di people were numerous in northwestern China, and they often fought for Wei or Shu depending on their circumstances. Other tribal people who resided in the northwest included the

1379:

people from Ba who moved north and mingled with the Di. In 300, Li Te and his brothers joined the Inspector of Yi in his rebellion against Jin, but later betrayed and ousted him from the provincial capital,

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as their emperor. These rebellions were accompanied by famines and plagues, with Qi Wannian's rebellion being so severe that it devastated Guanzhong and prompted tens of thousands of refugees to move into

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While Wei kept the situation mostly under control, the northwest descended into chaos under the Western Jin as their governors failed to keep the support of the tribes. In 270, the Xianbei chieftain,

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and were relocated into China to serve in military matters, unlike the Eastern Han dynasty and the Western Jin dynasty whose unsuccessful management of the surrendered barbarians led to rebellion:

1589:

and Shi Le, fled to the pastures of Shandong where they gathered followers, many of who were horse shepherds, and raided the surrounding counties. Claiming to avenge the popular Prince of Chengdu,

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provinces that lasted until 279, with the rebels briefly taking control over Liang. From 296 to 299, the various tribes rebelled again, this time within Guanzhong and acclaiming the Di chieftain,

1806:(Emperor Huai's nephew) as the new emperor in 313. Elsewhere, Jin governors also refused to surrender and continued to resist Han. Although Luoyang was at hand, the Han court opted to remain in 2280:

While the era was one of military catastrophe, it was also one of deep cultural interaction. The tribes introduced new methods of government, while also encouraging introduced faiths such as

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of Emperor Huai; the emperor himself was captured, while his crown prince and clansmen who were in the capital at the time were killed. Gou Xi was also defeated and captured by Shi Le at

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killed in 313 and 318 respectively. Both emperors suffered similar fates; they were forced to serve as Liu Cong's servants before being executed. Following Emperor Min's death,

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The defeat of Wang Yan's forces finally exhausted the military capacity of the Jin, leaving Luoyang open to capture. Upon entering the city in July 311, the Han armies led by

975:

The migration of the nomadic people into the Chinese interior had been ongoing since the Han dynasty. In 50 CE, a few years after the Xiongnu empire was divided into two, the

17: 1742:

Gou Xi, but was so overwhelmed with stress that he grew ill and soon died. Following Yue's death, his followers were unsure on how to proceed, so the imperial army, led by

1632:. However, the siege ended in failure as he was unable to break through the capital's defense. With his momentum coming to a halt, Wang Mi brought his forces over to Han. 1694:(乞活; "Begging Life") emerging, either to flee south or to defend themselves against the chaos. Some of them huddled in fortresses, with their leaders becoming known as 4256: 2187:

in his takeover of the region. However, dissatisfied by his rule, they later revolted and killed him, quickly resubmitting to Jin in 307. Following Chen Min's defeat,

1713:

In 308, the Han conquered Pingyang Commandery, where they shifted their capital and brought themselves closer to Luoyang. While Shi Le and Wang Mi's forces raided the

1022:

before the Wei-Jin courts intervened and forced them back into five. Revolts against Jin broke out in 272 and 294 but were both swiftly quelled. As the Xiongnu noble,

3257: 1211:. They remained affiliated well after the founding of Jin, and despite a war between both sides from 281 to 289, the Murong resubmitted to Jin and their chieftain, 927:

The emperor had hope that concentrating military power in the hands of the princes would deter the gentry clans from assuming power, but these decisions led to the

1500:

In 304, the Xiongnu nobility in Bing province conspired to take advantage of the Jin princes' infighting to break away from the empire. Serving under the prince,

1798:

Despite the loss of the emperor and the capital, the Western Jin would survive for another five more years. In 312, a group of Jin generals managed to recapture

843:

were initially important allies of Jin in helping them fight against Han, but later pulled out from the conflict to consolidate control over their territories.

1978:

as Shi Le capitalized on his victory, the Wuhuan also defected to Han. Deprived of his tribal forces, Shi Le captured Wang Jun at the latter's own capital in

1616:

provinces, ravaging the commanderies and killing many of the local officials. Wang Mi then attached himself to Han, and in 308, his rebellion spilled over to

2057:

in Xiangguo. This led to a decade-long confrontation that would end in Han-Zhao's demise and the Later Zhao asserting dominance over most of northern China.

1826:. Even then, the two men's authority was restricted to Chang'an and its surroundings, as they did not have the capacity to exert their rule over the rest of 1674:

In addition to constant warfare, the famine in northern China also worsened due to natural disasters. In 309, a great drought was reported to have sunk the

1270:

was an important factor in the migration of nomadic peoples into the Chinese interior, as the weather became too cold and dry in the north for agriculture.

890:

in 318. For the next 130 years or so, China would be divided between the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin before the eventual dissolution of Jin by the

4946: 1747: 1010:. Gradually throughout the Cao Wei and early Western Jin periods, the Xiongnu elites began expressing resentment towards their new way of life. During the 995:. Although relations declined in the later years, with the Xiongnu occasionally rebelling, they remained as vassals even after the Han was replaced by the 919:, by empowering the princes. Unlike the Wei, the princes were allowed to become military governors and were given personal armies in their fiefdoms. After 2354:

in southern China due to the uprising of the five barbarians when the Eastern Jin was founded, the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin surnames.

2156:, there were still pockets of Jin resistance after Wang Jun and Liu Kun's defeats, the strongest being a branch of the Duan that remained loyal to Jin in 1254:

in 306, killing thousands of the cities' inhabitants. Their effectiveness encouraged Jin to continue employing them in containing the growing threat of

2627:

Lim, An-king (2006). "On Old Turkic consonantism and vocalic divisions of acute consonants in Medieval Hàn phonology". In Branner, David Prager (ed.).

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and Luoyang were no more while alluding to Jin’s efforts to recapture Chang’an as the conflict ended in disaster for the Sogdian diaspora in China.

4902: 49: 454: 450: 4338: 4249: 3602:(Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations). Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 151–153. 3205:

Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song

1167:(徙戎論; Discussion on Relocating the Rong Tribe) to the court, also calling for the tribes' repatriation. However, both proposals were rejected. 1608:, also survived his superior's defeat and fled to Shandong, where he formed a bandit group. His forces grew immensely, and in 307, he invaded 3594: 1734:, and for this reason, he was reluctant to go north and campaign in Han's domain, fearing that Gou Xi and the others might cut off his rear. 1559: 1730:) to campaign against Shi Le, leaving behind Emperor Huai despite his opposition. Yue had also fallen out with his own generals, especially 3443: 1160: 3980:. Cambridge Studies in Chinese History, Literature and Institutions (reprint, reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 11. 3203: 1597:

and left it to burn for ten days. Around 10,000 people were killed including the city's commander. However, after they left to invade

4242: 1550:. To bolster his forces, he was willing to accept the Han Chinese and non-Xiongnu tribes like the Xianbei and Di to serve under him. 1069:

were initially vassals of the Xiongnu empire but gradually submitted to the Han dynasty. The Qiang were allowed to resettle into the

784:

region between the Han and the tribes, primarily the Qiang and Di, led to major revolts which resulted in an influx of refugees into

2093:

in 338 though would only declare independence from Jin in 352. As the period progressed, more of the Sixteen Kingdoms would emerge.

1890:

was active in the northeast and enjoyed a strong degree of control over his own forces. His influence was amplified when, after the

1709:

filled with floating corpses; bleached bones covered the fields…There was much cannibalism. Famine and pestilence came hand in hand.

4274: 939:, and the princes pitted their armies against each other for control over the empire in light of the new emperor's lack of agency. 744:

that greatly weakened the empire, these conflicts eventually drove the Jin imperial court out of northern and southwestern China.

96:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

3904: 2264:(an ancient Eastern Iranian language) sometime after the disaster known as the "Ancient Letters" in an abandoned watchtower near 1746:, decided to hold Yue's funeral at his fief in Donghai first. However, Shi Le pursued and defeated the funeral procession at the 3948: 3931: 3668: 3400: 3373: 3346: 3265:(PhD thesis). Tel Aviv University The Lester & Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities School of Historical Studies. p. 178. 2284:. Meanwhile, the southward exodus of the cultured Jin elite, who then spread across the southern provinces including modern-day 1123:-Xiongnu and Xianbei tribes such as the Tufa (禿髮) and Qifu (乞伏). The tribes made up around half of the population in Guanzhong. 728:'Five foreign tribes disrupting China') is a Chinese expression used to refer to a chaotic period of warfare during the 4951: 4136: 4002: 3176: 3103: 2152:

made a claim to the throne but died before he could realize it, and his forces were subsequently crushed by Liu Yao in 320. In

1862:

independent domains, only submitting to Han-Zhao after the fall of the Western Jin. The two most notable examples were the Di,

4056: 4029: 3975: 3284: 3149: 4422: 4110: 3712: 3695: 3641: 3132: 2009: 1765:

engaged in a massacre, razing the city and causing more than 30,000 deaths. This event in Chinese history was known as the

827:, rose to prominence, and after joining Liu Yuan, he would effectively control the eastern part of his empire. The Xianbei 271: 267: 55: 2300: 3614: 2072:

period, and the Later Zhao is also considered as one of the sixteen. As Jin lost ground in the north, the Zhang clan in

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affected six northern provinces, including the capital region. The war and famines resulted in refugee groups like the

1384:, sacking it in the process. Li Te soon submitted back to Jin due to the arrival of the army led by the new inspector, 3540: 3513: 3486: 1958:

tribes. The Tuoba first assisted Jin against Han forces in 305, but their involvement intensified during the reign of

4604: 4465: 4218: 3863:

Studies in Early Medieval Chinese Literature and Cultural History: In Honor of Richard B. Mather & Donald Holzman

3067:"Appendix One. Legends Of The Main Surnames Of The Putian Plain (Based On The Account In Zhang Qin's Putian Xianzhi)" 2962: 2611: 187: 169: 111: 63: 4650: 4485: 4322: 3834: 3773: 3746: 3426: 3329: 1467:

provinces consisting of refugees and people evading the draft to fight against Li Te's rebellion. From 311 to 315,

1388:

but retained a significant amount of influence in the region as an acting representative for the refugee families.

4083: 140: 4941: 2448:, while there was unrest everywhere, it still did not amount to a major revolt. Additionally, were relocated to 2246: 1279: 2236:

The collapse of the Western Jin had long-lasting effects. Just 24 years after the Western Jin dynasty ended the

1523:, where Liu Yuan was stationed, to inform him of the plot. At the time, Sima Ying was on the verge of defeat as 4553: 4093: 4012: 3985: 3914: 3871: 3783: 3651: 3577: 3496: 3453: 3186: 3159: 2665: 2571: 2096:

Other regimes that sprang up from the upheaval but are not considered as part of the Sixteen Kingdoms were the

1352:

and declared semi-autonomy from Jin in 296. Later, the court allowed the refugees to go further south into the

1204: 807:

took advantage of the Jin prince's infighting to establish the state of Han-Zhao in 304, acclaiming the noble,

715: 573: 2842: 2784:

Records of Jin Dynasty 晋纪: Zi Zhi Tong Jian资治通鉴; or Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance; Volume 79 - 118

2416:. The southern aristocracy only intermarried with each other and viewed themselves as preserving Han culture. 1282:, with relevant historical records reporting cases of extreme weather phenomena, such as the freezings of the 870:. In 316, Jin's hope of restoring imperial authority in the north were crushed when Han defeated and captured 4880: 4875: 4371: 4358: 2681:

Chu, Coching (1973). "A Preliminary Study on the Climatic Fluctuations during the Last 5000 Years in China".

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Li, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001) 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp,

4353: 4061:. Cambridge Illustrated Histories (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 86. 2388:

Han Chinese refugees from the five barbarian uprising also migrated into the Korean peninsula and into the

2268:. One letter in the collection, written by the Sogdian, Nanai-vandak, addressed to his people back home in 3567: 788:. Efforts to force them back to Guanzhong were met with resistance and culminated in the rebellion of the 771:, many of whom had resettled within China during the preceding centuries. Despite the period's name, many 2211:

helping Emperor Min reclaim northern China, or were genuinely too threatened by the refugee uprisings in

1546:. He initially took the imperial title of King, only becoming Emperor in 308 to imitate the ascension of 657: 3108:

From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia

4460: 3887: 3861: 3817: 3800: 3729: 1601:, they suffered a string of defeats. Ji Sang was killed, but Shi Le survived and made his way to Han. 1479:) provinces. Unlike Li Te's rebellion, the revolts in Hubei and Hunan were put down by Jin in the end. 1452: 90: 2910: 4789: 4774: 4619: 4415: 4307: 4265: 2225: 1854: 1444: 1058: 1049:

inspector had these people captured and sold into slavery to fund his army for an ongoing civil war.

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Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods

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chief who was previously sold into slavery during the famine in Bing province of 303 and 304.

4855: 4383: 4282: 3378:. Masters of Chinese Studies (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 194. 2955:

The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China

2927: 2884: 2757:

The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China

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into joining the state. For his deeds, he was given full command over the armies east of the

1593:

who had recently died, their forces grew to such a size that in 307, they sacked the city of

1094: 920: 412: 3405:. Understanding China (illustrated ed.). The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 127. 2549:. Centre for Translation Projects, Chinese University of Hong Kong. 1990. pp. 102, 103. 2292:, further integrated the areas south of the Yangtze River into the Chinese cultural sphere. 4799: 4535: 4408: 3028: 2097: 1858: 1823: 1547: 1341: 1083: 960: 764: 530: 510: 3047: 2404:

northeastern aristocracy and the mixed Han-Xianbei northwestern aristocracy of the former

2089:, but for most of its existence, they remained as a vassal of Jin. The Murong founded the 1006:, abolished the chanyu office and divided the Southern Xiongnu into five divisions around 991:. They were dependent on trade with the Han and cooperated with them to destroy the rival 8: 4830: 4825: 4480: 4450: 4317: 4297: 2991: 2350:

The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from northern China to

2339: 2192: 2141: 1992: 1891: 1766: 1718: 1667: 1653: 1558:

In the next few years, more rebellions began to break out in northeastern China. In 305,

1516: 1505: 1023: 988: 883: 882:

period, and the defeat of Emperor Min led to the formation of the Eastern Jin dynasty by

867: 859: 808: 368: 344: 340: 336: 3010: 1215:, was appointed Commander of the Xianbei. Meanwhile, in 258, another Xianbei tribe, the 4885: 4191: 2724: 2145: 2081: 1962:, who made a formal alliance with Liu Kun in 309. For their efforts, the Duan received 1803: 1624:

provinces while his forces swelled to the tens of thousands. He was even able to enter

1402: 1007: 932: 871: 785: 378: 243: 76: 3448:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–3. 3078: 2160:, but by 321, they were all defeated by the Later Zhao. The Later Zhao also conquered 4214: 4195: 4183: 4142: 4116: 4089: 4062: 4035: 4008: 3981: 3954: 3910: 3867: 3840: 3779: 3752: 3674: 3647: 3620: 3573: 3546: 3519: 3492: 3449: 3406: 3379: 3352: 3290: 3209: 3182: 3155: 3111: 3082: 2958: 2933: 2890: 2863: 2822: 2761: 2728: 2661: 2607: 2567: 2524: 2482: 2157: 2121: 1979: 1931: 1875: 1738: 1714: 1641: 1524: 1231: 1192: 912: 832: 416: 3775:

Contemplating the Ancients: Aesthetic and Social Issues in Early Chinese Portraiture

3596:

Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)

1831: 1519:, convinced the Xiongnu to elect Liu Yuan as their leader, so they sent an envoy to 1139: 878:. The establishments of Cheng-Han and Han-Zhao in 304 were seen as the start of the 4431: 4389: 4348: 4175: 4007:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 172. 3238: 3229:

Dean, Kenneth (1998). "Transformations of the She (altars of the soil) in Fujian".

3074: 2716: 2457:(founders of the Eastern Jin) ten thousand fold. In a word, one cannot generalize . 2436: 2069: 2005: 1774: 1750:, where reportedly more than 100,000 soldiers perished including Wang Yan himself. 1686:

rivers to the point that one could wade their way across them. The following year,

992: 976: 891: 879: 800: 622: 480: 442: 2478:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol.I): A Reference Guide, Part One

1810:, as the former Jin capital was still surrounded by enemies and had been razed by 3310: 1295: 1111: 980: 947:

emerged dominant over northern and western China. These Five Barbarians were the

944: 748: 737: 215: 146:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

4520: 4234: 2720: 2629:

Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic philosophy and historical-comparative phonology

2304:

Migration routes into southern China during the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians

2237: 2073: 1967: 1839: 1723: 1532:, he was acclaimed as the new Grand Chanyu and rallied around 50,000 soldiers. 1529: 1409:. In 304, Li Xiong drove Luo Shang out of Chengdu and established the state of 1337: 1275: 1267: 1195:

region. The Murong was the first of the three to associate themselves with the

1148: 1135: 1127: 840: 671: 471: 151: 2014: 1086:

people, who also became tributaries to the Han as the Han expanded westwards.

4925: 4187: 2435:(1558-1632) remarked on how the Ming dynasty managed to successfully control 2405: 2129: 1935: 1361: 1176: 421: 407: 397: 383: 373: 362: 3286:

Nanjing: Historical Landscape and Its Planning from Geographical Perspective

4754: 4655: 4645: 4609: 4490: 4179: 3242: 2428: 2413: 2397: 2362: 2242: 2086: 1687: 1675: 1299: 1291: 1208: 895: 629: 2912:

China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, Issues 378-380

2844:

China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, Issues 378-380

1487: 4909: 4865: 4692: 4637: 4599: 4364: 3751:(illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 85. 3488:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume II: From 160

2445: 2432: 2409: 2382: 2378: 2257: 2250: 2199:(later Jiankang) to govern the region, and with the help of the cousins, 2061: 2046: 2033: 1871: 1799: 1782: 1700: 1571: 1537: 1472: 1345: 1333: 1271: 1251: 1028: 875: 772: 733: 239: 3017:. Telling the Sogdian Story: A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project. 2249:

period, but the full unification of China would only be achieved by the

4779: 4728: 4589: 4571: 4563: 4548: 4475: 4455: 3515:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800

3348:

Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911

3104:"The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty" 2392: 2274: 2172: 2113: 2090: 2054: 1959: 1946: 1594: 1579: 1520: 1376: 1325: 1283: 1247: 1212: 1184: 1143: 1078: 1045: 952: 828: 820: 756: 506: 438: 312: 4163: 3805:(reprint ed.). University of California, Los Angeles. p. 56. 3048:"Aurel Stein Discovers the Sogdian "Ancient Letters" 313 CE to 314 CE" 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 1662:

had concluded by the start of 307, but Jin’s new paramount authority,

1475:, led a refugee uprising against Jin in Jing and Xiang (湘州; in modern 4707: 4702: 4627: 4594: 4543: 4115:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 4. 3619:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 309. 3178:

Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian

2449: 2289: 2269: 2065: 1843: 1827: 1758: 1590: 1501: 1410: 1385: 1364:

provinces, where they became hired labourers for the local populace.

1329: 1287: 1239: 1235: 1196: 1074: 1070: 855: 781: 462: 458: 430: 323: 318: 259: 3778:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 42. 2660:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 90–91. 2183:. In 305, they attempted to breakaway by backing the rebel general, 1405:, and after he died at the end of the year, it fell to Li Te's son, 27:

Period of unrest involving nomadic peoples in Jin China (304–316 CE)

4870: 4850: 4809: 4804: 4697: 4687: 4515: 4400: 4377: 3933:

The History of Thoughts in Wei, Jin , Southern and Northern Dynasty

2374: 2343: 2335: 2281: 2265: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2176: 2161: 2149: 2050: 2037: 1908: 1904: 1835: 1819: 1770: 1663: 1567: 1423: 1406: 1255: 1243: 1116: 1107: 1011: 984: 887: 847: 816: 643: 467: 426: 388: 288: 255: 3566:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006).

3512:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2013).

3351:. The Quantitative Economic History of China. Brill. p. 154. 2420:

from the same families who originally hailed from northern China.

2018:

China in 317 CE shortly after the fall of the Western Jin dynasty.

1246:

victory in the civil war, but they also partook in the sacking of

4845: 4794: 4784: 4744: 4682: 4581: 4507: 4088:. Facts series (illustrated ed.). H.W. Wilson. p. 110. 3727: 3646:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 170. 3181:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 190. 2453: 2367: 2180: 2101: 2041: 2029: 1943: 1916: 1895: 1867: 1863: 1811: 1778: 1762: 1754: 1679: 1629: 1625: 1605: 1586: 1509: 1381: 1349: 1220: 1200: 1152: 1103: 1099: 1066: 1019: 1003: 996: 964: 948: 916: 863: 851: 768: 752: 518: 502: 476: 357: 348: 299: 263: 209: 3714:

The Political History in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty

2932:(illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xcii. 2705:"Climate Change and Migrations of People during the Jin Dynasty" 2566:(illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 98. 2032:

and their family were exterminated in a coup in by the powerful

1991:

Liu Yao, having lost Chang'an under his watch, was entrusted by

1926:

The strongest Jin forces in the northeast were the Inspector of

4840: 4835: 3208:(illustrated ed.). Chinese University Press. p. 223. 3154:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 27. 2389: 2351: 2331: 2285: 2261: 2165: 2077: 1963: 1955: 1915:, to establish and cultivate a base in Xiangguo (襄國, in modern 1900: 1887: 1807: 1731: 1637: 1575: 1468: 1440: 1353: 1180: 824: 804: 776: 525: 488: 392: 352: 3977:

Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773-819

3815: 3151:

Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China

2179:

went into a decline as imperial authority was shifted back to

1785:, briefly placing the two ancient capitals under Han control. 906: 4723: 2370: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2153: 2125: 2117: 2105: 1950: 1920: 1727: 1691: 1563: 1542: 1476: 1436: 1432: 1372: 1368: 1216: 1188: 1120: 1062: 1037: 836: 812: 793: 789: 304: 1508:. Liu Yuan was the grandson of the Southern Xiongnu chanyu, 3697:

Selected Biographies of Chinese Emperors in Major Dynasties

1818:

Emperor Min eventually falling into the hands of the pair,

2373:

princesses. Southern Chinese from the southern capital of

2338:. Wang Dao, in particular, was instrumental in supporting 1553: 1106:. In 219, Cao Cao relocated around 50,000 Di from Wudu to 915:

sought to learn from the mistakes of his predecessor, the

4034:(3, illustrated ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 68. 3613:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Smith, Paul Jakov, eds. (2016).

3110:(illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 270. 1044:

Another ethnic group living in Bing at the time were the

3889:

China Archaeology & Art Digest, Volume 2, Issues 3-4

2858:

Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth J., eds. (2018).

2815:

Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth J., eds. (2018).

2504:

Chinese Literature, Essays, Articles, Reviews, Volume 28

2207:, Rui was able to win the support of the gentry clans. 3953:(illustrated ed.). Hackett Publishing. p. 7. 3259:

Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China

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and tribal peoples. They initially moved southwards to

732:

roughly between 304 and 316 which heavily involved non-

3572:(illustrated ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 79. 2883:

Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013).

1306:

move into northern China for fertile land. During the

1302:

dynasties, making it difficult for cities to survive.

987:

and resettled in the frontier commanderies within the

1574:, but the most influential of them would prove to be 1258:, with the Tuoba joining on the side of Jin as well. 979:

became vassals to the Han. They moved their court to

676: 662: 648: 634: 4031:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

3866:. Tang studies. Tʻang Studies Society. p. 235. 3802:

Early Chinese Portraiture: Character as Social Ideal

3569:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

3542:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

2971: 2735: 1628:

and empty the city's arsenal before laying siege on

970: 524:

100,000–200,000 Han Chinese, Xianbei, Qiang, Di and

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A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture

2377:(Nanjing) were deported to the northern capital of 4164:"Images of Subject Mongols Under the Ming Dynasty" 3860:Kroll, Paul W.; Knechtges, David R., eds. (2003). 3839:. Durham East Asia Series. Routledge. p. 24. 3731:The Review of Korean Studies, Volume 8, Issues 3-4 2804:(China Twenty-four Histories ed.). DeepLogic. 2523:(illustrated ed.). Brill. 2015. p. 216. 2475:Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2010). 2010:Jin dynasty (266–420) § Eastern Jin (317–420) 1850:) in the west to provide him with reinforcements. 1788: 1266:Modern historians and meteorologists believe that 2886:Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization 2228:, formally shifting the Jin court to the south. 1671:deepened the enmity between Yue and the emperor. 1298:took place around the steppe between the Han and 1226:At the turn of the 4th century, the Inspector of 4923: 4903:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms 4264: 4028:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). 3539:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). 2747: 2589:The Yenching Journal of Social Studies, Volume 4 1853:Along with the administrators in Guanzhong, the 1737:After Liu Yuan died in late 310, his successor, 2053:, followed by Shi Le founding his own state of 1413:(renamed Han in 338, thus the name Cheng-Han). 1052: 1018:254), the five divisions briefly unified under 3909:. Warfare and History. Routledge. p. 57. 3859: 3428:Chinese journal of international law, Volume 3 3331:Migration and settlement in Sichuan, 1644-1796 3289:(illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 95. 2915:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. 2860:Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History 2847:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. 2818:Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History 2586: 2474: 1585:After Gongshi Fan's defeat, his subordinates, 811:as their ruler. As anti-Jin revolts spread to 704:Rebellion or the Revolt of the Five Barbarians 4416: 4250: 4027: 3643:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907 3538: 2989: 2889:(illustrated ed.). Thames & Hudson. 2068:in 304 is often seen as the beginning of the 1777:. Just a few months later, Han forces led by 1491:China in 304 AD at the start of the upheaval. 1375:people, an ethnic group whose ancestors were 1367:Among the refugees was one of their leaders, 1274:stated that there was a cold period from the 911:When the Jin dynasty was established in 266, 736:peoples living in China, commonly called the 594: 578: 18:Invasion and rebellion of the Five Barbarians 4112:Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages 3545:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 67. 3033:Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington 3029:"The Sogdian Ancient Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5" 2952: 2882: 2857: 2814: 2219:to avert their resources. When the general, 1802:, where they then acclaimed the 12-year-old 1170: 3819:Journal of East Asian Archaeology, Volume 4 3106:. In Li, Tang; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.). 1911:in 312, he took the advice of his advisor, 1416: 907:Demobilization and War of the Eight Princes 723: 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4423: 4409: 4257: 4243: 4174:(1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 102. 4058:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3728:Hanʼguk Chŏngsin Munhwa Yŏnʼguwŏn (2005). 3612: 1793: 208: 4491:Northern Wei's unification of North China 3836:State Formation in Korea: Emerging Elites 3734:. Academy of Korean Studies. p. 105. 3327: 3064: 2295: 1223:and also became a vassal of Wei and Jin. 1073:region, as well as the watersheds of the 188:Learn how and when to remove this message 170:Learn how and when to remove this message 112:Learn how and when to remove this message 3744: 3639: 3398: 2731:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 2604:Beijing: Geography, History, and Culture 2601: 2507:. Coda Press. 2006. pp. 13, 14, 54. 2299: 2013: 1566:and in 306 Liu Bogen (劉柏根), rebelled in 1486: 1328:rebellion were from six commanderies in 1242:. The Xianbei were a deciding factor in 894:and the unification of the north by the 4947:Rebellions in the Jin dynasty (266–420) 3946: 3936:. Deep Into China Histories. DeepLogic. 3892:. Art Text (HK) Ltd. 1998. p. 246. 3816:Society for East Asian Studies (2002). 3035:. Translated by Nicholas Sims-Williams. 2990:Sims-Williams, N. (December 15, 1985). 2929:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 2753: 2653: 2559: 2437:the Mongols who surrendered to the Ming 2342:to proclaim the Eastern Jin dynasty at 1554:Rebellions in Hebei, Henan and Shandong 1540:were married to a Han princess through 1495: 1356:region. They were scattered throughout 931:after his death in 290. His successor, 14: 4924: 4000: 3832: 3441: 3147: 3065:Dean, Kenneth; Zheng, Zhenman (2009). 2591:. Yenching University. pp. 23–24. 2135: 1647: 203:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians (五胡亂華) 4404: 4238: 4224: 4054: 3902: 3798: 3771: 3201: 3174: 3101: 3008: 2925: 2698: 2696: 2641: 2245:, completing the transition into the 1319: 521:, Han Chinese and other tribal people 4476:Fu Jian's unification of North China 4430: 4108: 3973: 3666: 3592: 3228: 2702: 2231: 1881: 1391: 1314: 270:in northern China; Formation of the 123: 70: 29: 3799:Spiro, Audrey Jean Goldman (1987). 3371: 3344: 3282: 3255: 2680: 2626: 2260:discovered five letters written in 2022: 1986: 1482: 24: 4227:Military Culture in Imperial China 4138:The Rough Guide to Southwest China 4081: 3045: 2693: 1290:in 336. Research conducted in the 25: 4968: 4161: 4004:A History of Chinese Civilization 3484: 3445:A History of Chinese Civilization 3137:. Travelling in China. DeepLogic. 3079:10.1163/ej.9789004176027.i-437.88 2760:(2 ed.). Brill. p. 84. 2175:fell in 280, the gentry clans in 1704:described the famine as follows: 1261: 1219:, occupied the abandoned city of 971:Southern Xiongnu of Bing province 775:and other tribal people like the 608:Five Barbarians disorderize China 218:into China prior to the upheaval. 45:This article has multiple issues. 4456:Shi Le's conquest of North China 4162:Robinson, David M. (June 2004). 4055:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). 3906:Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900 3518:. Cengage Learning. p. 66. 3491:. Cengage Learning. p. 66. 3272:from the original on 2018-04-28. 2780: 2191:stationed the Prince of Langya, 1698:s (塢主; "fortress masters"). The 1447:led a revolt that spread across 420: 406: 396: 382: 372: 361: 128: 75: 34: 4446:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 4313:Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions 4293:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 4155: 4129: 4102: 4075: 4048: 4021: 3994: 3967: 3940: 3923: 3896: 3880: 3853: 3826: 3809: 3792: 3765: 3738: 3721: 3704: 3687: 3660: 3633: 3606: 3586: 3559: 3532: 3505: 3478: 3462: 3435: 3419: 3399:Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. (2010). 3392: 3365: 3338: 3328:Entenmann, Robert Eric (1982). 3321: 3303: 3276: 3249: 3222: 3195: 3168: 3141: 3124: 3095: 3058: 3039: 3021: 3002: 2983: 2946: 2919: 2903: 2876: 2851: 2835: 2808: 2791: 2774: 2674: 2647: 2361:After the establishment of the 2247:Northern and Southern dynasties 1789:Final defeat of the Western Jin 1280:Northern and Southern dynasties 696:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 564:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians 53:or discuss these issues on the 3929: 3710: 3693: 3616:State Power in China, 900-1325 3130: 2797: 2620: 2595: 2580: 2553: 2537: 2511: 2495: 2468: 719: 711: 677: 663: 649: 635: 595: 579: 536:Han Chinese and non-Han rebels 13: 1: 4952:Wars involving Imperial China 4372:In Search of the Supernatural 4359:Eighteen History Books of Jin 4323:Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions 3375:China: A New Cultural History 3102:Xu, Bin; Xie, Bizhen (2013). 2998:. Vol. II. pp. 7–9. 2926:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). 2631:. John Benjamins. p. 61. 2461: 901: 858:in 304. In 311, Han captured 533:rebels and Han Chinese allies 4354:Migration of the eight clans 4303:Conquest of Cheng-Han by Jin 2801:Book of Jin Dynasty: 二十四史晋书 2256:In 1907, the archaeologist, 1999: 1163:, submitted an essay titled 1053:Ethnic tensions in Guanzhong 7: 3011:"Sogdian Ancient Letter II" 2423: 1504:, was the Xiongnu general, 1348:, brought his followers to 10: 4973: 4229:, Harvard University Press 4206: 3745:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 3670:Six Dynasties Civilization 3640:Holcombe, Charles (2001). 3593:Tang, Qiaomei (May 2016). 3256:Abt, Obed (January 2012). 2721:10.1179/152991008790012853 2683:Scientia Sinica (Series A) 2654:Kleeman, Terry F. (1998). 2560:Kleeman, Terry F. (1998). 2128:-Xiongnu tribe around the 2003: 1651: 214:Migration patterns of the 4894: 4818: 4767: 4737: 4716: 4675: 4668: 4636: 4618: 4580: 4562: 4534: 4506: 4499: 4438: 4331: 4308:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 4273: 4225:Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), 4141:. Rough Guides UK. 2013. 3950:Governing China, 150-1850 3947:Dardess, John W. (2010). 3772:Spiro, Audrey G. (1990). 3485:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. 2957:. Brill. pp. 83–85. 2049:and renamed the state to 1966:while the Tuoba received 1942:, who were backed by the 1604:Liu Bogen's subordinate, 1439:. Between 303 and 304, a 1371:. He and his family were 1171:Jin and Xianbei alliances 866:in an event known as the 862:and the ancient capital, 688: 670: 656: 642: 628: 621: 616: 612: 604: 588: 572: 568: 563: 540: 495: 330: 282: 222: 207: 202: 4605:Southern Liang (397–414) 4521:Northern Liang (397–460) 4288:War of the Eight Princes 4001:Gernet, Jacques (1996). 3667:Dien, Albert E. (2007). 3442:Gernet, Jacques (1996). 3148:Szonyi, Michael (2002). 2606:. ABC-CLIO. p. 28. 2546:Renditions, Issues 33-36 1660:War of the Eight Princes 1417:Early years of Cheng-Han 1324:The people displaced by 1199:dynasties by aiding the 1175:With the decline of the 937:developmentally disabled 929:War of the Eight Princes 742:War of the Eight Princes 574:Traditional Chinese 4651:Western Liang (400–421) 3315:Encyclopædia Britannica 3202:Clark, Hugh R. (2007). 3175:Zheng, Zhenman (2001). 2587:Yanjing da xue (1948). 2385:after reuniting China. 1794:Restoration in Chang'an 1515:Liu Yuan's granduncle, 1191:tribes migrated to the 698:also translated as the 590:Simplified Chinese 84:Some of this article's 4942:4th-century rebellions 4755:Northern Wei (386–535) 4656:Northern Yan (407–436) 4646:Former Liang (318–376) 4610:Southern Yan (398–410) 4471:Huan Wen's Expeditions 4466:Conquest of Wei by Yan 4344:Sima clan family trees 4180:10.1353/late.2004.0010 4109:Chen, Sanping (2012). 3974:Chen, Jo-Shui (2006). 3748:A History of East Asia 3243:10.3406/asie.1998.1236 3231:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 3134:Travel Guide of Fujian 3073:. Brill. p. 341. 3052:History of Information 2754:Zürcher, Erik (2007). 2481:. Brill. p. 547. 2459: 2305: 2296:Han Chinese migrations 2019: 1711: 1492: 1132:multi-ethnic rebellion 1042: 740:. Coinciding with the 331:Commanders and leaders 258:in northern China and 4693:Western Yan (384–394) 4600:Western Qin (385–431) 4554:Later Liang (386–403) 4384:Chronicles of Huayang 4339:Emperors' family tree 4283:Conquest of Wu by Jin 4266:Jin dynasty (266–420) 4082:Ji, Xiao-bin (2003). 3903:Graff, David (2003). 3833:Barnes, Gina (2013). 3822:. Brill. p. 263. 3372:Hsu, Cho-yun (2012). 3345:Shi, Zhihong (2017). 2953:Erik Zürcher (2007). 2703:Chin, Connie (2008). 2441: 2431:writer and historian 2303: 2017: 1934:and the Inspector of 1838:and the Inspector of 1706: 1490: 1332:and composed of both 1177:Xianbei confederation 1095:Three Kingdoms period 1061:people of modern day 1040:are all equally low." 1034: 1002:In 216, the warlord, 730:Jin dynasty (266–420) 541:Casualties and losses 4895:Histories of the Era 4590:Former Yan (337–370) 4572:Later Zhao (319–351) 4549:Former Qin (351–394) 4486:Liu Yu's Expeditions 3471:The History of China 3431:. 2004. p. 631. 3402:The History of China 3283:Yao, Yifeng (2016). 2996:Encyclopædia Iranica 2980:Li and Zheng, pg 383 2744:Li and Zheng, pg 382 2709:Early Medieval China 1548:Emperor Gaozu of Han 1496:Founding of Han-Zhao 896:Northern Wei dynasty 4628:Later Qin (384–417) 4595:Later Yan (384–409) 4544:Cheng-Han (304–347) 4481:Battle of Fei River 4451:Disaster of Yongjia 4318:Battle of Fei River 4298:Disaster of Yongjia 4168:Late Imperial China 3317:. December 4, 2008. 2226:Eastern Jin dynasty 2136:Eastern Jin dynasty 1892:Disaster of Yongjia 1886:Since joining Han, 1767:Disaster of Yongjia 1668:Emperor Huai of Jin 1654:Disaster of Yongjia 1648:Disaster of Yongjia 1155:in search of food. 868:Disaster of Yongjia 860:Emperor Huai of Jin 716:traditional Chinese 369:Emperor Huai of Jin 326:loyalists (307–308) 272:Eastern Jin dynasty 268:Western Jin dynasty 4708:Qiao Shu (405–413) 4703:Huan Chu (403–404) 4698:Zhai Wei (388–392) 4516:Han-Zhao (304–329) 3009:Keramidas, Kimon. 2306: 2020: 1894:, he assassinated 1868:Lüeyang commandery 1804:Emperor Min of Jin 1748:Battle of Ningping 1493: 1320:Refugees in Ba-Shu 1008:Taiyuan Commandery 933:Emperor Hui of Jin 799:In the north, the 786:southwestern China 708:simplified Chinese 379:Emperor Min of Jin 274:in southern China. 4919: 4918: 4819:Key personalities 4763: 4762: 4745:Chouchi (296–580) 4688:Duan Qi (350–356) 4683:Ran Wei (350–352) 4664: 4663: 4398: 4397: 4085:Facts about China 2992:"Ancient Letters" 2602:Qian Guo (2020). 2329: 2232:Historical impact 1882:Shi Le's conquest 1876:Fufeng commandery 1717:, Liu Yuan's son 1715:North China Plain 1642:Taihang Mountains 1392:Li Te's Rebellion 1315:Rise of Cheng-Han 1057:In the west, the 913:Emperor Wu of Jin 726: 692: 691: 684: 683: 664:wuu hwu luann hwa 623:Standard Mandarin 559: 558: 278: 277: 198: 197: 190: 180: 179: 172: 122: 121: 114: 68: 16:(Redirected from 4964: 4673: 4672: 4504: 4503: 4432:Sixteen Kingdoms 4425: 4418: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4390:Butterfly Lovers 4349:Sixteen Kingdoms 4259: 4252: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4200: 4199: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3046:Norman, Jeremy. 3043: 3037: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2657:Great Perfection 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2563:Great Perfection 2557: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2472: 2408:who founded the 2327: 2070:Sixteen Kingdoms 2060:The founding of 2023:Sixteen Kingdoms 2006:Sixteen Kingdoms 1987:Fall of Chang'an 1970:as their fiefs. 1846:(later his son, 1775:Mengcheng County 1483:Rise of Han-Zhao 1294:also found that 1026:, states in the 993:Northern Xiongnu 977:Southern Xiongnu 892:Liu Song dynasty 880:Sixteen Kingdoms 854:and established 801:Southern Xiongnu 727: 724: 721: 713: 680: 679: 666: 665: 652: 651: 638: 637: 614: 613: 600: 599: 584: 583: 561: 560: 485: 447: 424: 410: 400: 386: 376: 365: 224: 223: 212: 200: 199: 193: 186: 175: 168: 164: 161: 155: 132: 131: 124: 117: 110: 106: 103: 97: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4957:Five Barbarians 4922: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4890: 4814: 4759: 4733: 4712: 4660: 4632: 4614: 4576: 4558: 4530: 4500:The 16 Kingdoms 4495: 4434: 4429: 4399: 4394: 4327: 4269: 4263: 4233: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4015: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3831: 3827: 3814: 3810: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3726: 3722: 3709: 3705: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3483: 3479: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3440: 3436: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3326: 3322: 3311:"Six Dynasties" 3309: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3146: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3063: 3059: 3044: 3040: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3007: 3003: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2856: 2852: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2813: 2809: 2796: 2792: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2701: 2694: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2600: 2596: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2426: 2298: 2234: 2138: 2025: 2012: 2004:Main articles: 2002: 1989: 1884: 1870:and the Qiang, 1796: 1791: 1656: 1650: 1556: 1498: 1485: 1419: 1394: 1322: 1317: 1296:desertification 1286:in 226 and the 1264: 1173: 1134:against Jin in 1055: 981:Xihe Commandery 973: 945:Five Barbarians 909: 904: 749:Five Barbarians 738:Five Barbarians 658:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 605:Literal meaning 487: 481: 470: 461: 457: 453: 449: 443: 437: 433: 429: 425: 415: 411: 401: 391: 387: 377: 356: 351: 347: 343: 339: 311: 303: 298: 246: 244:Southwest China 216:Five Barbarians 213: 194: 183: 182: 181: 176: 165: 159: 156: 145: 139:has an unclear 133: 129: 118: 107: 101: 98: 95: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4970: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4937:310s conflicts 4934: 4932:300s conflicts 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4231: 4222: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4154: 4148:978-1409349525 4147: 4128: 4122:978-0812206289 4121: 4101: 4094: 4074: 4068:978-0521124331 4067: 4047: 4041:978-1133606475 4040: 4020: 4013: 3993: 3986: 3966: 3960:978-1603843119 3959: 3939: 3922: 3915: 3895: 3879: 3872: 3852: 3846:978-1136841040 3845: 3825: 3808: 3791: 3784: 3764: 3758:978-1107118737 3757: 3737: 3720: 3703: 3686: 3680:978-0300074048 3679: 3659: 3652: 3632: 3626:978-0295998480 3625: 3605: 3585: 3578: 3558: 3552:978-1285528670 3551: 3531: 3525:978-1111808150 3524: 3504: 3497: 3477: 3474:. p. 236. 3461: 3454: 3434: 3418: 3412:978-1615301096 3411: 3391: 3385:978-0231528184 3384: 3364: 3358:978-9004355248 3357: 3337: 3320: 3302: 3296:978-9811016370 3295: 3275: 3248: 3221: 3215:978-9629962272 3214: 3194: 3187: 3167: 3160: 3140: 3123: 3117:978-3643903297 3116: 3094: 3088:978-9047429463 3087: 3057: 3038: 3020: 3001: 2982: 2970: 2963: 2945: 2939:978-0810860537 2938: 2918: 2902: 2896:978-0500771471 2895: 2875: 2869:978-1317538226 2868: 2850: 2834: 2828:978-1317538226 2827: 2807: 2790: 2773: 2767:978-9047419426 2766: 2746: 2734: 2692: 2673: 2666: 2646: 2644:, p. 104. 2634: 2619: 2612: 2594: 2579: 2572: 2552: 2536: 2530:978-9004292123 2529: 2510: 2494: 2488:978-9004191273 2487: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2425: 2422: 2311:yī guān nán dù 2297: 2294: 2238:Three Kingdoms 2233: 2230: 2137: 2134: 2074:Liang province 2024: 2021: 2001: 1998: 1988: 1985: 1968:Dai Commandery 1883: 1880: 1840:Liang province 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1724:Shenqiu County 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 1555: 1552: 1497: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1418: 1415: 1393: 1390: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1276:Three Kingdoms 1268:climate change 1263: 1262:Climate Change 1260: 1197:Central Plains 1172: 1169: 1128:Tufa Shujineng 1054: 1051: 972: 969: 921:unifying China 908: 905: 903: 900: 690: 689: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678:Wu-hu luan-hua 674: 668: 667: 660: 654: 653: 646: 640: 639: 632: 626: 625: 619: 618: 617:Transcriptions 610: 609: 606: 602: 601: 592: 586: 585: 576: 570: 569: 566: 565: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 543: 542: 538: 537: 534: 528: 522: 498: 497: 493: 492: 474: 472:Fan Changsheng 465: 366: 333: 332: 328: 327: 321: 316: 291: 285: 284: 280: 279: 276: 275: 266:; Fall of the 252: 248: 247: 238: 236: 232: 231: 228: 220: 219: 205: 204: 196: 195: 178: 177: 141:citation style 136: 134: 127: 120: 119: 86:listed sources 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4969: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:Dai (310–376) 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4526:Xia (407–431) 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4219:7-204-04420-7 4216: 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3312: 3306: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3268: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3237:(10): 19–75. 3236: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2964:9789004156043 2960: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2862:. Routledge. 2861: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2821:. Routledge. 2820: 2819: 2811: 2803: 2802: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2781:Sima, Guang. 2777: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2613:9781440868054 2609: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446:Tumu Incident 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406:Northern Zhou 2401: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366:Northern Wei 2364: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140:Liu Cong had 2133: 2131: 2130:Ordos Plateau 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2051:(Former) Zhao 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2016: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936:Bing province 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:locust swarms 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1489: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:Bing province 982: 978: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 940: 938: 934: 930: 925: 922: 918: 914: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 717: 709: 705: 701: 697: 687: 675: 673: 669: 661: 659: 655: 650:ㄨˇㄏㄨˊㄌㄨㄢˋㄏㄨㄚˊ 647: 645: 641: 633: 631: 627: 624: 620: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 593: 591: 587: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 554: 551: 548: 545: 544: 539: 535: 532: 529: 527: 523: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499: 494: 490: 486: 484: 478: 475: 473: 469: 466: 464: 460: 456: 455:Duan Jilujuan 452: 451:Duan Wuwuchen 448: 446: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 418: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 367: 364: 359: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 335: 334: 329: 325: 322: 320: 317: 314: 310: 306: 301: 297: 296: 292: 290: 287: 286: 281: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 254:Expansion of 253: 250: 249: 245: 241: 237: 234: 233: 229: 226: 225: 221: 217: 211: 206: 201: 192: 189: 174: 171: 163: 153: 149: 143: 142: 137:This article 135: 126: 125: 116: 113: 105: 93: 92: 87: 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4908: 4901: 4669:Other states 4461:Wei–Zhao War 4445: 4382: 4370: 4363: 4292: 4226: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4137: 4131: 4111: 4104: 4084: 4077: 4057: 4050: 4030: 4023: 4003: 3996: 3976: 3969: 3949: 3942: 3932: 3925: 3905: 3898: 3888: 3882: 3862: 3855: 3835: 3828: 3818: 3811: 3801: 3794: 3774: 3767: 3747: 3740: 3730: 3723: 3717:. DeepLogic. 3713: 3706: 3700:. DeepLogic. 3696: 3689: 3669: 3662: 3642: 3635: 3615: 3608: 3595: 3588: 3568: 3561: 3541: 3534: 3514: 3507: 3487: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3444: 3437: 3427: 3421: 3401: 3394: 3374: 3367: 3347: 3340: 3330: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3285: 3278: 3258: 3251: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3204: 3197: 3177: 3170: 3150: 3143: 3133: 3126: 3107: 3097: 3070: 3060: 3051: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3004: 2995: 2985: 2954: 2948: 2928: 2921: 2911: 2905: 2885: 2878: 2859: 2853: 2843: 2837: 2817: 2810: 2800: 2793: 2783: 2776: 2756: 2749: 2715:(2): 49–78. 2712: 2708: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2656: 2649: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2603: 2597: 2588: 2582: 2562: 2555: 2545: 2539: 2519: 2513: 2503: 2497: 2477: 2470: 2442: 2429:Ming dynasty 2427: 2418: 2414:Tang dynasty 2402: 2398:Former Liang 2387: 2363:Northern Wei 2360: 2356: 2349: 2310: 2307: 2279: 2255: 2243:Northern Wei 2235: 2209: 2170: 2142:Emperor Huai 2139: 2095: 2087:Former Liang 2059: 2055:(Later) Zhao 2026: 1990: 1976: 1972: 1928:You province 1925: 1885: 1852: 1832:Qin province 1816: 1797: 1769:, after the 1752: 1736: 1712: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1673: 1657: 1634: 1603: 1599:Yan province 1584: 1562:rebelled in 1557: 1541: 1534: 1514: 1499: 1429: 1420: 1399: 1395: 1366: 1340:, where one 1326:Qi Wannian's 1323: 1307: 1304: 1292:Mu Us Desert 1265: 1228:You province 1225: 1209:Gongsun Yuan 1174: 1164: 1157: 1125: 1088: 1056: 1043: 1035: 1027: 1001: 974: 941: 926: 910: 884:Emperor Yuan 846:Li Te's son 845: 798: 746: 703: 699: 695: 693: 636:Wǔhú luànhuá 630:Hanyu Pinyin 491:(before 307) 482: 444: 293: 283:Belligerents 184: 166: 157: 138: 108: 99: 88: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 4910:Book of Jin 4866:Murong Chui 4775:Jin dynasty 4676:Short-lived 4365:Book of Jin 2433:Zhu Guozhen 2410:Sui dynasty 2383:Sui dynasty 2258:Aurel Stein 2251:Sui dynasty 2146:Emperor Min 2034:consort kin 1872:Yao Yizhong 1701:Book of Jin 1572:Han Chinese 1560:Gongshi Fan 1538:Modu Chanyu 1473:Han Chinese 1445:Zhang Chang 1346:Yang Maosou 1344:chieftain, 1334:Han Chinese 1272:Chu Coching 1250:in 304 and 1165:Xi Rong Lun 1091:fall of Han 1029:Book of Jin 872:Emperor Min 819:, a former 773:Han Chinese 751:" were the 501:c. 100,000 355:(after 307) 295:Jin dynasty 89:may not be 4926:Categories 4095:0824209613 4014:0521497817 3987:0521030102 3916:1134553536 3873:0972925503 3785:0520065670 3653:0824824652 3579:0618133844 3498:1111808147 3455:0521497817 3188:0824823338 3161:0804742618 2689:: 226–256. 2667:0824818008 2642:Cosmo 2009 2573:0824818008 2462:References 2393:Former Yan 2173:Eastern Wu 2171:After the 2124:, and the 2120:states in 2091:Former Yan 1960:Tuoba Yilu 1443:official, 1284:Huai River 1244:Sima Yue's 1213:Murong Hui 1161:Jiang Tong 1144:Qi Wannian 1038:households 989:Great Wall 902:Background 672:Wade–Giles 439:Tuoba Yilu 313:Duan tribe 152:footnoting 50:improve it 4881:Tuoba Tao 4876:Tuoba Gui 4861:Wang Meng 4196:144527758 4188:1086-3257 3930:Li, Shi. 3711:Li, Shi. 3131:Ni, Hao. 2798:Li, Shi. 2729:162195161 2450:Guangdong 2290:Guangdong 2270:Samarkand 2168:in 323. 2080:tribe in 2066:Cheng-Han 2000:Aftermath 1913:Zhang Bin 1848:Zhang Shi 1844:Zhang Gui 1828:Guanzhong 1781:captured 1759:Huyan Yan 1591:Sima Ying 1502:Sima Ying 1401:brother, 1386:Luo Shang 1330:Guanzhong 1288:Bohai Sea 1240:Sima Yong 1236:Sima Ying 1203:in their 1071:Guanzhong 856:Cheng-Han 850:captured 839:tribe in 831:tribe in 796:in 301. 792:refugee, 782:Guanzhong 463:Luo Shang 459:Duan Pidi 435:Zhang Shi 431:Zhang Gui 324:Sima Ying 319:Cheng-Han 315:in Liaoxi 260:Cheng-Han 160:July 2022 102:July 2022 56:talk page 4871:Yao Xing 4851:Huan Wen 4831:Liu Cong 4826:Liu Yuan 4810:Goguryeo 4805:Dingling 4768:Involved 4378:Jiankang 4332:See also 3694:Ji, Lu. 3267:Archived 2424:Analysis 2379:Chang'an 2375:Jiankang 2347:regime. 2344:Jiankang 2340:Sima Rui 2336:Wang Dao 2282:Buddhism 2266:Dunhuang 2253:in 589. 2205:Wang Dao 2201:Wang Dun 2193:Sima Rui 2189:Sima Yue 2185:Chen Min 2177:Jiangnan 2162:Shandong 2150:Sima Bao 2082:Liaodong 2076:and the 2062:Han-Zhao 2047:Chang'an 2038:Jin Zhun 1993:Liu Cong 1932:Wang Jun 1909:Jiankang 1905:Shandong 1836:Sima Bao 1820:Suo Chen 1808:Pingyang 1800:Chang’an 1783:Chang'an 1771:era name 1744:Wang Yan 1719:Liu Cong 1664:Sima Yue 1568:Shandong 1525:Wang Jun 1517:Liu Xuan 1506:Liu Yuan 1424:Hanzhong 1407:Li Xiong 1338:Hanzhong 1256:Han-Zhao 1252:Chang'an 1232:Wang Jun 1207:against 1205:campaign 1149:Hanzhong 1130:, led a 1117:Lushuihu 1108:Tianshui 1093:and the 1024:Liu Xuan 1014:era (249 999:in 220. 888:Jiankang 876:Chang'an 848:Li Xiong 817:Shandong 809:Liu Yuan 700:Uprising 644:Bopomofo 496:Strength 468:Li Xiong 427:Sima Bao 417:Wang Jun 403:Wang Yan 389:Sima Yue 345:Liu Cong 341:Liu Xuan 337:Liu Yuan 289:Han-Zhao 256:Han-Zhao 235:Location 148:citation 91:reliable 4856:Fu Jian 4846:Ran Min 4795:Xianbei 4785:Xiongnu 4582:Xianbei 4508:Xiongnu 4439:History 4275:History 4207:Sources 2454:Guangxi 2381:by the 2368:Xianbei 2275:Yecheng 2262:Sogdian 2181:Luoyang 2158:Jicheng 2102:Chouchi 2042:Liu Yao 2030:Liu Can 1980:Jicheng 1944:Xianbei 1940:Liu Kun 1917:Xingtai 1896:Wang Mi 1864:Pu Hong 1812:Liu Yao 1779:Liu Can 1763:Liu Yao 1755:Wang Mi 1630:Luoyang 1626:Xuchang 1606:Wang Mi 1587:Ji Sang 1510:Yufuluo 1382:Chengdu 1350:Chouchi 1308:Taikang 1278:to the 1221:Shengle 1201:Cao Wei 1153:Sichuan 1104:Shu Han 1100:Cao Wei 1067:Qinghai 1020:Liu Bao 1012:Jiaping 1004:Cao Cao 997:Cao Wei 965:Xianbei 949:Xiongnu 917:Cao Wei 864:Luoyang 852:Chengdu 823:slave, 769:Xianbei 753:Xiongnu 555:Unknown 552:Unknown 549:Unknown 546:Unknown 519:Xianbei 503:Xiongnu 483:† 477:Ji Sang 445:† 413:Liu Kun 358:Wang Mi 349:Liu Yao 300:Xianbei 264:Sichuan 230:304–316 4886:Liu Yu 4841:Shi Hu 4836:Shi Le 4738:States 4717:Tribes 4268:topics 4217: 4194: 4186: 4145: 4119: 4092: 4065: 4038: 4011: 3984: 3957: 3913: 3870: 3843: 3782: 3755: 3677: 3650: 3623: 3576: 3549: 3522: 3495: 3452: 3409: 3382: 3355: 3293: 3212: 3185: 3158: 3114: 3085: 2961: 2936: 2893: 2866: 2825: 2764: 2727: 2664: 2610: 2570: 2527: 2485: 2390:Murong 2352:Fujian 2332:Xie An 2286:Fujian 2197:Jianye 2166:Cao Ni 2122:Liaoxi 2112:, the 2104:, the 2078:Murong 1964:Liaoxi 1956:Wuhuan 1901:Cao Ni 1888:Shi Le 1824:Qu Yun 1739:Liu He 1732:Gou Xi 1680:Yangzi 1676:Yellow 1638:Shanxi 1576:Shi Le 1469:Du Tao 1403:Li Liu 1354:Ba-Shu 1193:Liaoxi 1181:Murong 1179:, the 1119:, the 1112:Fufeng 935:, was 833:Liaoxi 825:Shi Le 805:Shanxi 777:Wuhuan 718:: 710:: 526:Wuhuan 489:Shi Le 479: 441: 419: 405: 395: 393:Gou Xi 381: 371: 360: 353:Shi Le 302:allies 251:Result 4790:Qiang 4724:Yuwen 4620:Qiang 4192:S2CID 3600:(PDF) 3270:(PDF) 3263:(PDF) 2725:S2CID 2371:Tuoba 2221:Zu Ti 2217:Hunan 2213:Hubei 2164:from 2154:Hebei 2126:Tiefu 2118:Yuwen 2108:-led 2106:Tuoba 2100:-led 1951:Tuoba 1921:Hebei 1874:, in 1866:, in 1855:Qiang 1728:Henan 1696:wuzhu 1692:Qihuo 1564:Hebei 1543:Heqin 1530:Lishi 1477:Hunan 1453:Jiang 1437:Hunan 1433:Hubei 1411:Cheng 1373:Ba-Di 1369:Li Te 1362:Liáng 1217:Tuoba 1189:Yuwen 1136:Liang 1121:Chuge 1063:Gansu 1059:Qiang 957:Qiang 837:Tuoba 813:Hebei 794:Li Te 790:Ba-Di 761:Qiang 747:The " 531:Ba-Di 515:Qiang 305:Tuoba 240:North 4729:Duan 4215:ISBN 4184:ISSN 4143:ISBN 4117:ISBN 4090:ISBN 4063:ISBN 4036:ISBN 4009:ISBN 3982:ISBN 3955:ISBN 3911:ISBN 3868:ISBN 3841:ISBN 3780:ISBN 3753:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3648:ISBN 3621:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3547:ISBN 3520:ISBN 3493:ISBN 3450:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3380:ISBN 3353:ISBN 3291:ISBN 3210:ISBN 3183:ISBN 3156:ISBN 3112:ISBN 3083:ISBN 2959:ISBN 2934:ISBN 2891:ISBN 2864:ISBN 2823:ISBN 2762:ISBN 2713:2008 2662:ISBN 2608:ISBN 2568:ISBN 2525:ISBN 2483:ISBN 2452:and 2412:and 2334:and 2328:lit. 2288:and 2215:and 2203:and 2144:and 2116:and 2114:Duan 2064:and 2008:and 1949:and 1947:Duan 1822:and 1761:and 1682:and 1658:The 1620:and 1612:and 1610:Qing 1578:, a 1471:, a 1463:and 1461:Yang 1449:Jing 1435:and 1377:Cong 1360:and 1300:Tang 1238:and 1187:and 1185:Duan 1151:and 1138:and 1110:and 1102:and 1089:The 1079:Jing 1077:and 1065:and 963:and 835:and 829:Duan 815:and 767:and 725:lit. 720:五胡亂華 712:五胡乱华 694:The 597:五胡乱华 581:五胡亂華 242:and 227:Date 150:and 4780:Jie 4638:Han 4564:Jie 4176:doi 3239:doi 3075:doi 3015:NYU 2717:doi 2195:at 2110:Dai 1923:). 1903:in 1684:Han 1618:Yan 1580:Jie 1441:Man 1140:Qin 1075:Wei 1046:Jie 983:in 953:Jie 886:in 874:in 841:Dai 821:Jie 803:of 757:Jie 734:Han 507:Jie 309:Dai 307:in 262:in 4928:: 4800:Di 4536:Di 4190:. 4182:. 4172:25 4170:. 4166:. 3313:. 3235:10 3233:. 3081:. 3069:. 3050:. 3031:. 3013:. 2994:. 2973:^ 2737:^ 2723:. 2711:. 2707:. 2695:^ 2687:16 2685:. 2400:. 2326:, 2132:. 2098:Di 2040:. 2036:, 1938:, 1930:, 1919:, 1878:. 1859:Di 1857:, 1842:, 1834:, 1814:. 1757:, 1726:, 1678:, 1644:. 1622:Yu 1614:Xu 1595:Ye 1521:Ye 1465:Yu 1459:, 1457:Xu 1455:, 1451:, 1358:Yi 1342:Di 1248:Ye 1230:, 1183:, 1084:Di 1032:: 967:. 961:Di 959:, 955:, 951:, 898:. 765:Di 763:, 759:, 755:, 722:; 714:; 702:, 517:, 513:, 511:Di 509:, 505:, 59:. 4424:e 4417:t 4410:v 4258:e 4251:t 4244:v 4221:, 4198:. 4178:: 4151:. 4125:. 4098:. 4071:. 4044:. 4017:. 3990:. 3963:. 3919:. 3876:. 3849:. 3788:. 3761:. 3683:. 3656:. 3629:. 3582:. 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Knowledge

Upheaval of the Five Barbarians

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