286:
609:
The difference in the ratio of the sample relative to CHUR can give information on a model age of extraction from the mantle (for which an assumed evolution has been calculated relative to CHUR) and to whether this was extracted from a granitic source (depleted in radiogenic Nd), the mantle, or an
469:
Radiogenic isotopes provide powerful tracers for studying the ages and origins of Earth systems. They are particularly useful to understand mixing processes between different components, because (heavy) radiogenic isotope ratios are not usually fractionated by chemical processes.
343:(Faure, 2004). The C/C ratio is also an indicator of paleoclimate: a change in the ratio in the remains of plants indicates a change in the amount of photosynthetic activity, and thus in how favorable the environment was for the plants. During photosynthesis, organisms using the
937:, while most of the Th remains in Atlantic sediments. As a result, there is a relationship between Pa/Th in Atlantic sediments and the rate of overturning: faster overturning produces lower sediment Pa/Th ratio, while slower overturning increases this ratio. The combination of
897:
of actinides are unique amongst radiogenic isotopes because they are both radiogenic and radioactive. Because their abundances are normally quoted as activity ratios rather than atomic ratios, they are best considered separately from the other radiogenic isotope systems.
98:
976:
in natural uranium and thorium, but due to the relatively short half-life of tritium and the relatively small quantities (compared to those from anthropogenic sources) those sources of tritium usually play only a secondary role in the analysis of groundwater.
658:
Natural isotopic variations amongst the noble gases result from both radiogenic and nucleogenic production processes. Because of their unique properties, it is useful to distinguish them from the conventional radiogenic isotope systems described above.
359:, allowing scientists not only to distinguish organic matter from abiotic carbon, but also what type of photosynthetic pathway the organic matter was using. Occasional spikes in the global C/C ratio have also been useful as stratigraphic markers for
87:
is very small; for this reason, enrichments are typically reported in "per mil" (‰, parts per thousand). These enrichments (δ) represent the ratio of heavy isotope to light isotope in the sample over the ratio of a
529:
on a variety of materials. Because the lead isotopes are created by decay of different transuranic elements, the ratios of the four lead isotopes to one another can be very useful in tracking the source of melts in
473:
Radiogenic isotope tracers are most powerful when used together with other tracers: The more tracers used, the more control on mixing processes. An example of this application is to the evolution of the
281:{\displaystyle \delta {\ce {^{13}C}}=\left({\frac {\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{sample}}{\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{standard}}}-1\right)\times 1000}
598:
This initial ratio is modelled relative to CHUR (the
Chondritic Uniform Reservoir), which is an approximation of the chondritic material which formed the solar system. CHUR was determined by analysing
428:. Typically, the VPDB oxygen reference is used for paleoclimate, while VSMOW is used for most other applications. Oxygen isotopes appear in anomalous ratios in atmospheric ozone, resulting from
650:
an initial osmium ratio of the sample at the time of the melting event. Osmium–osmium initial ratios are used to determine the source characteristic and age of mantle melting events.
1358:
Drake, Henrik; Roberts, Nick M. W.; Reinhardt, Manuel; Whitehouse, Martin; Ivarsson, Magnus; Karlsson, Andreas; Kooijman, Ellen; Kielman-Schmitt, Melanie (2021-06-03).
1225:
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.; Janssen, C.; Kaiser, J.; Röckmann, T.; Rhee, T. S.; Assonov, S. S. (2003). "Isotope effects in the chemistry of atmospheric trace compounds".
420:(VSMOW) or Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB). Variations in oxygen isotope ratios are used to track both water movement, paleoclimate, and atmospheric gases such as
389:. Nitrogen ratios are frequently linked to agricultural activities. Nitrogen isotope data has also been used to measure the amount of exchange of air between the
646:
more readily than osmium. Hence, during melting of the mantle, rhenium is stripped out, and prevents the osmium–osmium ratio from changing appreciably. This
447:
has four stable isotopes, with the following abundances: S (0.9502), S (0.0075), S (0.0421) and S (0.0002). These abundances are compared to those found in
1634:
Arne D.; Bierlein F. P.; Morgan J. W.; Stein H. J. (2001). "Re-Os dating of sulfides associated with gold mineralisation in central
Victoria, Australia".
1120:"Carbon isotope (d13C) stratigraphy across the Silurian-Devonian transition in North America: evidence for a perturbation of the global carbon cycle"
455:
and the temperature of formation of sulfur–bearing minerals as well as a biosignature that can reveal presence of sulfate reducing microbes.
670:
was trapped in the planet when it formed. Some He is being added by meteoric dust, primarily collecting on the bottom of oceans (although due to
89:
2283:
1959:
766:) from the mantle, which happens at depths of less than 60 km. However, He is transported to the surface primarily trapped in the
2585:
957:
was released to the atmosphere during atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs. Radioactive decay of tritium produces the noble gas
1033:
1557:
Kirstein L., Timmerman M. (2000). "Evidence of the proto-Iceland lume in northwestern
Ireland at 42Ma from helium isotopes".
1346:
1077:
797:
has become enriched with those elements relative to the mantle and thus more He is produced in the crust than in the mantle.
1486:
1730:
53:, and can reveal information about the ages and origins of rock, air or water bodies, or processes of mixing between them.
1699:
Reference information on isotopes, and coordination and management of isotope production, availability, and distribution
2077:
1400:
2278:
1874:
1914:
417:
298:
1177:
1023:
50:
17:
882:
1028:
429:
2324:
2072:
569:
2067:
1360:"Biosignatures of ancient microbial life are present across the igneous crust of the Fennoscandian shield"
713:
atom, creating a He and a He ion. This requires significant lithium to adversely affect the He/He ratio.
2257:
2127:
2467:
2447:
921:
on settling particles, but not at equal rates. Pa has a residence equivalent to the residence time of
585:
of geological materials, and various other materials including archaeological finds (pots, ceramics).
2457:
2429:
2262:
2041:
894:
619:
448:
84:
1119:
560:
to fingerprint bullets, because each batch of ammunition has its own peculiar Pb/Pb vs Pb/Pb ratio.
2524:
1723:
930:
639:
to produce osmium. The ratio of non-radiogenic osmium to radiogenic osmium throughout time varies.
716:
All degassed helium is lost to space eventually, due to the average speed of helium exceeding the
2462:
2412:
2199:
2046:
755:
1705:
U.S. Department of Energy program for isotope production and production research and development
678:
are younger than continental plates). However, He will be degassed from oceanic sediment during
2362:
2163:
1909:
1808:
1003:
735:
samples. How He is stored in the planet is under investigation, but it is associated with the
385:
has two stable isotopes, N and N. The ratio between these is measured relative to nitrogen in
1069:
1062:
2575:
1964:
966:
721:
80:
60:
1611:
961:. Comparing the ratio of tritium to helium-3 (H/He) allows estimation of the age of recent
2397:
2338:
2314:
1668:
1607:
1566:
1537:
1496:
1304:
1269:
1186:
1134:
582:
539:
491:
8:
2580:
2424:
2319:
2237:
2227:
2002:
1919:
1899:
1889:
1716:
1224:
986:
970:
632:
1672:
1570:
1541:
1308:
1273:
1190:
1138:
877:
2549:
2529:
2407:
2392:
2377:
2299:
2098:
2062:
1864:
1582:
1320:
1204:
1018:
1013:
998:
941:
and Pa/Th can therefore provide a more complete insight into past circulation changes.
526:
464:
59:
geochemistry is largely concerned with isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent
46:
1619:
1549:
1146:
27:
Aspect of geology studying variations in isotope abundances in the natural environment
2357:
2153:
2148:
1992:
1828:
1681:
1656:
1586:
1381:
1342:
1242:
1208:
1098:
1073:
838:
794:
636:
507:
479:
360:
1435:
858:, estimate groundwater flow rates, track water pollution, and provide insights into
2554:
2503:
2419:
2367:
2143:
2121:
1987:
1884:
1676:
1643:
1615:
1574:
1545:
1371:
1324:
1312:
1277:
1234:
1194:
1142:
910:
790:
771:
736:
687:
595:
of several minerals within a rock specimen. The initial Nd/Nd ratio is determined.
557:
475:
451:. Variations in sulfur isotope ratios are used to study the origin of sulfur in an
42:
549:
from the Arctic shelf, and provides information on the source of atmospheric lead
2487:
2452:
2439:
2402:
2349:
2207:
2102:
2036:
1997:
1834:
1595:
1490:
1483:
973:
826:
717:
675:
592:
917:
at a constant activity ratio (0.093). The decay products are rapidly removed by
416:
has three stable isotopes, O, O, and O. Oxygen ratios are measured relative to
2387:
2185:
2173:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2031:
1954:
1879:
1702:
1376:
1359:
981:
934:
763:
425:
340:
318:
56:
2569:
2304:
2222:
2217:
2168:
2158:
1798:
1385:
732:
550:
398:
68:
1633:
1281:
2382:
2180:
1894:
1869:
1854:
1820:
1780:
1452:
1406:
1260:
Mauersberger, K. (1987). "Ozone isotope measurements in the stratosphere".
1246:
1008:
962:
922:
859:
706:
531:
522:
433:
390:
1703:
Isotope
Development & Production for Research and Applications (IDPRA)
1578:
2082:
1979:
1941:
1924:
1859:
1840:
1773:
1753:
1525:
1199:
1168:
914:
870:
855:
635:
which are present at very low abundances in the crust. Rhenium undergoes
394:
371:
37:
based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of
1507:
Stable
Isotopes and Mineral Resource Investigations in the United States
1295:
Emiliani, C.; Edwards, G. (1953). "Tertiary ocean bottom temperatures".
581:
is an isotope system which can be utilised to provide a date as well as
1849:
1844:
1739:
918:
778:
702:
694:
679:
671:
603:
352:
344:
64:
1647:
1238:
2539:
2519:
2252:
2212:
1949:
1758:
1316:
683:
599:
578:
364:
336:
322:
1506:
929:
basin (around 1000 yrs) but Th is removed more rapidly (centuries).
720:
for the Earth. Thus, it is assumed the helium content and ratios of
374:
ratio has been used to track ocean circulation, among other things.
2534:
2372:
2016:
1929:
958:
926:
667:
574:
546:
535:
382:
38:
1523:
1166:
2544:
1768:
1763:
954:
906:
866:
863:
808:
usually is given as a multiple of the present atmospheric ratio (
786:
782:
767:
728:
710:
701:
spallation reactions which generally occur in the crust. Lithium
698:
643:
624:
515:
511:
500:
339:(VPDB). The stable carbon isotopes are fractionated primarily by
34:
1339:
Using
Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation
938:
329:
309:
1357:
829:
747:
743:
628:
444:
413:
314:
79:
For most stable isotopes, the magnitude of fractionation from
67:
isotope geochemistry is concerned with the products of natural
1099:"USGS -- Isotope Tracers -- Resources -- Isotope Geochemistry"
1969:
1708:
759:
751:
421:
1903:
1785:
1510:
588:
Sm decays to produce Nd with a half life of 1.06x10 years.
496:
1598:(2001). "The core as a possible source of mantle helium".
1593:
965:. A small amount of tritium is also produced naturally by
436:
have been used to deduce the temperature of ancient seas.
1803:
1657:"Osmium isotopic characteristics of mantle-derived rocks"
1556:
883:
USGS: Helium
Discharge at Mammoth Mountain Fumarole (MMF)
682:, so cosmogenic He is not affecting the concentration or
452:
386:
804:) of He to He is often used to represent He content.
351:
show different enrichments compared to those using the
1696:
1294:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1220:
1218:
901:
878:(U-Th)/He dating of apatite as a thermal history tool
754:
chemistry, outgassing of helium requires the loss of
101:
888:
739:
and is used as a marker of material of deep origin.
2284:
Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1086:
909:is well mixed in the ocean, and its decay produces
591:Dating is achieved usually by trying to produce an
1215:
1061:
933:effectively exports Pa from the Atlantic into the
458:
280:
1499: (C. Kendall & E.A. Caldwell, chap.2 in
1127:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
556:Lead–lead isotopes has been successfully used in
485:
2567:
1259:
1253:
1526:"Multiple fluid pulses in a Samoan harzburgite"
1524:Burnard P. G.; Farley K. A.; Turner G. (1998).
1167:Park, S.; Atlas, E. L.; Boering, K. A. (2004).
854:He/He isotope chemistry is being used to date
74:
1724:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1405:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from
1398:
835:Spreading ridge rocks: 9.1 plus or minus 3.6
1288:
1160:
727:It has been observed that He is present in
1731:
1717:
1046:
506:Lead is created in the Earth via decay of
1680:
1559:Journal of the Geological Society, London
1471:Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry
1375:
1198:
944:
2279:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
1654:
1331:
1117:
847:Sedimentary formation water: less than 1
321:, C and C, and one radioactive isotope,
14:
2568:
1501:Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology
1364:Communications Earth & Environment
1068:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp.
1059:
1712:
1457:Isotopes: Principles and Applications
653:
563:
335:, is measured against Vienna Pee Dee
1497:Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry
1341:Longman Scientific & Technical.
1173:O isotopologues in the stratosphere"
397:using data from the greenhouse gas
1697:National Isotope Development Center
1600:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
987:Hydrologic Isotope Tracers - Helium
949:
24:
2078:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1477:
1064:The Geochemistry of Natural Waters
823:Old continental crust: less than 1
724:have remained essentially stable.
538:and even the origin of people via
25:
2597:
1690:
889:Isotopes in actinide decay chains
613:
328:The stable carbon isotope ratio,
542:of their teeth, skin and bones.
432:. Isotope ratios in fossilized
418:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
299:Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
2586:Geochronological dating methods
1960:English and British regnal year
1661:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1392:
1178:Journal of Geophysical Research
1024:Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
459:Radiogenic isotope geochemistry
51:isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
1738:
1351:
1111:
1034:Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation
1029:Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry
844:Ocean and terrestrial water: 1
486:Lead–lead isotope geochemistry
430:mass-independent fractionation
13:
1:
2073:Old Style and New Style dates
1620:10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00418-6
1550:10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00175-7
1449:(Cambridge University Press).
1442:(Cambridge University Press).
1424:
1147:10.1016/s0031-0182(02)00510-2
850:Thermal spring water: 3 to 11
2025:Pre-Julian / Julian
1682:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90318-y
1493: (University of Ottawa)
1262:Geophysical Research Letters
1118:Saltzman, Matthew R (2002).
982:USGS Tritium/Helium-3 Dating
902:Protactinium/Thorium – Pa/Th
7:
2258:Geological history of Earth
2128:Astronomical year numbering
1464:Stable Isotope Geochemistry
992:
770:lattice of minerals within
662:
377:
292:
75:Stable isotope geochemistry
10:
2602:
1517:
1447:Radiogenic Isotope Geology
1429:
1402:Radiogenic Isotope Geology
1377:10.1038/s43247-021-00170-2
705:is the process by which a
617:
567:
489:
462:
307:
296:
2512:
2496:
2480:
2438:
2430:Thermoluminescence dating
2348:
2337:
2325:Samarium–neodymium dating
2292:
2271:
2245:
2236:
2198:
2136:
2091:
2055:
2024:
2015:
1978:
1940:
1819:
1794:
1746:
642:Rhenium prefers to enter
570:Samarium–neodymium dating
545:It has been used to date
482:through geological time.
439:
408:
303:
224:
210:
162:
148:
117:
85:equilibrium fractionation
2144:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1627:
1459:(John Wiley & Sons).
1455:, Mensing T. M. (2004),
1337:Rollinson, H.R. (1993).
1039:
931:Thermohaline circulation
781:production (by decay of
525:is useful for providing
363:, especially during the
219:
213:
205:
199:
157:
151:
143:
137:
112:
106:
2358:Amino acid racemisation
1612:2001E&PSL.192...45P
1282:10.1029/GL014i001p00080
777:Helium-4 is created by
742:Due to similarities in
693:Helium-3 is created by
540:isotopic fingerprinting
2363:Archaeomagnetic dating
1875:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1484:Environmental Isotopes
1060:Drever, James (2002).
1004:Environmental isotopes
945:Anthropogenic isotopes
503:: Pb, Pb, Pb, and Pb.
282:
2263:Geological time units
1579:10.1144/jgs.157.5.923
1399:Dickin, A.P. (2005).
967:cosmic ray spallation
620:Rhenium–osmium dating
583:isotopic fingerprints
449:Cañon Diablo troilite
283:
61:isotope fractionation
2315:Law of superposition
2310:Isotope geochemistry
1445:Dickin A.P., 2005.
1200:10.1029/2003JD003731
697:bombardment, and by
633:siderophile elements
99:
31:Isotope geochemistry
2448:Fluorine absorption
2425:Luminescence dating
2320:Luminescence dating
2228:Milankovitch cycles
2068:Proleptic Gregorian
1900:Hindu units of time
1673:1991GeCoA..55.1421M
1571:2000JGSoc.157..923K
1542:1998ChGeo.147...99B
1309:1953Natur.171..887E
1274:1987GeoRL..14...80M
1191:2004JGRD..109.1305P
1139:2002PPP...187...83S
999:Cosmogenic isotopes
756:volatile components
707:high-energy neutron
2550:Terminus post quem
2530:Synchronoptic view
2497:Linguistic methods
2458:Obsidian hydration
2393:Radiometric dating
2378:Incremental dating
2300:Chronostratigraphy
1489:2007-02-08 at the
1466:(Springer Verlag).
1169:"Measurements of N
1019:Radiometric dating
1014:Isotopic signature
815:Common values for
722:Earth's atmosphere
654:Noble gas isotopes
564:Samarium–neodymium
465:Radiometric dating
278:
47:isotopic abundance
2563:
2562:
2476:
2475:
2333:
2332:
2194:
2193:
2149:Geologic Calendar
2011:
2010:
1655:Martin C (1991).
1648:10.2113/96.6.1455
1347:978-0-582-06701-1
1303:(4359): 887–888.
1239:10.1021/cr020644k
1233:(12): 5125–5161.
1079:978-0-13-272790-7
795:continental crust
637:radioactive decay
610:enriched source.
508:actinide elements
361:chemostratigraphy
259:
226:
220:
218:
217:
216:
206:
204:
203:
202:
164:
158:
156:
155:
154:
144:
142:
141:
140:
113:
111:
110:
109:
16:(Redirected from
2593:
2555:ASPRO chronology
2504:Glottochronology
2420:Tephrochronology
2368:Dendrochronology
2346:
2345:
2243:
2242:
2042:Proleptic Julian
2032:Pre-Julian Roman
2022:
2021:
1817:
1816:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1686:
1684:
1667:(5): 1421–1434.
1651:
1642:(6): 1455–1459.
1636:Economic Geology
1623:
1590:
1553:
1530:Chemical Geology
1473:(Prentice Hall).
1469:Sharp Z., 2006.
1462:Hoefs J., 2004.
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1317:10.1038/171887c0
1292:
1286:
1285:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1227:Chemical Reviews
1222:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1067:
1057:
950:Tritium/helium-3
893:Isotopes in the
772:fluid inclusions
558:forensic science
534:, the source of
499:has four stable
492:Lead–lead dating
287:
285:
284:
279:
271:
267:
260:
258:
257:
231:
227:
225:
214:
211:
200:
197:
190:
189:
169:
165:
163:
152:
149:
138:
135:
128:
118:
107:
49:are measured by
45:. Variations in
33:is an aspect of
21:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2508:
2492:
2488:Molecular clock
2481:Genetic methods
2472:
2453:Nitrogen dating
2440:Relative dating
2434:
2403:Potassium–argon
2350:Absolute dating
2340:
2329:
2288:
2267:
2232:
2208:Cosmic Calendar
2200:Astronomic time
2190:
2132:
2087:
2051:
2037:Original Julian
2007:
1974:
1936:
1835:Ab urbe condita
1813:
1790:
1742:
1737:
1693:
1630:
1596:Halliday, A. N.
1536:(1–2): 99–114.
1520:
1491:Wayback Machine
1480:
1478:Stable isotopes
1440:Isotope Geology
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1356:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1293:
1289:
1258:
1254:
1223:
1216:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1133:(1–2): 83–100.
1122:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1080:
1058:
1047:
1042:
995:
974:ternary fission
952:
947:
904:
891:
827:mid-ocean ridge
718:escape velocity
676:tectonic plates
665:
656:
622:
616:
572:
566:
494:
488:
467:
461:
442:
411:
402:
380:
356:
348:
319:stable isotopes
312:
306:
301:
295:
232:
212:
198:
196:
192:
191:
170:
150:
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2019:
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2012:
2009:
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1995:
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1965:Lists of kings
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1955:Canon of Kings
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1691:External links
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841:rocks: 5 to 42
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832:(MORB): 7 to 9
824:
764:carbon dioxide
731:emissions and
686:ratios of the
674:, all oceanic
664:
661:
655:
652:
618:Main article:
615:
614:Rhenium–osmium
612:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
527:isotopic dates
490:Main article:
487:
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480:Earth's mantle
463:Main article:
460:
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2218:Galactic year
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963:ground waters
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532:igneous rocks
528:
524:
521:Lead isotope
519:
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504:
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498:
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477:
476:Earth's crust
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72:
70:
69:radioactivity
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2576:Geochemistry
2468:Stratigraphy
2413:Uranium–lead
2383:Lichenometry
2309:
2181:Winter count
2164:Mesoamerican
2092:Astronomical
1910:Mesoamerican
1895:Sothic cycle
1870:Seleucid era
1855:Bosporan era
1843: /
1833:
1781:Paleontology
1664:
1660:
1639:
1635:
1606:(1): 45–56.
1603:
1599:
1562:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1500:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1439:
1436:Allègre C.J.
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1401:
1394:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1338:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1268:(1): 80–83.
1265:
1261:
1255:
1230:
1226:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1130:
1126:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1063:
1009:Geochemistry
953:
905:
895:decay chains
892:
860:hydrothermal
856:groundwaters
853:
816:
814:
809:
805:
801:
799:
776:
741:
726:
715:
692:
666:
657:
647:
641:
623:
608:
606:meteorites.
597:
590:
587:
573:
555:
544:
523:geochemistry
520:
510:, primarily
505:
495:
472:
468:
443:
434:foraminifera
412:
391:stratosphere
381:
369:
330:
327:
313:
92:. That is,
78:
55:
30:
29:
2408:Radiocarbon
2083:Dual dating
1942:Regnal year
1920:Short Count
1860:Bostran era
1841:Anno Domini
1774:Big History
1754:Archaeology
1370:(1): 1–13.
971:spontaneous
871:ore genesis
862:processes,
800:The ratio (
709:bombards a
395:troposphere
387:ambient air
41:of various
2581:Geophysics
2570:Categories
2003:Vietnamese
1915:Long Count
1850:Anno Mundi
1845:Common Era
1747:Key topics
1740:Chronology
1425:References
1413:2013-10-10
1104:2009-01-18
923:deep water
919:adsorption
779:radiogenic
703:spallation
695:cosmic ray
680:subduction
672:subduction
604:achondrite
65:radiogenic
63:, whereas
2540:Year zero
2520:Chronicle
2463:Seriation
2398:Lead–lead
2272:Standards
2253:Deep time
2213:Ephemeris
2099:Lunisolar
2063:Gregorian
2056:Gregorian
2017:Calendars
1980:Era names
1950:Anka year
1829:Human Era
1759:Astronomy
1587:128600558
1438:, 2008.
1386:2662-4435
1209:140545969
684:noble gas
600:chondrite
579:neodymium
551:pollution
547:ice cores
536:sediments
365:Paleozoic
337:Belemnite
273:×
262:−
103:δ
2535:Timeline
2373:Ice core
2246:Concepts
1993:Japanese
1925:Tzolk'in
1890:Egyptian
1487:Archived
1453:Faure G.
1247:14664646
993:See also
959:helium-3
927:Atlantic
793:). The
791:elements
789:-series
668:Helium-3
663:Helium-3
648:locks in
644:sulfides
593:isochron
575:Samarium
501:isotopes
383:Nitrogen
378:Nitrogen
317:has two
293:Hydrogen
90:standard
43:elements
39:isotopes
2545:Floruit
2293:Methods
2154:Iranian
2122:Islamic
1988:Chinese
1799:Periods
1769:History
1764:Geology
1669:Bibcode
1608:Bibcode
1567:Bibcode
1538:Bibcode
1509: (
1503:, 1998)
1430:General
1325:4239689
1305:Bibcode
1270:Bibcode
1187:Bibcode
1135:Bibcode
1070:311–322
955:Tritium
925:in the
907:Uranium
867:geology
864:igneous
839:Hotspot
787:thorium
783:uranium
768:crystal
729:volcano
711:lithium
699:lithium
625:Rhenium
516:thorium
512:uranium
453:orebody
357:pathway
349:pathway
81:kinetic
35:geology
2341:dating
2137:Others
2103:Hebrew
1998:Korean
1809:Epochs
1585:
1384:
1345:
1323:
1297:Nature
1245:
1207:
1076:
830:basalt
748:carbon
744:helium
737:mantle
688:mantle
629:osmium
445:Sulfur
440:Sulfur
414:Oxygen
409:Oxygen
315:Carbon
304:Carbon
2174:Aztec
2118:Lunar
2113:Solar
2107:Hindu
1970:Limmu
1930:Haab'
1885:Hijri
1628:Re–Os
1583:S2CID
1518:He/He
1321:S2CID
1205:S2CID
1152:7 Jan
1123:(PDF)
1040:Notes
760:water
752:magma
422:ozone
2169:Maya
1904:Yuga
1804:Eras
1786:Time
1511:USGS
1382:ISSN
1343:ISBN
1243:PMID
1154:2017
1074:ISBN
969:and
913:and
869:and
817:R/Ra
746:and
631:are
627:and
602:and
514:and
497:Lead
478:and
424:and
393:and
370:The
310:δ13C
276:1000
83:and
1677:doi
1644:doi
1616:doi
1604:192
1575:doi
1563:157
1546:doi
1534:147
1372:doi
1313:doi
1301:171
1278:doi
1235:doi
1231:103
1195:doi
1183:109
1143:doi
1131:187
873:.
812:).
750:in
2572::
2105:,
1675:.
1665:55
1663:.
1659:.
1640:96
1638:.
1614:.
1602:.
1581:.
1573:.
1561:.
1544:.
1532:.
1528:.
1380:.
1366:.
1362:.
1319:.
1311:.
1299:.
1276:.
1266:14
1264:.
1241:.
1229:.
1217:^
1203:.
1193:.
1181:.
1175:.
1141:.
1129:.
1125:.
1088:^
1072:.
1048:^
939:δC
915:Th
911:Pa
819::
810:Ra
774:.
762:,
690:.
553:.
518:.
405:.
367:.
325:.
222:12
208:13
160:12
146:13
115:13
71:.
2124:)
2120:(
2109:)
2101:(
1906:)
1902:(
1732:e
1725:t
1718:v
1685:.
1679::
1671::
1650:.
1646::
1622:.
1618::
1610::
1589:.
1577::
1569::
1552:.
1548::
1540::
1513:)
1416:.
1388:.
1374::
1368:2
1327:.
1315::
1307::
1284:.
1280::
1272::
1249:.
1237::
1211:.
1197::
1189::
1171:2
1156:.
1145::
1137::
1107:.
1082:.
806:R
802:R
785:/
758:(
577:–
403:O
401:2
399:N
372:C
355:4
353:C
347:3
345:C
333:C
331:δ
323:C
288:‰
269:)
265:1
255:d
252:r
249:a
246:d
243:n
240:a
237:t
234:s
229:)
215:C
201:C
194:(
187:e
184:l
181:p
178:m
175:a
172:s
167:)
153:C
139:C
132:(
124:(
120:=
108:C
20:)
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