812:"Yaakov Eliav, capo delle operazioni del Lehi in Europa, rivelerà nelle sue memorie che, all'epoca, l'organizzazzione aveva progettato addirittura da disseminare dei bacilli di colera nelle condotte dell'acquedotto di Londra. I germi dovevano essere prelevati dalle colture dei laboratori dell'Instituto Pasteur, grazie alla complicità dei medici e degli impiegati che simpatizzavano per la causa ebraica. Secondo Eliav i preparativi per mettere in esecuzione questo spaventoso piano furono arrestati unicamente dalla decisione britannica di lasciare la Palestina."(Yaakov Eliav, head of Lehi operations in Europe, was later to reveal in his memoirs that, at this time, the organization had worked on nothing less than a plan to disseminate cholera bacteria in London's waterworks. The germs were to be obtained from cultures in the laboratories of the
559:
551:
595:), Chono Steingarten (Polish) and Girsh Guta (Polish), had established an office of Jewish correspondence in via Sicilia 135, near the Allied Intelligenced offices, and this was chosen to become the central office for Irgun operations in Italy. The British Embassy in Italy was considered by the Irgun to be a centre of operations hindering Jewish migration to Palestine, and thus was singled out as a target. Planning for the operation was completed by early October. Before the war
242:
636:
explosion echoed throughout the entire city and was sufficiently powerful to shatter all the windows of the houses and apartments within a distance of one kilometer. The 350-children school of the
Handmaids of the Sacred Heart was "badly damaged." The Embassy's residential section was destroyed by the blast which created a gaping hole in the entranceway.
640:–the British ambassador and main target of the attack–was away on leave though his quarters were heavily damaged. No British personnel were harmed but two Italians, one a soldier who happened to be passing by and the other the Embassy's concierge, suffered severe wounds that left them in a critical condition.
1841:
leaflet bombs were exploded on Friday by Irgun Zvai Leumi (the Jewish terrorist organisation) in Rome, Venice, Bari, Florence and Turin. "The vanguard of the clandestine Jewish army of liberation, with headquarters in Italy, means to destroy the
British forces until the Jewish State is restored," the
652:
The chief of the
Italian police declared the following day that no Italian nationals were involved, that the incident bore the hallmarks of similar operations against the British in Palestine, and that those responsible were Jews from Palestine, dismissing rumours alleging that Italian fascists might
435:
heightened in the United
Kingdom. The Italian government rounded up nine suspects, one of whom was shot and killed by the police during an escape attempt. However, the remaining eight suspects were later released from custody. During the early 1950s, Israel lobbied the British to pressure the Italian
1688:
I am paying retainers to two lawyers to defend and care for all those held in connection with the
Embassy bombing. I write regular cheques for £25 to £30 with which the prisoners are supplied with blankets and food and what cash they need, but I do not touch parcels. I disbelieve the policy story of
666:
on 6 November. The Irgun also threatened more coordinated attacks against
Britain, and justified its actions by charging that Great Britain was engaged in a "war of extermination" against Jews throughout the world. Soon three refugees were quickly arrested on suspicion, and another two detained on 4
566:
By
November 1945 alone, it was calculated that some 15,000 Jewish refugees had managed to enter Italy over the preceding six months since the termination of hostilities; the country's geographical location was favorable for the traffic of refugees to Palestine. In September 1945, already engaged for
578:
Eli Tavin, nicknamed Pesach, was appointed head of operations in the diaspora and set up the first logistical base for the group in Italy. Tavin found strong support there among
Italian antifascist resistance groups, and, recruiting many members of the Betar organization among the refugees, many of
430:
The
British and Italian governments commenced an extensive investigation and concluded that Irgun operatives from Mandatory Palestine organized the attack. The attack was condemned by the leaders of Jewish agencies superintending their refugees. Italy subsequently enacted strict immigration reform
1871:
Jewish terrorists are planning to carry their underground war into the heart of
Britain, according to the diplomatic correspondent of the "Evening News," who says that this was decided on at a secret conference of their "general staff" held in Palestine during the Paris Conference. The time bombs
698:
sentiments increased in the United Kingdom. Though the Jewish leadership of displacement camps condemned the bombing, the attack had an adverse effect on refugees in Italy. Encouraged by Britain, the Italian government enacted several pieces of legislation, reforming their immigration policy. The
693:
The distinguished Italian criminal lawyer Giovanni Persico, who was a friend of Jabotinsky's from their days at university, took on the suspects' defence. In November, the British media began to sensationalize the idea that Jewish terrorism was a threat to Britain itself, creating unsubstantiated
686:, which provided blankets, food and cash, but which denied sending him the rope with which he escaped. He was shot in the stomach after an Italian officer on the scene fired a warning shot and called on him to stop. He died of his wounds later that day. Eventually after reported pressure from the
401:
that occurred on 31 October 1946. Two suitcases containing timed explosives were planted near the Embassy's front entrance; the resulting blast injured two people and damaged the building's residential section beyond repair. The Irgun targeted the Embassy because they considered it an obstacle to
711:
in London, which the Scotland Yard unit investigating Jewish terrorist activities linked to the Embassy bombing, and only desisted from a plan to release a strain of cholera bacteria into London's underground water supply system by news that the British government had decided to leave Palestine.
521:
in August and September, when he designated the Irgun and Lehi as the possibly planning to assassinate prominent English figures outside the Middle East. MI5 considered Mandatory Palestine a priority within the British Empire and had Defence Security Officers (DSO) stationed within the Mandate,
635:
encased in suitcases and rigged to a timer on the steps of the Embassy's front entrance in Via XX Settembre. A driver, working for the embassy, noticed the suitcases and entered the rear of the building to report them. A few moments later, at 02:43, the explosives detonated. The report of the
489:, with both concluding that only campaigns of political violence targeting British personnel and installations could shift the British. The Irgun suspended these operations when the Second World War broke out some months later. News from occupied Europe of the Holocaust led them to undertake
575:, the Irgun high command dispatched a mission to Europe whose aim was to organize the flow of displaced Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to Palestine, recruit soldiers, engage in sabotage against Great Britain and coordinate activities among Zionist organizations sympathetic to the cause.
2211:
Jewish terrorist chief known as "Big Brother" says Reuter's correspondent in Rome. This chief claimed recently that the Irgun Zvai Leumi terrorist organisation planned to assassinate Princess Elizabeth. He added that his organisation would attack the centre of London and Buckingham Palace
731:
urged Britain to pressure Italy not to pursue eight suspected perpetrators of the bombing who resided in Israel. Five of them had been arrested in Rome but had jumped bail and escaped, while three others had never been arrested. On 17 April 1952, the Italian government tried Moshe Deitel
736:
for his leading part in the bombing. Deitel was found guilty and sentenced to 16 months imprisonment. The seven other suspects were also convicted for taking part in the bombing and received eight-month sentences. The sentences, however, were immediately annulled by amnesties.
2181:
Officers of the special branch of Scotland Yard who have been investigating Jewish terrorist activities are satisfied the man who made the bomb is also under arrest New facts brought to light link it with the bomb incident at the British Embassy in Rome on October 31,
659:
with British and American assistance. On the 4 November the Irgun plastered streets in many Italian cities with notices proclaiming it was behind the explosion and released to an American journalist a communiqué claiming responsibility and this was duly reported in
426:
organization, which had recruited militants from among the displaced refugees. Confirming fears of the expansion of Jewish terrorism beyond Mandatory Palestine, the bombing of the Embassy was the first attack against British personnel by the Irgun on European soil.
530:(SIS), to collect intel on Jewish terrorist threats to Britain. Their sources warned that the Irgun and Lehi were targeting British personnel outside Mandatory Palestine. MI5 were obliged to take these threats seriously: on 22 July 1946, the Irgun
480:
in that year, itself a protest against British policy regarding Jewish immigration. Terrorism, the Irgun reasoned, was a winning tactic for it had enabled the Arabs to alter Great Britain's policy on Jewish migration into Palestine. The consequent
816:, thanks to the connivance of doctors and employees who were sympathetic to the Jewish cause. According to Eliav, preparations to execute this frightful plan were stopped only because of the British decision to withdraw from Palestine.) (
648:
The bombing was the first terrorist operation by the Irgun against British personnel in Europe; it resulted in both a setback for illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine, and a major public relations disaster for the Zionist mainstream.
765:"It was stated that two members of the Irgun Zvai Leumi were instructed last March to start a propaganda campaign in Rome and to establish a news exchange office, whereas it was the headquarters of the organisation in Italy." (
1985:
suitcases containing explosives deposited on the doorstep of the main entrance, and two cards fixed to a near by wall. These read: "Attenzione-Miny." "Miny" is the Jewish spelling for mine. An Italian would have written
694:
accounts of other putative terrorist plots and activities. However, the American League for Free Palestine on behalf of Irgun and Irgun itself made the same threats as what the media was reporting. As a consequence,
778:"that the Irgum Svai Leumi was responsible for the bombing of the British Embassy in Rome. It was stated that the building was selected as it was the centre of operations hindering the repatriation of Jews." (
630:
On the night of 31 October 1946, Irgun operatives divided into two squads: one daubed a large swastika on the front wall of the British Consulate, and the other planted two explosives, amounting to 40 kilos of
501:
to enable clandestine Jewish immigration into Palestine, and is said to have singled out the Embassy convinced that it was a center of "anti Jewish intrigue" curbing illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
289:
53:
627:
a fascist who had set up a secret repository of army munitions and explosives after war's end. Furio Biagini states that the material was taken from deposits located in a center administered by UNRRA.
538:
was being waged in Palestine, with sabotage of communication lines and attacks on British soldiers and mandatory policemen, 99 being killed for the period 1 October through to 18 November. While the
159:
707:
in Vienna, which at the time was headquarters of the British Army in that area, to name just one. In order not to be outdone by the Irgun, the rival Lehi undertook similar operations against the
667:
November. The Irgun Zvai Leumi sabotage school was discovered in Rome, where pistols, ammunition, hand grenades, and training literature were found. Four other suspects were caught in
282:
46:
2329:
Z. E. W. Epstein, a Polish Jewish professor, who was arrested in connection with the bombing of the British embassy in Rome, and wno was shot while trying to escape, died last night.
2506:
542:
decided at this time to suspend its role in sabotage operations, the Irgun and the Lehi extended their operations to Europe to strike at British diplomatic representatives.
275:
39:
703:
requirements. The Irgun bases of operations in Italy were closed down and shifted to other European capitals where operatives continued to strike at British targets: the
591:. Already in March 1946, several refugees, Dov Gurwitz(Roumenian), Aba Churman (Polish), assisted by several others – Natan Rzepkowicz (Polish), Tiburzio Deitel (
580:
517:
offered an assessment of the threat of Jewish terrorism in Europe and a warning: "the red light is definitely showing". The alert was confirmed by his successor
1872:
which exploded at the British Embassy in Rome early on Thursday morning, causing the front of the building to collapse, constituted the first blow in this war.
2457:
2300:
The Irgun Zvai Leumi will attack military objectives from England to Palestine. Jewish military resistance will reach into the heart of the British Empire
2386:
Walton, Calder (2008), "British Intelligence and the Mandate of Palestine: Threats to British National Security Immediately After the Second World War",
1718:
The bomb was of the same type as that used in the explosion at the British Embassy in Rome last year and in several other outrages by Jewish terrorists.
2358:
Police found at the headquarters pistols, ammunition, hand grenades, a German treatise on sabotage, and hand-written messages from the Irgun commander.
419:
260:
1689:
a rope having been smuggled to Epstein in an U.N.R.R.A. parcel, but Epstein probably bribed a guard for the rope, using money I sent through a lawyer.
2521:
2501:
2271:
The school conducted by the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart, opposite to the British Embassy here which was badly damaged in the recent bomb outrage
485:
severely curtailed further Jewish immigration by imposing quotas and ignited a brief military response by the Irgun as well as its later offshoot
616:
358:
122:
2115:
1787:
674:
Many were members of Betar. The English authorities requested that those rounded up be handed over, for transfer to British prison camps in
1645:
583:
were also eager to participate, set up cells through the country, while establishing two schools to train commandos for operations at
17:
716:
managed to humiliate Great Britain and the recourse to terrorism by the Irgun and Lehi were complementary to the activities of the
568:
490:
299:
174:
63:
712:
According to Italian historian Furio Biagini the entire world cheered at the way such bold feats by members of the Palestinian
477:
2433:
2377:
2149:
2105:
2078:
2046:
2021:
1778:
1751:
1619:
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2531:
2511:
1997:
671:, and Tavin arrested in December. Among those arrested were Dow Gurwitz, Tiburzio Deitel, Michael Braun and David Viten.
386:
206:
1956:
police discovered that the Palestine terrorist organisation, Irgun Zvai Leumi, had established a sabotage school in Rome
2388:
695:
432:
523:
154:
436:
government not to pursue the militants. In 1952, the eight suspects–including ringleader Moishe Deitel–were tried
1993:
620:
1630:"L'Irgun e la resistenza ebraica in Palestina. L'attentato all'ambasciata britannica di Roma (ottobre 1946)"
682:, attempted to flee from his imprisonment on 27 December 1946. He had been receiving assistance from the
527:
799:
in 1948 indicate that the Italian Communist Party was also suspected of being responsible at the time (
2097:
1909:
1791:
1733:
1649:
531:
333:
97:
2034:
Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945-1949
2005:
510:
2516:
2496:
1611:
687:
535:
2417:
2137:
2091:
2064:
1764:
1737:
1605:
683:
2365:
2116:"40 chili di tritolo nel cuore di Roma: così nel 1946 l'Irgun distrusse l'ambasciata inglese"
2032:
1967:
1770:
1700:
746:
486:
410:, was away on leave during the attack. It was quickly determined that foreign militants from
353:
117:
1726:
L'ebraismo armato. L'"Irgun Zvai Leumi" e gli attentati antibritannici in Italia (1946-1948)
2340:
1594:
368:
323:
267:
132:
87:
31:
2418:"British Intelligence and Threats to British National Security After the Second World War"
8:
2370:
Per ricostruire e ricostruirsi. Astorre Mayer e la rinascita ebraica tra Italia e Israele
2038:
1853:
1823:
1809:
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348:
112:
558:
2405:
2335:
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2235:
2158:
2119:
1938:
1883:
619:. According to the historian of fascism Giuseppe Parlato, the Irgun had purchased from
550:
2248:
2188:
1962:
1904:
1848:
1818:
1695:
1665:
678:. One of the arrested, Israel (Ze'ev) Epstein, a childhood friend of the Irgun leader
2429:
2409:
2373:
2230:
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2101:
2074:
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2017:
1933:
1878:
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127:
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457:
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328:
137:
92:
1303:
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were behind the attack and under pressure from Great Britain, the Italian police,
2060:
708:
596:
338:
102:
2010:
La Question de Palestine, tome 2: Une mission sacrée de civilisation (1922-1947)
2422:
The British Way in Cold Warfare: Intelligence, Diplomacy and the Bomb 1945-1975
1927:
the bomb outrage at the British Embassy in Rome was the first blow of this war.
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679:
518:
494:
2449:
2401:
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721:
624:
612:
150:
1585:
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704:
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514:
407:
318:
210:
82:
2129:
Fascisti senza Mussolini: le origini del neofascismo in Italia, 1943-1948
2087:
1519:
1222:
796:
792:
700:
415:
256:
1563:
1561:
1504:
1465:
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government set a registry deadline for 31 March 1947 and imposed strict
1384:
498:
313:
77:
1788:"Irgun Leaflet Bombs Explode in Rome, Venice, Threaten British Forces"
623:
the explosives used for the attempt via the offices of its co-founder
2070:
1743:
1558:
1345:
662:
604:
588:
461:
390:
184:
1646:"Eight Irgunists Convicted in Italy for Bombing of British Embassy"
1629:
469:
534:, housing British government offices, in Jerusalem, killing 91. A
2311:
2282:
2163:
717:
675:
584:
539:
465:
2013:
728:
713:
668:
592:
1198:
2353:
2324:
2295:
2266:
2240:
2206:
2176:
1980:
1951:
1922:
1905:"Jewish Threat to Britain. Extensive Underground War Planned"
1896:
1866:
1836:
1713:
1683:
1666:"EMBASSY BOMBING. AID FOR PRISONERS. An American's Admission"
653:
have been responsible. An investigation was conducted by the
600:
423:
398:
245:
1291:
990:
988:
986:
932:
884:
297:
61:
2222:
394:
222:
188:
1157:
1039:
949:
947:
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and received light sentences ranging from 8 to 16 months.
1786:
1644:
1567:
1351:
1135:
1133:
983:
971:
920:
848:
632:
506:
1879:"Jewish Terrorists Blamed for Attack on British Embassy"
1739:
The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940-1949
1546:
1438:
1372:
1269:
1267:
1237:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1012:
860:
241:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1063:
1029:
1027:
944:
838:
836:
2140:, in Resta, Giorgio; Zeno-Zencovich, Vincenzo (eds.),
1994:"Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Italy, 1945-1951"
1766:
Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917-1947
1411:
1279:
1145:
1130:
1075:
1000:
1534:
1492:
1399:
1264:
1210:
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1111:
1051:
959:
896:
2507:
Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom
2334:
1847:
1664:
1429:
1363:
1324:
1181:
1024:
908:
872:
833:
724:
in effecting the British withdrawal from Palestine.
1849:"Jew Terrorists. War on Britain. "Into the Heart.""
1817:
1806:
1587:
The Impact of the Jewish Underground on Anglo Jewry
1480:
1456:
1333:
1255:
1099:
573:
British Mandatory authorities and army in Palestine
2247:
2223:Federazione italiana delle associazioni partigiane
1932:
1607:Terror Out of Zion: Fight for Israeli Independence
1309:
1204:
1087:
406:. One of the Irgun's intended targets, ambassador
2093:Il caos italiano: Alle radici del nostro dissesto
497:. The Irgun also played a key role in organizing
448:The British government anticipated the threat of
2488:
2187:
2159:"Police Say Woman Bomb "Planter" Now in Custody"
1297:
2144:(in Italian), RomaTrE-Press, pp. 147–180,
1934:"Jews Arrested for Bombing Of British Embassy"
554:Remains of the British Embassy in Rome in 1946
2372:(in Italian), Franco Angeli, pp. 75–88,
579:the latter of whom, residing in camps run by
283:
47:
2055:
1903:
1444:
938:
890:
2138:"Neofascismo italiano e questione razziale"
795:the archives of the Italian police and the
621:the post-war neofascist terrorist group FAR
1696:"Europe-Wide Search for Man Who Made Bomb"
397:was a terrorist action perpetrated by the
290:
276:
54:
40:
2030:
1961:
1694:
1525:
1228:
953:
854:
526:(CID) as well as MI5's sister agency the
478:Arab recourse to insurrectionary violence
27:Terrorist attack by Zionist militia Irgun
2522:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
2276:
2157:
2113:
1991:
1807:"Italians and British Envoy in Charge",
1510:
1471:
1192:
1033:
557:
549:
460:. The Irgun had been founded before the
301:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
175:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
65:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
2502:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Italy
2363:
2305:
2278:"TERRORISM EXTENDS - Defiant Interview"
2135:
2126:
2004:
1759:
1627:
1552:
1498:
1405:
1390:
1378:
1273:
1243:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1124:
1081:
1057:
1045:
1018:
1006:
926:
902:
866:
842:
817:
14:
2489:
2415:
2385:
1732:
1723:
1540:
1216:
994:
977:
965:
914:
878:
603:movement had obtained permission from
2249:"Rome School Damaged in Bomb Outrage"
2114:Pannullo, Antonio (31 October 2016).
2086:
1963:"Jews Behind Rome Plot, Police Think"
1583:
1486:
1417:
1285:
1105:
800:
271:
232:Timed explosives encased in suitcases
35:
2217:
1819:"Jew Terrorism. War Against Britain"
1728:(in Italian), Biella: Storia Ribelle
1600:
1339:
1093:
1069:
684:American League for a Free Palestine
2450:Newsreel at the time of the bombing
2229:
2142:Le leggi razziali: Passato/Presente
1998:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
1992:Kokkonen, Susanna (25 April 2008).
1877:
779:
766:
422:rounded up numerous members of the
24:
2389:Intelligence and National Security
727:Five years following the bombing,
524:criminal investigation departments
25:
2543:
2443:
2231:"Responsibility for Bomb Outrage"
2066:Historical Dictionary of Zionism
1771:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
402:illegal Jewish immigration into
240:
2336:"Terrorists had H.Q. in Rome -"
2239:. 5 November 1946b – via
2189:"Princess Elizabeth Threatened"
806:
785:
772:
759:
562:British Embassy in Rome in 2011
476:in 1936, a turn related to the
1568:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1952
1352:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1947
690:, the suspects were released.
472:. It became the armed wing of
13:
1:
607:to have militants train at a
443:
2368:, in Paganoni, Marco (ed.),
2221:(in Italian), vol. 50,
827:
643:
168:1946 British Embassy bombing
7:
2527:Terrorist incidents in 1946
2473:41.90900797°N 12.50128161°E
2420:, in Grant, Matthew (ed.),
740:
617:Italian fascist authorities
532:bombed the King David Hotel
528:Secret Intelligence Service
470:havlagah, or self-restraint
464:out of discontent with the
10:
2548:
2532:Zionist political violence
2512:Building bombings in Italy
2136:Parlato, Giuseppe (2015),
2127:Parlato, Giuseppe (2006),
1634:Nuova Storia Contemporanea
1576:
615:under the auspices of the
545:
536:low intensity guerilla war
2402:10.1080/02684520802293049
1792:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1650:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
720:and the diplomacy of the
309:
251:
236:
228:
216:
202:
194:
180:
173:Part of spillover of the
172:
167:
73:
18:Israel Epstein (criminal)
2478:41.90900797; 12.50128161
2366:"L'Italia e l'Aliyà Bet"
1724:Gremmo, Roberto (2009),
939:Medoff & Waxman 2013
891:Medoff & Waxman 2013
752:
493:under the leadership of
456:in the aftermath of the
334:King David Hotel bombing
98:King David Hotel bombing
2416:Walton, Calder (2011),
2364:Toscano, Mario (2010),
2131:(in Italian), Il Mulino
1628:Biagini, Furio (2004),
1205:The Southern Cross 1946
491:an insurrection in 1944
155:Infobox civilian attack
148:
2031:Liebreich, F. (2004).
1704:. A.A.P. 19 April 1947
1612:Transaction Publishers
563:
555:
160:considered for merging
1298:The Border Watch 1947
820:, pp. 90–91, 91)
747:List of Irgun attacks
561:
553:
505:Before he retired as
433:antisemitic sentiment
354:Night of the Beatings
118:Night of the Beatings
2428:, pp. 141–158,
2341:The Newcastle Herald
2039:Taylor & Francis
1614:, pp. 178–181,
1595:University of Oxford
1584:Bagon, Paul (2003),
1326:The Newcastle Herald
567:several years in an
369:The Sergeants affair
344:Rome Embassy bombing
324:Night of the Bridges
133:The Sergeants affair
108:Rome Embassy bombing
88:Night of the Bridges
2469: /
2219:Quaderni della FIAP
1887:. 25 December 1946a
1854:The West Australian
1824:The West Australian
1810:The Daily Telegraph
1674:. 31 December 1946a
1671:The West Australian
1458:The West Australian
1431:The West Australian
1365:The West Australian
1257:The Daily Telegraph
1072:, pp. 178–181.
1048:, pp. 177–178.
997:, pp. 438–439.
980:, pp. 143–144.
929:, pp. 474–475.
522:working with local
483:White Paper of 1939
474:Revisionist Zionism
454:Mandatory Palestine
420:Allied Police Force
412:Mandatory Palestine
404:Mandatory Palestine
385:The bombing of the
349:Night of the Trains
261:Allied Police Force
113:Night of the Trains
2344:. 25 December 1946
2315:. 30 December 1946
2286:. 13 January 1947a
2257:. 29 November 1946
2254:The Southern Cross
2236:The Canberra Times
1942:. 25 December 1946
1939:The Canberra Times
1884:The Canberra Times
1857:. 4 November 1946b
1311:The Canberra Times
1166:, p. 82,n.19.
869:, pp. 78, 88.
564:
556:
519:Sir Percy Sillitoe
452:emanating outside
359:Martial law period
314:The Hunting Season
123:Martial law period
78:The Hunting Season
2435:978-1-4411-0627-8
2379:978-88-568-2783-5
2151:978-88-97524-35-9
2107:978-88-586-9122-9
2080:978-1-135-96649-2
2048:978-1-135-76694-8
2023:978-2-213-70358-9
1971:. 2 November 1946
1913:. 4 November 1946
1827:. 13 January 1947
1813:, 2 November 1946
1794:. 12 January 1947
1780:978-1-101-87466-0
1753:978-1-136-29887-5
1621:978-1-351-48660-6
1555:, pp. 91–92.
1445:The Recorder 1946
1420:, pp. 94–95.
1381:, pp. 88–89.
1288:, pp. 93–94.
1246:, pp. 83–84.
1021:, pp. 81–82.
941:, pp. 91–93.
893:, pp. 91–92.
857:, pp. 56–57.
814:Pasteur Institute
382:
381:
364:Acre Prison break
266:
265:
146:
145:
128:Acre Prison break
16:(Redirected from
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511:Director General
458:Second World War
450:Jewish terrorism
374:Operation Hametz
329:Operation Agatha
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244:
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138:Operation Hametz
93:Operation Agatha
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2167:. 13 June 1947b
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1652:. 21 April 1952
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611:established in
597:Zeev Jabotinsky
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387:British Embassy
383:
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339:Operation Shark
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207:British Embassy
198:31 October 1946
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2444:External links
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2396:(4): 435–462,
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2002:
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2197:. 7 June 1947
2196:
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2019:
2015:
2012:(in French).
2011:
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1842:leaflets read
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1500:
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1193:Pannullo 2016
1189:
1187:
1185:
1178:, p. 81.
1177:
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1141:
1136:
1134:
1127:, p. 82.
1126:
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1108:, p. 93.
1107:
1102:
1096:, p. 55.
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1060:, p. 78.
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1034:Kokkonen 2008
1030:
1028:
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1008:
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996:
991:
989:
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979:
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962:
956:, p. 57.
955:
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851:
845:, p. 83.
844:
839:
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791:According to
788:
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745:
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738:
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723:
722:Jewish Agency
719:
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625:Pino Romualdi
622:
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613:Civitavecchia
610:
609:Naval College
606:
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582:
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513:in May 1946,
512:
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468:'s policy of
467:
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45:
43:
38:
37:
34:
30:
19:
2454:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2369:
2357:
2352:– via
2346:. Retrieved
2339:
2328:
2323:– via
2317:. Retrieved
2310:
2299:
2294:– via
2288:. Retrieved
2281:
2270:
2265:– via
2259:. Retrieved
2252:
2234:
2218:
2210:
2205:– via
2199:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:
2175:– via
2169:. Retrieved
2162:
2141:
2128:
2092:
2088:Mieli, Paolo
2065:
2033:
2009:
1984:
1979:– via
1973:. Retrieved
1966:
1955:
1950:– via
1944:. Retrieved
1937:
1926:
1921:– via
1915:. Retrieved
1910:The Recorder
1908:
1895:– via
1889:. Retrieved
1882:
1870:
1865:– via
1859:. Retrieved
1852:
1840:
1835:– via
1829:. Retrieved
1822:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1765:
1738:
1725:
1717:
1712:– via
1706:. Retrieved
1699:
1687:
1682:– via
1676:. Retrieved
1669:
1654:. Retrieved
1637:
1633:
1606:
1586:
1553:Biagini 2004
1548:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1499:Biagini 2004
1494:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1413:
1406:Biagini 2004
1401:
1391:
1386:
1379:Biagini 2004
1374:
1364:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1274:Biagini 2004
1256:
1251:
1244:Biagini 2004
1239:
1229:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1176:Toscano 2010
1171:
1164:Biagini 2004
1159:
1152:Parlato 2006
1147:
1140:Parlato 2015
1125:Biagini 2004
1101:
1089:
1082:Biagini 2004
1077:
1065:
1058:Biagini 2004
1053:
1046:Biagini 2004
1041:
1019:Biagini 2004
1014:
1007:Laurens 2002
1002:
973:
961:
934:
927:Hoffman 2015
922:
910:
903:Hoffman 2015
898:
886:
874:
867:Biagini 2004
862:
850:
843:Biagini 2004
818:Biagini 2004
808:
787:
782:, p. 2)
774:
769:, p. 1)
761:
733:
726:
705:Sacher Hotel
692:
673:
661:
654:
651:
647:
638:Noel Charles
629:
577:
571:against the
565:
515:David Petrie
504:
447:
437:
429:
408:Noel Charles
384:
343:
319:Birya affair
237:Perpetrators
211:Noel Charles
153:
107:
83:Birya affair
29:
2476: /
1541:Heller 2012
1217:Walton 2008
995:Walton 2008
978:Walton 2011
966:Walton 2008
915:Walton 2008
879:Walton 2008
797:carabinieri
793:Paolo Mieli
734:in absentia
701:travel visa
696:antisemitic
509:'s wartime
438:in absentia
416:Carabinieri
257:Carabinieri
218:Attack type
149:‹ The
2491:Categories
2464:12°30′05″E
2461:41°54′32″N
1640:(5): 75–92
1487:Bagon 2003
1418:Bagon 2003
1286:Bagon 2003
1106:Bagon 2003
801:Mieli 2017
569:insurgency
499:Aliyah Bet
444:Background
2410:154775965
2071:Routledge
1968:The Argus
1744:Routledge
1701:The Argus
1527:The Argus
1340:Bell 1976
1230:The Argus
1094:ANPI 1987
1070:Bell 1976
828:Citations
663:The Times
644:Aftermath
605:Mussolini
589:Ladispoli
462:Holocaust
391:Porta Pia
185:Porta Pia
158:is being
2090:(2017),
2063:(2013),
2008:(2002).
1763:(2015),
1736:(2012),
1604:(1976),
780:CT 1946b
767:CT 1946a
741:See also
418:and the
259:and the
181:Location
162:. ›
151:template
2312:The Age
2283:The Age
2212:itself.
2164:The Age
2098:Rizzoli
1986:"mine."
1577:Sources
1512:The Age
1473:The Age
1392:The Age
718:Haganah
676:Eritrea
585:Tricase
546:Bombing
540:Haganah
466:Haganah
252:Inquiry
229:Weapons
223:Bombing
2432:
2408:
2376:
2348:26 May
2319:26 May
2290:26 May
2261:26 May
2201:26 May
2171:26 May
2148:
2104:
2077:
2045:
2020:
2014:Fayard
1975:26 May
1946:26 May
1917:26 May
1891:31 May
1861:26 May
1831:26 May
1798:10 May
1777:
1750:
1708:26 May
1678:26 May
1618:
729:Israel
714:yishuv
669:Genova
203:Target
2406:S2CID
2354:Trove
2325:Trove
2296:Trove
2267:Trove
2241:Trove
2207:Trove
2182:1946.
2177:Trove
1981:Trove
1952:Trove
1923:Trove
1897:Trove
1867:Trove
1837:Trove
1714:Trove
1684:Trove
1656:7 May
1591:(PDF)
1514:1947b
1475:1947a
1433:1946b
1367:1946a
753:Notes
601:Betar
593:Fiume
581:UNRRA
424:Betar
399:Irgun
246:Irgun
2430:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2350:2018
2321:2018
2292:2018
2263:2018
2203:2018
2173:2018
2146:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1977:2018
1948:2018
1919:2018
1893:2018
1863:2018
1833:2018
1800:2018
1775:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1710:2018
1680:2018
1658:2018
1616:ISBN
1529:1947
1460:1947
1394:1946
1328:1946
1313:1946
1259:1946
1232:1946
587:and
487:Lehi
431:and
395:Rome
195:Date
189:Rome
2398:doi
633:TNT
599:'s
507:MI5
393:in
389:at
2493::
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2404:,
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