388:(Ottoman imperial government) to send Ismail imperial troops to rein in the nomadic Turkmen and Mawali tribes. The Sublime Porte also granted Ismail and his family certain privileges that guaranteed them significant income. Ismail's restoration of order amid instability marked by frequent Bedouin raids, infighting among various military forces and the brutality of local administrators, gained him a "reputation as a resolute but just and even generous ruler", according to historian Dick Douwes. The 18th-century Homs-based chronicler Muhammad al-Makki praised Ismail's rule and prayed that "God give him strength and make him stand firm and prolong his rule and deliver him and his troops from his enemies".
404:. Ismail Pasha also ensured that the towns of Tripoli Eyalet had sufficient food supplies and he protected the province's farmlands from harvest thieves. This contrasted with the other governors of Tripoli, who typically neglected their duties in the Homs and Hama districts due to the challenge posed in those regions by frequent Bedouin depredations. During Ismail Pasha's time in office, the central authorities granted him a
516:. The frequent and consecutive appointments of al-Azm members to Damascus contrasted with the traditionally short, typically one-year-long, terms that most governors of Damascus served. The fact that the al-Azms were from Syria also differed from the mostly non-Syrian officials who traditionally filled the post of
568:
The most prominent family to secure significant independent political power in
Damascus was the 'Azm family. Ibrahim al-'Azm, a rural notable possibly of Turkish stock, went to Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, a trading center between Aleppo and Hama catering to beduin, to restore order in the mid-seventeenth
475:
Ismail Pasha was dismissed from the governorship in late 1730 when the
Sublime Porte accused him of embezzling money slated for provisioning the Hajj caravan. However, this charge was deemed "dubious" by historian Karl Barbir. Ismail Pasha was likely dismissed due to the ousting of Sultan
520:
of
Damascus. During those years, the al-Azm family was able to prevent Bedouin raids against Syrian villages and maintained the protection of grain harvests and the grain supply to Damascus. Among the al-Azm governors that succeeded Ismail Pasha was his son
336:
stock", who was sent to Ma'arrat al-Nu'man to restore order in the mid-seventeenth century; Ismail was known as "Ibn al-Azm" (Son of al-Azm) and early in his career as "Ismail Agha". He is first mentioned in the history records in 1717, when, as the
371:. Ismail was charged with repopulating villages that had been abandoned due to Bedouin raids and restoring order in the districts. In late 1719, the central authorities commanded him to forcibly settle the nomadic and frequently rebellious
484:, Ismail Pasha's properties were seized by the authorities, while his brother Sulayman Pasha was dismissed from the Tripoli governorship. However, in 1731, Ismail Pasha and Sulayman Pasha were pardoned. Ismail Pasha was appointed
395:
of
Tripoli Eyalet, and was thereafter known as "Ismail Pasha". During his term, he successfully protected Muslim pilgrim convoys on their way to Damascus, from where they would begin their departure to
464:, Ismail Pasha successfully countered four attempted Bedouin raids against the caravan. Throughout his term in Damascus, Ismail Pasha appointed members of his family or their close associates as the
569:
century. Although he was killed, his sons, Isma'il and
Sulayman, completed their father's task and were rewarded with hereditary tax farms in Homs, Hama and Ma'arrat al-Nu'man.
468:
of Hama, Homs and Ma'arra. He established lucrative monopolies as governor, including on sheep from Hama, and was responsible for a number of building works in the city of
942:
504:
Ismail Pasha established the foundations of the al-Azm family's prominence in Syria as the most powerful political household in the provinces of
Damascus,
460:
and was thus responsible for the safety and provisioning of the annual Hajj caravan from
Damascus to Mecca. In his first four years (1725–1729) as
962:
480:
in a coup and the consequent dismissal of provincial governors appointed under Ahmed's administration. In addition to his imprisonment in the
320:, as a major political household in Syria whose members were frequently appointed as the governors of the Damascus, Tripoli and
967:
952:
838:
957:
378:
Al-Azm was able to bring order and peace to the districts through forming local alliances and with the support of Aleppo's
859:
819:
793:
772:
561:
508:
and
Tripoli in the 18th century. Between 1725 and 1757, the al-Azm family nearly monopolized the offices of
391:
Although his appointment was for seven years, by his second year in office, in 1721, Ismail was promoted as
937:
553:
446:
of
Damascus, he was tasked with bringing order to the Syrian interior from Ma'arra in the north to the
85:
207:
332:
Ismail was the son of a professional
Ottoman soldier, Ibrahim al-'Azm, "a rural notable possibly of
947:
285:
and steadily moved up the ranks to become the governor of the districts of Ma'arrat al-Nu'man,
783:
919:
849:
803:
762:
522:
435:
339:
277:
240:
203:
172:
880:
431:
122:
447:
282:
245:
8:
481:
855:
834:
815:
789:
768:
557:
316:. Although he was deposed from the governorship in 1730, he established his family,
300:
His consistent promotion was attributed to his successes in restoring order to the
709:
304:
countryside after a period of high instability, protecting Syria's farmlands from
888:
427:
266:
89:
909:
372:
368:
333:
294:
262:
222:
141:
343:(local military commander) of Ma'arra, he sent wheat and barley provisions to
931:
415:
385:
364:
317:
301:
191:
492:
in 1731 and served until 1732. Sulayman Pasha would later succeed Ismail as
505:
489:
456:
451:
414:
of Hama, while the town of Hama became the countryside headquarters of the
321:
271:
233:
37:
406:
550:
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860-1920
353:
811:
477:
384:(provincial governor). The latter used his influence to persuade the
110:
764:
Trajectories of Education in the Arab World: Legacies and Challenges
469:
58:
348:
305:
359:
397:
347:
after that city faced a food shortage following an attack by
313:
297:
in 1721 before being assigned to the Damascus governorship.
401:
380:
344:
309:
290:
286:
33:
851:
The Ottomans in Syria: a history of justice and oppression
324:
provinces and who often served longer than typical terms.
375:
tribesmen of the region in villages in his territory.
426:
Ismail Pasha was transferred to the governorship of
357:(district governor) of the Ma'arra, Homs and Hama
275:in 1725–1730. Prior to this post he served as the
454:in the south. He was also concurrently appointed
430:in 1725, after a revolt in the city against Wali
929:
438:in Tripoli, while one of his sons was appointed
327:
529:of Damascus, serving for 14 consecutive years.
734:
732:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
683:
681:
671:
669:
308:raids and ensuring the safety of the annual
943:18th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
760:
695:
693:
729:
659:
657:
629:
627:
617:
615:
613:
592:
16:Ottoman statesman and Governor of Damascus
678:
666:
690:
543:
541:
265:statesman who served as the governor of
802:
654:
624:
610:
351:raiders. In 1719, he was appointed the
930:
847:
781:
547:
963:Ottoman governors of Tripoli, Lebanon
828:
538:
418:after they moved there from Ma'arra.
785:Ottoman Rule in Damascus, 1708–1758
421:
367:, while Homs and Hama were part of
13:
525:, who ruled longer than any other
14:
979:
808:Dictionary Of Modern Arab History
434:. He was replaced by his brother
363:(districts); Ma'arra was part of
753:
741:
720:
702:
195:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (brother)
788:. Princeton University Press.
645:
636:
583:
574:
410:(leasehold for life) over the
293:in 1719 and then governor of
1:
968:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
953:Ottoman governors of Damascus
532:
328:Early career in central Syria
7:
958:People from Maarat al-Numan
761:Abi-Mershed, Osama (2010).
10:
984:
554:Cambridge University Press
548:Khoury, Philip S. (2003),
916:
906:
903:
898:Abdullah Pasha al-Aydinli
895:
885:
877:
872:
499:
252:
228:
218:
213:
199:
187:
182:
178:
166:
158:
147:
139:
135:Abdullah Pasha al-Aydinli
129:
116:
106:
95:
84:
74:
64:
54:
43:
32:
28:
21:
782:Barbir, Karl K. (1980).
747:Abi-Mershed 2010, p. 43.
738:Douwes 2000, pp. 48–49.
607:Douwes 2000, pp. 46–47.
804:Bidwell, Robin Leonard
208:Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm
920:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
848:Douwes, Dick (2000).
496:of Damascus in 1734.
436:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
281:(local commander) of
173:Sulayman Pasha al-Azm
829:Burns, Ross (2005).
687:Barbir 1980, p. 157.
675:Bidwell 1998, p. 58.
651:Barbir 1980, p. 177.
938:17th-century births
831:Damascus: A History
726:Barbir 1980, p. xv.
699:Douwes 2000, p. 50.
663:Burns 2005, p. 240.
642:Barbir 1980, p. 85.
633:Douwes 2000, p. 49.
621:Douwes 2000, p. 48.
589:Douwes 2000, p. 45.
580:Barbir 1980, p. 59.
482:Citadel of Damascus
312:pilgrim caravan to
259:Ismail Pasha al-Azm
23:Ismail Pasha al-Azm
881:Çerkes Osman Pasha
873:Political offices
523:As'ad Pasha al-Azm
432:Çerkes Osman Pasha
283:Ma'arrat al-Nu'man
204:As'ad Pasha al-Azm
123:Çerkes Osman Pasha
70:Sahin Mehmed Pasha
926:
925:
917:Succeeded by
904:Preceded by
896:Succeeded by
840:978-0-415-41317-6
256:
255:
975:
878:Preceded by
870:
869:
865:
844:
825:
799:
778:
748:
745:
739:
736:
727:
724:
718:
717:
706:
700:
697:
688:
685:
676:
673:
664:
661:
652:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
622:
619:
608:
605:
590:
587:
581:
578:
572:
571:
545:
512:of Damascus and
422:Wali of Damascus
214:Military service
183:Personal details
169:
152:
132:
119:
100:
80:Haci Halil Pasha
77:
67:
48:
19:
18:
983:
982:
978:
977:
976:
974:
973:
972:
928:
927:
922:
913:
899:
892:
883:
868:
862:
854:. I.B. Tauris.
841:
822:
796:
775:
756:
751:
746:
742:
737:
730:
725:
721:
714:World Statesmen
708:
707:
703:
698:
691:
686:
679:
674:
667:
662:
655:
650:
646:
641:
637:
632:
625:
620:
611:
606:
593:
588:
584:
579:
575:
564:
546:
539:
535:
502:
428:Damascus Eyalet
424:
400:to perform the
330:
238:
206:
194:
167:
153:
148:
130:
117:
101:
96:
75:
65:
49:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
981:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
924:
923:
918:
915:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
884:
879:
875:
874:
867:
866:
860:
845:
839:
826:
820:
800:
794:
779:
773:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:
740:
728:
719:
701:
689:
677:
665:
653:
644:
635:
623:
609:
591:
582:
573:
562:
556:, p. 50,
536:
534:
531:
501:
498:
423:
420:
369:Tripoli Eyalet
329:
326:
254:
253:
250:
249:
230:
226:
225:
223:Ottoman Empire
220:
216:
215:
211:
210:
201:
197:
196:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
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156:
155:
145:
144:
137:
136:
133:
127:
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114:
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93:
92:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
41:
40:
30:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
980:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Al-Azm family
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
921:
912:
911:
902:
891:
890:
882:
876:
871:
863:
861:1-86064-031-1
857:
853:
852:
846:
842:
836:
833:. Routledge.
832:
827:
823:
821:0-7103-0505-2
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
795:9781400853205
791:
787:
786:
780:
776:
774:9781135256500
770:
767:. Routledge.
766:
765:
759:
758:
744:
735:
733:
723:
716:. Ben Cahoon.
715:
711:
705:
696:
694:
684:
682:
672:
670:
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658:
648:
639:
630:
628:
618:
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559:
555:
551:
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519:
515:
511:
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483:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
416:al-Azm family
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
394:
389:
387:
386:Sublime Porte
383:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:Aleppo Eyalet
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
341:
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
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202:
198:
193:
192:Al-Azm family
190:
186:
181:
177:
174:
171:
165:
161:
157:
151:
146:
143:
138:
134:
128:
124:
121:
115:
112:
109:
105:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
63:
60:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
20:
907:
886:
850:
830:
810:. Abingdon:
807:
784:
763:
754:Bibliography
743:
722:
713:
704:
647:
638:
585:
576:
567:
549:
526:
517:
514:amir al-hajj
513:
509:
503:
493:
490:Crete Eyalet
485:
474:
465:
462:amir al-hajj
461:
457:amir al-hajj
455:
452:Jordan River
448:eastern bank
443:
442:of Hama. As
439:
425:
411:
405:
392:
390:
379:
377:
358:
352:
338:
331:
299:
276:
272:amir al-hajj
270:
258:
257:
248:(until 1719)
239:
237:(1725–1730)
234:Amir al-hajj
232:
168:Succeeded by
149:
131:Succeeded by
97:
76:Succeeded by
45:
466:mutasallims
118:Preceded by
66:Preceded by
932:Categories
914:1721–1725
893:1725–1730
563:0521533236
533:References
440:mutasallim
354:mutasallim
219:Allegiance
125:(Abu Tawq)
812:Routledge
478:Ahmed III
188:Relations
162:Ahmed III
154:1721–1725
150:In office
111:Ahmed III
102:1725–1730
98:In office
50:1731–1732
46:In office
908:Wali of
889:Damascus
887:Wali of
806:(1998).
470:Damascus
407:malikâne
267:Damascus
229:Commands
200:Children
140:Wali of
90:Damascus
59:Mahmud I
910:Tripoli
710:"Crete"
450:of the
373:Turkmen
360:sanjaks
349:Bedouin
334:Turkish
306:Bedouin
295:Tripoli
263:Ottoman
261:was an
246:Ma'arra
159:Monarch
142:Tripoli
107:Monarch
55:Monarch
858:
837:
818:
792:
771:
560:
500:Legacy
412:sanjak
318:al-Azm
302:Syrian
506:Sidon
398:Mecca
322:Sidon
314:Mecca
38:Crete
856:ISBN
835:ISBN
816:ISBN
790:ISBN
769:ISBN
558:ISBN
527:wali
518:wali
510:wali
494:wali
486:wali
444:wali
402:Hajj
393:wali
381:wali
345:Homs
340:agha
310:Hajj
291:Homs
289:and
287:Hama
278:agha
269:and
241:Agha
86:Wali
34:Wali
488:of
244:of
88:of
36:of
934::
814:.
731:^
712:.
692:^
680:^
668:^
656:^
626:^
612:^
594:^
566:,
552:,
540:^
472:.
864:.
843:.
824:.
798:.
777:.
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