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173:, which do not rely on an electric field. It drives a charged substance, usually a medication or bioactive agent, transdermally by repulsive electromotive force, through the skin. A small electric current is applied to an iontophoretic chamber placed on the skin, containing a charged active agent and its solvent vehicle. Another chamber or a skin electrode carries the return current. One or two chambers are filled with a solution containing an active ingredient and its solvent vehicle. The positively charged chamber, called the
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160:. By microelectrophoretic techniques, including microiontophoresis, neurotransmitters and other chemical agents can be artificially administered very near living and naturally functioning neurons, the activity of which can be simultaneously recorded. This is used to elucidate their pharmacological properties and natural roles.
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such as sodium and potassium ions, allowing iontophoresis which causes electroosmosis, solvent flow towards the anode. Electroosmosis then causes electrophoresis, by which neutral molecules, including glucose, are transported across the skin. This is currently being used in such devices as the
679:
Solish, Nowell; Bertucci, Vince; Dansereau, Alain; Hong, H. Chih-HO; Lynde, Charles; Lupin, Mark; Smith, Kevin C.; Storwick, Greg (2007). "A Comprehensive
Approach to the Recognition, Diagnosis, and Severity-Based Treatment of Focal Hyperhidrosis: Recommendations of the Canadian Hyperhidrosis
168:
Therapeutically, electromotive drug administration (EMDA) delivers a medicine or other chemical through the skin. In a manner of speaking, it is an injection without a needle, and may be described as non-invasive. It is different from
130:
and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin. These phenomena, directly and indirectly, constitute active transport of matter due to an applied electric current. The transport is measured in units of chemical
84:
The language in this article is difficult for the layperson. Reliability of sources needs checking by experts in these fields. The article could be more informative about the use of this treatment for hyperhidrosis.
337:
Reinauer, S.; Neusser, A.; Schauf, G.; Holzle, E. (1993). "Iontophoresis with alternating current and direct current offset (AC/DC iontophoresis): a new approach for the treatment of hyperhidrosis".
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Guy, Richard H.; Kalia, Yogeshvar N.; Delgado-Charro, M.Begoña; Merino, Virginia; López, Alicia; Marro, Diego (2000). "Iontophoresis: electrorepulsion and electroosmosis".
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is a technique by which molecules are removed from within the body for detection. The negative charge of the skin at buffered pH causes it to be permselective to
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and subsequent microvascular vasodilation. Acetylcholine is positively charged and is therefore placed in the anode chamber.
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is often the chosen solution for mild and medium forms. In very serious cases of hyperhidrosis, a solution containing
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135:, commonly μmol/(cm×hour). Iontophoresis has experimental, therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Pikal, Michael J. (2001). "The role of electroosmotic flow in transdermal iontophoresis".
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Episode of TV series Quincy ME, featuring the use of iontophoresis to commit a murder
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Walling, Hobart W.; Swick, Brian L. (2011). "Treatment
Options for Hyperhidrosis".
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Dhote, V; Bhatnagar, P; Mishra, P. K.; Mahajan, S. C.; Mishra, D. K. (2012).
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540:"Iontophoresis: A Potential Emergence of a Transdermal Drug Delivery System"
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Iontophoresis
Protocols for use in Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine
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iontophoresis is often used to stimulate sweat secretion, as part of
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Iontophoresis is useful in laboratory experiments, especially in
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181:, will repel a negatively charged species into the skin.
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is used in research as a way to test the health of the
499:. University of Texas Medical Center. Archived from
216:by stimulating endothelium-dependent generation of
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184:It is used to treat some types of palmar-plantar
2001:
16:Drug delivery through the skin using electricity
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520:Curtis, D.R, (1964). Microelectrophoresis, in
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522:Physical Techniques in Biological Research
80:needs attention from an expert in medicine
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920:Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
637:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
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194:glycopyrronium bromide or glycopyrrolate
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118:. Molecules are transported across the
2002:
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90:may be able to help recruit an expert.
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725:Sam, Amir H.; James T.H. Teo (2010).
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188:. In the treatment of hyperhidrosis,
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951:Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids
880:Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
621:Iontophoresis to Treat Hyperhydrosis
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114:by use of a voltage gradient on the
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946:DNA separation by silica adsorption
925:Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
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265:Electrochemical skin conductance
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956:Gel electrophoresis of proteins
905:Moving-boundary electrophoresis
845:Capillary electrochromatography
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156:naturally pass signals between
860:Difference gel electrophoresis
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454:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
339:British Journal of Dermatology
1:
1195:Effervescent powder or tablet
961:Serum protein electrophoresis
865:Discontinuous electrophoresis
466:10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00138-1
308:10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00132-7
296:Journal of Controlled Release
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1979:Patient-controlled analgesia
1284:Orally disintegrating tablet
596:. Tim Watson. Archived from
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840:Agarose gel electrophoresis
397:"Transdermal drug delivery"
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82:. The specific problem is:
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819:History of electrophoresis
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200:inhibitor, can be used.
1605:Extra-amniotic infusion
1210:Molecular encapsulation
1142:Osmotic delivery system
1137:Time release technology
623:. Tim Caufield PhD LLC.
619:Caufield, T.G. (2013).
255:Fick's law of diffusion
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1908:Central nervous system
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497:"Iontophoresis of ACh"
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890:Immunoelectrophoresis
875:Electrochromatography
680:Advisory Committee".
234:Reverse iontophoresis
154:Transmitter molecules
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1422:Anesthetic vaporizer
1036:Analytical Chemistry
982:Isoelectric focusing
683:Dermatologic Surgery
600:on December 10, 2016
401:Nature Biotechnology
88:WikiProject Medicine
1862:Transdermal implant
1822:(into tissue/blood)
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1480:Anaesthetic machine
1475:Oxygen concentrator
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407:(11): 1261–1268.
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208:Iontophoresis of
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78:This Physics
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22:Iontophoresis
20:
1964:Intraosseous
1954:Intracardiac
1893:Intravitreal
1855:Injector pen
1850:Subcutaneous
1821:
1791:Jet injector
1776:Dermal patch
1735:
1589:Vaginal ring
1557:Insufflation
1309:Effervescent
1083:dosage forms
1034:
1027:
1015:
934:Applications
894:
726:
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629:
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602:. Retrieved
598:the original
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501:the original
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222:
218:nitric oxide
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183:
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107:
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93:
83:
79:
1949:Intravenous
1936:Circulatory
1921:Intrathecal
1845:Intradermal
1837:transdermal
1804:Parenterals
1710:Topical gel
1666:Murphy drip
1644:Suppository
1532:Nasal spray
1466:Oxygen mask
1315:Chewing gum
1254:Oral mucosa
604:November 4,
552:(1): 1–28.
230:diagnosis.
224:Pilocarpine
214:endothelium
198:cholinergic
40:MedlinePlus
2004:Categories
1809:Injections
1572:Urogenital
1508:Ophthalmic
1364:inhalation
1338:Toothpaste
1266:sublingual
1230:Suspension
1200:Herbal tea
828:Techniques
507:2013-07-30
281:References
243:GlucoWatch
1814:infusions
1746:Liposomes
1542:Eye drops
1537:Ear drops
1448:Vaporizer
1443:Nebulizer
1333:Mouthwash
1262:sublabial
1185:Electuary
1175:Decoction
474:0169-409X
421:1087-0156
359:0007-0963
316:0168-3659
190:tap water
1985:PIC line
1926:Epidural
1766:Lip balm
1741:Hydrogel
1732:solution
1715:Liniment
1700:Ointment
1659:Hydrogel
1654:Solution
1639:Ointment
1579:Ointment
1552:Hydrogel
1547:Ointment
1343:Ointment
1304:Lozenges
1294:Lollipop
1240:Tincture
1225:Solution
1205:Hydrogel
1190:Emulsion
1132:Pastille
1017:Category
991:Journals
763:Archived
704:17661933
666:17897689
658:21714579
576:22396901
482:11259844
439:18997767
395:(2008).
324:10640651
249:See also
28:ICD-9-CM
1685:topical
1623:enteral
1584:Pessary
1414:Liquids
1387:Smoking
1325:Liquids
1220:Softgel
1167:Liquids
1127:Capsule
1104:enteral
1029:Commons
712:3791845
567:3293348
524:, vol.
430:2700785
375:9992535
367:7654577
238:cations
179:cathode
158:neurons
1880:Organs
1761:Lotion
1681:Dermal
1619:Rectal
1594:Douche
1374:Solids
1311:tablet
1276:Solids
1258:buccal
1215:Powder
1180:Elixir
1122:Tablet
1114:Solids
970:Theory
739:
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472:
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365:
357:
322:
314:
46:007293
1756:Cream
1720:Paste
1649:Enema
1601:(IUD)
1517:nasal
1439:(MDI)
1347:Spray
1235:Syrup
708:S2CID
662:S2CID
371:S2CID
175:anode
54:[
33:99.27
1981:pump
1833:Skin
1730:DMSO
1725:Film
1513:otic
1468:and
1289:Film
1091:Oral
737:ISBN
700:PMID
654:PMID
606:2016
572:PMID
478:PMID
470:ISSN
435:PMID
417:ISSN
363:PMID
355:ISSN
320:PMID
312:ISSN
196:, a
139:Uses
133:flux
126:and
116:skin
1458:Gas
692:doi
646:doi
562:PMC
554:doi
462:doi
425:PMC
409:doi
347:doi
343:129
304:doi
122:by
2006::
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94:(
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