304:. The high hopes for government-controlled irrigation in Victoria owed much to Deakin's earlier efforts, who now as Prime Minister, expected Mead to advise at both national and state levels. Mead was not content with proposing only higher water rates in attempting to recover maintenance, management, and construction costs. He also insisted on the logical extension, which demanded higher-yielding uses of water and land. The Water Act of 1909 was passed despite the fierce opposition of large landowners, and Mead's influence on rural development was greatly increased by his assumption of overriding control in the planning of closer settlement in Victoria's irrigation districts. Mead claimed much credit for the hierarchical arrangement of allotment sizes which characterized these designs, but his impact was rather in the very scale and complexity of the commission's operations, in Mead's salesmanship, and in the bureaucratic web in which the new settlers became enmeshed. Mead worked in Australia full-time for four years, but his involvement would continue until his resignation became effective in May 1915; this professional experience consolidated Mead's international reputation. In 1923, Mead's four-month Australia advisory tour was punctuated by disputes with
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Murray–Darling Basin
Agreement was signed in 1987. In its initial form, it was as an amendment to the River Murray Waters Agreement. Five years later, in 1992, a totally new Murray–Darling Basin Agreement was signed, replacing the River Murray Waters Agreement. The Agreement was given full legal status by the Murray–Darling Basin Act 1993 which was passed by all the contracting governments. Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory later joined the agreement.
115:
800:. Estimates for 2006/07 were for 142,032 hectares (350,970 acres) producing cotton, a 66% reduction, producing a forecast crop of 1,171,765 bales, a 61% reduction. The total gross value of irrigated agricultural production in the cotton industry in 2004-05 was A$ 908 million compared to A$ 1,222 million in 2000-01. While demand skyrocketed, actual water use by the cotton industry fell by 37% between 2000/01 and 2004/05, due mainly to
1319:
202:
974:
1333:
514: US gal) in 2008-2009. The total gross value of irrigated agricultural production in 2012-13 was A$ 13,431 million up from A$ 9,076 million in 2004-05 and A$ 9,618 million in 2000-01. The gross value of irrigated agricultural production represents around a quarter (23%) of the gross value of agricultural commodities produced in Australia in 2004-05, on less than 1% of agricultural land.
1218:. Surface irrigation remains the most common irrigation technique accounting for 58.6% of the total area irrigated in 2013/14 compared to 10.8% for drip, 13.2% for centre pivot and lateral move machines and 4.4% for microspray systems. These values may change from season to season due to water availability and commodity prices.
90:, sugar, various fruits, and other tree crops, and pasture, hay, and grain for beef and dairy production. Surface irrigation is Australia's most common irrigation method, with drip and center pivots also utilised. All rights to use and control water are vested in the state, which issues conditional entitlements for water use.
1237:
day at a rate of about 140% the evaporation replacement rate and for this impact sprinklers set every 12 square metres or butterfly sprinklers set every 6 square metres are required. Drip sprinklers can be used on many spaced planting locations but typically will be found as gravity fed systems on vineyards.
1232:
and lateral move machines are also used within row cropping and pasture/fodder crops and offer higher levels of control than furrow irrigation. Smaller scale sprinkler systems such as solid set systems with impact sprinklers are commonly used to grow vegetables and turf. Drip systems are found within
282:
at North Yanco station in 1900. This private scheme involved the construction of around 320 kilometres of channels in irrigating about 162 square kilometres (63 sq mi) of land. McCaughey's success appeared to have encouraged the New South Wales government to commence large-scale irrigation.
1236:
Centre pivot irrigation is often used for crops where the water can be distributed over a considerable period of time. In other crops where moisture stress is a complex concern, for example during the growing of cauliflower, water is required to be distributed quickly two or three specific times per
1173:
Entitlements vary state by state and according to the use, source, legal form, level of devolution, security and transferability among others. There has been a move across all states in recent years to move from older forms of water entitlement to more secure and transferable entitlements. Key parts
895:
Today, more than one million tonnes of
Australian rice is produced each year and exported to over 70 countries, generating A$ 500 million in export income and supporting 63 towns in the Riverina and northern Victoria. Major rice mills are located in Leeton, Coleambally and the largest rice mill
1177:
Where an entitlement is able to be traded, the transaction may take several forms including temporary transfer of a seasonal water assignment, a permanent transfer of all or part of a water entitlement or a lease over a set period of years. All transfers require approval from the various regulatory
1178:
bodies to ensure it complies with trading rules designed to meet environmental and in some cases socio-economic objectives. Such rules may include approving trades only within a set zone or the exchange rate of trades between zones to reflect water losses in delivery or differences in reliability.
899:
The total gross value of irrigated agricultural production in the rice industry in 2004-05 was A$ 102 million compared to A$ 350 million in 2000-01. Water use by the rice industry fell between 2000/01 and 2004/05, due mainly to smaller planted areas during the drought; the rice industry
337:
Regulation of the Murray River system was one of the first issues addressed after
Federation. A period of drought beginning in 1895 culminated in the 'Federation drought' of 1901–2. One result was a non-government conference held in Corowa in 1902, which called for government action to manage the
1026:
Wine, dried and table grapes are grown commercially in all states and territories. Grape production is now the largest fruit industry in
Australia. Of that production wine grape production at over 1 million tonnes (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) per annum is almost nine times the
308:
and leading irrigation authorities in New South Wales over the selection and use of land in the
Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. Mead rejected plans for further fruit planting, advocating larger dairy farms and improved co-ordination of grazing and irrigation enterprises, which would favour stock
97:
Waters
Agreement was signed, setting out basic conditions for the river's water use which remain in force today. Towards the end of the 20th century, environmental problems in the basin became serious as diversions for irrigation approached or exceeded the capacity of natural flows. Following
345:, under which landowners are free to take water from streams flowing through their property. As the 'Premier State', New South Wales, claimed riparian rights not only over its own rivers, but over the entire main stream of the Murray. South Australia relied on provisions of the newly enacted
382:
As diversions for irrigation approached or exceeded the capacity of the Murray–Darling river system, and environmental problems became more serious, the need for a coordinated approach to management of the Basin as a whole became more evident. Following negotiations beginning in 1985 the
1288:
of farmland in the area from high water tables and salinity. The subsequent salt has various uses including as an animal feed supplement. The program has returned to production over 2,000 hectares of previously barren farmland and encouraged the regeneration of native
409:
The lack of satisfactory progress under the Murray–Darling Basin
Agreement and the emergence of a variety of water policy problems elsewhere in Australia led to the adoption of the National Water Initiative in 2004. Key elements of the Initiative included promotion of
386:
The stated purpose of the Murray–Darling Basin
Agreement was 'to promote and coordinate effective planning and management for the equitable, efficient and sustainable use of the water, land and other environmental resources of the Murray–Darling Basin'
1944:
177:
receives only 6% of
Australia's annual rainfall, over 70% of Australia's irrigation resources are concentrated there, which makes up around 90% of the resources in the basin. It contains 42% of the nation's farmland and produces 40% of its food.
352:
Negotiations were finally concluded in 1915. The River Murray Waters
Agreement, to which the Commonwealth and the states of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia were parties, set out the basic conditions which remain in force today:
1033:
Towards sustaining that production much of Australia’s viticulture is located in irrigable areas where water supply is reliable and well managed, with many new vineyards relying upon the availability of water pumped from rivers and streams.
474: US gal) or 59% of Australia's total distributed water supply. Since 2005 climatic conditions and reduced allocations have caused the total water consumed to decline by 30% from the 2004-2005 figure down to 8,521 gigalitres (1,874
454: US gal) in 2012-13, accounting for 65% of total water consumption in Australia during that period. Irrigation/rural water providers were the main suppliers of distributed water in 2004-05 accounting for 6,637 gigalitres (1,460
285:
301:
320:
Irrigation Scheme, was officially started in 1916. It was further developed during the latter part of the 1930s depression to take unemployed workers to dig and build the extensive irrigation channels in the district.
1169:
In Australia, all rights to use and control water are vested in the states. Users are then issued various conditional entitlements to use water and some of these entitlements can, in limited circumstances, be traded.
349:
under which the Commonwealth government had authority over navigation along the Murray River and an implied obligation to preserve flows in the South Australian section of the river.
236:, who had worked on irrigation schemes in California. In 1886, the Chaffey brothers came to Australia and selected a derelict sheep station covering 250,000 acres (1,000 km) at
371:
The agreement also provided for construction of dams, weirs and locks on the main stream of the Murray to be managed by the River Murray Commission, which was established in 1917.
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of this move has been the separation of water entitlements from ties to particular parcels of land and the specification of entitlements with specific volumes and reliability.
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338:
waters of the Murray River. A prolonged period of negotiation followed, during which the states claimed property rights over the waters of the Murray and its tributaries.
2251:
374:
Although it was an important example of cooperative federalism, the River Murray Waters Agreement was limited to the management of water for irrigation and navigation.
1764:
1264:, reducing the productivity of the land. Irrigation salinity is caused by water soaking through the soil level adding to the ground water below. This causes the
329:
The management of irrigation, particularly with relation to the problems of the Murray-Darling Basin has long been a politically contentious issue in Australia.
1985:
1959:
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A comparison with other grape producing countries throughout the world shows that Australia was the fourteenth largest producer of grapes in 1997.
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1914:
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on the Murrumbidgee River near Tumut was commenced in 1907, work commenced on the channels and the first farms were established soon after.
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The first large-scale irrigation schemes in Australia were introduced during the 1880s, partially in response to drought. In 1915, the
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17:
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1446:"Current status of recycled water for agricultural irrigation in Australia, potential opportunities and areas of emerging concern"
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2014:
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To achieve this, the Agreement established new institutions at the political, bureaucratic and community levels. These were:
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300,000 on permanent improvements at Mildura in the next twenty years. Also in 1886/87, the Chaffey brothers were invited by
147:
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as the site for their first irrigation settlement. They signed an agreement with the Victorian government to spend at least
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1814:
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198:, constructed from 1887 to 1891, was the first major diversion structure built for irrigation development in Australia.
266:
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1989:
1963:
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1918:
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1845:
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Victoria and New South Wales supply South Australia with a guaranteed minimum quantity of water or "entitlement".
47:
is a widespread practice required in many areas of Australia, the driest inhabited continent, to supplement low
2655:
2284:
995:
2427:
1065:
885:
873:
872:
Irrigated areas in the Riverina produces the vast majority of rice grown in Australia, particularly in the
2269:
1280:, irrigation salinity is mitigated through a salt interception scheme that pumps saline ground water into
2372:
1351:
1194:
Irrigation methods in Australia have improved over many years allowing for more efficient production per
1112:
1079:
889:
249:
2422:
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2140:
1711:
533:, various fruits and other tree crops and pasture, hay and grain for use in beef and dairy production.
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and a commitment to restore at least 500 gigalitres of environmental flows to the Murray Darling Basin
206:
1577:
1361:
770:
752:
728:
346:
317:
278:
Irrigation in the Murrumbidgee valley began with the irrigation experiments of agricultural pioneer,
79:
1738:
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1634:
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to rise, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. As the irrigated area dries, the salt remains. At
736:
431:
253:
99:
60:
33:
2092:
1654:. Parkville, Victoria: Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. p. 157.
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881:
782:
740:
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on water supply to visit the irrigation areas of California. There, he met the Canadian brothers
29:
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1120:
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877:
271:
221:
2115:
2586:
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2175:
1889:
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1261:
1128:
786:
342:
263:, used for measuring the flow of water delivered to individual farms was developed in 1910.
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1207:
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213:
174:
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139:
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The first schemes for irrigation commenced in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
8:
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1521:, Victoria: Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. p. 155.
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760:
1703:
1602:
1422:
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most of the high value perennial horticultural crops such as grapes and fruit trees.
1221:
305:
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123:
75:
2018:
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1445:
205:
Memorial marking the site of the first commercial rice crop in the Murray valley at
2070:
1752:
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1203:
422:
279:
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225:
155:
86:
than dryland farming. Common crops produced using irrigation include rice, cotton,
2336:
2307:
2203:
1649:
1512:
1277:
1241:
1211:
796:
In 2001/02 crop size was 420,170 hectares (1,038,300 acres) producing 3,041,000
790:
260:
233:
159:
71:
1186:
1097:
1089:
290:
229:
151:
25:
1572:
Munns, Cec F.; McLay, A.; Sparkes, J.; Logue, W.; Paul, S.; Short, B. (1987).
2644:
2442:
2351:
1134:
778:
756:
411:
364:
Victoria and New South Wales retain control of their tributaries below Albury
217:
195:
119:
64:
1475:
1338:
1256:
A simplified depiction of the process of increased salinity from irrigation
1252:
1224:
is the typical choice for row crops such as cotton, sugar-cane and grains.
1152:
1085:
732:
163:
94:
59:. Overuse or poor management of irrigation is held responsible by some for
1571:
316:
In Western Australia, the state's first controlled irrigation scheme, the
1281:
1265:
744:
297:
245:
114:
2306:
2114:
Oag, David (July 2001). Papademetriou, Minas K.; Dent, Frank J. (eds.).
1244:
to facilitate drainage and improve water use efficiency and uniformity.
1027:
production of dried grapes and 14 times the production of table grapes.
2311:
2044:
1945:
ABS Media Release November 2006 "Drought drives down water consumption"
998: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
494: US gal) in 2006-2007 and further to 7,286 gigalitres (1,603
1195:
1144:
1093:
797:
143:
1057: US gal) in 2006/07, equating to approximately 4.3 ML/ha.
973:
201:
1290:
1273:
1138:
150:, and many rivers along the east coast of Australia, including the
138:. Major river systems used for irrigation in Australia include the
83:
48:
37:
1332:
1285:
426:
Close up of an Impact (Knocker) Sprinkler in use on a fodder crop
310:
135:
56:
1037:
The Australian grape industry used a total of 439 gigalitres (97
341:
The upstream states, Victoria and New South Wales, favoured the
2134:"Water Trading in Australia Current & Prospective Products"
526:
522:
358:
87:
130:
In general, water for irrigation comes from two main sources:
1609:. Australian National University / Melbourne University Press
530:
131:
52:
1755:, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, (MUP), 1986
1260:
Overuse and poor irrigation practices have led to increased
518:
74:(farming relying on rainfall) in Australia in its level of
2043:. Ricegrowers Association of Australia Inc. Archived from
1648:
Green, K. D. (1988). "Chapter 3: Irrigation Development".
1511:
Green, K. D. (1988). "Chapter 3: Irrigation Development".
286:
Barren Jack and Murrumbidgee Canals Construction Act 1906
1580:, Victoria: Brooks Waterlook Publicaters. p. 266.
1198:
of water used. Current methods include systems such as
361:
is shared equally between New South Wales and Victoria
844: US gal) in 2004/05 and 793 gigalitres (174
394:
the Murray–Darling Basin Ministerial Council (MDBMC);
377:
158:, where irrigation is used during the dry season for
102:
Agreement was signed in 1987. The more comprehensive
1988:. Cotton Australia. 13 February 2007. Archived from
1962:. Cotton Australia. 13 February 2007. Archived from
1909:
1907:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1409:
1407:
1300:
940: US gal) in 2004/05 and 101 gigalitres (22
824: US gal) in 2000/01, 1,822 gigalitres (401
332:
302:
State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria
1419:
National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality
296:In 1907, the Victorian government invited American
51:with water from other sources to assist in growing
1954:
1952:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1228:is the dominant technique for irrigating pasture.
920: US gal) in 2000/01, 631 gigalitres (139
103:
2166:"4618.0 - Water Use on Australian Farms, 2013-14"
1904:
1880:"4618.0 - Water Use on Australian Farms, 2008-09"
1841:"4618.0 - Water Use on Australian Farms, 2006-07"
1798:
1421:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2001. Archived from
1404:
2642:
2126:
2002:From ABS Water Account Australia 2004/05 figures
1240:Most if not all farms employ earthworks such as
804:. The cotton industry used 2,896 gigalitres (637
404:
67:and loss of habitat for native flora and fauna.
2158:
1949:
1865:
1833:
517:Common crops produced using irrigation include
397:the Murray–Darling Basin Commission (MDBC); and
2270:"Irrigation in Australia - Facts About Garden"
2216:"Wakool Tullakool Sub Surface Drainage Scheme"
1695:
190:Irrigation in New South Wales during the 1920s
2292:
2252:"Irrigation in Australia - Facts and Figures"
2221:. Murray Irrigation Ltd. 2006. Archived from
1940:
1938:
1936:
1651:Measuring farm supplies - the Dethridge wheel
723:Major cotton growing areas in Australia are:
1915:"4610.0 - Water Account, Australia, 2012-13"
1815:"4610.0 - Water Account, Australia, 2004-05"
1443:
1060:Major grape growing areas of Australia are:
82:. It is a far more economically productive
2120:Grape Production in the Asia-Pacific Region
1567:
1565:
2299:
2285:
2208:
1933:
1594:
896:in the southern hemisphere in Deniliquin.
309:fattening and the intensive production of
1641:
1504:
1465:
1374:
1014:Learn how and when to remove this message
2630:List of countries by irrigated land area
1600:
1562:
1357:Water supply and sanitation in Australia
1347:List of dams and reservoirs in Australia
1284:basins, protecting approximately 50,000
1251:
1185:
421:
265:
200:
185:
113:
24:
18:Water supply and sanitation in Australia
1774:
1772:
1607:Chaffey, William Benjamin (1856 - 1926)
1444:C. Radcliffe, John (10 February 2022).
400:the Community Advisory Committee (CAC).
300:to become chairman of the newly formed
216:in Victoria from 1877 to 1884 prompted
2643:
1701:
1603:"William Benjamin Chaffey (1856–1926)"
682:Livestock, pasture, grains & other
2280:
1647:
1510:
1190:The Riverina Irrigation Channel, 2010
148:Kimberley region of Western Australia
2095:. Australian Table Grape Association
2085:
2015:"The Australian Rice Growing Region"
1769:
1100:and the South East area of the State
996:adding citations to reliable sources
967:
283:This process began in 1906 with the
98:negotiations beginning in 1985, the
2139:. ACIL Tasman. 2003. Archived from
2113:
1708:McCaughey, Sir Samuel (1835 - 1919)
1482:
13:
1765:totaltravel.com aerticle on Harvey
1704:"Sir Samuel McCaughey (1835–1919)"
1437:
378:The Murray–Darling Basin Agreement
14:
2667:
2244:
2069:. Ricegrowers Ltd. Archived from
1386:Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)
1074:Margaret River, Western Australia
668:Nurseries, cut flowers & turf
333:The River Murray Waters Agreement
1450:Science of the Total Environment
1331:
1317:
1303:
1164:
972:
109:
2190:
2171:Australian Bureau of Statistics
2116:"Grape Production in Australia"
2107:
2059:
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2007:
1978:
1919:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1885:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1846:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1819:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1758:
1745:
1467:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151676
983:needs additional citations for
960: US gal) in 2008/09.
864: US gal) in 2008/09.
1576:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.).
1415:"Australia's Salinity Problem"
1247:
252:, to commence a settlement at
1:
1986:"Water and Cotton Fact Sheet"
1960:"Water and Cotton Fact Sheet"
1367:
417:
405:The National Water Initiative
1514:Channels, weirs and barrages
874:Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area
434:was 12,780 gigalitres (2,810
7:
1786:. State Library of Victoria
1352:Water security in Australia
1296:
1204:impact (knocker) sprinklers
10:
2672:
2308:Water resources management
2093:"The table grape industry"
1712:Melbourne University Press
1181:
900:used 2,223 gigalitres (489
250:Premier of South Australia
207:Tullakool, New South Wales
181:
15:
2625:
2574:
2553:
2487:
2456:
2365:
2319:
2202:27 September 2007 at the
2017:. SunRice. Archived from
1362:Irrigation in viticulture
963:
718:
504: imp gal; 1,925
484: imp gal; 2,251
464: imp gal; 1,753
444: imp gal; 3,380
430:Water consumption by the
324:
220:, then a minister in the
104:National Water Initiative
40:region of New South Wales
1753:Mead, Elwood (1858–1936)
1601:Westcott, Peter (1979).
1262:salt content in the soil
541:agricultural production
539:Gross value of irrigated
254:Renmark, South Australia
134:systems and underground
70:Irrigation differs from
16:Not to be confused with
2651:Irrigation in Australia
2197:WA Agriculture Bulletin
1226:Border-Check irrigation
1200:centre pivot irrigation
1047: imp gal; 116
930: imp gal; 167
910: imp gal; 587
867:
854: imp gal; 209
834: imp gal; 481
814: imp gal; 765
30:Centre pivot irrigation
1702:Hohnen, Peter (1974).
1452:. 807, Part 2 (Pt 2).
1257:
1191:
950: imp gal; 27
878:Murray Irrigation Area
743:, the Lower and Upper
427:
275:
209:
191:
127:
61:environmental problems
41:
2656:Irrigation by country
2176:Australian Government
1890:Australian Government
1851:Australian Government
1382:"Living with drought"
1255:
1189:
1078:Northern Territory –
425:
269:
204:
189:
117:
106:was adopted in 2004.
28:
2067:"SunRice Deniliquin"
1064:Western Australia –
992:improve this article
876:(MIA), but also the
432:agriculture industry
289:(Cth) proclamation.
175:Murray-Darling Basin
168:Great Artesian Basin
166:in Australia is the
162:. A major source of
100:Murray–Darling Basin
2597:Brazil - irrigation
2146:on 13 November 2006
2047:on 30 December 2006
2021:on 31 December 2006
1992:on 28 February 2007
1966:on 28 February 2007
1490:"Burdekin Haughton"
1458:2022ScTEn.807o1676R
1425:on 10 February 2007
1392:on 18 February 2007
274:in Queensland, 1924
270:Artesian bore near
154:Irrigation Area in
122:irrigation pump in
2510:Dominican Republic
1311:Agriculture portal
1258:
1216:surface irrigation
1192:
1133:New South Wales –
1084:South Australia –
761:Murrumbidgee River
727:New South Wales -
428:
276:
224:and chairman of a
210:
192:
128:
42:
2638:
2637:
2228:on 29 August 2007
2073:on 8 October 2006
1222:Furrow irrigation
1024:
1023:
1016:
767:Central Highlands
716:
715:
343:riparian doctrine
306:Joseph Carruthers
124:Mildura, Victoria
2663:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2257:. Archived from
2256:
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2237:
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2227:
2220:
2212:
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1892:. 19 May 2010
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776:
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771:Dawson Valley
768:
765:Queensland -
764:
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757:Lachlan River
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570:Dairy farming
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173:Although the
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110:Water sources
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65:soil salinity
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39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2560:
2443:Turkmenistan
2423:Saudi Arabia
2347:South Africa
2327:Burkina Faso
2259:the original
2230:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2210:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2128:
2119:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2041:"Rice Facts"
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2009:
2001:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1923:. Retrieved
1894:. Retrieved
1883:
1855:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1760:
1747:
1715:. Retrieved
1707:
1697:
1665:. Retrieved
1650:
1643:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1573:
1532:. Retrieved
1513:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1484:
1449:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1418:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1376:
1339:Water portal
1259:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1206:, butterfly
1193:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1153:Yarra Valley
1086:Clare Valley
1059:
1054:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1010:
1004:October 2014
1001:
990:Please help
985:verification
982:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
898:
894:
871:
861:
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
795:
733:Gwydir River
722:
710:
705:
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501:
491:
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461:
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389:
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370:
351:
347:Constitution
340:
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277:
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211:
193:
172:
142:system, the
129:
95:River Murray
92:
69:
44:
43:
22:
2566:New Zealand
2515:El Salvador
2418:Philippines
2373:Afghanistan
2232:23 February
2099:17 November
1790:18 November
1735:|work=
1685:|work=
1667:21 February
1631:|work=
1613:22 February
1552:|work=
1534:21 February
1496:18 November
1429:23 February
1396:20 February
1282:evaporation
1266:water table
1248:Environment
1157:Tasmania –
1143:Victoria –
1109:Rockhampton
1070:Swan Valley
886:Coleambally
783:Dirranbandi
745:Namoi River
298:Elwood Mead
246:John Downer
164:groundwater
2645:Categories
2505:Costa Rica
2378:Bangladesh
2314:by country
2312:irrigation
2150:5 February
2077:28 January
2051:28 January
2025:28 January
1492:. SunWater
1368:References
1276:region of
1208:sprinklers
1159:Launceston
1121:Stanthorpe
1117:Mundubbera
890:Deniliquin
584:Vegetables
418:Production
272:Barcaldine
80:production
45:Irrigation
2582:Argentina
2561:Australia
2540:Nicaragua
2520:Guatemala
2428:Sri Lanka
2393:Indonesia
1737:ignored (
1727:cite book
1687:ignored (
1677:cite book
1633:ignored (
1623:cite book
1554:ignored (
1544:cite book
1519:Parkville
1291:eucalypts
1196:megalitre
1149:Swan Hill
1145:Sunraysia
1129:St George
1094:Riverland
1066:Carnarvon
787:St George
144:Ord River
76:intensity
2607:Colombia
2525:Honduras
2413:Pakistan
2357:Tanzania
2200:Archived
2182:8 August
1925:8 August
1857:31 March
1717:12 March
1476:34798087
1297:See also
1286:hectares
1274:Riverina
1139:Riverina
753:Menindee
729:Mungindi
357:flow at
212:A major
136:aquifers
84:land use
63:such as
49:rainfall
38:Riverina
2617:Uruguay
2587:Bolivia
2554:Oceania
2530:Jamaica
2464:Belgium
2448:Vietnam
2342:Morocco
1996:5 March
1970:5 March
1825:5 March
1454:Bibcode
1272:in the
1182:Methods
1125:Emerald
1105:Mareeba
1080:Ti-Tree
892:areas.
880:around
802:drought
775:Biloela
737:Walgett
560:2012-13
552:2004-05
544:2000-01
311:lucerne
238:Mildura
214:drought
182:History
146:in the
57:pasture
36:in the
34:Euberta
2535:Mexico
2500:Canada
2495:Belize
2474:Russia
2457:Europe
2438:Turkey
2408:Israel
2320:Africa
2122:. FAO.
1921:. 2006
1896:13 May
1821:. 2006
1658:
1584:
1525:
1474:
1270:Wakool
1127:, and
1096:, the
1092:, the
1072:, and
964:Grapes
882:Finley
741:Bourke
719:Cotton
711:13,431
649:1,789
640:Cotton
635:1,074
626:Grapes
621:2,801
593:2,746
579:1,908
527:canola
523:cotton
359:Albury
325:Policy
318:Harvey
248:, the
230:George
120:diesel
88:canola
2602:Chile
2469:Italy
2433:Syria
2388:India
2383:China
2352:Sudan
2332:Egypt
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706:9,076
701:9,618
696:Total
643:1,222
632:1,314
629:1,355
618:1,777
615:1,590
612:Fruit
598:Sugar
590:1,761
587:1,817
576:1,632
573:1,499
531:sugar
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663:302
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