Istanbul - Knowledge

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Parliament—and an appointed Executive Committee. Mirroring the executive committee at the municipal level, the Provincial Executive Committee includes a secretary-general and leaders of departments that advise the Provincial Parliament. The Provincial Administration's duties are largely limited to the building and maintenance of schools, residences, government buildings, and roads, and the promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation.

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flight and emigration of the Greek minority of Istanbul, which once numbered some 100,000 and was subsequently reduced to a few thousand. The vast destruction of Greek property, businesses, and churches provides evidence of the Turkish authorities' intent to terrorize the Greeks in Istanbul into abandoning the territory, thus eliminating the Greek minority. This practice falls within the ambit of the crime of

5469: 22683: 7498: 7074:, of which 100 were private. Turkish citizens are entitled to subsidized healthcare in the nation's state-run hospitals. As public hospitals tend to be overcrowded or otherwise slow, private hospitals are preferable for those who can afford them. Their prevalence has increased significantly over the last decade, as the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals increased from 5948:), pubs and restaurants. İstiklal Avenue, originally known for its taverns, has shifted toward shopping, but the nearby Nevizade Street is still lined with winehouses and pubs. Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue have been revamped to cater to Beyoğlu's nightlife, with formerly commercial streets now lined with pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music. 7526: 4176:

swift decisions, often at the expense of transparency. The Municipal Council is advised by the Metropolitan Executive Committee, although the committee also has limited power to make decisions of its own. All representatives on the committee are appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the council, with the mayor—or someone of his or her choosing—serving as head.

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including at least one priest, were subjected to forced circumcision. The riots were accompanied by enormous material damage, estimated by Greek authorities at US$ 500 million, including the burning of churches and the devastation of shops and private homes. As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from Turkey.

7269:, entered service on 26 August 2016. The O-7 motorway connects Istanbul Atatürk Airport with Istanbul Airport. Environmentalist groups worry that the third bridge will endanger the remaining green areas to the north of Istanbul. Apart from the three Bosphorus Bridges, the dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi) 3477: 9908:

which the UN General Assembly and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have interpreted as constituting a form of genocide... Besides the deaths, thousands were injured; some 200 Greek women were raped, and there are reports that Greek boys were raped as well. Many Greek men,

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Istanbul Atatürk Airport, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center, on the European side, near the Marmara Sea coast, was formerly the city's largest airport. After its closure to commercial flights in 2019, it was briefly used by cargo aircraft and the official state aircraft owned

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forced the station to close in 2012. New stations to replace both the Haydarpaşa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, now the Marmaray second phase opened to the public. Private bus companies still operation to this day. Istanbul's main bus station is the largest

5283:, where Istanbul voted 'No' by 51.4% to 48.6%. The AKP government had supported a 'Yes' vote and won the vote nationally due to high support in rural parts of the country. A major turning point for the government came in the 2019 local elections, where their candidate for Mayor, former Prime Minister 5187:

Istanbul became one of the world's most important Jewish centers in the 16th and 17th century. Romaniote and Ashkenazi communities existed in Istanbul before the conquest of Istanbul, but it was the arrival of Sephardic Jews that ushered a period of cultural flourishing. Sephardic Jews settled in the

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in place of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair, and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from half a

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in 1956. Capacity declined until the power station reached the end of its economic life and shut down in 1983. The state-run Turkish Electrical Authority (TEK) briefly—between its founding in 1970 and 1984—held a monopoly on the generation and distribution of electricity, but now the authority—since

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A 2019 survey study by KONDA that examined the religiosity of the voting-age adults in Istanbul showed that 57% of the surveyed had a religion and were trying to practise its requirements. This was followed by nonobservant people with 26% who identified with a religion but generally did not practise

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is responsible for citywide issues, including managing the budget, maintaining civic infrastructure, and overseeing museums and major cultural centers. Since the government operates under a "powerful mayor, weak council" approach, the council's leader—the metropolitan mayor—has the authority to make

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The city's summers are warm to hot and moderately dry, with an average daytime temperature of about 28 °C (82 °F), and less than 7 days of precipitation per month. Despite the generally acceptable temperature range, mid-summer in Istanbul is considered moderately uncomfortable, due to high

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from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. This sudden, sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the

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From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. The overall population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people

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welcomed everyone–foreigners, criminals, and runaways– showing extraordinary openness and willingness to incorporate outsiders that came to define Ottoman political culture. He also invited people from all over Europe to his capital, creating a cosmopolitan society that persisted through much of the

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the Greek minority in Istanbul was demonstrably present, the pogrom having been orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Even if the number of deaths (estimated at thirty-seven) among members of the Greek community was relatively low, the result of the pogrom was the

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UEFA does not apparently keep a list of Category 4 stadiums, but regulations stipulate that only these elite stadiums are eligible to host UEFA Champions League Finals, which Atatürk Olympic Stadium did in 2005, and UEFA Europa League (formerly UEFA Cup) Finals, which Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium did in

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concurs with 685 BCE as the year Chalcedon was founded, but places Byzantion's establishment in 659 BCE. Among more modern historians, Carl Roebuck proposed the 640s BCE and others have suggested even later. The foundation date of Chalcedon is itself subject to some debate; while many sources place

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By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. Despite efforts to make Ankara Turkey's cultural heart, Istanbul had the country's primary institution of art until the 1970s. When

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Istanbul was historically known as a cultural hub, but its cultural scene stagnated after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara. The new national government established programs that served to orient Turks toward musical traditions, especially those originating in Europe, but musical

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District councils are chiefly responsible for waste management and construction projects within their respective districts. They each maintain their own budgets, although the metropolitan mayor reserves the right to review district decisions. One-fifth of all district council members, including the

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was ignored by the rampant plague, which killed the rich and the poor alike in the 16th century. Money could not protect the rich from all the discomforts and harsher sides of Istanbul. Although the Sultan lived at a safe remove from the masses, and the wealthy and poor tended to live side by side,

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Small settlements adjacent to major population centers in Turkey, including Istanbul, were merged into their respective primary cities during the early 1980s, resulting in metropolitan municipalities. The main decision-making body of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is the Municipal Council,

3926:. The Hagia Sophia stood as the world's largest cathedral in the world until it was converted into a mosque in the 15th century. The minarets date from that period. Because of its historical significance, it was reopened as a museum in 1935. However, it was re-converted into a mosque in July 2020. 3671:

that depict Theodosius I and his courtiers. The lower part of the obelisk was damaged in antiquity, probably during its transport to Alexandria in 357 CE or during its re-erection at the Hippodrome of Constantinople in 390 CE. As a result, the current height of the obelisk is only 18.54 meters, or

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period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. Bridges across the Golden Horn were constructed during this period, and Constantinople was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s. Modern facilities, such as a water supply

6226:, established in 1903, is considered the oldest of these sports clubs. Due to its initial status as Turkey's only club, Beşiktaş occasionally represented the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic in international sports competitions, earning the right to place the Turkish flag inside its team logo. 4791:

Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000. This growth was fueled by internal and international migration. Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit increased dramatically, from

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The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in 1840 and the first post office, the Imperial Post Office, opened near the courtyard of Yeni Mosque. By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the Ottoman Empire had been established. Sultan

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The first film screening in Turkey was at Yıldız Palace in 1896, a year after the technology publicly debuted in Paris. Movie theaters rapidly cropped up in Beyoğlu, with the greatest concentration of theaters being along the street now known as İstiklal Avenue. Istanbul also became the heart of

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With the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province having equivalent jurisdictions, few responsibilities remain for the provincial government. Like the MMI, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration has a governor, a democratically elected decision-making body—the Provincial

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and gardens. But in the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side experienced major urban growth; the late development of this part of the city led to better infrastructure and tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city. Much of the Asian side of the

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IST was also transferred to the new airport. Once all phases are completed in 2025, the airport will have six sets of runways (eight in total), 16 taxiways, and will be able to accommodate 200 million passengers a year. The transfer from the airport to the city is via the O-7, and it will

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the previous year. Government meetings took place here until 1786, when the seat of government was moved to the Sublime Porte. After several hundred years of royal residence, it was abandoned in 1853 in favor of the baroque Dolmabahçe Palace. Topkapı Palace became public property following the

7404:, inaugurated in 2013 as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, having 13.5 km (8.4 mi) length. The Marmaray tunnel together with the suburban railways lines along the Sea of Marmara, form the intercontinental commuter rail line in Istanbul, named officially B1, from 2055:

The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development, with over 500,000 vulnerable buildings demolished and replaced since 2012. According to ministry statements and geologist comments made in 2023, the city's infrastructure was in reasonably good shape,

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on the population of the city in the mid-1920s (with the former suggesting 817,000 in 1925), but Turan, p. 224, is used as the source of population figures between 1924 and 2005. Turan's figures, as well as the 2010 figure, come from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The drastic increase in

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Haydarpaşa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. Since then operations were shifted to Ambarlı, with plans to convert Haydarpaşa into a tourism complex. In 2019, Ambarlı, on the western edge of the urban center, had an annual capacity of

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Istanbul's precipitation is unevenly distributed, with winter months getting at least twice the level of precipitation of their summerly counterparts. The mode of precipitation also varies by season. Winter precipitation is generally light, persistent and often of mixed precipitation such as

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Topkapı Palace, dating back to 1465, is the oldest seat of government surviving in Istanbul. Mehmed II built the original palace as his main residence and the seat of government. The present palace grew over the centuries as a series of additions enfolding four courtyards and blending

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study, Kurds constituted around 17% of Istanbul's adult total population who were Turkish citizens. Although the initial Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period, the majority of Kurds in the city originate from villages in eastern and southeastern Turkey.

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along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. Following the founding of the Turkish Republic, the plant underwent renovations to accommodate the city's increasing demand; its capacity grew from

6009:, 15 kilometers (9 mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. Because of their restaurants, historic summer mansions, and tranquil, car-free streets, the Princes' Islands are a popular vacation destination among Istanbulites and foreign tourists. 8798:

Algan, O.; Yalçın, M.N.K.; Özdoğan, M.; Yılmaz, Y.C.; Sarı, E.; Kırcı-Elmas, E.; Yılmaz, İ.; Bulkan, Ö.; Ongan, D.; Gazioğlu, C.; Nazik, A.; Polat, M.A.; Meriç, E. (2011). "Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history".

2129:; while summer precipitation is generally abrupt and sporadic. Cloudiness, as with precipitation, varies greatly by season. Winters are quite cloudy, with around 20 percent of days being sunny or partly cloudy. Meanwhile, summers experience 60-70 percent of possible sunshine. 5241:, winning the mayoralty of Istanbul was a huge moral victory, but for Erdoğan it had practical ramifications: His party, AKP, lost control of the $ 4.8 billion municipal budget, which had sustained patronage at the point of delivery of many public services for 25 years. 7320:

date back to 1872, when they were horse-drawn, but even the first electrified trams were decommissioned in the 1960s. Operated by Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnels General Management (İETT), trams slowly returned to the city in the 1990s with the introduction of the

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for the most part Istanbul was not zoned as modern cities are. Opulent houses shared the same streets and districts with tiny hovels. Those rich enough to have secluded country properties had a chance of escaping the periodic epidemics of sickness that blighted Istanbul.

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Radio broadcasts in Istanbul date back to 1927, when Turkey's first radio transmission came from atop the Central Post Office in Eminönü. Control of this transmission, and other radio stations established in the following decades, ultimately came under the state-run

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colonists around 657 BCE. Megarian colonists claimed a direct line back to the founders of the city, Byzas, the son of the god Poseidon and the nymph Ceroëssa. Modern excavations have raised the possibility that the name Byzantium might reflect the sites of native

7236:) is 353 km (219 mi) (2021), totaling 896 km (557 mi) of expressway roads (minimum 2x2 lanes), excluding secondary roads and urban streets. The density of expressway network is 16.8 km/100 km. The O-1 forms the city's inner 7273:(which entered service on 20 December 2016) under the Bosphorus strait also provides road crossings for motor vehicles between the Asian and European sides of Turkey. Road transport emits significant carbon dioxide, estimated at 7 million tons in 2021. 1418:

Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named

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Bu Kanunun yürürlüğe girdiği tarihte; büyükşehir belediye sınırları, İstanbul ve Kocaeli ilinde, il mülkî sınırıdır. (On the date this law goes in effect, the metropolitan city boundaries, in the provinces of İstanbul and Kocaeli, are those of the

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cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity.

1970:. Historically, the city has been ideally situated for trade and defense: The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn provide both ideal defense against enemy attack and a natural toll-gate. Several picturesque islands— 1162:), literally 'to the city' and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its nickname 2035:

7.0 is very likely in the 21st century, though an earthquake with a magnitude above 7.5 is thought to be impossible. Istanbul Municipality's Directorate of Earthquake and Ground Research is responsible for analysing the methods to reduce the

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According to 2020 TÜİK data around 2.1 million people in a population of over 15.4 million have been registered in Istanbul, meanwhile the vast majority of the residents ultimately originate from Anatolian provinces, especially those in the

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are among other public high schools in the city. Istanbul also contains high schools established by the European and American expatriates and missionaries in the 19th century that currently offer secular, foreign-language education such as

1453:, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox 1432:

The establishment of Constantinople was one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including

8119:, which also does a comprehensive analysis of sources, including Chandler (1987); Morris notes that many of Chandler's estimates during that time seem too large for the city's size, and presents smaller estimates. Chandler disagrees with 8115:, pp. 463–505 examines different sources' estimates and chooses the most likely based on historical conditions; it is the source of most population figures between 100 and 1914. The ranges of values between 500 and 1000 are due to 1908:, in which hundreds of Greek men, women and children were attacked and raped and dozens murdered, led to the emigration of most of the remaining Greeks in Istanbul. Government persecution of Greeks and religious minorities, especially 7260:

each day. The O-7 or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. The O-7 motorway from Kinali Gişeleri to Istanbul Park Service has 139.2 km (86.5 mi), with 8 lanes (4x4), and from Odayeri-K10 to

6455:. The 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix was initially cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but on 25 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix will take place on 3 October 2021. Istanbul Park was also a venue of the 3968:, built by Suleiman the Magnificent, was designed by his chief architect Mimar Sinan, the most illustrious of all Ottoman architects, who designed many of the city's renowned mosques and other types of public buildings and monuments. 14913: 3015:) is noted to be very prevalent, with estimates ranging from a hundred thousand to over a million stray cats. The feral cats in the city have gained widespread media and public attention and are considered to be symbols of the city. 5032:

who are Turkish citizens are found to be making up less than 1% of city's total adult population. As of August 2023, there were more than 530,000 refugees of the Syrian civil war in Istanbul, the highest number in any Turkish city.

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titles, at 22 and 19 times, respectively. Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe have a long-standing rivalry, with Galatasaray based in the European part and Fenerbahçe based in the Anatolian part of the city. Istanbul has seven basketball

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between the Black and the Mediterranean seas, even when tankers carry oil, natural gas, chemicals, and other flammable or explosive materials as cargo. In 2011, as a workaround solution, the then Prime Minister Erdoğan presented

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compose the economically important species. Fish diversity in the waters of Istanbul has dwindled in the recent decades. From around 60 different fish species recorded in the 1970s only 20 of them still survive in the Bosporus.

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The opening date has been pushed back three times, but authorities insist that the main terminal building and two runways will be fully operational by Sunday, in what critics say it is a rushed and dangerous attempt to stay on

15014: 1176:) meaning the 'Gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman Turkish. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from "Constantinople", with the first and third syllables dropped. Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as 5593:

are Turkey's two largest international gateways, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. Istanbul has more than fifty museums, with the Topkapı Palace, the most visited museum in the city, bringing in more than

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artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. That early settlement, important in the spread of the

14292: 6605:(TRT), which held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasts between its founding in 1964 and 1990. Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 6016:. Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the city's foodscape has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as 841:, the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is considered the country's economic, cultural and historic capital. The city has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey, and is the 5163:

from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century. The community had more than 15,000 members during Atatürk's presidency in the 1920s and 1930s, but today is reduced to only a few hundreds, according to Italo-Levantine writer

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were present in Bosporus, and Princes' Islands and Tuzla shores were seal breeding areas during summer, but they have not been observed in Istanbul since the 1960s and thought to be extinct in the region. Water pollution,

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network, electricity, telephones, and trams, were gradually introduced to Constantinople over the following decades, although later than to other European cities. The modernization efforts were not enough to forestall the

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district mayors, also represent their districts in the Municipal Council. All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms. Representing the

1449:. Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east and the advance of Islam. During most of the 7067:, which split from the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone in 1995, was privatized in 2005. Postal services remain under the purview of what is now the Post and Telegraph Organization (retaining the acronym PTT). 5444:

Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus strait, houses international ports that link Europe and Asia. The Bosporus, providing the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, is the world's busiest and narrowest

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fortresses, which assisted the Ottomans during their siege of the city. Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans made an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces.

8086:) is sometimes, especially in encyclopedic or other tertiary sources, placed firmly in 667 BCE. Historians have disputed the precise year the city was founded. Commonly cited is the work of 5th-century-BCE historian 1425:; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of 4137:, but they were not fully implemented until 1908 when the city was declared a province with nine constituent districts. This system continued beyond the founding of the Turkish Republic, with the province renamed a 7888:*According to the size of the population and the status of megacity, the limits of the Istanbul city correspond to the limits of the province, and the province is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Istanbul. 7412:

on the Asian side. This rail line has 76.6 km (47.6 mi), and the full line opened on 12 March 2019. Until then, buses provide transportation within and between the two-halves of the city, accommodating

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Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture. Despite its development as a Turkish city since 1923, it contains many ancient, Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish monuments.

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began a strategy of gradually taking smaller towns and cities, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly. On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege during which the last Roman emperor,

5104:. Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019, still greatly diminished since 1919, when it stood at 350,000. There are today 50,000 to 70,000 1870:

was signed on 24 July 1923, and the occupation of Constantinople ended with the departure of the last forces of the Allies from the city on 4 October 1923. Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by

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Most state-run radio and television stations are based in Ankara, but Istanbul is the primary hub of Turkish media. The industry has its roots in the former Ottoman capital, where the first Turkish newspaper,

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Coinciding with this cultural reemergence was the establishment of the Istanbul Festival, which began showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world in 1973. From this flagship festival came the

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were allowed to work in any profession. Ottoman Jews in Istanbul excelled in commerce and came to particularly dominate the medical profession. By 1711, using the printing press, books came to be published in

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Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for the

15870: 3471:, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive. 1067:, the Roman emperor who refounded the city in 324 CE. Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the 1930s, when Turkish authorities began to press for the use of "Istanbul" ( 6617:

is the most popular radio station in Turkey. Istanbul's airwaves are the busiest in Turkey, primarily featuring either Turkish-language or English-language content. One of the exceptions, offering both, is

5755:(2005), both filmed in Istanbul, the nation's movies began to see substantial international success. Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for several foreign films, including 6633:

TRT-Children is the only TRT television station based in Istanbul. Istanbul is home to the headquarters of several Turkish stations and regional headquarters of international media outlets. Istanbul-based

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railway tunnel. It is the oldest known human settlement on the European side of the city. The oldest known human settlement on the Asian side is the Fikirtepe Mound near Kadıköy, with relics dating to the

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On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo,

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continued until the early 2010s, when the former was interrupted for Marmaray construction but started running again in 2019 and the latter was halted due to economic problems in Greece. After Istanbul's

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and the skyscrapers of Levent financial district in the background. Providing the only sea route to the Black Sea, the Bosporus is the world's busiest waterway that is used for international navigation.

3235:, a set of corridors lined with office buildings, residential towers, shopping centers, and university campuses, and over 2,000,000 m (22,000,000 sq ft) of class-A office space in total. 14604: 13640: 16837:

Efe, Recep; Cürebal, Isa (2011). "Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul". In Brunn, Stanley D (ed.).

23394: 19634: 4129:) across the city. Pera (now Beyoğlu) was the first area of the city to have its own director and council, with members instead being longtime residents of the neighborhood. Laws enacted after the 16399: 23624: 19551: 14138: 10709:

Altay, Volkan; Ouml, Brahim Lker; zyiit; Yarci, Celal (31 January 2010). "Urban flora and ecological characteristics of the Kartal District (Istanbul): A contribution to urban ecology in Turkey".

6798:. As of 2019 Istanbul has 61 colleges and universities, with more than 1.8 million students enrolled according to official figures. Of those, fourteen are state-owned, 44 are "foundation-owned" 10318: 5799:, held every two years since 1987. Its early incarnations were aimed at showcasing Turkish visual art, and it has since opened to international artists and risen in prestige to join the elite 4092:

Since 2004, the municipal boundaries of Istanbul have been coincident with the boundaries of its province. The city, considered capital of the larger Istanbul Province, is administered by the

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upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the empire; during the following millennium of Roman history the state is commonly referred to as the "Byzantine Empire".

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Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory.

6856:, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, dates back to 1453 and its dental, law, medical schools were founded in the 19th century.The city's largest private universities include 5687:

Beyoğlu has been transformed into the artistic center of the city, with young artists and older Turkish artists formerly residing abroad finding footing there. Modern art museums, including

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Istanbul straddles both Europe and Asia, with its commercial and historical centre and two-thirds of the population in Europe, the rest in Asia. Since Istanbul is a transcontinental city,

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Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosporus (particularly in neighborhoods like

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Bosporus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment. However,

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from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the

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Historians disagree—sometimes substantially—on population figures of Istanbul (Constantinople), and other world cities, prior to the 20th century. A follow-up to Chandler & Fox 1974,

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Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...

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Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with a vast building scheme that included the construction of towering mosques and ornate palaces. The

6939:. At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000 cu ft) of water to 262: 19922: 19746: 15399: 7090:

than any other country in the world, with most concentrated in its big cities. The high quality of healthcare, especially in private hospitals, has contributed to a recent upsurge in

24432: 15709: 7567:(Istanbul Sea Buses) runs a combination of high-speed passenger ferries and vehicle ferries within Istanbul and to destinations across the Sea of Marmara. A smaller private company, 6895:(formerly the higher education section of Robert College until 1971) provide education in English as the primary foreign language, while the primary foreign language of education at 295: 19362: 18951: 11269: 4074:

styles, which went on to influence the architecture of a variety of structures in Beyoğlu—including churches, stores, and theaters—and official buildings such as Dolmabahçe Palace.

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Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman era. The dominant ethnic group in the city is

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on the Bosporus took place on 19–21 June 2009. Istanbul Sailing Club, established in 1952, hosts races and other sailing events on the waterways in and around Istanbul each year.

229: 14213: 24256: 10584: 1445:; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators, the hippodrome became central to civic life and, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the center of episodes of unrest, including the 23898: 19417: 11103: 8099:

it in 685 BC, others put it in 675 BCE or even 639 BCE (with Byzantion's establishment placed in 619 BCE). Some sources refer to Byzantium's foundation as the 7th century BCE.

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form the largest Christian population in the city. While Istanbul's Greek population was exempted from the 1923 population exchange with Greece, changes in tax status and the

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Following the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city. Cognizant that revitalization would fail without the repopulation of the city,

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More recently, Istanbul and many of Turkey's metropolitan cities are following a trend away from the government and their right-wing ideology. In 2013 and 2014, large scale

2979:) make up the marine mammals presently found in the Bosporus and surrounding waters, though since the 1950s the number of dolphin observations has become increasingly rare. 23706: 10013: 7341:

in London. It still carries passengers between Karaköy and İstiklal Avenue along a steep 573-meter (1,880 ft) track; a more modern funicular between Taksim Square and

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Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–49. p. 236

8886: 1580:), porticoes, pavilions, walkways, as well as more than a dozen new mosques. Mehmed II turned the ramshackle old town into something that looked like an imperial capital. 15762: 3349:, have faced criticism. The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with the new 25327: 19903: 14914:"İstanbul'daki en iyi liseler hangileri: 2022 İstanbul Anadolu Liseleri, Fen Liseleri, İmam Hatip ve Teknik Liseleri taban puanları ve yüzdelik dilimleri belli oldu mu?" 5465:, a project to open a new strait between the Black and Marmara seas. While the project was still on Turkey's agenda in 2020, there has not been a clear date set for it. 20995: 12067: 6128:

government, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact due to ideological reasons.

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The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE, when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus. The settlers built an

14491: 10391: 5865:, from the historic to the modern. Istanbul also has an active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries, if not millennia. 4990:, which also forms the majority group in Turkey. According to survey data 78% of the voting-age Turkish citizens in Istanbul state "Turkish" as their ethnic identity. 4848:

has the highest percentage with more than 760 thousand residents in the city. A 2019 survey found that only 36% of the Istanbul's population was born in the province.

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in Yenikapı, once the busiest port in Constantinople, was among the numerous archeological discoveries that took place during the excavations of the Marmaray tunnel.

23716: 15874: 10504: 6714:. The average class size was 30 for primary education institutes, 27 for vocational schools and 23 for general high schools. Of the 842 public high schools, 263 are 4123:. Following the model of French cities, this religious system was replaced by a mayor and a citywide council composed of representatives of the confessional groups ( 3050:

remains at a level so as to affect the heart and lungs of healthy street bystanders during peak traffic hours, and almost 200 days of pollution were measured by the

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Köse, Yavuz (2009). "Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)". In Atabaki, Touraj; Brockett, Gavin (eds.).

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in Istanbul. It is one of the few Byzantine era churches that were never converted into mosques; during the Ottoman period it served as Topkapı's principal armoury.

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ushered in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey when it opened in 1987. Since then, malls have become major shopping centers outside the historic peninsula.

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and predates the formation of the Bosporus by approximately a millennium, when the Sea of Marmara was still a lake, was discovered during the construction of the

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25.6 meters if the base is included. Between the four corners of the obelisk and the pedestal are four bronze cubes, used in its transportation and re-erection.

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and one of the most important cities in history. The city played a key role in the advancement of Christianity during Roman/Byzantine times, hosting four of the

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has caused an increase in Istanbul's heatwaves, droughts, storms, and flooding in Istanbul. Furthermore, as Istanbul is a large and rapidly expanding city, its

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on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts. Other focal points for shopping, leisure and entertainment include Nişantaşı,

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in 479 BCE. The three serpent heads of the 8-meter (26 ft) high column remained intact until the end of the 17th century (one is on display at the nearby

1757: 23778: 15840: 14608: 14186: 25287: 23591: 22745: 21066: 17758:

Tigrek, Sahnaz; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül (2011). "Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey". In Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Scheumann, Waltina; Kramer, Annika (eds.).

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split between the Turkish Electricity Generation Transmission Company (TEAŞ) and the Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAŞ)—competes with private

1180:, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word 21010: 19939: 16258: 15650: 13731: 12844: 10870: 8222: 7040: 5291:

candidate Ekrem İmamoğlu. İmamoğlu won the vote with 48.77% of the vote, against Yıldırım's 48.61%, but the elections were controversially annulled by the

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where the center-left opposition candidate won an impressive 40% of the vote, despite not winning. The first government defeat in Istanbul occurred in the

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dew points and relative humidity. Winters, meanwhile, are cool, quite rainy, and relatively snow-rich for a city with above-freezing average temperatures.

13539: 12499: 9714: 25292: 24249: 23401: 18860: 15523: 15162: 13435:"Panoramic view of the modern skyline of Istanbul's European side, with the skyscrapers of Levent at the center and the Bosphorus Bridge (1973) at right" 10910: 9899:

The Septemvriana satisfies the criteria of article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) because the

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street on which the newspaper was printed, Bâb-ı Âli Street, rapidly became the center of Turkish print media, alongside Beyoğlu across the Golden Horn.

23691: 23645: 18022: 10965: 24462: 24454: 23891: 23676: 23666: 12335: 6876:. Istanbul's first private university, Koç University, was founded as late as 1992, because private universities were not allowed in Turkey before the 6441: 6283: 5618: 702: 23731: 19272: 14538: 14263: 16407: 14160: 7745: 6630:, although based in Ankara, also features English-language popular music, and English-language news programming is provided on NTV Radyo (102.8 FM). 3353:, opened in 2019; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5 million people. 1568:. Like many monarchs before and since, Mehmed II transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with wholesale redevelopment of the city center. There was a 21051: 20985: 18825: 16180: 16091: 14828: 14790: 10185: 5217:, Yiddish, and Hebrew. In large part due to emigration to Israel, the Jewish population in the city dropped from 100,000 in 1950 to 15,000 in 2021. 23686: 21020: 7716: 6042:

Apart from the city's numerous stadiums, sports halls and concert halls, there are several open-air venues for concerts and festivals, such as the

5491:, the Port of Ambarlı, and the Port of Zeytinburnu – as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara. 2908:, a total of 576 plant taxa were recorded; of those 477 were natural and 99 were exotic and cultivated. The most prominent native taxa were in the 21061: 21056: 21025: 15313: 12165: 11761: 7691:, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009; the airport handled 7082:

between 2005 and 2009. Many of these private hospitals, as well as some of the public hospitals, are equipped with high-tech equipment, including

4056:, all of which were built at the peak of the Ottoman Empire, in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the following centuries, and especially after the 23696: 21677: 19209: 13978: 10486: 7758: 5559:

and Turkey are the 352 m (1,154 ft 10 in) tall Turkish Central Bank Tower in the Ataşehir district on the Asian side of the city;

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Based on state register data, which is unchangeable and inherited from the family. A married women is also registered to her husband's province.

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Istanbul now has a wide variety of periodicals. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and İzmir editions.

6389:, which opened in 2012 as the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams. Despite the construction boom, five bids for the Summer Olympics—in 5336:

to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which has a total of 600 seats. For the purpose of parliamentary elections, Istanbul is divided into

1535:, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque due to the city's refusal to surrender peacefully. Mehmed declared himself as the new 933: 13185: 11219: 3811:

There are traces of the Byzantine era throughout the city, from ancient churches that were built over early Christian meeting places like the

25332: 23884: 22214: 21470: 21046: 20025: 19437: 18941: 17915: 14064: 14004: 12309: 8502: 2764:

has been intensifying the effects of climate change. If trends continue, sea level rise is likely to affect city infrastructure, for example

611: 18017: 14631: 13371: 10937: 6385:, have also been inaugurated since 2000, serving as the home courts of Istanbul's sports clubs. The most recent of these is the 13,800-seat 22377: 21756: 21225: 20990: 20954: 18070: 16290: 15713: 2041: 1407:(532–537) by Byzantine emperor Justinian I was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the 11273: 10272: 6943:

each day. In later years, in response to increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to public fountains, like the

6472: 5739:, although Turkish films were not consistently developed until the 1950s. Since then, Istanbul has been the most popular location to film 1920:

took place in 1964-1965. As a result of these policies, the Greek population of Istanbul decreased from 110,000 in 1919 to 2,500 today.

1473:

million during the 8th century. After the reconquest of 1261, however, some of the city's monuments were restored, and some, like the two

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Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites

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assessed mainly on non-Muslims led to the transfer or liquidation of many businesses owned by religious minorities. The state-sanctioned

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On 29 October 1923 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the establishment of the Turkish Republic, with Ankara as its capital.

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form one of the largest ethnic minorities in Istanbul and are the biggest group after Turks among Turkish citizens. According to a 2019

3922:. The Hagia Sophia, topped by a dome 31 meters (102 ft) in diameter over a square space defined by four arches, is the pinnacle of 22350: 21751: 20792: 19910: 18002: 12577: 12383: 11058: 7661:

Istanbul has had three large international airports, two of which currently serve commercial passenger flights. The largest is the new

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form the city's other largest ethnic minority, with an estimated population of more than 2 million. Following Turkey's support for the

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for the position of the world's largest city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained the

23584: 22738: 18137: 14238: 10373: 10068: 5891: 4719: 1997:, there are, in fact, more than 50 hills within the city limits. Istanbul's tallest hill, Aydos, is 537 meters (1,762 ft) high. 17931: 13383: 11111: 10213: 7632:; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. Service to Ankara and other points across Turkey is normally offered by 6487: 1441:

and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. Constantine also undertook a major renovation and expansion of the

148: 25337: 22148: 18113: 16213:[Istanbul Bus Station] (in Turkish). Avrasya Terminal İşletmeleri A.Ş. (Eurasian Terminal Management, Inc.). Archived from 16210: 13760: 8281: 7838: 7684: 6602: 6244: 5446: 5295:

due to AKP's claim of electoral fraud. In the re-run İmamoğlu gathered 54.22% of the total vote and widened his margin of victory.

5120: 3157:), corresponds to what was the whole of Constantinople until the Ottoman conquest; today it is the capital district and called the 1682: 980: 18956: 17980: 15995: 14366: 11718: 9193: 7687:, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of the city center, on the Asian side, was opened in 2001 to relieve Atatürk. Dominated by 7051:

became operational in Istanbul in 1909, the Ministry of Post and Telegraph became the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.

25277: 21537: 21218: 20849: 20742: 18602: 17997: 15680: 15486: 14509: 14112: 11386: 10686: 3667:

of the Hippodrome there. When re-erected at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, the obelisk was mounted on a decorative base, with

3254:-style business, residential and shopping corridor with over 900,000 m (9,700,000 sq ft) of class-A office space. 15765:[F1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Funicular Line] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 10732: 9833: 8890: 7427: 2132:

Snowfall is sporadic, but accumulates virtually every winter; and when it does, it is highly disruptive to city infrastructure.

24508: 24498: 24493: 24483: 24447: 22640: 21782: 21729: 21241: 18331: 18207: 15766: 14040: 7725: 7712: 6256: 6125: 5668:

additional universities and art journals were founded in Istanbul during the 1980s, artists formerly based in Ankara moved in.

5552: 5280: 4205: 3484: 3445: 2875: 1698: 1500:, such as the reduction of military forces, weakened the empire and left it vulnerable to attack. In the mid-14th-century, the 18966: 17381: 16150: 5722: 5020:, including former presidential candidates from Egypt, Kuwaiti MPs, and former ministers from Jordan, Saudi Arabia (including 3964:(Blue Mosque), another landmark of the city, faces the Hagia Sophia at Sultanahmet Square (Hippodrome of Constantinople). The 1299:), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym 25317: 24265: 20921: 20575: 19566: 18123: 17870: 17851: 17832: 17813: 17786: 17767: 17748: 17729: 17710: 17691: 17668: 17649: 17630: 17611: 17592: 17573: 17554: 17535: 17516: 17497: 17479: 17460: 17441: 17422: 17370: 17339: 17320: 17301: 17282: 17263: 17244: 17225: 17204: 17185: 17166: 17145: 17126: 17107: 17088: 17069: 17050: 17031: 17012: 16993: 16945: 16926: 16907: 16888: 16869: 16850: 16827: 16808: 16789: 16768: 16749: 16730: 16711: 16692: 16673: 16654: 16635: 16606: 16585: 16566: 16547: 16528: 16509: 16490: 16471: 16376:[Passenger Traffic (Incoming-Outgoing)] (in Turkish). General Directorate of State Airports Authority. Archived from 15074: 14953: 13953: 13821: 13155: 12971: 12742: 12717: 12692: 12664: 12612: 12292: 12253: 12075: 11545: 11520: 11416: 11144: 10848: 10522: 9966: 9932: 9886: 9699: 9576: 9534: 9496: 9468: 8599: 8566: 8396: 8369: 8341: 6086: 5792: 5556: 2792: 1986:, and five smaller islands—are part of the city. Istanbul's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Large sections of 1718: 588: 504: 58: 18845: 12202: 7676:

to Istanbul Airport on 6 April 2019, following the closure of Istanbul Atatürk Airport for scheduled passenger flights. The

1875:(3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the "Liberation Day of Istanbul" ( 24827: 24197: 23577: 22731: 21660: 21515: 19556: 19546: 19485: 18283: 18007: 17661:

Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert"

15712:[T1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Tram Line] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 14756: 14607:[2012 Race Schedule and General Sailing Instructions] (in Turkish). The Istanbul Sailing Club. 2012. Archived from 14344: 14318: 12522: 11799: 11363:"Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Sultan Abdulaziz and the Beylerbeyi Palace", Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu, 6814:

as well as four foundation-owned vocational universities of higher education which are not affiliated with any university.

6760: 6747: 6362: 6137: 6090: 5784: 5230: 4765: 3231:, luxurious chalet mansions built by Ottoman aristocrats and elites as summer homes. Inland, north of Taksim Square is the 1787:

on 13 November 1918. The Ottoman Parliament was dissolved by the Allies on 11 April 1920 and the Ottoman delegation led by

21322: 16464:

The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline

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foreign tourists visited the city in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city in that year. Istanbul and

5341: 3181:) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes 3173:

on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the

3090:

were reported in the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus (especially in Golden Horn), and regularly happen in urban lakes such as

1318:

on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. The city experienced a brief period of

25302: 22107: 21822: 21648: 20695: 20630: 18085: 18055: 15619: 14887: 13253: 11843: 11016: 5260: 5160: 4761: 4193: 18521: 16276: 16039: 12097: 11817: 11585: 8175: 6433: 24518: 24072: 23387: 22598: 22138: 22128: 20512: 20480: 20285: 19803: 19727: 19234: 19192: 18850: 17963: 15922: 15896: 15735: 12896: 12358: 10892: 10247: 9797:

Ağır, Seven; Artunç, Cihan (2019). "The Wealth Tax of 1942 and the Disappearance of Non-Muslim Enterprises in Turkey".

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machines, or associated with medical research centers. Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the United States–based

5911: 5862: 5299: 5292: 4780:. The high population growth mirrors an urbanization trend across the country, as the second and third fastest-growing 4093: 4087: 3232: 1773: 1705:. The civil strife and political uncertainties in the Ottoman Empire during the months after the revolution encouraged 18478: 16436: 13408: 13286: 11168: 10146: 5524:

In 1995, keeping up with the financial trends, Borsa Istanbul moved its headquarters (which was originally located on

3724: 2056:

however, due to very high costs, buildings were not: over half a million flats were still vulnerable to collapse, and

24440: 22143: 22090: 22028: 21716: 21699: 20314: 20018: 19834: 18751: 18711: 15576: 13889: 10468: 9285: 9260: 8459: 7994: 7939: 6319: 6202: 3120: 1917: 1812: 1803: 19881: 19798: 19695: 19324: 15601: 12453: 9658: 7441: 6252: 5337: 1990:

sit on areas of landfill, increasing the total area of the city to 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi).

1625:'s reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement; chief architect 25347: 22576: 22261: 22060: 21984: 21772: 20947: 19934: 19846: 19768: 19407: 18875: 18855: 18820: 18676: 18587: 18118: 15848: 14995: 13705: 6881: 6303: 6299: 6291: 5692: 4067: 3323:

As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of

1564:

Ottoman period. Revitalizing Istanbul also required a massive program of restorations, of everything from roads to

1468:

was diverted from its purpose in 1204, and the city was sacked and pillaged by the crusaders. They established the

17: 19898: 19810: 19717: 18840: 17796:

Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (eds.).

16377: 16066: 15818: 15135: 15097: 13100: 12805: 6530:, the country's top four papers, are all headquartered in Istanbul, boasting more than 275,000 weekly sales each. 5188:

city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497. Sympathetic to the plight of Sephardic Jews,

2152: 25297: 23938: 22256: 21704: 19773: 19352: 19337: 18746: 18027: 14190: 9727: 7055:

cellular networks arrived in Turkey in 1994, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service. Today,

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has a regional office in Istanbul, assisting its Turkish-language news operations, and the American news channel

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Istanbul expects 1 million tourists from cruise companies after the renovation of its cruise port, also known as

5317:, Ekrem İmamoğlu was re-elected by a 12-point margin. İmamoğlu won 51.15% of the vote, while the AKP's candidate 5065:

who did not believe the rules and requirements of a religion. 24% of the surveyed also identified themselves as "

3713: 1334:, before gaining independence in 355 BCE. Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the 945: 19624: 12817: 12025: 10399: 10171: 7739: 7400:) and extensions under construction. The two sides of Istanbul's metro are connected under the Bosphorus by the 6764: 6622:(94.9 FM). Among Turkey's first private stations, and the first featuring foreign popular music, was Istanbul's 4066:. Areas around İstiklal Avenue were filled with grand European embassies and rows of buildings in Neoclassical, 1701:, closed since 14 February 1878, was reopened 30 years later on 23 July 1908, which marked the beginning of the 995:, and the city hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish companies, accounting for more than thirty percent of 25342: 22398: 22095: 22050: 21964: 21942: 21855: 19891: 19619: 15461: 13543: 10096: 8450: 7696: 6795: 6613:

is based in Istanbul. Offering a range of content from educational programming to coverage of sporting events,

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Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the

6043: 5314: 5276: 5264: 5234: 4998: 4753:

estimates that the population of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was 15,519,267 at the end of 2019, hosting

2057: 1573: 381: 24182: 19659: 18936: 18460: 18432: 17907:

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013

15531: 15166: 14115:[League Table: 2015–16 Season, Round 30] (in Turkish). Turkish Basketball Super League. Archived from 10661: 6951:

system managed by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi, İSKİ).

6638:

was the first private television network to be established following the end of the TRT monopoly; Star TV and

6264: 5791:

in the early 1980s. With its focus now solely on music and dance, the Istanbul Festival has been known as the

3918:

However, it is the Hagia Sophia that fully conveys the period of Constantinople as a city without parallel in

1738: 24466: 24207: 24192: 22487: 22204: 21925: 20294: 19886: 19873: 19856: 19654: 18865: 18422: 16113: 15284: 13072: 10559: 10537: 8289: 8260: 8230: 7106:

surgery is particularly common among medical tourists, as Turkey is known for specializing in the procedure.

6888: 6844: 6784: 6780: 6464: 5205: 5089: 4750: 4172: 4105: 4083: 3864: 3800:

was originally adorned with a sculpture of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great depicted as the solar god

2765: 1872: 1666: 1660: 1529:. Hours after the fall of the city, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the 444: 419: 19778: 19705: 19700: 18835: 18756: 16348: 15317: 14969: 14862: 13566: 11903: 9954: 9755: 6791:

for admission, with Galatasaray and Robert College only accepting the top 0.1% to 0.01% of the exam takers.

1295:

period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE, On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (

773: 24154: 22699: 22571: 22266: 21897: 21877: 21432: 21410: 20011: 19710: 19412: 19397: 19332: 18706: 18671: 18407: 18108: 14542: 7843: 7248:. The O-2 continues west to Edirne and the O-4 continues east to Ankara. The O-2, O-3, and O-4 are part of 7176: 6914: 6642:(also based in Istanbul) remain highly popular throughout the country, airing Turkish and American series. 6358: 6066:

was the biggest open-air rock festival in Turkey, sponsored by Coca-Cola. It was traditionally held at the

5873: 5757: 5676: 5303: 5288: 5252: 5226: 5101: 4757:

of the country's population. 64.4% of the residents live on the European side and 35.6% on the Asian side.

4181: 4130: 3782: 2988:

and destruction of coastal habitats caused by urbanization are main threats to Istanbul's marine ecology.

2800: 2006: 1784: 1442: 1257: 461: 434: 162: 17432:

Necipoğlu, Gülru (2010). "From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye". In ölcer, Nazan (ed.).

15817:[Network Maps] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 15791:[Rail Systems] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 13808:

Hensel, Michael; Sungurogl, Defne; Ertaş, Hülya, eds. (January–February 2010). "Turkey at the Threshold".

12026:"File 11a: The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950–2035" 8585: 7596: 7421:, a form of bus rapid transit, crosses the Bosphorus Bridge, with dedicated lanes leading to its termini. 6975: 6959: 6869: 6553:

in 2014, has overtaken it in circulation. Several smaller newspapers, including popular publications like

3333:

areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. Moreover, large scale

24015: 23600: 22754: 22526: 22153: 22133: 22055: 21979: 21724: 21530: 20940: 20356: 19815: 19528: 19515: 19065: 19004: 18995: 18921: 18592: 18534: 18451: 18032: 16321: 16188: 10635: 10585:"Temperature to increase significantly in Turkey in 30 years due to global warming, warns climate expert" 8868: 6707: 6463:

in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then. It also hosted the

6421: 5963: 5503: 5496: 3095: 2964: 1799: 968: 957: 138: 18661: 8201: 7607:

International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and Istanbul's

7262: 6073: 5795:

since 1994. The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the

2110: 24212: 24000: 23952: 23746: 23619: 22249: 22224: 22102: 21952: 21789: 21777: 21643: 21386: 20963: 18931: 18701: 18349: 17923: 17891: 13129: 12914: 11765: 7245: 7150: 7144: 7083: 6768: 5275:

began in İstanbul and spread throughout the nation. This trend first became evident electorally in the

5108:

down from a peak of 164,000 in 1913. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Christian

4189: 3860: 3804:

on its top, which fell in 1106 and was later replaced by a cross during the reign of Byzantine emperor

3399: 3329:(literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. At present, some 3116: 2064:

were built to a low seismic standard in the 20th century, and residents think the city is not properly

1506: 1220:. In English the stress is on the first or last syllable, but in Turkish it is on the second syllable ( 992: 988: 906:) after himself. In 1930, the city's name was officially changed to Istanbul, the Turkish rendering of 766: 681: 20713: 19599: 19480: 16025: 14725: 11464: 8850: 8426: 7405: 6279: 6192: 5925: 5225:

Politically, Istanbul is seen as the most important administrative region in Turkey. In the run-up to

5115: 3391:—but they were repurposed as public parks in the early decades of the Turkish Republic. Another park, 3130: 76: 24217: 24134: 23990: 23933: 23711: 22427: 22065: 22045: 21692: 19427: 19387: 19152: 18736: 14415: 13308: 8507: 7266: 7166: 7028: 6967: 6807: 5704: 5548: 5085: 4062:

reforms, Ottoman architecture was supplanted by European styles. An example of which is the imperial

4025: 4009: 2956: 1702: 1497: 31: 24361: 20552: 19591: 19519: 19172: 18344: 16596: 15998:[Port Services] (in Turkish). Turkey Maritime Organization. 10 February 2011. Archived from 10604:"Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey" 6831: 6339: 5808: 5529: 3091: 24820: 24503: 24488: 24025: 22625: 22291: 21989: 21918: 21687: 20262: 18898: 18893: 18379: 14068: 14008: 13434: 7828: 7703:

rise in passenger traffic between 2011 and 2012 was the highest among the world's top 30 airports.

7588: 7461: 7194: 6979: 6892: 6756: 6112:

became the first gay pride event in a Muslim-majority country. Since 2015, all types of parades at

5740: 5653: 5041: 4769: 4217: 4134: 3514: 3453: 3395:, is on a hillside adjacent to the Bosphorus Bridge in Anatolia, opposite Yıldız Palace in Europe. 2752: 2028: 2024: 1714: 1622: 1187: 1169: 1105: 1082: 797: 652: 521: 21005: 20648: 20058: 19687: 19100: 18468: 18270: 17989: 17911: 13333: 12870: 12124: 9955:

Whitman, L.; Helsinki Watch (Organization : U.S.); Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1992).

7666: 6891:(the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering, established in 1773), and 6425: 6248: 5333: 4149: 3740: 2934:

and semipelagic fish species and more than 130 different taxa have been documented in the strait.

1890: 206: 25307: 24406: 24139: 22687: 21974: 21947: 21892: 21887: 21739: 21395: 21346: 21309: 20899: 20595: 20364: 19402: 19382: 19342: 19285: 18981: 18976: 18792: 18574: 18369: 18197: 14590: 7433: 7322: 6803: 6735: 6460: 6347: 5830: 5769: 5661:

institutions and visits by foreign classical artists were primarily centered in the new capital.

5560: 5402: 5066: 4805: 4801: 4125: 3904: 3892: 3035: 2991: 2980: 2808: 2065: 1994: 1648:

A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan

1382: 1276: 691: 23876: 21734: 21332: 21179: 19614: 19115: 19055: 18731: 18321: 17413:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

11134: 8124:

population between 1980 and 1985 is largely due to an enlargement of the city's limits (see the

7699:

named it the world's fastest-growing airport. Atatürk had also experienced rapid growth, as its

6880:

to the constitution. Istanbul is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including

6739: 6268: 5944:('Flower Passage'), a 19th-century shopping gallery which is today home to winehouses (known as 5425:

of the economic output in the city. In 2019, companies based in Istanbul produced exports worth

5307: 5284: 3315:", i.e. corridors and nodes of business and shopping centers and of tall residential buildings. 1565: 24172: 24124: 23908: 22953: 22482: 22422: 22410: 22303: 22160: 21653: 21576: 21523: 21184: 20600: 20178: 19827: 19571: 19214: 19201: 19139: 18961: 18946: 18293: 17956: 17805: 15949: 12758: 12284:

Methodological Approaches in Kurdish Studies: Theoretical and Practical Insights from the Field

11846:[Organization] (in Turkish). Istanbul Special Provincial Administration. Archived from 10823:"İstanbul'da istilacı yeşil papağan uyarısı: Sayıları 5-6 bini geçti, kent faunası bozulabilir" 10172:"Turkey's earthquake is a warning for Istanbul, which would face even more deaths from a quake" 7633: 7587:

Originally opened in 1873 with a smaller terminal building as the main terminus at the Ottoman

7306: 7265:

has 30.4 km (18.9 mi). The completed section of highway crosses the Bosporus via the

7253: 7160: 6928: 6896: 6877: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6098: 6059: 5917: 5869: 5788: 5502:

Istanbul has been an international banking hub since the 1980s, and is home to the only active

5398: 4362: 4223: 4033:

in 1922. After extensive renovation, it became one of Turkey's first national museums in 1924.

3923: 3912: 3522: 3410:('Cypress Forest') during the Byzantine period. In the Ottoman period, it was first granted to 3213:

district on the European shore of the Bosporus, to the north of Beyoğlu. The former village of

3004: 2889: 2885: 2136:

with more than 30 centimetres (1 ft) of snowfall happen almost annually, most recently in

2032: 1909: 1577: 1514: 1480: 1454: 1331: 949: 876: 846: 576: 189: 24561: 24311: 22477: 21440: 20868: 20339: 19649: 19017: 18971: 18913: 18885: 18812: 18686: 18638: 18629: 15792: 15546: 15040: 14761: 13002: 10073: 7669:

district to the northwest of the city center, on the European side, near the Black Sea coast.

7621: 6947:, by means of supply lines. Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a 6822: 6539: 5921: 4844:

provinces represent the biggest population groups in Istanbul, meanwhile people registered in

3732: 3387:

were originally included within the grounds of two of Istanbul's palaces — Topkapı Palace and

3373: 940:(1453–1922) empires. The city grew in size and influence, eventually becoming a beacon of the 22630: 22415: 22405: 22372: 22112: 21935: 19432: 19377: 19080: 18903: 18397: 18364: 18278: 18250: 18220: 18192: 18154: 15228: 12435: 8702: 7583: 7294: 6944: 6918: 6908: 6811: 6719: 5987: 5513: 5457: 5382: 5321:

received 39.59%. Additionally, the CHP won the mayoralties in 26 of İstanbul's 39 districts.

5105: 5093: 5081: 4053: 4030: 4020:

architectural forms. In 1639, Murad IV made some of the most lavish additions, including the

3953: 3888: 3856: 3820: 3797: 3589: 3068: 2772:

of green spaces has been suggested, and Istanbul has a climate-change action plan, but not a

2102: 2093:

are two seaside resorts on the Black Sea, the body of water which tempers Istanbul's climate.

2061: 2012: 1781: 1694: 1583: 1064: 1017: 868: 100: 86: 24321: 24296: 21545: 20450: 20329: 20323: 18564: 18544: 17797: 16838: 11194: 8282:"GDP by Provinces, 2022 - İstanbul had the highest share of GDP with 30.4% (Tables 1 and 3)" 8152: 6857: 6386: 6327: 5488: 5045: 4344: 3965: 2740: 25312: 24035: 22566: 22561: 22546: 22492: 22437: 22321: 22180: 22165: 22013: 21930: 21744: 20905: 20810: 19678: 19475: 19442: 19357: 19347: 19310: 19257: 19085: 18651: 18559: 18412: 18100: 18080: 11917: 10421: 10348: 8808: 7447: 7397: 7393: 7377: 7338: 7326: 7313: 7009: 6799: 6772: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6331: 6275: 5979: 5899: 5854: 5751: 5298:

Following the 2019 election, a trend towards the CHP has persisted across the city. In the

5165: 5062: 5053: 4857: 4017: 3972: 3872: 3828: 3793: 3702: 3640: 3612: 3518: 3051: 3016: 1560: 1548: 1288: 1272: 24411: 23995: 20857: 20605: 20345: 20118: 20068: 20003: 19505: 19495: 19452: 19300: 19022: 18777: 18491: 17587:. Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts. New York: Archaeological Institute of America. 10911:"Major cities blighted by nitrogen dioxide pollution, research finds | Air pollution" 10319:"Analysis of Climate in the Megacity of Istanbul Based on Human Bioclimatic Comfort Index" 7342: 7047:

A nascent telephone system began to emerge in Istanbul in 1881 and after the first manual

6723: 5941: 5622: 5244: 5200:

to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. In marked contrast to

5061:

its requirements. 11% stated they were fully devoted to their religion, meanwhile 6% were

5006:

are also present in the city and constitute around 1% of the total voting-age population.

3728: 3500: 3392: 3206: 1397: 8: 24813: 24528: 24048: 23977: 23957: 23785: 23701: 22442: 22393: 22326: 22276: 22175: 22085: 22033: 21846: 21827: 21613: 21199: 20777: 20419: 20281: 20053: 19761: 19372: 19095: 19070: 19060: 18554: 18549: 18539: 18240: 18235: 18159: 18075: 17927: 15195: 12150: 7848: 7571:

also operates services across the Bosphorus. The city's main cruise ship terminal is the

7558: 7546: 7509: 7418: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7302: 7184: 6853: 6699: 6689: 6581: 6343: 6323: 6006: 6002:

along the Sea of Marmara has a pedestrian zone that hosts around fifty fish restaurants.

5636: 5353: 5325: 5248: 5238: 4887: 4879: 4863: 4185: 4157: 4063: 4000: 3961: 3933: 3844: 3824: 3527: 3492: 3311:, all together having around 1.4 million sqm of class-A office space, are now important " 2879: 2854: 2845: 2122: 2077: 2045: 1937: 1894: 1777: 1645:

flourished. The population of Constantinople was 570,000 by the end of the 18th century.

1638: 1553: 1251: 755: 592: 508: 457: 393: 62: 24234: 21381: 21097: 20815: 20658: 20390: 18511: 18316: 17804:. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. 16706:. Vol. 1. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch. 16214: 16042:[Regional Passenger Trains] (in Turkish). Turkish State Railways. Archived from 15970: 12780: 11073: 11071: 8812: 7707:

by the Turkish government, until the demolition of its runway began in 2020. It handled

5564: 5036: 1792: 24326: 23967: 23928: 23751: 22613: 22556: 22536: 22449: 22338: 22281: 22077: 21999: 21665: 21586: 21581: 20875: 20750: 20685: 20663: 19722: 19490: 19125: 19032: 18926: 18691: 18666: 18529: 18437: 18387: 18215: 18187: 17644:. Experimental Futures (illustrated ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press. 17411: 17237:

Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning

17217:

Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies

17215: 17156: 17102:. Vol. 1A (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16972: 15999: 13228: 12977: 11881: 9814: 9566: 8832: 7599:

building was constructed between 1888 and 1890, and became the eastern terminus of the

7550: 7514: 7249: 7198: 7048: 6993: 6776: 6471:, with the last race on the Bosporus strait on 12–13 August 2000. The last race of the 6452: 6223: 6121: 5902:

won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006.

5819: 5708: 5306:, received 48.56% of the city's vote, while the incumbent president and AKP candidate, 5272: 5156: 5152: 4871: 4809: 4049: 3896: 3884: 3836: 3789: 3770: 3461: 3434: 3388: 3369: 2897: 2773: 2037: 1867: 1323: 128: 23640: 21317: 20800: 20643: 19295: 18681: 18164: 17469: 14440: 14116: 12657:

The Ottoman Jewish communities and their role in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

11868: 11381: 10693: 10505:"Lightning electrifies Istanbul, northwestern Turkey skies as thunderstorms take over" 9715:

Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and the Dönme in Ottoman Salonica and Turkish Istanbul

8128:). Explanations for population changes in pre-Republic times can be inferred from the 7673: 6840: 6662:—both based in the city—are mainly just known for their news coverage in Turkish. The 6231: 6117: 5937: 5883: 5823: 5696: 5124: 3202:

residences along the Bosporus are now homes in some of Istanbul's elite neighborhoods.

3182: 2926:

and other marine animals between Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Sea. Bosporus hosts

1674: 1670: 1263: 134: 25282: 24469:'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024. 24062: 22711: 22658: 22620: 22583: 22469: 22454: 22271: 22209: 22196: 22170: 22038: 21969: 21913: 21832: 21625: 21600: 21561: 21000: 20765: 20565: 20183: 20035: 19978: 19861: 19734: 19609: 19561: 19541: 19012: 18870: 18797: 18486: 18417: 18359: 18230: 17949: 17866: 17847: 17828: 17809: 17798: 17782: 17763: 17744: 17725: 17706: 17687: 17680: 17664: 17645: 17626: 17607: 17588: 17569: 17550: 17531: 17512: 17493: 17475: 17456: 17437: 17418: 17366: 17335: 17316: 17297: 17278: 17259: 17240: 17221: 17200: 17181: 17162: 17141: 17122: 17103: 17084: 17081:

World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings

17065: 17046: 17027: 17008: 16989: 16941: 16922: 16903: 16884: 16865: 16846: 16839: 16823: 16804: 16785: 16764: 16745: 16726: 16707: 16688: 16669: 16650: 16631: 16602: 16581: 16562: 16543: 16524: 16505: 16486: 16467: 16107: 15278: 15070: 14949: 13817: 12981: 12967: 12738: 12713: 12688: 12660: 12608: 12288: 12249: 12242: 11541: 11516: 11412: 11140: 11068: 10891:[Black Report 2020: Air Pollution and Health Effects] (Report) (in Turkish). 10740: 10330: 10221: 9962: 9928: 9878: 9818: 9695: 9572: 9530: 9492: 9464: 9281: 9256: 8836: 8824: 8595: 8562: 8455: 8445: 8392: 8365: 8337: 7317: 7298: 7118: 6731: 6715: 6678: 6623: 6576: 6520: 6514: 6382: 6315: 6240: 6094: 6067: 5796: 5775: 5576: 5540:, in the vicinity of Maslak, which hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish banks. 5358: 5329: 5256: 5137: 4994: 4925: 4867: 4161: 3848: 3778: 3736: 3460:

in 1921, before being demolished in 1940 for building Gezi Park) sparked a series of

3437:

in the 19th century. Emirgan Park is known for its diversity of plants and an annual

3414: 3166: 3047: 3043: 2865: 2761: 2678: 2631: 2583: 2098: 2049: 2020: 1963: 1946: 1941: 1925: 1788: 1761: 1730: 1726: 1642: 1618: 1408: 1363: 1346: 1319: 1008: 996: 953: 106: 24386: 24341: 24291: 21174: 20653: 20610: 20444: 20403: 20384: 20370: 19280: 19027: 18615: 18506: 10771: 6887:

Public universities with a major presence in the city, such as Istanbul University,

6865: 6852:

Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in Turkey are in Istanbul.

6429: 6078: 5872:, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets. 5834: 5169: 3992: 3496: 3286:

were outside the scope of the urban area, serving as tranquil outposts with seaside

3218: 1901: 1569: 1386: 193: 154: 25093: 24778: 24416: 24396: 24366: 24351: 24346: 24316: 24306: 24286: 23273: 22541: 22509: 22331: 22286: 22229: 21882: 21805: 21620: 21286: 20832: 20821: 20771: 20760: 20755: 20731: 20708: 20589: 20583: 20546: 20528: 20495: 20464: 20457: 20427: 20377: 19790: 19739: 19604: 19470: 19447: 19422: 19247: 19182: 19177: 19090: 18726: 18610: 18496: 18427: 18298: 18182: 18042: 17390: 16964: 16154: 15544: 14700: 13031: 12959: 12226:

Handbook of Kurdish Human Rights Watch, Inc: A Non-profit Humanitarian Organization

10615: 9806: 8816: 8062: 8035: 8015: 8003: 7959: 7953: 7901: 7731: 7688: 7662: 7608: 7572: 7241: 7134: 7087: 6948: 6635: 6354: 6227: 6012:

Istanbul is also famous for its sophisticated and elaborately-cooked dishes of the

5895: 5736: 5525: 5518: 5210: 4875: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4797: 4097: 3929: 3900: 3880: 3868: 3449: 3430: 3384: 3365: 3350: 3192: 3150: 3024: 3008: 2972: 2951: 2850: 2133: 1835: 1830: 1806:

in Ankara abolished the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan,

1769: 1485: 1342: 1209: 1199: 1136: 1117: 1068: 925: 563: 23650: 23193: 21138: 21015: 20409: 20153: 19290: 18830: 18772: 18339: 18174: 16021: 5890:

was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the

5846: 5743:. The Turkish film industry ramped up in the second half of the century, and with 5563:(70 floors / 301 metres including its twin spires) also in the Ataşehir district; 5551:(IFC), where the new headquarters of the state-owned Turkish banks, including the 5487:

of imports in 2018 executed by sea. Istanbul has three major shipping ports – the

5421:

higher than the national average. Trade is economically important, accounting for

3976: 1630: 1590: 1369:

Originally built by Constantine the Great in the 4th century and later rebuilt by

1177: 24401: 24381: 24376: 24371: 24281: 23856: 23053: 22873: 22675: 22608: 22588: 22519: 22514: 22459: 22432: 22343: 22316: 21994: 21959: 21503: 21210: 21169: 20887: 20862: 20805: 20703: 20669: 20638: 20620: 20559: 20534: 20489: 20470: 20396: 20334: 20228: 20108: 20088: 19500: 19110: 18741: 18288: 17935: 17919: 17895: 17239:. Urban and Regional Planning and Development. Surrey, Eng.: Ashgate Publishing. 12607:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, ND: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 211. 12409: 12359:"Arab Exiles Sound Off Freely in Istanbul Even as Turkey Muffles Its Own Critics" 12282: 12224: 12166:"İstanbul'da en çok nereli var: İstanbul'da en çok hangi ilden vatandaş yaşıyor?" 11390: 9956: 9922: 9866: 9838: 9689: 8386: 7814: 7625: 7401: 7190: 7103: 7091: 6963: 6932: 6861: 6743: 6619: 6378: 6287: 6013: 5804: 5712: 5680: 5109: 5097: 5029: 5021: 4955: 4825: 3805: 3773:

in Delphi that was erected to commemorate the Greeks who fought and defeated the

3649: 3422: 3411: 3222: 3099: 2919: 2106: 1955: 1905: 1706: 1610: 1322:

rule at the turn of the 5th century BCE, but the Greeks recaptured it during the

1304: 838: 82: 23671: 21449: 21194: 21189: 20827: 20078: 19252: 19162: 18787: 17545:

Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)". In Mango, Cyril (ed.).

12526: 11803: 10888: 10871:"Understanding Vehicular Pollution – AQI, Harmful Effects and How to Reduce It?" 10301: 8820: 8772: 7064: 7001: 6158: 5907: 4776:

ranks as one of the highest among the seventy-eight largest metropolises in the

3980: 3720: 3380: 1537: 25171: 24730: 24356: 24331: 24301: 24276: 24114: 22723: 22531: 22311: 22234: 21867: 21635: 21596: 21444: 21369: 20893: 20881: 20680: 20675: 20615: 20540: 20521: 20501: 20438: 20168: 19915: 19851: 19822: 19576: 19147: 18260: 18255: 17509:

The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism

16685:

The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century

16236: 15605: 14030: 13682: 13189: 12638: 12627: 12003: 9645:

The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century

9349: 8940: 8311: 7612: 7600: 7465: 7349: 7270: 7180: 6775:

are allowed to establish and attend their respective schools as granted in the

6752: 6711: 6500: 6414: 6410: 6109: 6097:

is a contemporary art exhibition that has been held biennially since 1987. The

6063: 6051: 5995: 5763: 5507: 5462: 5214: 5201: 5173: 4987: 4910: 4883: 4837: 4045: 3774: 3767: 3755: 3645: 3616: 3488: 3468: 3457: 3342: 3334: 3292: 3138: 3080:. However a trial of congestion pricing is planned for the historic peninsula. 3063: 2947: 2923: 2859: 2836: 2788: 2757: 2016: 1983: 1967: 1847: 1753: 1722: 1710: 1599: 1542: 1526: 1465: 1268: 1158: 1141: 1054: 1030: 937: 918: 897: 889: 857: 632: 408: 386: 23726: 23569: 23323: 21112: 21076: 16779: 15627: 15429:"Lengths of State Highways according to surface types by Provinces (Km)(2024)" 14586: 14466:"2021 F1 calendar reshuffled as Turkey drops off and extra Austria race added" 11847: 9810: 7337:

opened in 1875 as the world's second-oldest subterranean rail line, after the

6105:

is an annual festival of aviation, aerospace and technology, held since 2018.

5726:

The restored Paket Postanesi (Parcel Post Office) building is now a symbol of

5233:

carried deep political, economic and symbolic significance for Erdoğan, whose

4228: 3941: 3762:

in 324 CE, during the reign of Constantine the Great, and also erected at the

3059: 25271: 25251: 25197: 24391: 24010: 23972: 23379: 23178: 22663: 22603: 22504: 22244: 22239: 21872: 21817: 21608: 21491: 21249: 21117: 20782: 20725: 20719: 20432: 20158: 20128: 20098: 20083: 20073: 19966: 19305: 19075: 18501: 18402: 18225: 18146: 17865:. Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment. Los Altos, CA: Mansell. 17623:

A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566

17348: 16043: 15925:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 15899:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 15686:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 14656: 12710:

Jewish journalism and printing houses in the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey

11821: 11593: 11460: 11270:"Water Supply Systems, Reservoirs, Charity and Free Fountains, Turkish Baths" 10334: 10225: 10186:"600,000 flats would collapse in major earthquake in Istanbul, says minister" 9882: 9867:"The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law" 8912: 8828: 8329: 8179: 7806: 7792: 7778: 7629: 7353: 7282: 7023: 6954: 6448: 6335: 6207: 6113: 6028: 5324:

Administratively, Istanbul is divided into 39 districts, more than any other

5070: 4841: 4813: 4160:

to the southeast of Istanbul, which collectively form the Adalar district of

4153: 4021: 3852: 3832: 3744: 3379:

Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas.

3338: 3225:. Lining both the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus are the historic 3210: 3186: 2931: 2804: 2415: 1971: 1913: 1765: 1634: 1501: 1339: 1327: 865: 346: 333: 24597: 24571: 23721: 20143: 20093: 19990: 19167: 17313:

Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople

17062:

The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City

16462:ʻAner, Nadav (2005). Pergola, Sergio Della; Gilboa, Amos; Ṭal, Rami (eds.). 15926: 15900: 15739: 12281:

Baser, Bahar; Toivanen, Mari; Zorlu, Begum; Duman, Yasin (6 November 2018).

9647:. Berkeley. Los Angeles. London: University of California Press. p. 37. 8620: 8421: 6694: 5983: 3840: 3680: 2148: 2082: 179: 25218: 25103: 24855: 24421: 24053: 23741: 23736: 23358: 22893: 22635: 22593: 22219: 21670: 21454: 20838: 20238: 20163: 19839: 19639: 19262: 19224: 19157: 18802: 18716: 18656: 18354: 18065: 18050: 16630:. New Anthropologies of Europe. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 16291:"Turkish Airlines is switching to a new Istanbul airport – all in 45 hours" 15687: 10942: 10915: 10906: 10620: 10603: 10190: 7616: 7309: 7056: 7012:

in 1847, and construction of the first telegraph line—between Istanbul and

7005: 6924: 6787:

are highly selective and demand high scores from the national standardized

6706:

As of 2019, excluding universities more than 3.1 million students attended

6659: 6651: 6647: 6282:, the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, was completed in 2002 as an 6036: 5955: 5903: 5877: 5858: 5193: 4120: 4041: 3949: 3816: 3585: 3563: 3531: 3403: 3283: 3279: 3174: 3020: 3000: 2927: 2901: 2744: 1843: 1742: 1725:

was deposed in 1909, following the counter-revolution attempt known as the

1603: 1469: 1460:

Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of

1434: 1426: 1404: 1335: 929: 597: 120: 90: 25176: 24717: 23293: 23138: 22923: 18696: 18392: 14189:. The Union of European Football Associations. 20 May 2009. Archived from 10422:"Rivista Ligure di Meteorologia 44 - La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo" 8503:"2023's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: Triumphs and Turmoil Uncovered" 6571: 6424:

is one of the major volleyball arenas in the city and hosts clubs such as

6235: 5510:, which was originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1866. 4201: 3580:

There are numerous ancient monuments in the city. The most ancient is the

3262: 1013: 25228: 25192: 24789: 24101: 23761: 23756: 23334: 23033: 22800: 22499: 21810: 21257: 21143: 21102: 20243: 20218: 19629: 19581: 19536: 19120: 19105: 18782: 18721: 18582: 18060: 16128: 12897:"Istanbul election rerun set to be won by opposition, in blow to Erdogan" 12461: 11195:"Forced gentrification plan spells end for old Roma district in Istanbul" 10487:"Gov't forced to take measures amid below average rainfall across Turkey" 10273:"Istanbulites concerned over impending earthquake: Survey - Türkiye News" 8441: 8357: 7833: 7820: 7099: 7017: 6545: 6483: 6219: 6197: 6147: 5959: 5929: 5700: 5568: 5499:, making it the third-largest cargo terminal in the Mediterranean basin. 5318: 5049: 5013: 4727: 4071: 3996: 3919: 3908: 3812: 3312: 3162: 3083: 3019:

colonies are present in urban areas, similar to other European cities as

2985: 2769: 2137: 2109:

of the northwestern coasts of the country. Much divergence exists in the

1987: 1749: 1734: 1626: 1595: 1489: 1450: 1438: 1378: 1370: 1315: 964:

replaced the city as the capital of the newly formed Republic of Turkey.

924:

The city served as an imperial capital for almost 1600 years: during the

640: 24741: 23288: 20233: 20063: 17760:

Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation

17741:

Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne

14141:. The International Association of Athletics Federations. 1 January 2013 12963: 7557:

ferries on 891 daily trips between 53 piers across the Bosporus and the

6738:

was established in 1481 and is the oldest public high school in Turkey.

6671: 6508: 5544: 5374: 5229:, Erdoğan claimed 'if we fail in Istanbul, we will fail in Turkey'. The 4808:

regions due to internal migration since the 1950s. People registered in

3592:). Built of red granite, 31 m (100 ft) high, it came from the 3547: 3308: 3296: 2736: 921:

speakers used since the 11th century to colloquially refer to the city.

786: 25036: 24077: 23450: 23228: 22883: 21336: 21299: 21267: 20223: 20213: 20193: 17083:(illustrated ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 16628:

Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance

16598:

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16540:

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16519:

Baynes, Norman H. (1949). Baynes, Norman H.; Moss, Henry S.L.B (eds.).

12953: 11365:

Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism

11354:, The Religious Tract Society, London, 1926, reprinted 1990, p.160-165. 10121: 9759: 6873: 6556: 6526: 6047: 6032: 5991: 5838: 5727: 5602: 5370: 5197: 5189: 5017: 3876: 3638:

or 20 years on the throne in 357. The other obelisk was erected on the

3631: 3300: 3055: 3038:

is acute in İstanbul with cars, buses and taxis causing frequent urban

2909: 2893: 1975: 1817: 1776:

population declined from 450,000 to 240,000 between 1914 and 1927. The

1446: 1374: 1296: 1292: 529: 23368: 23198: 20198: 20123: 20113: 19462: 16976: 15015:"İstanbul'un en iyi liseleri açıklandı! İşte 2023 lise taban puanları" 13455: 10720:

Inventory of Existing Species and Their Habitats in the Bosphorus Area

6806:

of higher education. There are also military academies, including the

6373:

Final Fours. Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010,

6062:

has been held every year since 1994. Organized between 2003 and 2013,

6024: 6023:

Restaurants featuring foreign cuisines are mainly concentrated in the

5999: 5975: 5850: 5842: 5572: 5537: 5128: 5080:

Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either

3691: 3271: 3214: 3178: 1851: 1678: 24984: 24969: 24953: 24913: 24903: 24754: 24144: 24119: 23943: 23546: 23516: 23456: 23444: 23426: 23316: 23153: 23073: 23068: 22993: 22973: 22903: 22790: 21271: 20932: 20253: 19664: 19644: 17822: 17161:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 16957:

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16820:

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16483:

Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law

15752:(Note: It is apparent this is a machine translation of the original.) 15527: 15356: 15344: 14564: 13784:"A Big Night Out in Istanbul – And a Big Breakfast the Morning After" 13049: 12845:"A Turkish Opposition Leader Is Fighting Erdoğan With 'Radical Love'" 11077: 11034: 8889:. Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 8091: 8087: 8083: 7677: 7650: 7290: 7237: 7229: 7036: 6357:, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 6102: 5967: 5671: 5119:

There are 234 active churches and chapels in the city, including the

4722:. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as 4144: 4133:

aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty

3325: 3251: 2840: 1979: 1959: 1807: 1737:(1912–1913), plagued the ailing empire's capital and resulted in the 1649: 1629:

designed several iconic buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of

1614: 1510: 1311: 1283: 1217: 1095:

were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule.

1025: 941: 853: 718: 623: 114: 25213: 23534: 23148: 22948: 17640:

Sanal, Aslihan (2011). Fischer, Michael M.J.; Dumit, Joseph (eds.).

15545:

ERM Group (Germany and UK) and ELC-Group (Istanbul) (January 2011).

13542:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 13186:"Istanbul Finance Center opens with inauguration of banking section" 11272:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 7232:

is 543 km (337 mi) (2023) and the state highways network (

6650:

are other stations in Istanbul that offer a mix of news and series;

6180: 5168:. They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in Karaköy, Beyoğlu and 5159:) and France, who obtained special rights and privileges called the 4897:

Ethnic groups among Turkish citizens in Istanbul (2019 KONDA survey)

3987: 2912:

family (50 species), while the most diverse exotic plant family was

2784: 1686: 452: 25020: 24948: 24928: 24923: 24918: 24908: 24893: 24860: 24836: 24202: 24159: 24129: 24097: 24057: 24030: 23962: 23528: 23480: 23438: 23343: 23298: 23278: 23223: 22938: 22933: 22780: 21682: 21276: 20138: 19242: 19042: 18308: 16968: 16647:

Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911

13358: 12737:(Third ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 11970:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2019" 10966:"'Sea snot' outbreak off Turkish coast poses threat to marine life" 10938:"Istanbul Municipality launches sustainable transportation program" 9924:

Eastern Orthodoxy in a Global Age: Tradition Faces the 21st Century

9526: 8223:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023" 8095: 7479: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7128: 7060: 6564: 5951: 5898:

has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; and

5887: 5800: 5649: 4058: 3859:, etc.; to palaces like the Great Palace of Constantinople and its 3558: 3487:

Panoramic view of Istanbul from the confluence of the Bosporus and

3418: 3346: 3209:, the seat of government during the late Ottoman period, is in the 3102:

wave allegedly caused by water pollution spread to Sea of Marmara.

3087: 2943: 2935: 2913: 2828: 2812: 2151:(normals 1991–2020, precipitation days and sunshine 1981–2010; see 1654: 1461: 1421: 1195: 1050: 1045: 872: 671: 185: 24765: 24610: 24566: 23183: 22365: 19927: 15577:"Plan for New Bosphorus Bridge Sparks Row Over Future of Istanbul" 15069:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Preess. pp. 183–85. 12871:"Erdoğan's defeat in Istanbul shows opposition's changing tactics" 8454:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 508–512. 7334: 6490:(369 m (1,211 ft)) is the tallest structure in the city. 6234:

have fared better in international competitions and have won more

5148: 4785: 3995:, the inner core of which was built in 1459–1465, from across the 25083: 25062: 25015: 25010: 24989: 24974: 24933: 24898: 24888: 24669: 24658: 24187: 24067: 24020: 24005: 23906: 23552: 23498: 23492: 23432: 23338: 23238: 23133: 23123: 23088: 23008: 22963: 22958: 22853: 22823: 21418: 21327: 21294: 21262: 20208: 20133: 19756: 17825:

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14948:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 155–57. 14888:"Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İstanbul Eğitim İstatistikleri Açıklandı" 14733: 13928:"Managing the Difficult Balance Between Tourism and Authenticity" 12781:"Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren't Fleeing to Israel Yet" 10447:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020" 7672:

All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from

7256:. In 2011, the first and second bridges on the Bosphorus carried 7032: 6936: 6643: 6639: 6587: 6377:

was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having hosted the finals of

6169: 5876:

is an open-air market extending between the Grand Bazaar and the

5590: 5533: 5473: 5365:

is one of the main business districts in Istanbul, together with

5177: 5074: 4731: 4723: 4052:, Süleymaniye Mosque, Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the Blue Mosque), and 3945: 3875:; and other public places and buildings like the Hippodrome, the 3743:

palaces on the Bosporus were designed by members of the Armenian

3601: 3581: 3361: 3244: 2832: 2126: 1824: 1531: 1181: 1076: 948:

before its transformation to an Islamic stronghold following the

555: 23163: 23108: 20203: 19050: 17722:

Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change

17098:

Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977).

15194:. Turkish Electricity Transmission Company. 2001. Archived from 14706:. The Library of Congress Federal Research Division. August 2008 14516: 14416:"Turkey Grand Prix Heads for the Scrapyard Over $ 26m Price Tag" 14239:"Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2010–12" 14214:"Aşçıoğlu Sues Partners in Joint Project Over Ali Sami Yen Land" 13203: 10374:"İstanbul'da bazı ilçelerde kar kalınlığı 85 santimetreyi buldu" 7611:, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the 6773:

Turkish citizens of Jewish, Armenian, Greek and Assyrian descent

6467:

between 2005 and 2007. Istanbul was occasionally a venue of the

5645: 5417:

of the economic output respectively. Istanbul's productivity is

3227: 3198: 2086: 25143: 25138: 25113: 25067: 25041: 24994: 24943: 24693: 24645: 24586: 24552: 24533: 24149: 24092: 23947: 23540: 23510: 23474: 23462: 23420: 23268: 23258: 23253: 23243: 23213: 23208: 23043: 22988: 22943: 22928: 22913: 22863: 22843: 22833: 22803: 22770: 22360: 21553: 21548: 21422: 20188: 20173: 20103: 20039: 18245: 17842:

Wedel, Heidi (2000). Ibrahim, Ferhad; Gürbey, Gülistan (eds.).

17470:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008).

17138:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

16701: 16435:. Airports Council International. 17 March 2014. Archived from 11319: 8049: 7592: 7568: 7013: 6307: 6055: 5580: 5528:, the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, and later at the 5468: 5366: 5362: 4743: 4013: 3801: 3759: 3668: 3593: 3535: 3304: 3267: 3240: 3236: 3177:, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata ( 3170: 2939: 2905: 2807:, reflecting the city's transitional, Mediterranean-influenced 2090: 1859: 1855: 1545:

of Rome, and the Ottoman state was reorganized into an empire.

1474: 972: 961: 861: 834: 709: 628: 374: 168: 14827:. The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. Archived from 14789:. The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. Archived from 13681:. The Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. Archived from 12436:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association" 12310:"How Istanbul won back its crown as heart of the Muslim world" 11976:. Istanbul, Turkey: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. 4 February 2020 11918:"Address Based Population Registration System Results of 2010" 10639: 9958:

Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey

9416: 8919:. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. pp. 10ff. 7564: 7532: 7281:

Istanbul's local public transportation system is a network of

5970:, the city's largest performing arts theatre and concert hall. 5385:

among the world's urban areas in 2018, and is responsible for

2105:

typical of the western and southern coasts of Turkey, and the

25148: 25108: 25088: 25046: 24979: 24938: 24865: 24850: 24805: 24706: 24682: 24634: 24621: 24576: 24177: 24082: 23558: 23522: 23504: 23468: 23309: 23118: 23098: 23058: 23023: 23018: 22978: 22813: 21377: 21359: 20148: 17901: 17119:

The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest

14161:"Istanbul to host 2020 Champions League final, Uefa confirms" 14093:. The Union of European Football Associations. 8 October 2011 14035: 12894: 12759:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library" 11538:

The age of Sinan: architectural culture in the Ottoman Empire

11136:

Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism

10602:Çetin, Nefise; Mansuroğlu, Sibel; Kalaycı Önaç, Ayşe (2018). 9920: 8362:

The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

7409: 6655: 6311: 6017: 5009: 5003: 4940: 4845: 3796:

in 330 CE to mark the founding of the new Roman capital, the

3597: 3438: 3146: 3134: 2824: 2023:

just south of the city. This fault caused the earthquakes in

1525:

Sultan Mehmed declared Constantinople the new capital of the

1148: 1145: 1039: 1034: 976: 912: 907: 901: 883: 739: 17887: 16687:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 15134:. Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Archived from 15096:. Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Archived from 11432: 10069:"64 pct chance of Istanbul quake to hit before 2030: Expert" 9694:(1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. pp. 21–22. 8731: 6702:, the city's oldest Turkish institution, established in 1453 5914:

which include the stores of the world's top fashion brands.

5579:(54 floors / 238 metres; 261 metres including its spire) in 4141:(municipality), but the municipality was disbanded in 1957. 3648:

in Rome in the autumn of that year, and is now known as the

3429:. The 47-hectare (120-acre) park was later owned by Khedive 1552:

Map of Istanbul in the 16th century by the Ottoman polymath

25223: 23353: 23168: 23083: 23003: 21400: 20033: 19751: 17941: 17003:

Göktürk, Deniz; Soysal, Levent; Türeli, İpek, eds. (2010).

14587:"Powerboat P1 – 2009 World Championship – Istanbul, Turkey" 13130:"The Imperial Ottoman Bank Patrimoines Partagés تراث مشترك" 13073:"Istanbul's new Bosphorus canal 'to surpass Suez or Panama" 12922: 12410:"Syrian migrants in Turkey face deadline to leave Istanbul" 11869:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2008

11169:"Poor but Proud Istanbul Neighborhood Faces Gentrification" 11059:

Istanbul Office Market General Overview: Third Quarter 2021

10601: 8252: 7575:

in Karaköy, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour.

7497: 7286: 6970:, was Istanbul's sole source of power between 1914 and 1952 6727: 6593: 6575:

are also based in Istanbul. Istanbul also has long-running

6295: 5880:, which has been Istanbul's major spice market since 1660. 5745: 5479:

Shipping is a significant part of the city's economy, with

5181: 5028:

residing in Istanbul was estimated to be around 1 million.

5016:, Istanbul emerged as a hub for dissidents from across the 4781: 4735: 4116: 3627: 3039: 2999:

Apart from the wild land mammals Istanbul hosts a sizeable

2835:

comprise the most prominent temperate forest genera, while

1617:

in 1517, with Constantinople remaining the capital of this

714: 602: 17277:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–114. 16841:

Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects

16259:"Last flight leaves Ataturk as Istanbul switches airports" 15871:"GEBZE-HALKALI BANLİYÖ HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HİZMETE GİRİYOR" 15738:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel. Archived from 14970:"Türkiye'de kaç yabancı lise var? Yasaktan neden muaflar?" 14515:. FIA World Touring Car Championship. 2012. Archived from 13279:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Campus Phase I-II" 10122:"Directorate of Earthquake and Geotechnical Investigation" 9392: 9368: 9330: 9306: 8657: 7983: 7928: 7244:, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing the 5151:

are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian

1912:, intensified through the 1960s as part of the process of 1729:. A series of wars in the early 20th century, such as the 1213: 732: 24264: 21354: 17197:

Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul

16881:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

16723:

Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census

15554:

Eurasia Tunnel Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

14269:. The Union of European Football Associations. p. 17 14244:. The Union of European Football Associations. p. 14 13782:

Tomasetti, Kathryn; Rutherford, Tristan (23 March 2012).

13456:"A view of the skyscrapers in Levent from Sporcular Park" 12818:"Erdoğan: 'İstanbul'da teklersek, Türkiye'de tökezleriz'" 12687:. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press. pp. 75–104. 12578:"Assyrian community thrives again in southeastern Turkey" 12222: 10317:

Abbasnia, Mohsen; Toros, Hüseyin; Memarian, Hadi (2019).

10043:"Turkey recovers from one earthquake and braces for more" 9750: 9748: 9294: 9099: 8719: 7974: 7965: 7916: 7907: 7681:

eventually be linked by two lines of the Istanbul Metro.

7624:

opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the

7052: 6667: 6663: 3663:) had it transported to Constantinople and put up on the 2820: 2816: 1760:

was among the major events which marked the start of the

1689:

advertisement is visible on a building in the background.

39:

Metropolitan municipality and province in Marmara, Turkey

17606:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. 16778:

De Sélincourt, Aubery (2003). Marincola, John M. (ed.).

16094:. Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 15873:(in Turkish). Marmaray. 18 November 2018. Archived from 14367:"Fenerbahce Ulker's new home, Ulker Sports Arena, opens" 12104:. Istanbul, Turkey: Türk İstatistik Kurumu. 17 July 2020 10560:"Climatologie globale à Istanbul / Ataturk - Infoclimat" 10214:"Earthquake fears loom large in Istanbul's mayoral race" 9489:

Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

8797: 8669: 8090:, which says the city was founded seventeen years after 6543:, has been printed since 1961, but the English-language 6108:

When it was held for the first time in 2003, the annual

5409:

in 2018, with manufacturing and services accounting for

1721:

in a jointly coordinated move on 5 October 1908. Sultan

17642:

New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy

15400:"YILLAR İTİBARIYLA YAPIMI TAMAMLANMIŞ OTOYOLLAR (2023)" 12280: 8989: 8987: 8955: 8687:

Necdet Sakaoğlu (1993/94a): "İstanbul'un adları" . In:

8615: 8613: 8611: 7525: 7252:(the Trans-European Motorway) between Portugal and the 6447:

Between the 2005–2011 seasons, and in the 2020 season,

17800:

Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability

17686:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16919:

The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara

16349:"Sabiha Gökçen: New Terminal Lands on Time and Budget" 15265:. Emporis. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 14757:"Young editor to take helm of Turkish-Armenian weekly" 14492:"Turkish Grand Prix to rejoin 2021 Formula 1 calendar" 14091:"UEFA Champions League 2007/08 – History – Fenerbahçe" 13448: 13010:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

12500:"Greeks in Istanbul keeping close eye on developments" 11338:, American University in Cairo Press, 1985, p.145-151. 10798:"How the street cats of Istanbul landed on their feet" 9921:

Roudometof, V.; Agadjanian, A.; Pankhurst, J. (2005).

9745: 9318: 9051: 8592:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

8561:(4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8217: 8215: 5547:

district on the Asian side of the city is home to the

5024:), Syria, and Yemen. As of August 2019, the number of 4778:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

4742:

in Europe from 1500 to 1750, when it was surpassed by

3911:(Golden Gate), among numerous others. The 4th century 1954:

Istanbul is in north-western Turkey and straddles the

1758:

deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

17700: 17488: 17354:

Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924

16988:. Comprehensive Grammars. Abingdon, Eng.: Routledge. 16845:. London & New York: Springer. pp. 715–734. 16521:

Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization

16433:"Preliminary 2013 World Airport Traffic and Rankings" 16400:"Sabiha Gökçen Named World's Fastest Growing Airport" 15847:. Oxford Business Group. 7 March 2012. Archived from 15362: 15350: 15227:. The Post and Telegraph Organization. Archived from 13979:"Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk" 13706:"10 of the Best Exhibitions at the Istanbul Biennial" 13055: 12751: 12336:"Istanbul: An Unlikely Refuge for Exiled Journalists" 12244:

Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade

11040: 10316: 9087: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 7995: 7977: 7968: 7940: 7919: 7910: 7904: 7228:. The total length of Istanbul Province's network of 6050:, Paraf Kuruçeşme Open-Air on the Bosphorus shore in 4111:

The current city structure can be traced back to the

3656:

remained in Alexandria until 390, when Theodosius I (

2904:

to Istanbul. In a study that examined urban flora in

2799:

The natural vegetation of the province is made up of

2101:, and is often described as transitional between the 1496:

Various economic and military policies instituted by

1403:

Originally a church, later a mosque, the 6th-century

952:

in 1453 CE—especially after becoming the seat of the

17474:. OECD Territorial Reviews. Paris: OECD Publishing. 16277:"Turkish Airlines relocates to new Istanbul Airport" 16067:"How Your Greek Summer Holiday Can Help Save Greece" 15602:"Istanbul's $ 1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open" 14390:"2020 Olympics: Six cities lodge bids for the games" 13807: 13427: 12550:"Armenian Labor Migrants in Istanbul: Reality Check" 11904:"Population of Istanbul in Turkey from 2007 to 2019" 11820:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11802:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11764:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11455: 11453: 9380: 9075: 9063: 9027: 9015: 8984: 8743: 8608: 8312:"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" 8155:

is noted as an elite UEFA stadium by its architects.

7986: 7980: 7971: 7931: 7925: 7913: 7768: 6927:

systems date back to the city's early history, when

6677:

Further information on the monthly publication:

6101:

is an annual shopping festival held since 2011, and

3417:

in the 16th century, before being granted by Sultan

3341:

projects have been taking place, such as the one in

3042:, as it is one of the few European cities without a 1823:

on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in

1194:) on coinage was in 1730 during the reign of Sultan 17703:

Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia

17453:

Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform

17389:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Archived from 17234: 17002: 16704:

Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula

16237:"Eurolines Germany–Deutsche Touring GmbH–Europabus" 13913: 13781: 13626: 13614: 13602: 13590: 13523: 13511: 13499: 13475: 12203:"23 Haziran 2019 Sandık Analizi ve Seçmen Kümeleri" 12151:"Doğum yerlerine göre İstanbul nüfusu ve iç göçler" 11126: 11104:"Gov't launches plan to fight illegal construction" 9404: 9039: 8468: 8405: 8388:

Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire

8255:[National Accounts - GDP per capita ($ )]. 8212: 7962: 7922: 4115:period of reform in the 19th century, before which 3626:) had it and another obelisk transported along the 1764:during WWI. Due to Ottoman and Turkish policies of 871:made it his imperial capital, renaming it first as 25328:Populated places established in the 7th century BC 21240: 17679: 17410: 14939: 14937: 14935: 14754: 14629: 13003:"Regions and Cities in Turkey at a Glance in 2018" 12274: 12241: 12002:. The United Nations. 5 April 2012. Archived from 10889:Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri 10523:"Istanbul flood result of Turkey's climate change" 8755: 6499:(Calendar of Affairs), was published in 1831. The 3550:quarter on the European side, which dates back to 3425:emir Gûne Han in the 17th century, hence the name 1477:mosaics in Hagia Sophia and Kariye, were created. 1053:settlements that preceded the fully-fledged town. 17888:Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 17140:. USAK Publications. Vol. 17. Ankara: USAK. 17064:(Revised Paperback ed.). London: IB.Tauris. 16818:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). 13066: 13064: 12068:"Starting Up in Turkey: Expats Getting Organized" 11450: 11078:WCTR Society & Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō 2004 10449:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 10014:"Locked and creeping fault segments off Istanbul" 9186:"Blue Versus Green: Rocking the Byzantine Empire" 4119:and imams led the city under the auspices of the 25269: 22753: 17823:WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō (2004). 17568:. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC. 17097: 16556: 15675: 15673: 15671: 15651:"Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change" 11923:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 28 January 2011 11053: 11051: 11049: 9549: 9443: 9422: 8356: 8178:. Istanbul Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Archived from 7759:List of twin towns and sister cities of Istanbul 7063:service is provided by private companies, after 5048:(1550–1557) was designed by his chief architect 3766:of the Hippodrome. It was originally part of an 3467:Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is 1338:in 73 CE. Byzantium's decision to side with the 23599: 20278: 17846:. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 181–93. 17776: 17757: 17682:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 17158:The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization 17135: 17005:Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe? 16485:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. 15118: 15094:"Istanbul and the History of Water in Istanbul" 15088: 15086: 14932: 14811: 14541:. European Le Mans Series. 2012. Archived from 14441:"Turkish Grand Prix 2020 (12-15 November 2020)" 14315:"2010 FIBA World Championship Istanbul: Arenas" 14264:"Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2010/11" 12525:. Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians. Archived from 12033:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2018 Revision 12000:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision 11786: 11745: 11693: 11642: 11352:Cleopatra's Needles and Other Egyptian Obelisks 11294: 9278:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 7305:. Fares across modes are integrated, using the 6124:took place) have been denied permission by the 2111:terminology used to classify the city's climate 23409: 17360: 17213: 16983: 16725:. Lewiston, NY: St. David's University Press. 16559:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 16181:"2012 Sees End of Line for Haydarpaşa Station" 15456: 15454: 15452: 15249: 15192:"Short History of Electrical Energy in Turkey" 14732:(in Turkish). 25 December 2016. Archived from 13061: 12678: 12676: 12376: 12268: 12216: 11910: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11336:The Obelisks of Egypt, skyscrapers of the past 11220:"New city construction to begin in six months" 11132: 9717:. Marc Baer, University of California, Irvine. 9171: 8869:"Marmaray kazılarında tarih gün ışığına çıktı" 8737: 8489: 8144: 8107: 8105: 5924:is situated on the Asian side of Istanbul and 5730:. The district is also home to Museums Square. 5287:, was defeated by a very narrow margin by the 4851: 3110: 1576:, a new covered market (still standing as the 1307:as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. 24821: 24448: 24250: 23892: 23585: 23395: 22739: 21531: 21471:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia 21226: 20948: 20019: 19995: 17957: 17506: 17275:Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History 16817: 16777: 16480: 15971:"İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri - Online Bilet Al" 15668: 15386: 14781: 14779: 14605:"2012 Yarış Programı ve Genel Yarış Talimatı" 13384:"Top city destinations by overnight visitors" 13376: 12327: 12301: 11046: 10733:"Deniz Kirliliğini Önlemeye İlişkin Hedefler" 10398:. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from 9961:. Helsinki Watch report. Human Rights Watch. 9784: 9651: 9482: 9480: 9454: 9452: 9192:. The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 8978: 7615:from Paris. Regular service to Bucharest and 7392:on the Asian side) with several other lines ( 7016:—finished in time to announce the end of the 6935:) deposited the water in the city's numerous 6710:in Istanbul, about half of the schools being 6562: 6554: 6381:. Several other indoor arenas, including the 6020:taking an important place in the food scene. 5142: 4445: 3250:The Atatürk Airport corridor is another such 3217:is within Beşiktaş and gives its name to the 2747:is the first climate change museum in Turkey. 2040:, whereas the national government-controlled 1881:), and has been commemorated annually since. 1876: 1854:, while numerous Turkish banks have moved to 1267:This large keystone might have belonged to a 1233: 1227: 1221: 1203: 1163: 1099: 1090: 1044:), the name given to it at its foundation by 25288:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey 17863:Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe 17701:Tarasov, Oleg; Milner-Gulland, R.R. (2004). 17361:Masters, Bruce Alan; Ágoston, Gábor (2009). 15083: 14059: 14057: 14005:"Besiktas: The Black Eagles of the Bosporus" 13757:"Shopping in Singapore is Better than Paris" 13732:"Abdi İpekçi Avenue to be new Champs Elysee" 13409:"Turkey expects cruise tourism boom in 2022" 13156:"nBorsa Istanbul: A Story of Transformation" 13107:. Lloyd's Insurance Services. 24 August 2020 12948: 12946: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12836: 11689: 11687: 10248:"Is Istanbul prepared for a big earthquake?" 10037: 10035: 8094:, which came into existence around 685 BCE. 6218:Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest 6081:, one of Istanbul's premier shopping streets 5814: 5683:in 1891, form Turkey's oldest modern museum. 4993:With estimates ranging from 2 to 4 million, 2878:distribution. Apart from the natural flora, 2042:Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 1931: 1842:) in the late 1920s. Completed in 1892, the 17724:. Delft, the Neth.: Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. 17455:. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. 17235:Knieling, Jörg; Othengrafen, Frank (2009). 16864:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 16784:. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books. 16763:. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing. 16625: 16504:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 16153:. Turkish National Railways. Archived from 15449: 14695: 14693: 14691: 14689: 13951: 13835: 13833: 13505: 13301: 12673: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12557:Migration Research Center at Koç University 12233: 11964: 11962: 11756: 11754: 11741: 11739: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11425: 11395: 9564: 8707:. Vol. 1. Roberts Brothers. p. 69 8495: 8485: 8483: 8102: 8052:is the largest city entirely within Europe. 7636:, but the construction of Marmaray and the 7267:Yavuz Sultan Selim (Third Bosphorus) Bridge 6089:has been held annually since 1973, and the 5517:Ottoman Central Bank Head Office (1892) on 5344:, electing 28, 35 and 35 MPs respectively. 5155:of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and 5069:". Around 90% of Istanbul's population are 4168:with members drawn from district councils. 3149:district, which was named after Mehmed II ( 1958:, which provides the only passage from the 1950:Satellite view of Istanbul and the Bosporus 1058: 485:5,343.22 km (2,063.03 sq mi) 25293:Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region 24828: 24814: 24455: 24441: 24257: 24243: 23899: 23885: 23592: 23578: 23402: 23388: 22746: 22732: 21538: 21524: 21233: 21219: 20955: 20941: 20026: 20012: 17964: 17950: 17922:); Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The 17214:Klimczuk, Stephen; Warner, Gerald (2009). 17178:Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local 16836: 16595:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). 16594: 16575: 15510: 14776: 13534: 13532: 13183: 13095: 13093: 12862: 12682: 12596: 12384:"Why dissidents are gathering in Istanbul" 12098:"International Migration Statistics, 2019" 11592:(in Turkish). 10 July 2004. Archived from 11529: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11244: 10323:Journal of Research in Atmospheric Science 10000: 9796: 9477: 9449: 8961: 8587:OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8378: 7752: 7538:(seabus) high-speed ferry departs Istanbul 5652:are among the frequently used settings in 5453:tons of oil passing through it each year. 5077:forms the second biggest religious group. 5026:refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey 3398:Along the European side, and close to the 3345:; some of these projects, like the one in 1846:headquarters is seen at left. In 1995 the 1326:. Byzantium then continued as part of the 18952:Museum of Science and Technology in Islam 17719: 17678:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). 17431: 17408: 17220:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. 16954: 16859: 16580:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16466:. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 15308: 15306: 15186: 15184: 15157: 15155: 15153: 15058: 14187:"2008/09: Pitmen strike gold in Istanbul" 14113:"Puan Durumu: 2015–2016 Sezonu 30. Hafta" 14054: 13997: 13851: 13365: 12937: 12701: 12547: 12493: 12491: 12350: 11684: 11678: 11654: 11540:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 11535: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11303: 10619: 10032: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 8770: 8700: 8691:, ed. Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, Istanbul. 8675: 8663: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8391:. Princeton University Press. p. 5. 8253:"Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($ )" 6342:as the home turf of Beşiktaş, hosted the 5892:International Council of Shopping Centers 4772:. The city's annual population growth of 3161:of Istanbul on the southern shore of the 2922:and Sea of Marmara play a vital role for 2007:Architecture of Turkey § Earthquakes 477:2,576.85 km (994.93 sq mi) 17677: 17310: 17180:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 16798: 16720: 16702:Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2006). 16644: 16557:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 16174: 16172: 16151:"Transports to Middle-Eastern Countries" 15297: 15012: 14686: 14680: 14413: 14369:. Euroleague Basketball. 24 January 2012 14139:"List of Certified Athletics Facilities" 14065:"Galatasaray: The Lions of the Bosporus" 13925: 13830: 13254:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey" 13229:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey" 13024: 12955:OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020 12799: 12726: 12643: 12307: 12116: 11959: 11953: 11751: 11736: 11499: 11325: 11133:Atkinson, Rowland; Bridge, Gary (2005). 11083: 10636:"İstanbul İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı" 10384: 9864: 9687: 9630: 9614: 9612: 9591: 9140: 9138: 9105: 9057: 8480: 8364:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 704. 8112: 8076: 7883:Urban (36 districts) = 2,576.85 km 7877:Europe (25 districts) = 3,474.35 km 7839:List of cities with the most skyscrapers 7582: 7276: 7022: 6953: 6843:(left) and Taşkışla (right) campuses of 6794:Istanbul contains almost a third of all 6693: 6603:Turkish Radio and Television Corporation 6482: 6072: 5950: 5916: 5818: 5721: 5670: 5640: 5512: 5467: 5447:strait used for international navigation 5441:, respectively, of the national totals. 5357: 5243: 5114: 5035: 4699: 4227: 4143: 3986: 3928: 3526: 3360: 3261: 3191: 3129: 2990: 2783: 2735: 2081: 1945: 1829: 1665: 1589: 1547: 1541:, the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of the 1479: 1262: 1012: 17658: 17625:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. 17582: 17563: 17544: 17525: 17492:. Oxford: Oxford Business Group. 2009. 17294:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 17136:Kapucu, Naim; Palabiyik, Hamit (2008). 17121:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. 17040: 16801:The Greek and Persian Wars, 499–386 B.C 16739: 16427: 16425: 16346: 15547:"Volume I: Non Technical Summary (NTS)" 15524:"3rd Bosphorus bridge opening ceremony" 15479: 15374: 15219: 15217: 15215: 15213: 14567:. F1 Powerboat World Championship. 2000 13729: 13703: 13638: 13529: 13487: 13326: 13204:"Istanbul Financial Center: Properties" 13177: 13124: 13122: 13101:"Maritime intelligence on Ambarlı port" 13090: 12842: 12732: 12654: 12356: 12333: 11947: 11717:. Urban Age. London: 46. Archived from 11510: 11483: 11376:Istanbul Governor's official website – 11341: 11166: 10469:"Turkey reeling from African heat wave" 9831: 9565:Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (1974). 9560: 9558: 9398: 9374: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9300: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9005: 8580: 8578: 7098:increase between 2007 and 2008). Laser 6093:has been held annually since 1982. The 5689:İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum 4784:metropolises are the Turkish cities of 3971:Among the oldest surviving examples of 3066:. It is one of the 10 worst cities for 2060:on how many collapse. As of 2024, most 14: 25270: 23625:State College of Fine and Applied Arts 22468: 21396:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex 20962: 19552:Istanbul International Puppet Festival 19051:Yalı (Ottoman-era waterfront mansions) 17738: 17450: 17379: 17329: 17291: 17253: 17175: 17154: 17078: 17024:The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire 16984:Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (2005). 16935: 16921:. Woodbridge, Eng.: Companion Guides. 16916: 16897: 16878: 16758: 16744:. CAB Books. Wallingford, Eng.: CABI. 16663: 16601:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 16518: 16499: 16347:Strauss, Delphine (25 November 2009). 16064: 15648: 15574: 15303: 15181: 15150: 14996:"Azınlık Okulları Sorunlarla Açılıyor" 14882: 14880: 14849: 14593:from the original on 21 December 2021. 14387: 13875: 13863: 13704:Gibbons, Fiachra (21 September 2011). 13665: 13564: 13196: 12488: 12239: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12090: 12047: 11941: 11588:[Metropolitan Municipal Law]. 11494: 11477: 11300: 11256: 11095: 11089: 11014: 10905: 10529: 10349:"La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo" 10296: 10294: 9988: 9772: 9728:"Milestones in Borsa Istanbul History" 9618: 9505: 9486: 9458: 9386: 9280:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368. 9238: 9226: 9214: 9144: 9129: 9117: 9081: 9069: 9033: 9021: 8931:"Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI: 8749: 8725: 8638: 8523: 8384: 8360:; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). 8116: 7892: 7880:Asia (14 districts) = 1,868.87 km 7711:passengers in 2015, which made it the 6654:(partnered with American media outlet 6609:of the country's population, but only 6451:racing circuit hosted the Formula One 6322:, Fenerbahçe's home field, hosted the 4703: 3534:dominates the skyline of the medieval 1780:was signed on 30 October 1918 and the 1140:) is commonly held to derive from the 24809: 24436: 24266:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey 24238: 23880: 23573: 23383: 22727: 21519: 21214: 20936: 20007: 19994: 17945: 17841: 17795: 17743:. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 17639: 17620: 17116: 17021: 16682: 16537: 16461: 16169: 16129:"Iraq – Turkey railway link re-opens" 15338: 15064: 14943: 14630:Turkish Daily News (23 August 2008). 14211: 13887: 13759:. CNN. 6 January 2012. Archived from 13148: 13070: 12868: 12707: 12602: 12497: 12482: 12163: 12122: 12053: 11705: 11630: 11572: 11560: 11406: 11101: 11002: 10990: 10772:"Why so many stray cats in Istanbul?" 9901:intent to destroy in whole or in part 9858: 9675: 9659:"Meclis-i Mebusan (Mebuslar Meclisi)" 9642: 9609: 9603: 9520: 9487:Madden, Thomas F. (7 November 2017). 9463:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9410: 9275: 9250: 9135: 9093: 9045: 9009: 8993: 8911: 8905: 8556: 8474: 8440: 8328: 8120: 8061: 8034: 8014: 7649:, serving destinations as distant as 7208:Istanbul's motorways network are the 6087:Istanbul International Music Festival 5793:Istanbul International Music Festival 5567:(2 x 284 metres) located adjacent to 5235:election of mayor of Istanbul in 1994 4707: 2048:, and will be helped by NGOs such as 1816:. Leaving aboard the British warship 1157: 1135: 1116: 25333:Populated places along the Silk Road 22694: 22682: 19486:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse 17902:Website of the Istanbul Governorship 17860: 17601: 17272: 17194: 16578:A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul 16422: 16178: 16126: 15568: 15538: 15210: 15041:"The City of Universities: Istanbul" 14388:Wilson, Stephen (2 September 2011). 13839: 13119: 12125:"City stats: Istanbul versus Athens" 12065: 11896: 11666: 11513:Architects of Ottoman Constantinople 11320:Chamber of Architects of Turkey 2006 11192: 10755:Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi 10687:"Bosphorus as our cultural heritage" 10341: 10147:"İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation" 9948: 9914: 9846:from the original on 20 October 2016 9555: 9255:. Infobase Publishing. p. 139. 9253:Christianity: Religions of the World 9183: 9150: 9008:, p. 119, also as mentioned in 8771:Rainsford, Sarah (10 January 2009). 8689:Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi 8651: 8575: 8385:Herrin, Judith (28 September 2009). 8208:. Hava Durumu Forumu. 15 April 2020. 7867:İstanbul Province = 5,460.85 km 7641:in Europe, with a daily capacity of 6363:2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships 6350:(formerly five-star) UEFA stadiums. 6138:List of sport facilities in Istanbul 6091:International Istanbul Film Festival 5785:International Istanbul Film Festival 5555:, are located. As of 2023, the five 3758:, from 479 BCE. It was brought from 3652:. The obelisk that would become the 3247:are important nodes within the CBD. 1437:which was built during the reign of 1191: 1173: 1109: 1086: 1023:The first known name of the city is 18056:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols 17762:. London & New York: Springer. 17549:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 17059: 16127:Head, Jonathan (16 February 2010). 15897:"Public Transportation in Istanbul" 15763:"F1 Taksim–Kabataş Füniküler Hattı" 15710:"T1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Tramvay Hattı" 14877: 14755:Vercihan Ziflioğlu (17 June 2010). 14291:. 'asp' Architekten. Archived from 13334:"Image of Metropol Istanbul Towers" 12895:Isil Sariyuce and Ivana Kottasová. 12639:Interview with Giovanni Scognamillo 12334:Lepeska, David (27 December 2013). 12184: 12066:Kamp, Kristina (17 February 2010). 11618: 11017:"For Turks, Art to Mark 700th Year" 10737:İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi 10552: 10310: 10291: 10245: 9832:Erdemir, Aykan (7 September 2016). 8773:"Istanbul's ancient past unearthed" 8434: 8125: 7685:Sabiha Gökçen International Airport 7549:in Istanbul. The municipally-owned 7312:, introduced in 2009, or the older 5575:district on the European side, and 5433:; these figures were equivalent to 4792:43,000 in 2007 to 856,377 in 2019. 4232:Istanbul population pyramid in 2022 3441:festival is held there since 2005. 1884: 24: 25323:Populated coastal places in Turkey 23615:Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 20261: 20252: 17363:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 17334:. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. 17258:. Bristol, Eng.: Intellect Books. 16645:Brummett, Palmira Johnson (2000). 16561:. New York and London: Routledge. 16481:Athanasopulos, Haralambos (2001). 13952:Schillinger, Liesl (8 July 2011). 13926:Schäfers, Marlene (26 July 2008). 13730:Emeksiz, İpek (3 September 2010). 13105:Lloyd's List Maritime Intelligence 12308:McKernan, Bethan (18 April 2020). 12223:Mustafa Mohamed Karadaghi (1995). 12123:Peace, Fergus (29 November 2020). 12035:. The United Nations. 5 April 2012 11762:"Metropolitan Executive Committee" 10893:Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey 10540:. Mercator–IPC Fellowship Program= 10151:İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation 8701:Grosvenor, Edwin Augustus (1895). 8451:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 7638:Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway 6902: 6346:game. All four stadiums are elite 6334:as Galatasaray's home turf, while 6326:three years after its completion. 5571:in the Huzur neighbourhood of the 4766:second-largest urban agglomeration 4440: 4256: 4094:Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 4088:List of neighbourhoods of Istanbul 3825:Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus 3452:with a replica of the Ottoman era 3233:Istanbul Central Business District 2779: 1741:, which brought the regime of the 1385:located in the outer courtyard of 25: 25359: 24463:Largest cities or towns in Turkey 21323:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital 17881: 17663:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. 17530:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. 17365:. New York: Infobase Publishing. 16938:A History of Ottoman Architecture 16576:Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). 15575:Letsch, Constanze (8 June 2012). 15165:. SantralIstanbul. Archived from 14911: 14632:"Sailing Week Starts in Istanbul" 14414:Richards, Giles (22 April 2011). 13639:Nikitin, Nikolaj (6 March 2012). 13627:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13615:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13603:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13591:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13565:Hansen, Suzy (10 February 2012). 13524:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13512:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13500:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13476:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 12806:Jewish Population by country 2021 12712:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 12520: 12498:Magra, Iliana (5 November 2020). 12148: 11064:(Report). Prop In. pp. 3, 9. 11015:Moonan, Wendy (29 October 1999). 10795: 8557:Heper, Metin (2018). "Istanbul". 7695:passengers in 2012, a year after 7109: 7008:his first official honor for the 6670:established the Turkish-language 6054:, and Parkorman in the forest of 5472:Deutsche Orientbank AG (1909) in 5237:had served as his launchpad. For 4077: 3829:Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos 3792:and erected at the center of the 3464:covering a wide range of issues. 3448:government's decision to replace 3121:List of urban centers in Istanbul 2731: 1804:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1756:and was ultimately defeated. The 1520: 25245: 24570: 24560: 24527: 24517: 22705: 22693: 22681: 22670: 22669: 22657: 22061:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 21547: 21498: 21497: 21485: 19973: 19972: 19960: 18588:Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque 17928:Historic Cities Research Project 17417:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 16986:Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar 16940:. Southampton, Eng.: WIT Press. 16542:. Paris: Éditions Desjonquères. 16406:. 18 August 2011. Archived from 16392: 16366: 16340: 16313: 16283: 16269: 16251: 16229: 16203: 16179:Akay, Latifa (5 February 2012). 16143: 16120: 16084: 16058: 16032: 16014: 15988: 15963: 15941: 15915: 15889: 15863: 15833: 15807: 15781: 15755: 15728: 15702: 15642: 15612: 15594: 15530:. 25 August 2016. Archived from 15516: 15504: 15421: 15392: 15380: 15368: 15332: 15291: 15255: 15243: 15124: 15112: 15033: 15006: 14988: 14962: 14905: 14855: 14843: 14817: 14805: 14748: 14718: 14674: 14649: 14623: 14597: 14579: 14557: 14531: 14502: 14484: 14458: 14433: 14407: 14381: 14359: 14333: 14307: 14281: 14256: 14231: 14205: 14179: 14153: 14131: 14105: 14083: 14023: 13971: 13945: 13919: 13907: 13881: 13869: 13857: 13845: 13801: 13775: 13749: 13723: 13697: 13671: 13659: 13632: 13620: 13608: 13596: 13584: 13558: 13517: 13493: 13481: 13469: 13401: 13351: 13271: 13246: 13221: 12995: 12907: 12888: 12843:Ingleby, Melvyn (14 June 2019). 12810: 12773: 12735:Historical dictionary of Judaism 12632: 12621: 12570: 12541: 12514: 12476: 12446: 12428: 12402: 12262: 12164:Şafak, Yeni (11 February 2021). 12157: 12142: 12059: 12018: 11988: 11935: 11874: 11862: 11836: 11792: 11780: 11699: 11672: 11660: 11648: 11636: 11624: 11612: 11578: 11566: 11554: 11471: 11370: 11357: 11288: 11262: 11250: 11238: 11212: 11186: 11167:Bourque, Jessica (4 July 2012). 11160: 11008: 10996: 10984: 10958: 10930: 10899: 10881: 10863: 10841: 10815: 10789: 10764: 10747: 10725: 10712: 10703: 10679: 10654: 10628: 10595: 10577: 10515: 10497: 10479: 10461: 10439: 10414: 10366: 10265: 10246:EFE, Agencia (5 February 2024). 10239: 10206: 10178: 10164: 10139: 10114: 10089: 10061: 9889:from the original on 19 May 2022 9865:de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). 9461:Istanbul: A Tale of Three Cities 8334:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 8202:"İstanbul'un En Yüksek Tepeleri" 8135: 7958: 7900: 7813: 7799: 7785: 7771: 7738: 7724: 7591:, which connected Istanbul with 7524: 7496: 7472: 7454: 7440: 7426: 7159: 7143: 7127: 6882:Mimar Sinan Academy of Fine Arts 6830: 6821: 6579:newspapers, notably the dailies 6292:2005 UEFA Champions League Final 6267:—that play in the premier-level 6261:İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor 6179: 6168: 6157: 6146: 5693:National Palaces Painting Museum 5610: 5030:Native Arab population in Turkey 3712: 3701: 3690: 3679: 3609: 1479 – 1425 BCE 3546:The Neolithic settlement in the 3538:at the north of the Golden Horn. 3503:—can be seen along their shores. 3476: 3456:(which was transformed into the 3125: 1396: 1362: 1353: 1226:). A person from the city is an 367: 302: 301: 294: 269: 268: 261: 236: 235: 228: 205: 178: 161: 147: 127: 113: 99: 75: 25338:Port cities and towns in Turkey 23814:Abstract by Ali Teoman Germaner 22706: 19774:Getronagan Armenian High School 18747:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 18284:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) 17547:The Oxford History of Byzantium 17045:. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons. 16860:El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). 16822:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 16666:Civilization of the Middle Ages 16454: 15841:"Turkey: Connecting Continents" 15681:"Chronological History of IETT" 15620:"Emissions Map - Climate TRACE" 15225:"About Us | Brief History" 15067:Historical dictionary of Turkey 14946:Historical dictionary of Turkey 14212:Aktaş, İsmail (14 March 2012). 13914:Knieling & Othengrafen 2009 13643:. Credit-Suisse. Archived from 13641:"Golden Age for Turkish Cinema" 13540:"İstanbul – Archaeology Museum" 12605:Historical dictionary of Turkey 12287:. Lexington Books. p. 87. 11715:Istanbul: City of Intersections 10535: 10525:. Anadolu Agency. 27 July 2017. 10097:"Earthquake hazard in Istanbul" 10006: 9994: 9982: 9927:. AltaMira Press. p. 273. 9871:Genocide Studies and Prevention 9825: 9799:The Journal of Economic History 9790: 9778: 9766: 9720: 9708: 9681: 9669: 9636: 9624: 9597: 9585: 9543: 9523:Encyclopedia of the Black Death 9437: 9428: 9342: 9269: 9244: 9232: 9220: 9208: 9177: 9123: 9111: 8999: 8967: 8923: 8879: 8861: 8843: 8791: 8694: 8681: 8559:Historical dictionary of Turkey 8055: 8042: 7713:third-busiest airport in Europe 6802:and three are foundation-owned 6748:Cağaloğlu Anatolian High School 6722:, 207 are religiously oriented 6473:Powerboat P1 World Championship 6469:F1 Powerboat World Championship 5717:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 5565:Skyland Istanbul Towers 1 and 2 5557:tallest skyscrapers in Istanbul 5389:of Turkey's industrial output, 5340:; two on the European side and 4711:Pre-Republic figures estimated 4310: 4299: 4288: 4211: 3837:Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes 3658: 3621: 3606: 3508: 1752:(1914–1918) on the side of the 1256:For a chronological guide, see 989:The historic centre of Istanbul 946:first seven ecumenical councils 917:'to the City', the appellation 778:Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 547: • Metro density 539: • Urban density 25278:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 24835: 21242:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 19892:Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery 19635:Lütfi Kırdar Exhibition Center 19620:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre 18712:Museum of the Princes' Islands 17844:The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey 17528:Climatology for Airline Pilots 17507:Papathanassis, Alexis (2011). 17256:World Film Locations: Istanbul 17100:The Cambridge History of Islam 16500:Barnes, Timothy David (1981). 16322:"Havalimanı değil zafer anıtı" 16319: 16065:Keenan, Steve (22 June 2012). 15649:Songün, Sevim (16 July 2010). 15556:. The European Investment Bank 15316:. Türk Telekom. Archived from 13954:"A Turkish Idyll Lost in Time" 13567:"The Istanbul Art-Boom Bubble" 12685:The Mediterranean and the Jews 12357:Hubbard, Ben (14 April 2019). 11708:"Local Governance in Istanbul" 11586:"Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu" 10849:"Fed up with Istanbul traffic" 10722:. Marine bio abs., 1: 112–023. 9756:"6 Ekim İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu" 9550:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 9521:Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012). 9444:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 8887:"Cultural Details of Istanbul" 8350: 8322: 8304: 8274: 8245: 8194: 8168: 7861: 7697:Airports Council International 7417:passenger trips each day. The 7380:on the European side, and the 6457:World Touring Car Championship 6298:to host the CL Final games of 6044:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre 5737:Turkey's nascent film industry 5429:and received imports totaling 5281:2017 constitutional referendum 5121:Church of St. Anthony of Padua 5052:, the most illustrious of all 4102:İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi 3944:which adorn its interior. The 3845:Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa 3611:) to the south of the seventh 3491:. Several landmarks—including 2870:the most important species of 2000: 1683:Church of St. Anthony of Padua 13: 1: 25037:Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin) 19887:Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery 19804:Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery 19728:Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital 18846:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum 18423:Phanar Greek Orthodox College 17777:Time Out Guides, ed. (2010). 17659:Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2005). 17585:Ionian Trade and Colonization 16862:Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 16374:"Yolcu Trafiği (Gelen-Giden)" 15314:"About Türk Telekom: History" 14394:The Christian Science Monitor 14289:"Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul" 12869:Pitel, Laura (24 June 2019). 12628:Levantine historical heritage 11706:Erder, Sema (November 2009). 11193:Tait, Robert (22 July 2008). 10194:(in Turkish). 8 February 2023 8444:(1991). "Constantinople". In 8290:Turkish Statistical Institute 8261:Turkish Statistical Institute 8231:Turkish Statistical Institute 8162: 8082:The foundation of Byzantion ( 7316:electronic ticketing device. 6889:Istanbul Technical University 6845:Istanbul Technical University 6781:Phanar Greek Orthodox College 6465:Turkish Motorcycle Grand Prix 5196:under the command of admiral 5135:The majority of the Catholic 4751:Turkish Statistical Institute 4206:Governor of Istanbul Province 4173:Municipal Council of Istanbul 4084:List of districts of Istanbul 3865:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus 3849:Monastery of Constantine Lips 3567: 3551: 3257: 3196:Originally outside the city, 3046:. As of 2019 the city's mean 2768:is threatened with flooding. 2046:earthquake emergency response 1661:decline of the Ottoman Empire 1572:to rival, if not overshadow, 983:in the world, with more than 445:Municipal Council of Istanbul 25318:Metropolitan areas of Turkey 23851:Abstract by Zerrin Bölükbaşı 22755:European Capitals of Culture 22552:Intangible cultural heritage 21898:Southeastern Anatolia Region 21730:Proclamation of the republic 18942:Museum of Heating Appliances 18861:Museum of Whirling Dervishes 18707:Museum of the Ancient Orient 18672:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 18109:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church 17971: 17380:Morris, Ian (October 2010). 17176:Keyder, Çağlar, ed. (1999). 17041:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). 16761:A History of the Middle Ages 14589:. Supersport. 21 June 2009. 14343:. FIBA. 2010. Archived from 14031:"Turkey – List of Champions" 13890:"The $ 100 Istanbul Weekend" 13888:Kugel, Seth (17 July 2011). 13184:Tuba Ongun (17 April 2023). 13071:Jones, Sam (27 April 2011). 11996:"Frequently Asked Questions" 11590:Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 11139:. Routledge. pp. 123–. 11102:Yavuz, Ercan (8 June 2009). 9423:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 8851:"Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir" 8129: 7871:Land area = 5,343.22 km 7844:List of people from Istanbul 7578: 7177:Public transport in Istanbul 7035:, Istanbul, was designed by 6915:Telecommunications in Turkey 6683: 6537:s English-language edition, 6488:Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower 6359:2010 FIBA World Championship 6338:, opened in 2016 to replace 5910:are among the other upscale 5677:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 5397:of tax revenues. The city's 5273:anti-AKP government protests 4698:Sources: Jan Lahmeyer 2004, 4131:Ottoman constitution of 1876 3956:) is seen in the foreground. 3833:Monastery of the Pantocrator 3783:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 3318: 3105: 3030: 3003:population. The presence of 1995:seven hills make up the city 1893:became the Republic's first 1443:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1258:Timeline of Istanbul history 1182: 1077: 1040: 956:in 1517. In 1923, after the 913: 902: 884: 843:most populous city in Europe 542:5,939/km (15,380/sq mi) 7: 23601:50th Anniversary Sculptures 21823:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 20922:Metropolitan municipalities 19660:Ülker Sports and Event Hall 18922:Florence Nightingale Museum 18876:Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum 18826:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Museum 18124:Church of St. Mary Draperis 17781:. London: Time Out Guides. 17330:Lister, Richard P. (1979). 17311:Limberis, Vasiliki (1994). 17254:Köksal, Özlem, ed. (2012). 17117:Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986). 16900:Istanbul: The Imperial City 16668:. New York: HarperCollins. 16626:Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011). 16523:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 15462:"Otoyollar Istanbul (2024)" 15119:Tigrek & Kibaroğlu 2011 12655:Epstein, Mark Alan (1980). 11882:"İstanbul Valisi Davut GÜL" 11787:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11746:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11694:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11643:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 10306:. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. 9834:"The Turkish Kristallnacht" 9491:. New York: Penguin Books. 9184:Dash, Mike (2 March 2012). 8821:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002 7764: 7656: 6422:TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall 6417:have ended unsuccessfully. 5741:Turkish dramas and comedies 5220: 4852:Ethnic and religious groups 4762:seventh-largest city proper 4104:, IBB), which oversees the 3600:, and was erected there by 3462:nationwide protests in 2013 3278:During the Ottoman period, 3111:Districts and neighborhoods 2965:short-beaked common dolphin 2488:Average precipitation days 2344:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2204:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2066:prepared for the earthquake 1800:Turkish War of Independence 969:European Capital of Culture 958:Turkish War of Independence 816:765.5 ha (1,892 acres) 550:2,930/km (7,600/sq mi) 10: 25364: 25303:Capitals of former nations 24559: 24516: 23620:Istanbul Fine Arts Academy 23410:European Capitals of Sport 21654:Conquest of Constantinople 19779:Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School 19706:Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery 19701:Pangaltı Catholic Cemetery 18932:Kandilli Earthquake Museum 18752:Turkish Calligraphy Museum 17924:National Library of Israel 17434:From Byzantion to Istanbul 16721:Chandler, Tertius (1987). 16664:Cantor, Norman F. (1994). 16649:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 16279:. ATWOnline. 5 April 2019. 16092:"Haydarpasa Train Station" 15363:Oxford Business Group 2009 15351:Oxford Business Group 2009 15250:Masters & Ágoston 2009 14976:(in Turkish). 15 June 2023 13056:Oxford Business Group 2009 12761:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12548:Grigoryan, Iliana (2018). 12269:Masters & Ágoston 2009 11884:. Governorship of Istanbul 11461:"Sinan, Ottoman architect" 11411:. Milan: Electa Editrice. 11041:Oxford Business Group 2009 10538:"Climate Change in Turkey" 9571:. London: Academic Press. 9568:3000 Years of Urban Growth 9172:Klimczuk & Warner 2009 8873:fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr 8738:Göksel & Kerslake 2005 8490:Masters & Ágoston 2009 7487: 7246:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 7188: 7174: 7151:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 7043:of the early 20th century. 7041:Turkish neoclassical style 6912: 6906: 6860:, with its main campus in 6769:Liceo Italiano di Istanbul 6687: 6676: 6330:opened in 2011 to replace 6306:, which were relocated to 6294:, and was selected by the 6135: 5634: 5630: 5351: 5347: 5300:2023 presidential election 4861: 4855: 4221: 4215: 4081: 3512: 3400:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 3221:on the Bosporus, near the 3117:Historic Areas of Istanbul 3114: 2857:, and oak species such as 2750: 2723: 2146: 2075: 2071: 2031:, and a quake of at least 2004: 1935: 1748:The Ottoman Empire joined 1255: 1249: 1245: 1208:, with a dotted İ, as the 1146: 1057:comes from the Latin name 1035: 1006: 993:UNESCO World Heritage Site 987:foreign visitors in 2023. 908: 880: 856:in the 7th century BCE by 767:Historic Areas of Istanbul 756:UNESCO World Heritage Site 493:537 m (1,762 ft) 29: 25241: 25206: 25185: 25164: 25157: 25126: 25076: 25055: 25029: 25003: 24962: 24881: 24874: 24843: 24475: 24272: 23915: 23909:most-populous urban areas 23811:Abstract by Haluk Tezonar 23770: 23659: 23633: 23607: 23415: 22761: 22653: 22386: 22302: 22195: 22161:The constitutional system 22121: 22076: 22021: 22012: 21906: 21854: 21845: 21798: 21765: 21715: 21693:Second Constitutional Era 21678:Decline and modernization 21634: 21595: 21569: 21560: 21479: 21463: 21431: 21409: 21368: 21345: 21308: 21285: 21248: 21157: 21126: 21085: 21034: 20973: 20918: 20848: 20791: 20741: 20694: 20629: 20574: 20511: 20479: 20418: 20355: 20313: 20293: 20277: 20273: 20250: 20046: 20001: 19996:Links to related articles 19954: 19904:Balat Or-Ahayim Hastanesi 19872: 19789: 19686: 19677: 19590: 19527: 19514: 19461: 19323: 19271: 19233: 19200: 19191: 19138: 19041: 19003: 18994: 18912: 18884: 18811: 18765: 18637: 18628: 18601: 18573: 18520: 18477: 18459: 18450: 18378: 18330: 18307: 18269: 18206: 18173: 18145: 18136: 18099: 18041: 17988: 17979: 17409:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 17292:Landau, Jacob M. (1984). 17155:Karpat, Kemal H. (1976). 16883:. New York: Basic Books. 16879:Finkel, Caroline (2005). 16799:De Souza, Philip (2003). 16112:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16040:"Bölgesel Yolcu Trenleri" 15283:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15163:"Silahtarağa Power Plant" 15013:Aydınlık (7 March 2023). 14701:"Country Profile: Turkey" 14683:, pp. 11, 35, 385–86 13032:"Turkey trade statistics" 12958:. OECD Publishing. 2020. 12683:Makovetsky, Leah (1989). 11536:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). 10662:"Net Zero Stocktake 2023" 9811:10.1017/S0022050718000724 9785:Dumper & Stanley 2007 8508:Euromonitor International 8336:(3rd ed.). Longman. 7874:Lake/Dam = 117.63 km 7717:18th-busiest in the world 7553:operates the traditional 7482:at Ayrılıkçeşmesi station 7352:comprises ten lines (the 7167:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 6976:Silahtarağa Power Station 6968:Istanbul Bilgi University 6960:Silahtarağa Power Station 6808:Turkish Air Force Academy 6626:(97.2 FM). The state-run 6597:in Armenian and Turkish. 6591:and the bilingual weekly 6290:. The stadium hosted the 6131: 5863:numerous shopping centers 5815:Leisure and entertainment 5561:Metropol Istanbul Tower A 5549:Istanbul Financial Center 5455:International conventions 5373:on the European side and 5338:three electoral districts 5293:Supreme Electoral Council 5289:Republican People's Party 5253:Republican People's Party 5086:Armenian Apostolic Church 4977: 4969: 4964: 4954: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4697: 4458:— 4182:Republican People's Party 3719:Built by Ottoman sultans 3406:, which was known as the 2957:Common bottlenose dolphin 2795:to the north of Istanbul. 2676: 2629: 2581: 2534: 2487: 2413: 2343: 2273: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2058:casualties largely depend 1932:Geography and environment 1918:mass expulsions of Greeks 1827:, Italy, on 16 May 1926. 1703:Second Constitutional Era 1498:Andronikos II Palaiologos 1202:, the name is written as 1059: 971:. The city has surpassed 820: 812: 804: 792: 782: 772: 762: 753: 749: 724: 708: 690: 680: 670: 651: 639: 622: 609: 589:Metropolitan municipality 586: 575: 554: 546: 538: 527: 517: 505:Metropolitan municipality 502: 497: 489: 481: 473: 468: 450: 440: 430: 425: 415: 404: 392: 380: 362: 327: 222: 213: 204: 69: 59:Metropolitan municipality 56: 44: 32:Istanbul (disambiguation) 24170: 24112: 24046: 23988: 23848:Abstract by Seyhun Topuz 22144:Ministry of the Interior 22129:Administrative divisions 21688:First Constitutional Era 18647:Art and Sculpture Museum 17894:6 September 2019 at the 17720:Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). 17564:Reisman, Arnold (2006). 17332:The Travels of Herodotus 16502:Constantine and Eusebius 13136:. Bibliothèques d'Orient 12733:Solomon, Norman (2015). 12659:. Freiburg: K. Schwarz. 11511:Wharton, Alyson (2015). 10761:. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı. 10753:"İstanbul'da balıklar". 10126:depremzemin.ibb.istanbul 9633:, pp. 230, 287, 306 9459:Hughes, Bettany (2018). 8917:Constantinople byzantine 7854: 7829:1766 Istanbul earthquake 7665:, opened in 2018 in the 7628:and an extension of the 7589:Chemins de fer Orientaux 7517:, crossing the Bosphorus 7408:on the European side to 7263:Istanbul Atatürk Airport 7203: 7195:Rail transport in Turkey 6980:coal-fired power station 6757:Deutsche Schule Istanbul 6478: 5654:Turkish television drama 5383:eleventh-largest economy 5255:is the 32nd and current 5172:), and İzmir (mostly in 5042:Suleiman the Magnificent 4218:Demographics of Istanbul 4135:arrondissements of Paris 3624: 337–361 CE– 3515:Architecture of Istanbul 3454:Taksim Military Barracks 3356: 2981:Mediterranean monk seals 2753:Climate change in Turkey 1739:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 1719:declare its independence 1623:Suleiman the Magnificent 1212:distinguishes between a 1075:) in foreign languages. 1002: 852:The city was founded as 435:Mayor–council government 48: 25348:Transcontinental cities 23862:Abstract by Kuzgun Acar 23835:Abstract by Yavuz Görey 22091:Parliamentary elections 21893:Eastern Anatolia Region 21888:Central Anatolia Region 21570:Ancient and Middle Ages 19711:Şişli Armenian Cemetery 19577:Istanbul Tulip Festival 19567:Istanbul Music Festival 19363:Bet Yaakov (Heybeliada) 18937:Museum of Culinary Arts 18793:Walls of Constantinople 18757:Women's Museum İstanbul 18198:Cistern of the Hebdomon 18193:Cistern of 1001 Columns 17918:18 October 2021 at the 17827:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 17490:The Report: Turkey 2009 17022:Grant, Michael (1996). 17007:. New York: Routledge. 16759:Dahmus, Joseph (1995). 16026:Encyclopædia Britannica 11465:Encyclopædia Britannica 11347: 11331: 9991:, pp. 11–12, 34–36 9688:Freedman, Jeri (2009). 8427:Encyclopædia Britannica 7898:English pronunciation: 7753:International relations 7434:Istanbul nostalgic tram 7345:began running in 2006. 7323:Istanbul nostalgic tram 6804:vocational universities 6783:being an example. Most 6736:Galatasaray High School 6461:European Le Mans Series 6409:—and national bids for 6320:Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 6280:Atatürk Olympic Stadium 6203:Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 6193:Atatürk Olympic Stadium 5926:Atatürk Cultural Center 5770:The World Is Not Enough 5227:local elections in 2019 5067:religious conservatives 3905:Walls of Constantinople 3893:Cistern of the Hebdomon 3137:district comprises the 3036:Air pollution in Turkey 2995:Street cats in the city 1848:Istanbul Stock Exchange 1791:was forced to sign the 1785:occupied Constantinople 1681:). The entrance of the 1515:captured Constantinople 1383:Eastern Orthodox Church 1330:and its successor, the 660:+90 212 (European side) 25298:Capitals of caliphates 23832:Abstract by Füsun Onur 22954:Santiago de Compostela 22262:Science and technology 22096:Presidential elections 21577:Prehistory of Anatolia 20267: 20257: 19828:Istanbul Greek dialect 19816:Balıklı Greek Hospital 19572:Istanbul Shopping Fest 19557:Istanbul Jazz Festival 19547:Istanbul Film Festival 19368:Bet Yaakov (Kuzguncuk) 19173:Polonezköy Nature Park 19086:Ibrahim Pasha Pavilion 18957:Natural History Museum 18841:Florya Atatürk Mansion 18821:Adam Mickiewicz Museum 18593:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 18345:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower 18294:Sultan Mahmut Fountain 18119:Church of Saint Benoit 18086:St. George’s Cathedral 17583:Roebuck, Carl (1959). 17451:Norris, Pippa (2010). 17296:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 17195:King, Charles (2014). 17043:A History of Byzantium 16740:Connell, John (2010). 16683:Çelik, Zeynep (1993). 16538:Béhar, Pierre (1999). 15511:Efe & Cürebal 2011 14317:. FIBA. Archived from 14067:. FIFA. Archived from 14007:. FIFA. Archived from 11575:, pp. 133–34, 141 11409:Byzantine Architecture 11245:Boyar & Fleet 2010 10001:Efe & Cürebal 2011 9643:Çelik, Zeynep (1986). 8962:Bloom & Blair 2009 8621:"Forum of Constantine" 8126:Administration section 8032:Turkish pronunciation: 8012:Turkish pronunciation: 8007: 7634:Turkish State Railways 7604: 7480:Marmaray commuter rail 7135:15 July Martyrs Bridge 7070:In 2000, Istanbul had 7044: 6971: 6897:Galatasaray University 6796:universities in Turkey 6720:Anatolian high schools 6703: 6698:Main entrance gate of 6563: 6555: 6491: 6436:who have won numerous 6383:Beşiktaş Akatlar Arena 6286:first-class venue for 6099:Istanbul Shopping Fest 6082: 6077:Abdi İpekçi Street in 6060:Istanbul Jazz Festival 5971: 5964:Tabanlıoğlu Architects 5933: 5827: 5809:São Paulo Art Biennial 5789:Istanbul Jazz Festival 5731: 5684: 5657: 5598:in revenue each year. 5583:on the European side. 5521: 5476: 5399:gross domestic product 5378: 5268: 5143: 5132: 5098:1955 anti-Greek pogrom 5057: 4764:in the world, and the 4760:Istanbul ranks as the 4239:Historical populations 4233: 4224:Demographics of Turkey 4164: 4108:of the city-province. 4101: 4004: 3957: 3924:Byzantine architecture 3634:for commemorating his 3539: 3523:Architecture of Turkey 3376: 3275: 3203: 3165:, across the medieval 3142: 3005:feral cats in Istanbul 2996: 2801:mixed broadleaf forest 2796: 2793:mixed broadleaf forest 2748: 2155:for more information) 2097:Istanbul's climate is 2094: 1993:Despite the myth that 1951: 1877: 1863: 1690: 1652:and eventually to the 1613:claimed the status of 1606: 1556: 1493: 1455:Christian civilization 1332:Second Athenian League 1280: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1204: 1164: 1133:Turkish pronunciation: 1114:Turkish pronunciation: 1100: 1091: 1072: 1020: 967:Istanbul was the 2010 950:Fall of Constantinople 896:) and then finally as 893: 847:fifteenth-largest city 567: 490:Highest elevation 282:Location within Europe 249:Location within Turkey 190:15 July Martyrs Bridge 27:Largest city in Turkey 25343:Roman sites in Turkey 22257:Free trade agreements 22139:Intelligence Services 21936:North Anatolian Fault 21433:Southeastern Anatolia 21006:Fahrettin Kerim Gökay 20793:Central East Anatolia 20266:Districts of Istanbul 20265: 20256: 19081:Hatice Sultan Mansion 18996:Palaces and pavilions 18677:Istanbul Contemporary 18469:Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque 18365:Nusretiye Clock Tower 18279:Fountain of Ahmed III 18251:Obelisk of Theodosius 18221:Column of Constantine 17998:Armenian Patriarchate 17934:25 March 2022 at the 17861:Wynn, Martin (1984). 17739:Taylor, Jane (2007). 17621:Rôzen, Mînnā (2002). 17602:Room, Adrian (2006). 17526:Quantic, Roy (2008). 17315:. London: Routledge. 17026:. London: Routledge. 16936:Freely, John (2011). 16917:Freely, John (2000). 16898:Freely, John (1996). 16803:. London: Routledge. 15263:"Central Post Office" 15132:"İSKİ Administration" 15065:Heper, Metin (2018). 14944:Heper, Metin (2018). 12603:Heper, Metin (2018). 12240:Tirman, John (1997). 11407:Mango, Cyril (1985). 11389:2 August 2007 at the 10608:Pol. J. Environ. Stud 10392:"Resmi İstatistikler" 9732:www.borsaistanbul.com 9691:The Armenian genocide 9525:. Santa Barbara, CA: 8977:4.144, translated in 8625:www.byzantium1200.com 8316:hdi.globaldatalab.org 7746:Sabiha Gökçen Airport 7586: 7545:There are three main 7277:Public transportation 7189:Further information: 7026: 6987:in 1923 to a peak of 6957: 6945:Fountain of Ahmed III 6919:Health care in Turkey 6913:Further information: 6909:Utilities in Istanbul 6812:Turkish Naval Academy 6697: 6688:Further information: 6549:, first published by 6486: 6120:(where, in 2013, the 6076: 5954: 5932:on the European side. 5920: 5822: 5758:From Russia with Love 5725: 5674: 5644: 5605:in Karaköy district. 5516: 5471: 5361: 5342:one on the Asian side 5334:Members of Parliament 5277:2014 mayoral election 5261:first elected in 2019 5247: 5118: 5106:Armenians in Istanbul 5039: 4231: 4156:, the largest of the 4147: 4031:abolition of monarchy 4024:, to commemorate his 3990: 3954:Obelisk of Theodosius 3932: 3889:Cistern of Philoxenos 3821:Monastery of Stoudios 3798:Column of Constantine 3654:Obelisk of Theodosius 3590:Obelisk of Theodosius 3530: 3364: 3265: 3195: 3133: 3052:air pollution sensors 2994: 2787: 2766:Kadıkoy metro station 2751:Further information: 2739: 2134:Sea-effect snowstorms 2103:Mediterranean climate 2085: 2062:buildings in Istanbul 2013:North Anatolian Fault 1949: 1936:Further information: 1891:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1878:İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu 1833: 1695:Young Turk Revolution 1673:in 1912 (present-day 1669: 1593: 1551: 1509:, was killed, Sultan 1483: 1266: 1159:[istimˈbolin] 1065:Constantine the Great 1018:Column of Constantine 1016: 997:the country's economy 869:Constantine the Great 347:41.01361°N 28.95500°E 22641:World heritage sites 22166:Turkish Armed Forces 22051:Constitutional Court 21965:Flora and vegetation 21943:Environmental issues 21931:East Anatolian Fault 21878:Mediterranean Region 21333:Göreme National Park 21180:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 19615:Bostancı Show Center 19153:Büyükada Nature Park 19116:Sadberk Hanım Museum 19056:Aynalıkavak Pavilion 18967:Museum of Psychiatry 18737:Sakıp Sabancı Museum 18732:Sadberk Hanım Museum 18322:Rüstem Pasha Medrese 18081:Pammakaristos Church 17912:Old maps of Istanbul 17705:. London: Reaktion. 17511:. Berlin: Springer. 17396:on 15 September 2012 17079:Harter, Jim (2005). 16902:. New York: Viking. 16410:on 16 September 2013 16191:on 16 September 2013 15298:Shaw & Shaw 1977 15138:on 29 September 2007 15100:on 29 September 2007 14812:Time Out Guides 2010 14661:camlicakule.istanbul 14565:"2000 Race Calendar" 14193:on 17 September 2013 13810:Architectural Design 13258:skyscrapercenter.com 12464:on 27 September 2021 11295:Time Out Guides 2010 10621:10.15244/pjoes/76678 9631:Shaw & Shaw 1977 9592:Shaw & Shaw 1977 9190:Smithsonian Magazine 8893:on 12 September 2007 7563:The privately owned 7448:Istanbul modern tram 7339:Metropolitan Railway 7329:, which now carries 7010:electrical telegraph 6870:Özyeğin Üniversitesi 6800:private universities 6740:Kabataş Erkek Lisesi 6732:science high schools 6332:Ali Sami Yen Stadium 6276:Summer Olympic Games 6269:Basketbol Süper Ligi 5752:My Father and My Son 5705:Sakıp Sabancı Museum 5553:Turkish Central Bank 5315:2024 local elections 5308:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 5166:Giovanni Scognamillo 4858:Religion in Istanbul 4720:world's largest city 3975:in Istanbul are the 3973:Ottoman architecture 3913:Harbor of Theodosius 3873:Palace of Blachernae 3794:Forum of Constantine 3747:of court architects. 3615:. The Roman emperor 3575: 3500 BCE 3519:Ottoman architecture 3495:, the Hagia Sophia, 3139:historical peninsula 3023:, and considered as 3017:Rose-ringed parakeet 1906:1955 Istanbul pogrom 1733:(1911–1912) and the 1621:for four centuries. 1289:Neolithic Revolution 1273:Forum of Constantine 1242:is used in English. 1155:Greek pronunciation: 682:Vehicle registration 663:+90 216 (Asian side) 315:Location within Asia 83:Historical peninsula 30:For other uses, see 23707:Hakkı Karayiğitoğlu 23702:Ali Teoman Germaner 22210:Banking and Finance 21828:History of Anatolia 21725:War of Independence 21717:Republic of Türkiye 21614:Battle of Manzikert 21441:Diyarbakır Fortress 21127:Military-appointed 21035:Military-appointed 20974:Province Governors 19650:Süreyya Opera House 19220:Karaköy Fish Market 19071:Esma Sultan Mansion 19061:Adile Sultan Palace 18972:Rahmi M. Koç Museum 18856:Museum of Innocence 18717:Ottoman Bank Museum 18687:İstanbul Toy Museum 18241:Forum of Theodosius 18236:Column of the Goths 18114:Church of St. Padua 18076:Little Hagia Sophia 17199:. Norton & Cy. 17060:Gül, Murat (2012). 16353:The Financial Times 16028:. 21 December 2023. 15655:Hürriyet Daily News 15630:on 12 November 2022 15608:. 19 December 2016. 15487:"Istanbul Overview" 15198:on 28 November 2009 14762:Hürriyet Daily News 14636:Hürriyet Daily News 14341:"Istanbul – Arenas" 14218:Hürriyet Daily News 13932:Hürriyet Daily News 13736:Hürriyet Daily News 13647:on 17 December 2012 13309:"Metropol İstanbul" 12964:10.1787/959d5ba0-en 12708:Nassi, Gad (2010). 12523:"Tarihte Ermeniler" 12006:on 7 September 2012 11850:on 26 November 2011 11276:on 19 November 2010 11224:Hurriyet Daily News 10589:Hürriyet Daily News 10491:Hürriyet Daily News 10402:on 23 December 2020 10277:Hürriyet Daily News 10074:Hürriyet Daily News 9401:, pp. 394–399. 9377:, pp. 258–260. 9339:, pp. 341–342. 9315:, pp. 330–333. 9276:Parry, Ken (2010). 9251:Parry, Ken (2009). 8813:2011QuRes..76...30A 8801:Quaternary Research 8728:, pp. 57, 383. 8063:[isˈtanbuɫ] 8036:[ɯsˈtambuɫ] 8016:[isˈtanbuɫ] 7849:Outline of Istanbul 7622:Haydarpaşa Terminal 7462:Boğaziçi University 7185:Ferries in Istanbul 6893:Boğaziçi University 6884:, founded in 1882. 6854:Istanbul University 6761:Sankt Georgs-Kolleg 6700:Istanbul University 6690:Education in Turkey 6540:Hürriyet Daily News 6344:2019 UEFA Super Cup 6324:2009 UEFA Cup Final 5922:Süreyya Opera House 5637:Culture of Istanbul 5407:US$ 537.507 billion 5354:Economy of Istanbul 5310:, received 46.68%. 5302:the CHP candidate, 5231:contest in Istanbul 4888:Albanians in Turkey 4880:Armenians in Turkey 4864:Assyrians in Turkey 4433: 4249: 4242: 4208:since 5 June 2023. 4068:Renaissance Revival 4064:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 4026:conquest of Baghdad 3962:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3934:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3853:Church of Myrelaion 3754:Next in age is the 3727:, the 19th-century 3493:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3282:(then Scutari) and 3274:across the Bosporus 3155:Fatih Sultan Mehmed 2846:Cercis siliquastrum 2535:Average snowy days 2274:Daily mean °C (°F) 2078:Climate of Istanbul 2044:is responsible for 1938:Geography of Turkey 1795:on 10 August 1920. 1778:Armistice of Mudros 1685:is seen at left. A 1490:Justinian the Great 1252:History of Istanbul 1137:[ɯsˈtambuɫ] 1118:[isˈtanbuɫ] 343: / 23921: 23717:Hüseyin Anka Özhan 22267:Telecommunications 22056:Court of Cassation 21757:Multi-party period 21666:Ottoman Old Regime 21587:Byzantine Anatolia 21582:Classical Anatolia 20850:Southeast Anatolia 20743:Northeast Anatolia 20268: 20258: 19940:Ulus Jewish school 19723:Surp Agop Hospital 19537:Feast of Sacrifice 19491:Mahmut Pasha Hamam 19481:Çemberlitaş Hamamı 19286:Abdi İpekçi Street 19126:Vahdettin Pavilion 18927:ITU Science Center 18871:Pierre Loti Museum 18866:Orhan Kemal Museum 18667:Galatasaray Museum 18565:Süleymaniye Mosque 18530:Atik Valide Mosque 18438:Tayyare Apartments 18388:Aqueduct of Valens 18370:Yıldız Clock Tower 18216:Column of Arcadius 17383:Social Development 16380:on 4 November 2013 16211:"İstanbul Otogarı" 16002:on 16 October 2012 15996:"Liman Hizmetleri" 15534:on 28 August 2016. 15387:Papathanassis 2011 15045:en.istanbul.gov.tr 14825:"TRT – Television" 14071:on 16 January 2011 13958:The New York Times 13894:The New York Times 13571:The New York Times 13546:on 3 February 2012 13359:"Skyland Istanbul" 13233:skyscraperpage.com 12529:on 6 December 2006 12363:The New York Times 11956:, pp. 463–505 11378:The Serpent Column 11322:, pp. 80, 118 11226:. 22 February 2013 11173:The New York Times 11114:on 20 January 2012 11021:The New York Times 10993:, pp. 70, 169 10946:. 14 December 2023 10909:(17 August 2022). 10851:. 20 February 2017 10718:Artüz M.L. (1999) 10493:. 21 January 2018. 10018:www.gfz-potsdam.de 10003:, pp. 718–719 9594:, pp. 4–6, 55 9303:, pp. 324–29. 8979:De Sélincourt 2003 8511:. 11 December 2023 8446:Kazhdan, Alexander 8153:Türk Telekom Arena 7647:600,000 passengers 7605: 7331:265,000 passengers 7254:Iran–Turkey border 7250:European route E80 7199:Aviation in Turkey 7119:suspension bridges 7094:to Turkey (with a 7049:telephone exchange 7045: 6994:electric utilities 6972: 6858:Sabancı University 6777:Treaty of Lausanne 6765:Lycée Saint-Joseph 6724:İmam Hatip schools 6718:, another 263 are 6716:vocational schools 6704: 6492: 6453:Turkish Grand Prix 6442:World Championship 6387:Ülker Sports Arena 6371:2016–17 EuroLeague 6367:2011–12 Euroleague 6328:Türk Telekom Arena 6314:(2021) due to the 6122:Gezi Park protests 6083: 5972: 5934: 5894:in 1995 and 1996; 5874:Mahmutpasha Bazaar 5831:Abdi İpekçi Street 5828: 5732: 5685: 5658: 5522: 5489:Port of Haydarpaşa 5477: 5379: 5304:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 5269: 5265:re-elected in 2024 5153:maritime republics 5147:) in Istanbul and 5133: 5112:live in Istanbul. 5102:thousands to leave 5058: 5054:Ottoman architects 5046:Süleymaniye Mosque 4872:Bosniaks in Turkey 4431: 4247: 4236: 4234: 4165: 4050:Yavuz Selim Mosque 4005: 3966:Süleymaniye Mosque 3958: 3897:Aqueduct of Valens 3885:Theodosius Cistern 3771:sacrificial tripod 3540: 3377: 3276: 3204: 3159:historic peninsula 3143: 3098:. In June 2021, a 2997: 2898:introduced species 2881:Platanus orentalis 2797: 2749: 2095: 2038:urban seismic risk 1952: 1868:Treaty of Lausanne 1864: 1699:Ottoman Parliament 1691: 1607: 1557: 1494: 1324:Greco-Persian Wars 1281: 1021: 763:Official name 482: • Metro 474: • Urban 352:41.01361; 28.95500 285:Show map of Europe 252:Show map of Turkey 25265: 25264: 25259: 25258: 25252:Cities portal 25237: 25236: 25186:United States (2) 25122: 25121: 24803: 24802: 24798: 24797: 24430: 24429: 24232: 24231: 24227: 24226: 23874: 23873: 23567: 23566: 23377: 23376: 22721: 22720: 22649: 22648: 22191: 22190: 22134:Foreign relations 22108:Political parties 22008: 22007: 21841: 21840: 21833:History of Thrace 21735:Atatürk's reforms 21626:Anatolian beyliks 21513: 21512: 21492:Turkey portal 21208: 21207: 21185:Ali Müfit Gürtuna 21158:Greater Istanbul 21130:(1980–1984) 21089:(1963–1980) 21038:(1960–1963) 20996:Muhittin Üstündağ 20977:(1924–1960) 20930: 20929: 20925: 20914: 20913: 20036:Istanbul Province 19988: 19987: 19967:Turkey portal 19950: 19949: 19862:Zografeion Lyceum 19673: 19672: 19610:BJK Akatlar Arena 19562:Istanbul Marathon 19542:Istanbul Biennial 19506:Vezneciler Hamamı 19496:Süleymaniye Hamam 19319: 19318: 19134: 19133: 19066:Cantemir Pavilion 19023:Dolmabahçe Palace 19013:Beylerbeyi Palace 18990: 18989: 18851:İsmet İnönü House 18798:Yedikule Fortress 18662:Fenerbahçe Museum 18624: 18623: 18492:Dolmabahçe Mosque 18487:Altunizade Mosque 18446: 18445: 18433:Soğukçeşme Sokağı 18418:Pera Palace Hotel 18398:Divanyolu Caddesi 18350:Etfal Clock Tower 18231:Column of Marcian 18132: 18131: 17872:978-0-7201-1608-3 17853:978-3-8258-4744-9 17834:978-0-08-044512-0 17815:978-4-431-99266-0 17788:978-1-84670-115-3 17779:Time Out Istanbul 17769:978-3-642-19635-5 17750:978-1-84511-334-6 17731:978-90-5972-041-1 17712:978-1-86189-118-1 17693:978-0-521-29166-8 17670:978-3-486-57713-6 17651:978-0-8223-4912-9 17632:978-90-04-12530-8 17613:978-0-7864-2248-7 17594:978-0-89005-528-1 17575:978-0-9777908-8-3 17556:978-0-19-814098-6 17537:978-0-470-69847-1 17518:978-3-8349-3062-0 17499:978-1-902339-13-9 17481:978-92-64-04371-8 17462:978-0-8213-8200-4 17443:978-605-4348-04-6 17436:. Istanbul: SSM. 17424:978-0-262-14050-8 17372:978-1-4381-1025-7 17341:978-0-86033-081-3 17322:978-0-415-09677-5 17303:978-90-04-07070-7 17284:978-0-521-12805-6 17265:978-1-84150-567-1 17246:978-0-7546-7565-5 17227:978-1-4027-6207-9 17206:978-0-393-08914-1 17187:978-0-8476-9495-2 17168:978-0-521-20954-0 17147:978-605-4030-01-9 17128:978-90-04-06921-3 17109:978-0-521-29135-4 17090:978-0-8018-8089-6 17071:978-1-78076-374-3 17052:978-1-4051-8471-7 17033:978-0-415-12772-1 17014:978-0-415-58011-3 16995:978-0-415-21761-3 16947:978-1-84564-506-9 16928:978-1-900639-31-6 16909:978-0-670-85972-6 16890:978-0-465-02396-7 16871:978-0-932885-30-2 16852:978-90-481-9919-8 16829:978-1-57607-919-5 16810:978-0-415-96854-6 16791:978-0-14-044908-2 16770:978-0-7607-0036-5 16751:978-1-84593-660-0 16732:978-0-88946-207-6 16713:978-975-395-899-8 16694:978-0-520-08239-7 16675:978-0-06-092553-6 16656:978-0-7914-4463-4 16637:978-0-253-35690-1 16608:978-0-19-530991-1 16587:978-0-521-13623-5 16568:978-0-415-16111-4 16549:978-2-84321-015-0 16530:978-0-674-16531-1 16511:978-0-674-16531-1 16492:978-0-7864-0943-3 16473:978-965-229-346-6 16439:on 13 August 2018 15929:on 6 October 2011 15903:on 4 January 2013 15821:on 15 August 2012 15789:"Raylı Sistemler" 15769:on 26 August 2012 15742:on 6 January 2012 15076:978-1-5381-0224-4 14955:978-1-5381-0224-4 14831:on 14 August 2011 14657:"About the Tower" 13916:, pp. 228–34 13823:978-0-470-74319-5 13605:, pp. 133–34 13593:, pp. 130–31 13526:, pp. 223–24 13514:, pp. 221–23 13372:Emporis: Sapphire 13163:borsaistanbul.com 13012:. OECD Publishing 12973:978-92-64-58785-4 12744:978-1-4422-4141-1 12719:978-1-61719-909-7 12694:978-965-226-099-4 12666:978-3-87997-077-3 12614:978-1-5381-0224-4 12584:. 10 January 2019 12440:multeciler.org.tr 12390:. 11 October 2018 12294:978-1-4985-7522-5 12271:, pp. 520–21 12255:978-0-684-82726-1 11789:, pp. 155–56 11768:on 2 January 2012 11724:on 29 August 2017 11696:, pp. 153–55 11547:978-0-691-12326-4 11522:978-1-78076-852-6 11418:978-0-8478-0615-7 11348:E.A. Wallis Budge 11146:978-0-415-32951-4 10564:www.infoclimat.fr 10536:Şen, Ömer Lütfi. 10049:. 5 December 2020 9968:978-1-56432-056-8 9934:978-0-7591-1477-7 9906:ethnic cleansing, 9762:. 6 October 2017. 9701:978-1-4042-1825-3 9578:978-0-12-785109-9 9552:, pp. 735–36 9536:978-1-59884-253-1 9498:978-0-14-312969-1 9470:978-1-78022-473-2 9446:, pp. 306–07 9356:. 5 November 2017 9241:, pp. 109–18 9108:, pp. 11–12. 8943:on 1 January 2017 8857:. 3 October 2008. 8601:978-92-64-04383-1 8590:. Policy Briefs. 8568:978-1-5381-0224-4 8492:, pp. 114–15 8430:. 3 October 2023. 8398:978-0-691-14369-9 8371:978-1-138-12566-7 8343:978-1-4058-8118-0 8292:. 7 December 2023 8233:. 6 February 2024 8030: 7689:low-cost carriers 7318:Trams in Istanbul 7299:bus rapid transit 7240:, traversing the 7029:Grand Post Office 6923:Istanbul's first 6679:Mostar (magazine) 6577:Armenian language 6375:Abdi İpekçi Arena 6365:, as well as the 6340:BJK İnönü Stadium 6316:COVID-19 pandemic 6095:Istanbul Biennial 6068:Hezarfen Airfield 5912:malls in Istanbul 5841:Shopping Area in 5797:Istanbul Biennial 5776:Mission Istaanbul 5623:Dolmabahçe Palace 5577:Istanbul Sapphire 5458:guarantee passage 5449:, with more than 5381:Istanbul had the 5377:on the Asian side 5330:Istanbul Province 5257:Mayor of Istanbul 5084:, members of the 4982: 4981: 4868:Kurds in Istanbul 4768:in Europe, after 4715: 4714: 4693: 4692: 4427: 4426: 4190:Mayor of Istanbul 4162:Istanbul Province 4003:in the background 3779:Battle of Plataea 3501:Dolmabahçe Palace 3415:Feridun Ahmed Bey 3393:Fethi Paşa Korusu 3207:Dolmabahçe Palace 3092:Lake Büyükçekmece 3044:low-emission zone 2866:Quercus coccifera 2762:urban heat island 2728: 2727: 2679:possible sunshine 2584:relative humidity 2147:Climate data for 1942:Geology of Turkey 1926:metropolitan area 1873:Şükrü Naili Pasha 1813:persona non grata 1802:(1919–1922), the 1789:Damat Ferid Pasha 1762:Armenian genocide 1731:Italo-Turkish War 1727:31 March incident 1409:Seville Cathedral 1347:Septimius Severus 1131: 1009:Names of Istanbul 981:most visited city 954:Ottoman Caliphate 936:(1261–1453), and 864:. In 330 CE, the 837:, straddling the 824: 823: 518: • Rank 441: • Body 431: • Type 171:business district 16:(Redirected from 25355: 25250: 25249: 25248: 25162: 25161: 25094:Ho Chi Minh City 24879: 24878: 24830: 24823: 24816: 24807: 24806: 24574: 24564: 24531: 24521: 24478: 24477: 24457: 24450: 24443: 24434: 24433: 24259: 24252: 24245: 24236: 24235: 24078:Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto 24073:Ho Chi Minh City 23918: 23917: 23901: 23894: 23887: 23878: 23877: 23747:Zerrin Bölükbaşı 23667:Muzaffer Ertoran 23594: 23587: 23580: 23571: 23570: 23404: 23397: 23390: 23381: 23380: 23365: 23350: 23331: 23305: 23285: 23274:Esch-sur-Alzette 23265: 23250: 23235: 23220: 23205: 23190: 23175: 23160: 23145: 23130: 23115: 23095: 23080: 23065: 23050: 23040: 23030: 23015: 23000: 22985: 22970: 22920: 22910: 22900: 22890: 22880: 22870: 22860: 22850: 22840: 22830: 22820: 22810: 22797: 22787: 22777: 22767: 22748: 22741: 22734: 22725: 22724: 22709: 22708: 22697: 22696: 22685: 22684: 22673: 22672: 22661: 22466: 22465: 22351:Cities and towns 22332:Turkish language 22287:Turkish Airlines 22103:Electoral system 22066:Council of State 22019: 22018: 21953:Waste management 21883:Black Sea Region 21861: 21852: 21851: 21806:Turkic migration 21752:One-party period 21621:Sultanate of Rum 21567: 21566: 21552: 21551: 21540: 21533: 21526: 21517: 21516: 21501: 21500: 21490: 21489: 21488: 21464:Multiple regions 21360:Arslantepe Mound 21310:Central Anatolia 21235: 21228: 21221: 21212: 21211: 21163: 21162: 21132: 21131: 21091: 21090: 21040: 21039: 20979: 20978: 20957: 20950: 20943: 20934: 20933: 20920: 20576:Central Anatolia 20275: 20274: 20028: 20021: 20014: 20005: 20004: 19992: 19991: 19976: 19975: 19965: 19964: 19963: 19740:Western Armenian 19684: 19683: 19525: 19524: 19471:Bayezid II Hamam 19198: 19197: 19178:Taksim Gezi Park 19101:Küçüksu Pavilion 19096:Khedive's Palace 19091:Ihlamur Pavilion 19001: 19000: 18727:Rezan Has Museum 18635: 18634: 18611:Sancaklar Mosque 18512:Teşvikiye Mosque 18497:Nusretiye Mosque 18457: 18456: 18428:Prison of Anemas 18317:Caferağa Medrese 18299:Tophane Fountain 18188:Şerefiye Cistern 18183:Basilica Cistern 18155:Büyük Valide Han 18143: 18142: 17986: 17985: 17966: 17959: 17952: 17943: 17942: 17876: 17857: 17838: 17819: 17803: 17792: 17773: 17754: 17735: 17716: 17697: 17685: 17674: 17655: 17636: 17617: 17598: 17579: 17560: 17541: 17522: 17503: 17485: 17472:Istanbul, Turkey 17466: 17447: 17428: 17416: 17405: 17403: 17401: 17395: 17388: 17376: 17345: 17326: 17307: 17288: 17269: 17250: 17231: 17210: 17191: 17172: 17151: 17132: 17113: 17094: 17075: 17056: 17037: 17018: 16999: 16980: 16951: 16932: 16913: 16894: 16875: 16856: 16844: 16833: 16814: 16795: 16774: 16755: 16736: 16717: 16698: 16679: 16660: 16641: 16622: 16617: 16615: 16591: 16572: 16553: 16534: 16515: 16496: 16477: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16429: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16415: 16396: 16390: 16389: 16387: 16385: 16370: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16344: 16338: 16337: 16335: 16333: 16317: 16311: 16310: 16304: 16302: 16287: 16281: 16280: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16255: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16244: 16233: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16217:on 20 April 2012 16207: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16196: 16187:. Archived from 16176: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16162: 16157:on 15 April 2012 16147: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16136: 16124: 16118: 16117: 16111: 16103: 16101: 16099: 16088: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16062: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16051: 16036: 16030: 16029: 16022:"Orient Express" 16018: 16012: 16011: 16009: 16007: 15992: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15981: 15967: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15945: 15939: 15938: 15936: 15934: 15919: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15908: 15893: 15887: 15886: 15884: 15882: 15877:on 12 March 2019 15867: 15861: 15860: 15858: 15856: 15851:on 26 April 2013 15845:Economic Updates 15837: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15826: 15811: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15800: 15785: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15774: 15759: 15753: 15751: 15749: 15747: 15732: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15721: 15716:on 18 April 2014 15706: 15700: 15699: 15697: 15695: 15685: 15677: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15661: 15646: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15635: 15626:. Archived from 15624:climatetrace.org 15616: 15610: 15609: 15598: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15572: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15561: 15551: 15542: 15536: 15535: 15520: 15514: 15508: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15497: 15483: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15472: 15458: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15442: 15433: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15414: 15404: 15396: 15390: 15384: 15378: 15377:, pp. 52–53 15372: 15366: 15360: 15354: 15348: 15342: 15336: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15310: 15301: 15295: 15289: 15288: 15282: 15274: 15272: 15270: 15259: 15253: 15247: 15241: 15240: 15238: 15236: 15231:on 7 August 2011 15221: 15208: 15207: 15205: 15203: 15188: 15179: 15178: 15176: 15174: 15159: 15148: 15147: 15145: 15143: 15128: 15122: 15121:, pp. 33–34 15116: 15110: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15090: 15081: 15080: 15062: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15051: 15037: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15026: 15010: 15004: 15003: 14992: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14974:Gazete İlk Sayfa 14966: 14960: 14959: 14941: 14930: 14929: 14927: 14925: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14898: 14884: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14870: 14859: 14853: 14847: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14821: 14815: 14809: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14798: 14783: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14769: 14752: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14741: 14736:on 28 March 2018 14722: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14711: 14705: 14697: 14684: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14653: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14627: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14616: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14583: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14572: 14561: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14524: 14514: 14506: 14500: 14499: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14462: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14451: 14437: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14411: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14400: 14385: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14374: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14311: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14295:on 26 April 2013 14285: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14268: 14260: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14249: 14243: 14235: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14224: 14209: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14198: 14183: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14157: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14146: 14135: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14109: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14087: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14076: 14061: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14047: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14016: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13975: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13949: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13923: 13917: 13911: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13885: 13879: 13873: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13843: 13842:, pp. 91–92 13837: 13828: 13827: 13805: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13794: 13779: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13763:on 17 April 2012 13753: 13747: 13746: 13744: 13742: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13675: 13669: 13668:, pp. 24–25 13663: 13657: 13656: 13654: 13652: 13636: 13630: 13624: 13618: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13588: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13577: 13562: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13551: 13536: 13527: 13521: 13515: 13509: 13503: 13497: 13491: 13485: 13479: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13431: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13415:. 6 January 2022 13405: 13399: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13380: 13374: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13355: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13344: 13330: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13294: 13285:. Archived from 13275: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13239: 13225: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13181: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13165:. Borsa Istanbul 13160: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13126: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13068: 13059: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13042: 13028: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13017: 13007: 12999: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12988: 12950: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12921:. Archived from 12911: 12905: 12904: 12892: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12881: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12855: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12814: 12808: 12803: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12730: 12724: 12723: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12680: 12671: 12670: 12652: 12641: 12636: 12630: 12625: 12619: 12618: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12554: 12545: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12495: 12486: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12460:. Archived from 12458:Konda İnteraktif 12450: 12444: 12443: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12421: 12416:. 20 August 2019 12406: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12354: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12278: 12272: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12247: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12207: 12199: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12135: 12120: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12109: 12102:data.tuik.gov.tr 12094: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12074:. Archived from 12063: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12030: 12022: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11974:data.tuik.gov.tr 11966: 11957: 11951: 11945: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11922: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11758: 11749: 11743: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11723: 11712: 11703: 11697: 11691: 11682: 11681:, pp. 87–88 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11646: 11640: 11634: 11633:, pp. 42–48 11628: 11622: 11621:, pp. 43–49 11616: 11610: 11609: 11603: 11601: 11582: 11576: 11570: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11508: 11497: 11492: 11481: 11475: 11469: 11468: 11457: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11404: 11393: 11374: 11368: 11361: 11355: 11345: 11339: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11298: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11110:. Archived from 11099: 11093: 11092:, pp. 78–96 11087: 11081: 11075: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11055: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11012: 11006: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10845: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10768: 10762: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10743:on 22 July 2011. 10739:. Archived from 10729: 10723: 10716: 10710: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10699:on 22 July 2011. 10698: 10692:. Archived from 10691: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10666:Net Zero Tracker 10658: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10642:on 17 April 2019 10638:. Archived from 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10591:. 19 March 2018. 10581: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10443: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10370: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10298: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10039: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9896: 9894: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9752: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9607: 9606:, pp. 87–89 9601: 9595: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9562: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9518: 9503: 9502: 9484: 9475: 9474: 9456: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9196:on 5 August 2012 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9148: 9142: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9096:, pp. 8–10. 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8982: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8939:. Archived from 8927: 8921: 8920: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8768: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8698: 8692: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8666:, p. 352ff. 8661: 8655: 8649: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8617: 8606: 8605: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8554: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8418: 8403: 8402: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8219: 8210: 8209: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8172: 8156: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8133: 8109: 8100: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8018: 8013: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7957: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7896: 7890: 7865: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7795: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7742: 7732:Istanbul Airport 7728: 7710: 7702: 7694: 7663:Istanbul Airport 7648: 7644: 7609:Sirkeci Terminal 7597:Sirkeci Terminal 7573:Port of Istanbul 7559:Princes' Islands 7528: 7500: 7476: 7458: 7444: 7430: 7416: 7332: 7327:modern tram line 7259: 7258:400,000 vehicles 7242:Bosphorus Bridge 7163: 7147: 7131: 7097: 7088:Joint Commission 7081: 7077: 7073: 6990: 6986: 6949:sewage treatment 6942: 6834: 6825: 6629: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6568: 6560: 6536: 6426:Eczacıbaşı VitrA 6355:Sinan Erdem Dome 6228:Galatasaray S.K. 6183: 6172: 6161: 6150: 6007:Princes' Islands 5896:Istanbul Cevahir 5803:, alongside the 5614: 5597: 5588: 5543:Since 2023, the 5526:Bankalar Caddesi 5519:Bankalar Caddesi 5486: 5482: 5452: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5431:$ 128.34 billion 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5146: 4894: 4893: 4876:Greeks in Turkey 4806:Eastern Anatolia 4775: 4756: 4447: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4312: 4301: 4290: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4235: 4158:Princes' Islands 4038:imperial mosques 4001:Princes' Islands 3940:due to the blue 3936:is known as the 3901:Prison of Anemas 3881:Basilica Cistern 3869:Boukoleon Palace 3857:Hagios Theodoros 3808:(r. 1143–1180). 3716: 3705: 3694: 3683: 3662: 3660: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3608: 3594:Temple of Karnak 3576: 3572: 3569: 3556: 3553: 3480: 3450:Taksim Gezi Park 3351:Istanbul Airport 3079: 3077: 3076: 3062:, Alibeyköy and 3025:invasive species 2876:Submediterranean 2538: 2491: 2153:the main article 2144: 2143: 1885:Turkish Republic 1880: 1836:Bankalar Caddesi 1793:Treaty of Sèvres 1770:ethnic cleansing 1584:Social hierarchy 1513:"the Conqueror" 1486:Basilica Cistern 1484:The 6th century 1411:(1507) in Spain. 1400: 1366: 1345:against Emperor 1343:Pescennius Niger 1314:adjacent to the 1237: 1231: 1225: 1210:Turkish alphabet 1207: 1193: 1185: 1175: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1094: 1088: 1080: 1062: 1061: 1043: 1038: 1037: 986: 916: 911: 910: 905: 903:Constantinopolis 887: 882: 845:and the world's 742: 735: 700: 582: 571: 373: 371: 370: 358: 357: 355: 354: 353: 348: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 319: 318:Show map of Asia 305: 304: 298: 286: 272: 271: 265: 253: 239: 238: 232: 209: 182: 165: 151: 131: 117: 103: 85:, including the 79: 42: 41: 21: 18:Istanbul, Turkey 25363: 25362: 25358: 25357: 25356: 25354: 25353: 25352: 25268: 25267: 25266: 25261: 25260: 25255: 25246: 25244: 25233: 25202: 25181: 25153: 25118: 25072: 25051: 25025: 24999: 24958: 24870: 24839: 24834: 24804: 24799: 24575: 24569: 24565: 24532: 24526: 24522: 24471: 24470: 24464: 24461: 24431: 24426: 24268: 24263: 24233: 24228: 24223: 24222: 24165: 24164: 24107: 24106: 24041: 24040: 23983: 23982: 23911: 23905: 23875: 23870: 23857:Bediha Muvahhit 23766: 23712:Zühtü Müridoğlu 23655: 23629: 23603: 23598: 23568: 23563: 23411: 23408: 23378: 23373: 23363: 23348: 23329: 23303: 23283: 23263: 23249:2020-April 2021 23248: 23233: 23218: 23203: 23188: 23173: 23158: 23143: 23128: 23113: 23093: 23078: 23063: 23054:Luxembourg City 23048: 23038: 23028: 23013: 22998: 22983: 22968: 22918: 22908: 22898: 22888: 22878: 22874:Luxembourg City 22868: 22858: 22848: 22838: 22828: 22818: 22808: 22795: 22785: 22775: 22765: 22757: 22752: 22722: 22717: 22645: 22464: 22460:Women in Turkey 22428:Law enforcement 22382: 22378:Life expectancy 22344:Islam in Turkey 22298: 22187: 22149:National Police 22117: 22072: 22004: 21995:Turkish Riviera 21902: 21859: 21858: 21837: 21794: 21761: 21740:Language reform 21711: 21630: 21591: 21556: 21546: 21544: 21514: 21509: 21486: 21484: 21475: 21459: 21427: 21405: 21364: 21341: 21304: 21281: 21244: 21239: 21209: 21204: 21170:Bedrettin Dalan 21160: 21159: 21153: 21149:Abdullah Tırtıl 21129: 21128: 21122: 21088: 21087: 21081: 21037: 21036: 21030: 20976: 20975: 20969: 20961: 20931: 20926: 20910: 20844: 20787: 20737: 20690: 20625: 20570: 20507: 20475: 20414: 20351: 20309: 20289: 20269: 20260: 20259: 20248: 20042: 20032: 19997: 19989: 19984: 19961: 19959: 19946: 19868: 19785: 19669: 19655:Kuruçeşme Arena 19625:Cemal Reşit Rey 19586: 19510: 19501:Tahtakale Hamam 19476:Cağaloğlu Hamam 19463:Hammams (baths) 19457: 19388:Hesed Le Avraam 19315: 19296:İstiklal Avenue 19267: 19229: 19187: 19130: 19111:Maslak Pavilion 19037: 18986: 18947:Museum of Media 18908: 18899:Military Museum 18894:Aviation Museum 18880: 18807: 18761: 18742:SantralIstanbul 18682:İstanbul Modern 18652:Doğançay Museum 18620: 18597: 18569: 18540:Selimiye Mosque 18516: 18473: 18442: 18413:Mısır Apartment 18374: 18326: 18303: 18289:German Fountain 18265: 18202: 18169: 18128: 18095: 18037: 17975: 17970: 17936:Wayback Machine 17920:Wayback Machine 17896:Wayback Machine 17884: 17879: 17873: 17854: 17835: 17816: 17789: 17770: 17751: 17732: 17713: 17694: 17671: 17652: 17633: 17614: 17595: 17576: 17557: 17538: 17519: 17500: 17482: 17463: 17444: 17425: 17399: 17397: 17393: 17386: 17373: 17342: 17323: 17304: 17285: 17266: 17247: 17228: 17207: 17188: 17169: 17148: 17129: 17110: 17091: 17072: 17053: 17034: 17015: 16996: 16948: 16929: 16910: 16891: 16872: 16853: 16830: 16811: 16792: 16771: 16752: 16742:Medical Tourism 16733: 16714: 16695: 16676: 16657: 16638: 16613: 16611: 16609: 16588: 16569: 16550: 16531: 16512: 16493: 16474: 16457: 16452: 16442: 16440: 16431: 16430: 16423: 16413: 16411: 16398: 16397: 16393: 16383: 16381: 16372: 16371: 16367: 16357: 16355: 16345: 16341: 16331: 16329: 16318: 16314: 16300: 16298: 16289: 16288: 16284: 16275: 16274: 16270: 16265:. 6 April 2019. 16257: 16256: 16252: 16242: 16240: 16235: 16234: 16230: 16220: 16218: 16209: 16208: 16204: 16194: 16192: 16177: 16170: 16160: 16158: 16149: 16148: 16144: 16134: 16132: 16125: 16121: 16105: 16104: 16097: 16095: 16090: 16089: 16085: 16075: 16073: 16063: 16059: 16049: 16047: 16046:on 4 April 2012 16038: 16037: 16033: 16020: 16019: 16015: 16005: 16003: 15994: 15993: 15989: 15979: 15977: 15969: 15968: 15964: 15954: 15952: 15950:"Sehir Hatlari" 15948: 15946: 15942: 15932: 15930: 15921: 15920: 15916: 15906: 15904: 15895: 15894: 15890: 15880: 15878: 15869: 15868: 15864: 15854: 15852: 15839: 15838: 15834: 15824: 15822: 15815:"Ağ Haritaları" 15813: 15812: 15808: 15798: 15796: 15795:on 9 April 2014 15787: 15786: 15782: 15772: 15770: 15761: 15760: 15756: 15745: 15743: 15734: 15733: 15729: 15719: 15717: 15708: 15707: 15703: 15693: 15691: 15690:on 16 June 2012 15683: 15679: 15678: 15669: 15659: 15657: 15647: 15643: 15633: 15631: 15618: 15617: 15613: 15600: 15599: 15595: 15585: 15583: 15573: 15569: 15559: 15557: 15549: 15543: 15539: 15522: 15521: 15517: 15509: 15505: 15495: 15493: 15485: 15484: 15480: 15470: 15468: 15460: 15459: 15450: 15440: 15438: 15431: 15427: 15426: 15422: 15412: 15410: 15402: 15398: 15397: 15393: 15385: 15381: 15373: 15369: 15361: 15357: 15349: 15345: 15337: 15333: 15323: 15321: 15320:on 6 March 2016 15312: 15311: 15304: 15296: 15292: 15276: 15275: 15268: 15266: 15261: 15260: 15256: 15248: 15244: 15234: 15232: 15223: 15222: 15211: 15201: 15199: 15190: 15189: 15182: 15172: 15170: 15169:on 30 July 2012 15161: 15160: 15151: 15141: 15139: 15130: 15129: 15125: 15117: 15113: 15103: 15101: 15092: 15091: 15084: 15077: 15063: 15059: 15049: 15047: 15039: 15038: 15034: 15024: 15022: 15019:aydinlik.com.tr 15011: 15007: 14994: 14993: 14989: 14979: 14977: 14968: 14967: 14963: 14956: 14942: 14933: 14923: 14921: 14910: 14906: 14896: 14894: 14892:istanbul.gov.tr 14886: 14885: 14878: 14868: 14866: 14861: 14860: 14856: 14848: 14844: 14834: 14832: 14823: 14822: 14818: 14810: 14806: 14796: 14794: 14785: 14784: 14777: 14767: 14765: 14753: 14749: 14739: 14737: 14724: 14723: 14719: 14709: 14707: 14703: 14699: 14698: 14687: 14679: 14675: 14665: 14663: 14655: 14654: 14650: 14640: 14638: 14628: 14624: 14614: 14612: 14603: 14602: 14598: 14585: 14584: 14580: 14570: 14568: 14563: 14562: 14558: 14548: 14546: 14537: 14536: 14532: 14522: 14520: 14519:on 16 June 2012 14512: 14508: 14507: 14503: 14498:. 25 June 2021. 14490: 14489: 14485: 14475: 14473: 14464: 14463: 14459: 14449: 14447: 14439: 14438: 14434: 14424: 14422: 14412: 14408: 14398: 14396: 14386: 14382: 14372: 14370: 14365: 14364: 14360: 14350: 14348: 14339: 14338: 14334: 14324: 14322: 14313: 14312: 14308: 14298: 14296: 14287: 14286: 14282: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14261: 14257: 14247: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14236: 14232: 14222: 14220: 14210: 14206: 14196: 14194: 14185: 14184: 14180: 14170: 14168: 14165:The Independent 14159: 14158: 14154: 14144: 14142: 14137: 14136: 14132: 14122: 14120: 14111: 14110: 14106: 14096: 14094: 14089: 14088: 14084: 14074: 14072: 14063: 14062: 14055: 14045: 14043: 14029: 14028: 14024: 14014: 14012: 14011:on 29 June 2009 14003: 14002: 13998: 13988: 13986: 13977: 13976: 13972: 13962: 13960: 13950: 13946: 13936: 13934: 13924: 13920: 13912: 13908: 13898: 13896: 13886: 13882: 13874: 13870: 13862: 13858: 13850: 13846: 13838: 13831: 13824: 13806: 13802: 13792: 13790: 13780: 13776: 13766: 13764: 13755: 13754: 13750: 13740: 13738: 13728: 13724: 13714: 13712: 13702: 13698: 13688: 13686: 13677: 13676: 13672: 13664: 13660: 13650: 13648: 13637: 13633: 13625: 13621: 13613: 13609: 13601: 13597: 13589: 13585: 13575: 13573: 13563: 13559: 13549: 13547: 13538: 13537: 13530: 13522: 13518: 13510: 13506: 13498: 13494: 13486: 13482: 13474: 13470: 13460: 13458: 13454: 13453: 13449: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13428: 13418: 13416: 13407: 13406: 13402: 13392: 13390: 13382: 13381: 13377: 13370: 13366: 13357: 13356: 13352: 13342: 13340: 13332: 13331: 13327: 13317: 13315: 13307: 13306: 13302: 13292: 13290: 13277: 13276: 13272: 13262: 13260: 13252: 13251: 13247: 13237: 13235: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13212: 13210: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13182: 13178: 13168: 13166: 13158: 13154: 13153: 13149: 13139: 13137: 13134:heritage.bnf.fr 13128: 13127: 13120: 13110: 13108: 13099: 13098: 13091: 13081: 13079: 13069: 13062: 13054: 13050: 13040: 13038: 13030: 13029: 13025: 13015: 13013: 13005: 13001: 13000: 12996: 12986: 12984: 12974: 12952: 12951: 12938: 12928: 12926: 12919:secim.aa.com.tr 12913: 12912: 12908: 12893: 12889: 12879: 12877: 12875:Financial Times 12867: 12863: 12853: 12851: 12841: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12804: 12800: 12790: 12788: 12779: 12778: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12745: 12731: 12727: 12720: 12706: 12702: 12695: 12681: 12674: 12667: 12653: 12644: 12637: 12633: 12626: 12622: 12615: 12601: 12597: 12587: 12585: 12576: 12575: 12571: 12561: 12559: 12552: 12546: 12542: 12532: 12530: 12519: 12515: 12505: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12481: 12477: 12467: 12465: 12452: 12451: 12447: 12434: 12433: 12429: 12419: 12417: 12408: 12407: 12403: 12393: 12391: 12382: 12381: 12377: 12367: 12365: 12355: 12351: 12341: 12339: 12332: 12328: 12318: 12316: 12306: 12302: 12295: 12279: 12275: 12267: 12263: 12256: 12238: 12234: 12221: 12217: 12205: 12201: 12200: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12162: 12158: 12147: 12143: 12133: 12131: 12129:Financial Times 12121: 12117: 12107: 12105: 12096: 12095: 12091: 12081: 12079: 12064: 12060: 12052: 12048: 12038: 12036: 12028: 12024: 12023: 12019: 12009: 12007: 11994: 11993: 11989: 11979: 11977: 11968: 11967: 11960: 11952: 11948: 11940: 11936: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11880: 11879: 11875: 11867: 11863: 11853: 11851: 11842: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11824:on 15 July 2019 11816: 11809: 11807: 11806:on 12 July 2018 11798: 11797: 11793: 11785: 11781: 11771: 11769: 11760: 11759: 11752: 11744: 11737: 11727: 11725: 11721: 11710: 11704: 11700: 11692: 11685: 11677: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11653: 11649: 11641: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11617: 11613: 11599: 11597: 11596:on 1 April 2015 11584: 11583: 11579: 11571: 11567: 11559: 11555: 11548: 11534: 11530: 11523: 11515:. I.B. Tauris. 11509: 11500: 11493: 11484: 11476: 11472: 11467:. 8 April 2024. 11459: 11458: 11451: 11441: 11439: 11431: 11430: 11426: 11419: 11405: 11396: 11391:Wayback Machine 11375: 11371: 11362: 11358: 11346: 11342: 11330: 11326: 11318: 11301: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11268: 11267: 11263: 11255: 11251: 11243: 11239: 11229: 11227: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11201: 11191: 11187: 11177: 11175: 11165: 11161: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11100: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11076: 11069: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11025: 11023: 11013: 11009: 11001: 10997: 10989: 10985: 10975: 10973: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10949: 10947: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10921: 10919: 10904: 10900: 10887: 10886: 10882: 10877:. 1 March 2019. 10869: 10868: 10864: 10854: 10852: 10847: 10846: 10842: 10832: 10830: 10821: 10820: 10816: 10806: 10804: 10802:The Irish Times 10794: 10790: 10780: 10778: 10770: 10769: 10765: 10752: 10748: 10731: 10730: 10726: 10717: 10713: 10708: 10704: 10696: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10660: 10659: 10655: 10645: 10643: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10600: 10596: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10568: 10566: 10558: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10534: 10530: 10521: 10520: 10516: 10511:. 24 July 2018. 10503: 10502: 10498: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10467: 10466: 10462: 10452: 10450: 10445: 10444: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10420: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10403: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10372: 10371: 10367: 10357: 10355: 10347: 10346: 10342: 10315: 10311: 10300: 10299: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10279:. 28 March 2024 10271: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10254: 10244: 10240: 10230: 10228: 10212: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10195: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10155: 10153: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10105: 10103: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10080: 10078: 10067: 10066: 10062: 10052: 10050: 10041: 10040: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10020:. 4 August 2023 10012: 10011: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9953: 9949: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9919: 9915: 9892: 9890: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9839:Politico Europe 9830: 9826: 9795: 9791: 9783: 9779: 9771: 9767: 9754: 9753: 9746: 9736: 9734: 9726: 9725: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9702: 9686: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9641: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9519: 9506: 9499: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9373: 9369: 9359: 9357: 9350:"Deesis Mosaic" 9348: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9288: 9274: 9270: 9263: 9249: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9182: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9116: 9112: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8985: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8910: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8855:hurriyet.com.tr 8849: 8848: 8844: 8796: 8792: 8782: 8780: 8769: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8699: 8695: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8650: 8639: 8629: 8627: 8619: 8618: 8609: 8602: 8584: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8555: 8524: 8514: 8512: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8488: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8462: 8439: 8435: 8420: 8419: 8406: 8399: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8327: 8323: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8286:www.tuik.gov.tr 8280: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8257:www.tuik.gov.tr 8251: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8227:www.tuik.gov.tr 8221: 8220: 8213: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8182:on 6 April 2020 8174: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8159: 8149: 8145: 8140: 8136: 8130:History section 8110: 8103: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8047: 8043: 8031: 8020: 8019: 8011: 7996: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7945: 7941: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7886: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7791: 7786: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7734: 7729: 7708: 7700: 7692: 7674:Atatürk Airport 7659: 7646: 7642: 7626:Baghdad Railway 7581: 7547:ferry operators 7543: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7529: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7501: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7468: 7464:station of the 7459: 7450: 7445: 7436: 7431: 7414: 7402:Marmaray Tunnel 7330: 7279: 7257: 7206: 7201: 7191:Roads in Turkey 7187: 7175:Main articles: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7123: 7122: 7121:at the Bosporus 7112: 7104:hair transplant 7095: 7092:medical tourism 7079: 7075: 7071: 6988: 6984: 6964:SantralIstanbul 6940: 6933:Valens Aqueduct 6921: 6911: 6905: 6903:Public services 6850: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6827: 6826: 6744:Istanbul Lisesi 6712:private schools 6692: 6686: 6681: 6674:there in 1999. 6627: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6534: 6497:Takvim-i Vekayi 6481: 6379:EuroBasket 2001 6288:track and field 6232:Fenerbahçe S.K. 6216: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6140: 6134: 6118:İstiklal Avenue 6014:Ottoman cuisine 5938:İstiklal Avenue 5884:Galleria Ataköy 5861:. The city has 5824:İstiklal Avenue 5817: 5805:Venice Biennale 5713:SantralIstanbul 5697:İstanbul Modern 5681:Osman Hamdi Bey 5639: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5615: 5595: 5586: 5484: 5483:of exports and 5480: 5450: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427:$ 83.66 billion 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5356: 5350: 5285:Binali Yıldırım 5223: 5125:İstiklal Avenue 5022:Jamal Khashoggi 4984: 4983: 4975: 4962: 4947: 4932: 4917: 4890: 4860: 4854: 4773: 4754: 4710: 4237: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4090: 4082:Main articles: 4080: 3841:Hagia Theodosia 3806:Manuel Komnenos 3752: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3657: 3650:Lateran Obelisk 3620: 3605: 3574: 3570: 3555: 6500 BCE 3554: 3536:Genoese citadel 3525: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3486: 3481: 3359: 3321: 3260: 3223:Bosporus Bridge 3183:İstiklal Avenue 3128: 3123: 3113: 3108: 3100:marine mucilage 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3033: 2973:harbor porpoise 2920:Turkish Straits 2809:humid temperate 2782: 2780:Flora and fauna 2755: 2734: 2729: 2536: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2123:rain-snow mixes 2107:oceanic climate 2080: 2074: 2009: 2003: 1956:Bosporus Strait 1944: 1934: 1902:1942 wealth tax 1887: 1810:, was declared 1707:Austria-Hungary 1675:İstiklal Avenue 1611:Ottoman dynasty 1570:huge new palace 1523: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1401: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1367: 1356: 1328:Athenian League 1305:Pliny the Elder 1303:, mentioned by 1261: 1254: 1248: 1188:Ottoman Turkish 1170:Ottoman Turkish 1154: 1132: 1122: 1121: 1113: 1106:Ottoman Turkish 1083:Ottoman Turkish 1011: 1005: 984: 839:Bosporus Strait 758: 745: 740:istanbul.gov.tr 738: 731: 698: 666: 647: 617: 601: 580: 561: 405:Provincial seat 368: 366: 351: 349: 345: 342: 337: 334: 332: 330: 329: 323: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 311: 310: 306: 289: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 273: 256: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 245: 244: 240: 218: 217: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 183: 174: 173: 172: 166: 158: 157: 152: 143: 142: 141: 135:İstiklal Avenue 132: 124: 123: 118: 110: 109: 104: 95: 94: 93: 80: 65: 52: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25361: 25351: 25350: 25345: 25340: 25335: 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25310: 25308:Constantinople 25305: 25300: 25295: 25290: 25285: 25280: 25263: 25262: 25257: 25256: 25242: 25239: 25238: 25235: 25234: 25232: 25231: 25226: 25221: 25216: 25210: 25208: 25204: 25203: 25201: 25200: 25195: 25189: 25187: 25183: 25182: 25180: 25179: 25174: 25172:Rio de Janeiro 25168: 25166: 25159: 25155: 25154: 25152: 25151: 25146: 25141: 25136: 25130: 25128: 25124: 25123: 25120: 25119: 25117: 25116: 25111: 25106: 25101: 25096: 25091: 25086: 25080: 25078: 25074: 25073: 25071: 25070: 25065: 25059: 25057: 25053: 25052: 25050: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25033: 25031: 25027: 25026: 25024: 25023: 25018: 25013: 25007: 25005: 25001: 25000: 24998: 24997: 24992: 24987: 24982: 24977: 24972: 24966: 24964: 24960: 24959: 24957: 24956: 24951: 24946: 24941: 24936: 24931: 24926: 24921: 24916: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24885: 24883: 24876: 24872: 24871: 24869: 24868: 24863: 24858: 24853: 24847: 24845: 24841: 24840: 24833: 24832: 24825: 24818: 24810: 24801: 24800: 24796: 24795: 24792: 24787: 24784: 24781: 24776: 24772: 24771: 24768: 24763: 24760: 24757: 24752: 24748: 24747: 24744: 24739: 24736: 24733: 24728: 24724: 24723: 24720: 24715: 24712: 24709: 24704: 24700: 24699: 24696: 24691: 24688: 24685: 24680: 24676: 24675: 24672: 24667: 24664: 24661: 24656: 24652: 24651: 24648: 24643: 24640: 24637: 24632: 24628: 24627: 24624: 24619: 24616: 24613: 24608: 24604: 24603: 24600: 24595: 24592: 24589: 24584: 24580: 24579: 24558: 24555: 24550: 24547: 24544: 24539: 24536: 24514: 24513: 24511: 24506: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24481: 24476: 24473: 24472: 24465: 24460: 24459: 24452: 24445: 24437: 24428: 24427: 24425: 24424: 24419: 24414: 24409: 24404: 24399: 24394: 24389: 24384: 24379: 24374: 24369: 24364: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24273: 24270: 24269: 24262: 24261: 24254: 24247: 24239: 24230: 24229: 24225: 24224: 24221: 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24180: 24175: 24169: 24168: 24166: 24163: 24162: 24157: 24152: 24147: 24142: 24137: 24132: 24127: 24125:Rio de Janeiro 24122: 24117: 24111: 24110: 24108: 24105: 24104: 24095: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24051: 24045: 24044: 24042: 24039: 24038: 24033: 24028: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23987: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23980: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23950: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23925: 23924: 23922: 23916: 23913: 23912: 23904: 23903: 23896: 23889: 23881: 23872: 23871: 23869: 23868: 23863: 23860: 23852: 23849: 23846: 23841: 23836: 23833: 23830: 23825: 23820: 23815: 23812: 23809: 23804: 23799: 23794: 23789: 23786:Güzel İstanbul 23782: 23774: 23772: 23768: 23767: 23765: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23704: 23699: 23694: 23692:Namık Denizhan 23689: 23687:Bihrat Mavitan 23684: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23663: 23661: 23657: 23656: 23654: 23653: 23648: 23646:Mustafa Aslıer 23643: 23637: 23635: 23631: 23630: 23628: 23627: 23622: 23617: 23611: 23609: 23605: 23604: 23597: 23596: 23589: 23582: 23574: 23565: 23564: 23562: 23561: 23555: 23549: 23543: 23537: 23531: 23525: 23519: 23513: 23507: 23501: 23495: 23489: 23483: 23477: 23471: 23465: 23459: 23453: 23447: 23441: 23435: 23429: 23423: 23416: 23413: 23412: 23407: 23406: 23399: 23392: 23384: 23375: 23374: 23372: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23341: 23332: 23327: 23320: 23313: 23306: 23301: 23296: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23261: 23256: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23211: 23206: 23201: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22966: 22961: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22936: 22931: 22926: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22901: 22896: 22891: 22886: 22881: 22876: 22871: 22866: 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22811: 22806: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22762: 22759: 22758: 22751: 22750: 22743: 22736: 22728: 22719: 22718: 22716: 22715: 22703: 22691: 22679: 22667: 22654: 22651: 22650: 22647: 22646: 22644: 22643: 22638: 22633: 22628: 22623: 22618: 22617: 22616: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22580: 22579: 22577:Radio stations 22574: 22569: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22529: 22524: 22523: 22522: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22496: 22495: 22490: 22480: 22474: 22472: 22463: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22446: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22425: 22420: 22419: 22418: 22408: 22403: 22402: 22401: 22390: 22388: 22384: 22383: 22381: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22369: 22368: 22363: 22358: 22348: 22347: 22346: 22336: 22335: 22334: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22312:Turkish people 22308: 22306: 22300: 22299: 22297: 22296: 22295: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22277:Transportation 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22253: 22252: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22201: 22199: 22193: 22192: 22189: 22188: 22186: 22185: 22184: 22183: 22178: 22173: 22163: 22158: 22157: 22156: 22151: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22125: 22123: 22119: 22118: 22116: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22099: 22098: 22093: 22082: 22080: 22074: 22073: 22071: 22070: 22069: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22043: 22042: 22041: 22031: 22025: 22023: 22016: 22010: 22009: 22006: 22005: 22003: 22002: 21997: 21992: 21987: 21985:National parks 21982: 21977: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21957: 21956: 21955: 21950: 21940: 21939: 21938: 21933: 21923: 21922: 21921: 21919:Climate change 21910: 21908: 21904: 21903: 21901: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21868:Marmara Region 21864: 21862: 21860:(west to east) 21849: 21843: 21842: 21839: 21838: 21836: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21814: 21813: 21802: 21800: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21792: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21775: 21773:Constitutional 21769: 21767: 21763: 21762: 21760: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21748: 21747: 21742: 21732: 21727: 21721: 21719: 21713: 21712: 21710: 21709: 21708: 21707: 21697: 21696: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21675: 21674: 21673: 21663: 21661:Transformation 21658: 21657: 21656: 21646: 21640: 21638: 21636:Ottoman Empire 21632: 21631: 21629: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21617: 21616: 21605: 21603: 21593: 21592: 21590: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21573: 21571: 21564: 21558: 21557: 21543: 21542: 21535: 21528: 21520: 21511: 21510: 21508: 21507: 21495: 21480: 21477: 21476: 21474: 21473: 21467: 21465: 21461: 21460: 21458: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21445:Hevsel Gardens 21437: 21435: 21429: 21428: 21426: 21425: 21415: 21413: 21407: 21406: 21404: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21387:Historic Areas 21384: 21374: 21372: 21366: 21365: 21363: 21362: 21357: 21351: 21349: 21343: 21342: 21340: 21339: 21330: 21325: 21320: 21314: 21312: 21306: 21305: 21303: 21302: 21297: 21291: 21289: 21283: 21282: 21280: 21279: 21274: 21265: 21260: 21254: 21252: 21246: 21245: 21238: 21237: 21230: 21223: 21215: 21206: 21205: 21203: 21202: 21200:Ekrem İmamoğlu 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21175:Nurettin Sözen 21172: 21166: 21164: 21161:(1984 to date) 21155: 21154: 21152: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21135: 21133: 21124: 21123: 21121: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21094: 21092: 21083: 21082: 21080: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21067:Kamuran Görgün 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21043: 21041: 21032: 21031: 21029: 21028: 21023: 21021:Ethem Yetkiner 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20982: 20980: 20971: 20970: 20960: 20959: 20952: 20945: 20937: 20928: 20927: 20919: 20916: 20915: 20912: 20911: 20909: 20908: 20903: 20896: 20891: 20884: 20879: 20872: 20865: 20860: 20854: 20852: 20846: 20845: 20843: 20842: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20797: 20795: 20789: 20788: 20786: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20747: 20745: 20739: 20738: 20736: 20735: 20728: 20723: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20700: 20698: 20696:East Black Sea 20692: 20691: 20689: 20688: 20683: 20678: 20673: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20635: 20633: 20631:West Black Sea 20627: 20626: 20624: 20623: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20586: 20580: 20578: 20572: 20571: 20569: 20568: 20563: 20556: 20549: 20544: 20537: 20532: 20525: 20517: 20515: 20509: 20508: 20506: 20505: 20498: 20493: 20485: 20483: 20477: 20476: 20474: 20473: 20468: 20461: 20454: 20447: 20442: 20435: 20430: 20424: 20422: 20416: 20415: 20413: 20412: 20407: 20400: 20393: 20388: 20381: 20374: 20367: 20365:Afyonkarahisar 20361: 20359: 20353: 20352: 20350: 20349: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20319: 20317: 20311: 20310: 20308: 20307: 20299: 20297: 20291: 20290: 20271: 20270: 20251: 20249: 20247: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20050: 20048: 20044: 20043: 20031: 20030: 20023: 20016: 20008: 20002: 19999: 19998: 19986: 19985: 19983: 19982: 19970: 19955: 19952: 19951: 19948: 19947: 19945: 19944: 19943: 19942: 19932: 19931: 19930: 19920: 19919: 19918: 19908: 19907: 19906: 19896: 19895: 19894: 19889: 19878: 19876: 19870: 19869: 19867: 19866: 19865: 19864: 19859: 19857:Phanar College 19854: 19852:Halki seminary 19844: 19843: 19842: 19832: 19831: 19830: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19808: 19807: 19806: 19795: 19793: 19787: 19786: 19784: 19783: 19782: 19781: 19776: 19766: 19765: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19732: 19731: 19730: 19725: 19715: 19714: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19692: 19690: 19681: 19675: 19674: 19671: 19670: 19668: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19596: 19594: 19588: 19587: 19585: 19584: 19582:Sugar Festival 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19533: 19531: 19522: 19512: 19511: 19509: 19508: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19467: 19465: 19459: 19458: 19456: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19380: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19329: 19327: 19321: 19320: 19317: 19316: 19314: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19277: 19275: 19269: 19268: 19266: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19239: 19237: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19206: 19204: 19195: 19189: 19188: 19186: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19148:Belgrad Forest 19144: 19142: 19136: 19135: 19132: 19131: 19129: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19047: 19045: 19039: 19038: 19036: 19035: 19030: 19028:Topkapı Palace 19025: 19020: 19018:Çırağan Palace 19015: 19009: 19007: 18998: 18992: 18991: 18988: 18987: 18985: 18984: 18982:Zoology Museum 18979: 18977:Railway Museum 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18918: 18916: 18910: 18909: 18907: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18890: 18888: 18882: 18881: 18879: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18836:Atatürk Museum 18833: 18828: 18823: 18817: 18815: 18809: 18808: 18806: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18769: 18767: 18763: 18762: 18760: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18643: 18641: 18632: 18626: 18625: 18622: 18621: 18619: 18618: 18616:Şakirin Mosque 18613: 18607: 18605: 18599: 18598: 18596: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18579: 18577: 18571: 18570: 18568: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18555:Çamlıca Mosque 18552: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18535:Bayezid Mosque 18532: 18526: 18524: 18518: 18517: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18507:Ortaköy Mosque 18504: 18499: 18494: 18489: 18483: 18481: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18471: 18465: 18463: 18454: 18448: 18447: 18444: 18443: 18441: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18384: 18382: 18376: 18375: 18373: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18360:Maiden's Tower 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18336: 18334: 18328: 18327: 18325: 18324: 18319: 18313: 18311: 18305: 18304: 18302: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18275: 18273: 18267: 18266: 18264: 18263: 18261:Walled Obelisk 18258: 18256:Serpent Column 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18212: 18210: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18179: 18177: 18171: 18170: 18168: 18167: 18162: 18160:Büyük Yeni Han 18157: 18151: 18149: 18140: 18134: 18133: 18130: 18129: 18127: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18105: 18103: 18097: 18096: 18094: 18093: 18091:Zoodochus Pege 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18047: 18045: 18039: 18038: 18036: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17994: 17992: 17983: 17977: 17976: 17969: 17968: 17961: 17954: 17946: 17940: 17939: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17883: 17882:External links 17880: 17878: 17877: 17871: 17858: 17852: 17839: 17833: 17820: 17814: 17793: 17787: 17774: 17768: 17755: 17749: 17736: 17730: 17717: 17711: 17698: 17692: 17675: 17669: 17656: 17650: 17637: 17631: 17618: 17612: 17599: 17593: 17580: 17574: 17561: 17555: 17542: 17536: 17523: 17517: 17504: 17498: 17486: 17480: 17467: 17461: 17448: 17442: 17429: 17423: 17406: 17377: 17371: 17358: 17349:Mansel, Philip 17346: 17340: 17327: 17321: 17308: 17302: 17289: 17283: 17270: 17264: 17251: 17245: 17232: 17226: 17211: 17205: 17192: 17186: 17173: 17167: 17152: 17146: 17133: 17127: 17114: 17108: 17095: 17089: 17076: 17070: 17057: 17051: 17038: 17032: 17019: 17013: 17000: 16994: 16981: 16969:10.2307/283503 16952: 16946: 16933: 16927: 16914: 16908: 16895: 16889: 16876: 16870: 16857: 16851: 16834: 16828: 16815: 16809: 16796: 16790: 16775: 16769: 16756: 16750: 16737: 16731: 16718: 16712: 16699: 16693: 16680: 16674: 16661: 16655: 16642: 16636: 16623: 16607: 16592: 16586: 16573: 16567: 16554: 16548: 16535: 16529: 16516: 16510: 16497: 16491: 16478: 16472: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16450: 16421: 16391: 16365: 16339: 16312: 16297:. 6 April 2019 16282: 16268: 16250: 16228: 16202: 16168: 16142: 16119: 16083: 16057: 16031: 16013: 15987: 15975:www.ido.com.tr 15962: 15940: 15914: 15888: 15862: 15832: 15806: 15780: 15754: 15727: 15701: 15667: 15641: 15611: 15606:Anadolu Agency 15593: 15567: 15537: 15515: 15503: 15478: 15448: 15420: 15391: 15379: 15367: 15365:, p. 198. 15355: 15353:, p. 197. 15343: 15331: 15302: 15290: 15254: 15242: 15209: 15180: 15149: 15123: 15111: 15082: 15075: 15057: 15032: 15005: 14987: 14961: 14954: 14931: 14904: 14876: 14863:"Chris Morris" 14854: 14842: 14816: 14804: 14793:on 9 June 2011 14775: 14747: 14717: 14685: 14673: 14648: 14622: 14611:on 4 June 2012 14596: 14578: 14556: 14545:on 7 July 2012 14539:"The Circuits" 14530: 14501: 14483: 14457: 14432: 14406: 14380: 14358: 14347:on 3 June 2013 14332: 14321:on 3 June 2013 14306: 14280: 14255: 14230: 14204: 14178: 14152: 14130: 14119:on 14 May 2016 14104: 14082: 14053: 14022: 13996: 13985:. 17 June 2016 13970: 13944: 13918: 13906: 13880: 13868: 13856: 13852:Taşan-Kok 2004 13844: 13829: 13822: 13800: 13774: 13748: 13722: 13696: 13670: 13658: 13631: 13619: 13607: 13595: 13583: 13557: 13528: 13516: 13504: 13502:, pp. 2–4 13492: 13480: 13468: 13447: 13426: 13400: 13375: 13364: 13350: 13325: 13300: 13289:on 16 May 2023 13270: 13245: 13220: 13195: 13190:Anadolu Agency 13176: 13147: 13118: 13089: 13060: 13058:, p. 112. 13048: 13023: 12994: 12972: 12936: 12925:on 14 May 2023 12906: 12887: 12861: 12835: 12824:. 2 April 2019 12809: 12798: 12772: 12750: 12743: 12725: 12718: 12700: 12693: 12672: 12665: 12642: 12631: 12620: 12613: 12595: 12569: 12540: 12513: 12502:. Ekathimerini 12487: 12475: 12445: 12427: 12401: 12375: 12349: 12338:. The Atlantic 12326: 12300: 12293: 12273: 12261: 12254: 12248:. Free Press. 12232: 12215: 12183: 12156: 12149:Murat, Sedat. 12141: 12115: 12089: 12058: 12046: 12017: 11987: 11958: 11946: 11934: 11909: 11895: 11873: 11861: 11844:"Organizasyon" 11835: 11791: 11779: 11750: 11735: 11698: 11683: 11679:Taşan-Kok 2004 11671: 11659: 11655:Taşan-Kok 2004 11647: 11635: 11623: 11611: 11577: 11565: 11553: 11546: 11528: 11521: 11498: 11482: 11470: 11449: 11424: 11417: 11394: 11369: 11356: 11340: 11324: 11299: 11287: 11261: 11249: 11237: 11211: 11185: 11159: 11145: 11125: 11094: 11082: 11080:, p. 281. 11067: 11045: 11043:, p. 105. 11033: 11007: 10995: 10983: 10957: 10929: 10898: 10895:. August 2020. 10880: 10862: 10840: 10814: 10788: 10763: 10746: 10724: 10711: 10702: 10678: 10653: 10627: 10614:(3): 1009–18. 10594: 10576: 10551: 10528: 10514: 10496: 10478: 10475:. 2 July 2017. 10460: 10438: 10413: 10383: 10378:www.birgun.net 10365: 10340: 10309: 10290: 10264: 10238: 10205: 10177: 10163: 10138: 10113: 10088: 10077:. 4 March 2022 10060: 10031: 10005: 9993: 9981: 9967: 9947: 9933: 9913: 9877:(2): 137–154. 9857: 9824: 9805:(1): 201–243. 9789: 9777: 9765: 9758:(in Turkish). 9744: 9719: 9707: 9700: 9680: 9668: 9663:Tarihi Olaylar 9650: 9635: 9623: 9608: 9596: 9584: 9577: 9554: 9542: 9535: 9504: 9497: 9476: 9469: 9448: 9436: 9427: 9415: 9403: 9391: 9379: 9367: 9341: 9329: 9327:, p. 340. 9317: 9305: 9293: 9286: 9268: 9261: 9243: 9231: 9219: 9207: 9176: 9164: 9149: 9134: 9122: 9110: 9098: 9086: 9074: 9062: 9050: 9038: 9026: 9014: 8998: 8996:, p. 199. 8983: 8966: 8954: 8922: 8913:Janin, Raymond 8904: 8878: 8860: 8842: 8790: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8704:Constantinople 8693: 8680: 8678:, p. 262. 8676:Necipoğlu 2010 8668: 8664:Georgacas 1947 8656: 8637: 8607: 8600: 8594:. March 2008. 8574: 8567: 8522: 8494: 8479: 8467: 8460: 8433: 8404: 8397: 8377: 8370: 8349: 8342: 8330:Wells, John C. 8321: 8303: 8273: 8259:(in Turkish). 8244: 8211: 8193: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8143: 8134: 8101: 8075: 8054: 8041: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7810: 7796: 7782: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7719:in that year. 7658: 7655: 7613:Orient Express 7601:Orient Express 7595:, the current 7580: 7577: 7530: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7502: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7469: 7466:Istanbul Metro 7460: 7453: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7437: 7432: 7425: 7350:Istanbul Metro 7333:each day. The 7297:lines, buses, 7278: 7275: 7271:Eurasia Tunnel 7234:devlet yollari 7205: 7202: 7181:Istanbul Metro 7165: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110:Transportation 7108: 6966:, part of the 6907:Main article: 6904: 6901: 6878:1982 amendment 6866:Koç University 6839: 6838: 6829: 6828: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6771:. Furthermore 6753:Robert College 6685: 6682: 6480: 6477: 6415:UEFA Euro 2016 6411:UEFA Euro 2012 6211: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6133: 6130: 6110:Istanbul Pride 5958:, designed by 5816: 5813: 5648:houses on the 5635:Main article: 5632: 5629: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5508:Borsa Istanbul 5504:stock exchange 5463:Canal Istanbul 5352:Main article: 5349: 5346: 5249:Ekrem İmamoğlu 5239:Ekrem İmamoğlu 5222: 5219: 5202:Jews in Europe 5129:Beyoğlu (Pera) 5082:Greek Orthodox 4988:Turkish people 4980: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4884:Jews in Turkey 4856:Main article: 4853: 4850: 4713: 4712: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4216:Main article: 4213: 4210: 4186:Ekrem İmamoğlu 4117:Islamic judges 4079: 4078:Administration 4076: 4046:Bayezid Mosque 3993:Topkapı Palace 3775:Persian Empire 3756:Serpent Column 3718: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3661: 379–395 3646:Circus Maximus 3617:Constantius II 3604:Thutmose III ( 3510: 3507: 3497:Topkapı Palace 3489:Sea of Marmara 3483: 3482: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3469:Belgrad Forest 3458:Taksim Stadium 3374:Çırağan Palace 3358: 3355: 3335:gentrification 3320: 3317: 3259: 3256: 3219:Ortaköy Mosque 3127: 3124: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3073: 3032: 3029: 2948:horse mackerel 2924:migrating fish 2916:(16 species). 2886:horse chestnut 2860:Quercus cerris 2789:Belgrad Forest 2781: 2778: 2758:Climate change 2733: 2732:Climate change 2730: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2632:sunshine hours 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2142: 2076:Main article: 2073: 2070: 2017:Sea of Marmara 2002: 1999: 1968:Sea of Marmara 1933: 1930: 1886: 1883: 1798:Following the 1754:Central Powers 1723:Abdul Hamid II 1619:last caliphate 1600:Seraglio Point 1554:Matrakçı Nasuh 1527:Ottoman Empire 1522: 1521:Ottoman Empire 1519: 1507:Constantine XI 1466:Fourth Crusade 1402: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1387:Topkapı Palace 1368: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1269:triumphal arch 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1142:Medieval Greek 1055:Constantinople 1007:Main article: 1004: 1001: 979:to become the 934:late Byzantine 898:Constantinople 860:settlers from 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 810: 809: 806: 802: 801: 794: 790: 789: 784: 780: 779: 776: 770: 769: 764: 760: 759: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 744: 743: 736: 728: 726: 722: 721: 712: 706: 705: 695: 688: 687: 684: 678: 677: 674: 668: 667: 665: 664: 661: 657: 655: 649: 648: 646:34000 to 34990 645: 643: 637: 636: 626: 620: 619: 614: 607: 606: 595: 584: 583: 573: 572: 558: 552: 551: 548: 544: 543: 540: 536: 535: 532: 525: 524: 519: 515: 514: 511: 500: 499: 495: 494: 491: 487: 486: 483: 479: 478: 475: 471: 470: 466: 465: 458:Ekrem İmamoğlu 455: 448: 447: 442: 438: 437: 432: 428: 427: 423: 422: 417: 413: 412: 406: 402: 401: 396: 390: 389: 384: 378: 377: 364: 360: 359: 325: 324: 314: 308: 307: 300: 299: 293: 292: 291: 290: 281: 275: 274: 267: 266: 260: 259: 258: 257: 248: 242: 241: 234: 233: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 220: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 202: 201: 194:Ortaköy Mosque 184: 177: 176: 175: 167: 160: 159: 155:Topkapı Palace 153: 146: 145: 144: 133: 126: 125: 119: 112: 111: 107:Maiden's Tower 105: 98: 97: 96: 81: 74: 73: 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 57: 54: 53: 45: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25360: 25349: 25346: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25275: 25273: 25254: 25253: 25240: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25211: 25209: 25205: 25199: 25198:New York City 25196: 25194: 25191: 25190: 25188: 25184: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25169: 25167: 25163: 25160: 25156: 25150: 25147: 25145: 25142: 25140: 25137: 25135: 25132: 25131: 25129: 25125: 25115: 25112: 25110: 25107: 25105: 25102: 25100: 25097: 25095: 25092: 25090: 25087: 25085: 25082: 25081: 25079: 25075: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25060: 25058: 25054: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25035: 25034: 25032: 25028: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25014: 25012: 25009: 25008: 25006: 25004:Indonesia (3) 25002: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24981: 24978: 24976: 24973: 24971: 24968: 24967: 24965: 24961: 24955: 24952: 24950: 24947: 24945: 24942: 24940: 24937: 24935: 24932: 24930: 24927: 24925: 24922: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24886: 24884: 24880: 24877: 24873: 24867: 24864: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24852: 24849: 24848: 24846: 24842: 24838: 24831: 24826: 24824: 24819: 24817: 24812: 24811: 24808: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24774: 24773: 24769: 24767: 24764: 24761: 24758: 24756: 24753: 24750: 24749: 24745: 24743: 24740: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24726: 24725: 24721: 24719: 24716: 24713: 24710: 24708: 24705: 24702: 24701: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24678: 24677: 24673: 24671: 24668: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24654: 24653: 24649: 24647: 24644: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24633: 24630: 24629: 24625: 24623: 24620: 24617: 24614: 24612: 24609: 24606: 24605: 24601: 24599: 24596: 24593: 24590: 24588: 24585: 24582: 24581: 24578: 24573: 24568: 24563: 24556: 24554: 24551: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24530: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24512: 24510: 24507: 24505: 24502: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24485: 24482: 24480: 24479: 24474: 24468: 24458: 24453: 24451: 24446: 24444: 24439: 24438: 24435: 24423: 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24362:Kahramanmaraş 24360: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24274: 24271: 24267: 24260: 24255: 24253: 24248: 24246: 24241: 24240: 24237: 24219: 24216: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24167: 24161: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24151: 24148: 24146: 24143: 24141: 24138: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24109: 24103: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24043: 24037: 24034: 24032: 24029: 24027: 24024: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23985: 23979: 23976: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23926: 23923: 23920: 23919: 23914: 23910: 23902: 23897: 23895: 23890: 23888: 23883: 23882: 23879: 23867: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23858: 23853: 23850: 23847: 23845: 23842: 23840: 23837: 23834: 23831: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23813: 23810: 23808: 23805: 23803: 23800: 23798: 23797:Negative Form 23795: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23787: 23783: 23781: 23780: 23776: 23775: 23773: 23769: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23752:Tamer Başoğlu 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23732:Mehmet Uyanık 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23697:Haluk Tezonar 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23664: 23662: 23658: 23652: 23651:Hüseyin Gezer 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23638: 23636: 23632: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23618: 23616: 23613: 23612: 23610: 23606: 23602: 23595: 23590: 23588: 23583: 23581: 23576: 23575: 23572: 23560: 23556: 23554: 23550: 23548: 23544: 23542: 23538: 23536: 23532: 23530: 23526: 23524: 23520: 23518: 23514: 23512: 23508: 23506: 23502: 23500: 23496: 23494: 23490: 23488: 23484: 23482: 23478: 23476: 23472: 23470: 23466: 23464: 23460: 23458: 23454: 23452: 23448: 23446: 23442: 23440: 23436: 23434: 23430: 23428: 23424: 23422: 23418: 23417: 23414: 23405: 23400: 23398: 23393: 23391: 23386: 23385: 23382: 23370: 23367: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23336: 23333: 23328: 23326: 23325: 23321: 23319: 23318: 23314: 23312: 23311: 23307: 23302: 23300: 23297: 23295: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23282: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23232: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23217: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23194:San Sebastián 23192: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22935: 22932: 22930: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22917: 22915: 22912: 22907: 22905: 22902: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22887: 22885: 22882: 22877: 22875: 22872: 22867: 22865: 22862: 22857: 22855: 22852: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22799: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22764: 22763: 22760: 22756: 22749: 22744: 22742: 22737: 22735: 22730: 22729: 22726: 22714: 22713: 22704: 22702: 22701: 22692: 22690: 22689: 22680: 22678: 22677: 22668: 22666: 22665: 22660: 22656: 22655: 22652: 22642: 22639: 22637: 22634: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22622: 22619: 22615: 22612: 22611: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22564: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22528: 22525: 22521: 22518: 22517: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22485: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22475: 22473: 22471: 22467: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22430: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22417: 22414: 22413: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22400: 22397: 22396: 22395: 22392: 22391: 22389: 22385: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22367: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22353: 22352: 22349: 22345: 22342: 22341: 22340: 22337: 22333: 22330: 22329: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22309: 22307: 22305: 22301: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22279: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22232: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22202: 22200: 22198: 22194: 22182: 22179: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22168: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22155: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22146: 22145: 22142: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22126: 22124: 22120: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22088: 22087: 22084: 22083: 22081: 22079: 22075: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22048: 22047: 22044: 22040: 22037: 22036: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22026: 22024: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22011: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21988: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21948:Air pollution 21946: 21945: 21944: 21941: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21928: 21927: 21924: 21920: 21917: 21916: 21915: 21912: 21911: 21909: 21905: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21873:Aegean Region 21871: 21869: 21866: 21865: 21863: 21857: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21844: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21818:Turkification 21816: 21812: 21809: 21808: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21801: 21797: 21791: 21788: 21784: 21781: 21780: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21770: 21768: 21764: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21737: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21722: 21720: 21718: 21714: 21706: 21703: 21702: 21701: 21698: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21676: 21672: 21669: 21668: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21655: 21652: 21651: 21650: 21649:Classical Age 21647: 21645: 21642: 21641: 21639: 21637: 21633: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21615: 21612: 21611: 21610: 21609:Seljuk Empire 21607: 21606: 21604: 21602: 21598: 21594: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21574: 21572: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21559: 21555: 21550: 21541: 21536: 21534: 21529: 21527: 21522: 21521: 21518: 21506: 21505: 21496: 21494: 21493: 21482: 21481: 21478: 21472: 21469: 21468: 21466: 21462: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21442: 21439: 21438: 21436: 21434: 21430: 21424: 21420: 21417: 21416: 21414: 21412: 21411:Mediterranean 21408: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21379: 21376: 21375: 21373: 21371: 21367: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21348: 21347:East Anatolia 21344: 21338: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21315: 21313: 21311: 21307: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21292: 21290: 21288: 21284: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21255: 21253: 21251: 21247: 21243: 21236: 21231: 21229: 21224: 21222: 21217: 21216: 21213: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21167: 21165: 21156: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21139:Hakkı Akansel 21137: 21136: 21134: 21125: 21119: 21118:Aytekin Kotil 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21095: 21093: 21084: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21044: 21042: 21033: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21016:Mümtaz Tarhan 21014: 21012: 21011:Kemal Hadımlı 21009: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20983: 20981: 20972: 20968: 20965: 20958: 20953: 20951: 20946: 20944: 20939: 20938: 20935: 20923: 20917: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20901: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20889: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20877: 20873: 20871: 20870: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20855: 20853: 20851: 20847: 20841: 20840: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20823: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20798: 20796: 20794: 20790: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20773: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20748: 20746: 20744: 20740: 20734: 20733: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20721: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20701: 20699: 20697: 20693: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20671: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20636: 20634: 20632: 20628: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20591: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20581: 20579: 20577: 20573: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20561: 20557: 20555: 20554: 20553:Kahramanmaraş 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20542: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20530: 20526: 20524: 20523: 20519: 20518: 20516: 20514: 20513:Mediterranean 20510: 20504: 20503: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20491: 20487: 20486: 20484: 20482: 20481:West Anatolia 20478: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20466: 20462: 20460: 20459: 20455: 20453: 20452: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20440: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20425: 20423: 20421: 20417: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20405: 20401: 20399: 20398: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20386: 20382: 20380: 20379: 20375: 20373: 20372: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20362: 20360: 20358: 20354: 20348: 20347: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20325: 20321: 20320: 20318: 20316: 20312: 20306: 20305: 20301: 20300: 20298: 20296: 20292: 20288: 20287: 20283: 20276: 20272: 20264: 20255: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20154:Gaziosmanpaşa 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20051: 20049: 20045: 20041: 20037: 20029: 20024: 20022: 20017: 20015: 20010: 20009: 20006: 20000: 19993: 19981: 19980: 19971: 19969: 19968: 19957: 19956: 19953: 19941: 19938: 19937: 19936: 19933: 19929: 19926: 19925: 19924: 19921: 19917: 19914: 19913: 19912: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19901: 19900: 19897: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19884: 19883: 19880: 19879: 19877: 19875: 19871: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19848: 19845: 19841: 19838: 19837: 19836: 19833: 19829: 19826: 19825: 19824: 19821: 19817: 19814: 19813: 19812: 19809: 19805: 19802: 19801: 19800: 19797: 19796: 19794: 19792: 19788: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19771: 19770: 19767: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19720: 19719: 19716: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19698: 19697: 19694: 19693: 19691: 19689: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19676: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19597: 19595: 19593: 19589: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19534: 19532: 19530: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19517: 19513: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19468: 19466: 19464: 19460: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19403:Jewish Museum 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19330: 19328: 19326: 19322: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19306:Taksim Square 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19291:Bağdat Avenue 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19276: 19274: 19270: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19240: 19238: 19236: 19232: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19210:Arasta Bazaar 19208: 19207: 19205: 19203: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19190: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19145: 19143: 19141: 19137: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19076:Feriye Palace 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19048: 19046: 19044: 19040: 19034: 19033:Yıldız Palace 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19010: 19008: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18993: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18962:Postal Museum 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18919: 18917: 18915: 18911: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18889: 18887: 18883: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18831:Aşiyan Museum 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18818: 18816: 18814: 18810: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18773:Anadoluhisarı 18771: 18770: 18768: 18764: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18702:Mosaic Museum 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18692:İşbank Museum 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18644: 18642: 18640: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18627: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18608: 18606: 18604: 18600: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18580: 18578: 18576: 18572: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18527: 18525: 18523: 18519: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18502:Laleli Mosque 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18482: 18480: 18476: 18470: 18467: 18466: 18464: 18462: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18449: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18403:Galata Bridge 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18381: 18377: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18340:Beyazıt Tower 18338: 18337: 18335: 18333: 18329: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18314: 18312: 18310: 18306: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18276: 18274: 18272: 18268: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18226:Column of Leo 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18209: 18205: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18180: 18178: 18176: 18172: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18152: 18150: 18148: 18147:Caravanserais 18144: 18141: 18139: 18135: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18102: 18098: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18048: 18046: 18044: 18040: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17993: 17991: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17978: 17974: 17967: 17962: 17960: 17955: 17953: 17948: 17947: 17944: 17937: 17933: 17929: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17897: 17893: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17874: 17868: 17864: 17859: 17855: 17849: 17845: 17840: 17836: 17830: 17826: 17821: 17817: 17811: 17807: 17802: 17801: 17794: 17790: 17784: 17780: 17775: 17771: 17765: 17761: 17756: 17752: 17746: 17742: 17737: 17733: 17727: 17723: 17718: 17714: 17708: 17704: 17699: 17695: 17689: 17684: 17683: 17676: 17672: 17666: 17662: 17657: 17653: 17647: 17643: 17638: 17634: 17628: 17624: 17619: 17615: 17609: 17605: 17600: 17596: 17590: 17586: 17581: 17577: 17571: 17567: 17562: 17558: 17552: 17548: 17543: 17539: 17533: 17529: 17524: 17520: 17514: 17510: 17505: 17501: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17477: 17473: 17468: 17464: 17458: 17454: 17449: 17445: 17439: 17435: 17430: 17426: 17420: 17415: 17414: 17407: 17392: 17385: 17384: 17378: 17374: 17368: 17364: 17359: 17356: 17355: 17350: 17347: 17343: 17337: 17333: 17328: 17324: 17318: 17314: 17309: 17305: 17299: 17295: 17290: 17286: 17280: 17276: 17271: 17267: 17261: 17257: 17252: 17248: 17242: 17238: 17233: 17229: 17223: 17219: 17218: 17212: 17208: 17202: 17198: 17193: 17189: 17183: 17179: 17174: 17170: 17164: 17160: 17159: 17153: 17149: 17143: 17139: 17134: 17130: 17124: 17120: 17115: 17111: 17105: 17101: 17096: 17092: 17086: 17082: 17077: 17073: 17067: 17063: 17058: 17054: 17048: 17044: 17039: 17035: 17029: 17025: 17020: 17016: 17010: 17006: 17001: 16997: 16991: 16987: 16982: 16978: 16974: 16970: 16966: 16962: 16958: 16953: 16949: 16943: 16939: 16934: 16930: 16924: 16920: 16915: 16911: 16905: 16901: 16896: 16892: 16886: 16882: 16877: 16873: 16867: 16863: 16858: 16854: 16848: 16843: 16842: 16835: 16831: 16825: 16821: 16816: 16812: 16806: 16802: 16797: 16793: 16787: 16783: 16782: 16781:The Histories 16776: 16772: 16766: 16762: 16757: 16753: 16747: 16743: 16738: 16734: 16728: 16724: 16719: 16715: 16709: 16705: 16700: 16696: 16690: 16686: 16681: 16677: 16671: 16667: 16662: 16658: 16652: 16648: 16643: 16639: 16633: 16629: 16624: 16621: 16610: 16604: 16600: 16599: 16593: 16589: 16583: 16579: 16574: 16570: 16564: 16560: 16555: 16551: 16545: 16541: 16536: 16532: 16526: 16522: 16517: 16513: 16507: 16503: 16498: 16494: 16488: 16484: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16465: 16460: 16459: 16438: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16409: 16405: 16404:Today's Zaman 16401: 16395: 16379: 16375: 16369: 16354: 16350: 16343: 16327: 16323: 16316: 16309: 16296: 16292: 16286: 16278: 16272: 16264: 16260: 16254: 16238: 16232: 16216: 16212: 16206: 16190: 16186: 16185:Today's Zaman 16182: 16175: 16173: 16156: 16152: 16146: 16130: 16123: 16115: 16109: 16093: 16087: 16072: 16068: 16061: 16045: 16041: 16035: 16027: 16023: 16017: 16001: 15997: 15991: 15976: 15972: 15966: 15951: 15944: 15928: 15924: 15918: 15902: 15898: 15892: 15876: 15872: 15866: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15836: 15820: 15816: 15810: 15794: 15790: 15784: 15768: 15764: 15758: 15741: 15737: 15731: 15715: 15711: 15705: 15689: 15682: 15676: 15674: 15672: 15656: 15652: 15645: 15629: 15625: 15621: 15615: 15607: 15603: 15597: 15582: 15578: 15571: 15555: 15548: 15541: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15519: 15513:, p. 720 15512: 15507: 15492: 15488: 15482: 15467: 15463: 15457: 15455: 15453: 15437: 15430: 15424: 15408: 15401: 15395: 15388: 15383: 15376: 15371: 15364: 15359: 15352: 15347: 15340: 15335: 15319: 15315: 15309: 15307: 15300:, p. 230 15299: 15294: 15286: 15280: 15264: 15258: 15252:, p. 557 15251: 15246: 15230: 15226: 15220: 15218: 15216: 15214: 15197: 15193: 15187: 15185: 15168: 15164: 15158: 15156: 15154: 15137: 15133: 15127: 15120: 15115: 15099: 15095: 15089: 15087: 15078: 15072: 15068: 15061: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15020: 15016: 15009: 15001: 14997: 14991: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14957: 14951: 14947: 14940: 14938: 14936: 14919: 14915: 14912:Şafak, Yeni. 14908: 14893: 14889: 14883: 14881: 14864: 14858: 14852:, p. 184 14851: 14846: 14830: 14826: 14820: 14814:, p. 224 14813: 14808: 14792: 14788: 14787:"TRT – Radio" 14782: 14780: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14751: 14735: 14731: 14727: 14721: 14702: 14696: 14694: 14692: 14690: 14682: 14681:Brummett 2000 14677: 14662: 14658: 14652: 14637: 14633: 14626: 14610: 14606: 14600: 14592: 14588: 14582: 14566: 14560: 14544: 14540: 14534: 14518: 14511: 14505: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14472:. 14 May 2021 14471: 14467: 14461: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14421: 14417: 14410: 14395: 14391: 14384: 14368: 14362: 14346: 14342: 14336: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14294: 14290: 14284: 14265: 14259: 14240: 14234: 14219: 14215: 14208: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14167:. 24 May 2018 14166: 14162: 14156: 14140: 14134: 14118: 14114: 14108: 14092: 14086: 14070: 14066: 14060: 14058: 14042: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14026: 14010: 14006: 14000: 13984: 13980: 13974: 13959: 13955: 13948: 13933: 13929: 13922: 13915: 13910: 13895: 13891: 13884: 13877: 13872: 13866:, p. 429 13865: 13860: 13854:, p. 166 13853: 13848: 13841: 13836: 13834: 13825: 13819: 13816:(1). London. 13815: 13811: 13804: 13789: 13785: 13778: 13762: 13758: 13752: 13737: 13733: 13726: 13711: 13707: 13700: 13685:on 3 May 2011 13684: 13680: 13674: 13667: 13662: 13646: 13642: 13635: 13629:, p. 165 13628: 13623: 13617:, p. 146 13616: 13611: 13604: 13599: 13592: 13587: 13572: 13568: 13561: 13545: 13541: 13535: 13533: 13525: 13520: 13513: 13508: 13501: 13496: 13489: 13484: 13477: 13472: 13457: 13451: 13436: 13430: 13414: 13410: 13404: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13373: 13368: 13360: 13354: 13339: 13335: 13329: 13314: 13313:gapinsaat.com 13310: 13304: 13288: 13284: 13280: 13274: 13259: 13255: 13249: 13234: 13230: 13224: 13209: 13205: 13199: 13191: 13187: 13180: 13164: 13157: 13151: 13135: 13131: 13125: 13123: 13106: 13102: 13096: 13094: 13078: 13074: 13067: 13065: 13057: 13052: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13011: 13004: 12998: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12956: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12910: 12902: 12898: 12891: 12876: 12872: 12865: 12850: 12846: 12839: 12823: 12819: 12813: 12807: 12802: 12787:. haaretz.com 12786: 12782: 12776: 12760: 12754: 12746: 12740: 12736: 12729: 12721: 12715: 12711: 12704: 12696: 12690: 12686: 12679: 12677: 12668: 12662: 12658: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12640: 12635: 12629: 12624: 12616: 12610: 12606: 12599: 12583: 12579: 12573: 12558: 12551: 12544: 12528: 12524: 12521:Turay, Anna. 12517: 12501: 12494: 12492: 12484: 12479: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12449: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12389: 12388:The Economist 12385: 12379: 12364: 12360: 12353: 12337: 12330: 12315: 12311: 12304: 12296: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12277: 12270: 12265: 12257: 12251: 12246: 12245: 12236: 12228: 12227: 12219: 12211: 12204: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12171: 12167: 12160: 12152: 12145: 12130: 12126: 12119: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12078:on 9 May 2013 12077: 12073: 12072:Today's Zaman 12069: 12062: 12056:, p. 224 12055: 12050: 12034: 12027: 12021: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11991: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11963: 11955: 11954:Chandler 1987 11950: 11944:, p. 113 11943: 11938: 11919: 11913: 11905: 11899: 11883: 11877: 11871:, p. 206 11870: 11865: 11849: 11845: 11839: 11823: 11819: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11788: 11783: 11767: 11763: 11757: 11755: 11748:, p. 156 11747: 11742: 11740: 11720: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11695: 11690: 11688: 11680: 11675: 11669:, p. 188 11668: 11663: 11656: 11651: 11645:, p. 145 11644: 11639: 11632: 11627: 11620: 11615: 11608: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11574: 11569: 11563:, p. 159 11562: 11557: 11549: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11524: 11518: 11514: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11496: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11480:, p. 283 11479: 11474: 11466: 11462: 11456: 11454: 11438: 11437:bluemosque.co 11434: 11433:"Blue Mosque" 11428: 11420: 11414: 11410: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11373: 11366: 11360: 11353: 11349: 11344: 11337: 11333: 11332:Labib Habachi 11328: 11321: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11297:, p. 212 11296: 11291: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11259:, p. 241 11258: 11253: 11247:, p. 247 11246: 11241: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11200: 11196: 11189: 11174: 11170: 11163: 11148: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11108:Today's Zaman 11105: 11098: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11074: 11072: 11060: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11042: 11037: 11022: 11018: 11011: 11005:, p. 127 11004: 10999: 10992: 10987: 10972:. 1 June 2021 10971: 10967: 10961: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10933: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10908: 10907:Harvey, Fiona 10902: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10850: 10844: 10828: 10824: 10818: 10803: 10799: 10796:Brady, Tara. 10792: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10721: 10715: 10706: 10695: 10688: 10682: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10622: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10539: 10532: 10524: 10518: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10448: 10442: 10427: 10426:www.nimbus.it 10423: 10417: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10354: 10353:www.nimbus.it 10350: 10344: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10305: 10304: 10303:Klimatoloji 2 10297: 10295: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10218:The Economist 10215: 10209: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10167: 10152: 10148: 10142: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10064: 10048: 10047:The Economist 10044: 10038: 10036: 10019: 10015: 10009: 10002: 9997: 9990: 9985: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9951: 9936: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9917: 9910: 9907: 9902: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9828: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9781: 9774: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9733: 9729: 9723: 9716: 9711: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9684: 9677: 9672: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9646: 9639: 9632: 9627: 9621:, p. 251 9620: 9615: 9613: 9605: 9600: 9593: 9588: 9580: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9561: 9559: 9551: 9546: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9500: 9494: 9490: 9483: 9481: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9453: 9445: 9440: 9431: 9425:, p. 71. 9424: 9419: 9413:, p. 38. 9412: 9407: 9400: 9395: 9389:, p. 47. 9388: 9383: 9376: 9371: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9289: 9287:9781444333619 9283: 9279: 9272: 9264: 9262:9781438106397 9258: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9229:, p. 226 9228: 9223: 9217:, p. 117 9216: 9211: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9174:, p. 171 9173: 9168: 9161: 9156: 9154: 9147:, p. 222 9146: 9141: 9139: 9132:, p. 212 9131: 9126: 9119: 9114: 9107: 9106:Limberis 1994 9102: 9095: 9090: 9084:, p. 22. 9083: 9078: 9072:, p. 20. 9071: 9066: 9060:, p. 88. 9059: 9058:De Souza 2003 9054: 9048:, p. 11. 9047: 9042: 9036:, p. 10. 9035: 9030: 9024:, p. 35. 9023: 9018: 9012:, p. 199 9011: 9007: 9002: 8995: 8990: 8988: 8981:, p. 288 8980: 8976: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8942: 8938: 8936: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8794: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8752:, p. 95. 8751: 8746: 8740:, p. 27. 8739: 8734: 8727: 8722: 8706: 8705: 8697: 8690: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8654:, p. 177 8653: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8579: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8491: 8486: 8484: 8477:, p. xv. 8476: 8471: 8463: 8461:0-19-504652-8 8457: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8400: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8381: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8345: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8176:"YETKİ ALANI" 8171: 8167: 8154: 8147: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8113:Chandler 1987 8108: 8106: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8051: 8045: 8037: 8023: 8017: 8009: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7991: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7936: 7895: 7889: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7811: 7808: 7807:Europe portal 7797: 7794: 7793:Cities portal 7783: 7780: 7779:Turkey portal 7769: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7747: 7741: 7736: 7733: 7727: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7630:Hejaz Railway 7627: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7585: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7551:Şehir Hatları 7548: 7537: 7536:deniz otobüsü 7534: 7527: 7516: 7515:Şehir Hatları 7512: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7481: 7475: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7452: 7449: 7443: 7438: 7435: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7325:and a faster 7324: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7283:commuter rail 7274: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7162: 7152: 7146: 7136: 7130: 7120: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7072:137 hospitals 7068: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6989:120 megawatts 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6931:(such as the 6930: 6926: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6846: 6842: 6833: 6824: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6726:, and 14 are 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6708:7,437 schools 6701: 6696: 6691: 6680: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6559: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6489: 6485: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6449:Istanbul Park 6445: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6336:Vodafone Park 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6224:Beşiktaş J.K. 6221: 6209: 6208:Vodafone Park 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6182: 6171: 6160: 6149: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6114:Taksim Square 6111: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6070:in Istanbul. 6069: 6065: 6061: 6058:. The annual 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5847:Bağdat Avenue 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5679:, founded by 5678: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530:4th Vakıf Han 5527: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5404: 5400: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5192:sent out the 5191: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5161:Capitulations 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5092:. Greeks and 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5071:Sunni Muslims 5068: 5064: 5063:non-believers 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4700:Chandler 1987 4696: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4204:has been the 4203: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4188:has been the 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4022:Baghdad Kiosk 4019: 4015: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3977:Anadoluhisarı 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861:Mosaic Museum 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3768:ancient Greek 3765: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3745:Balyan family 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3704: 3693: 3682: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3565: 3560: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3435:Ottoman Egypt 3432: 3431:Isma'il Pasha 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3389:Yıldız Palace 3386: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3370:Yıldız Palace 3367: 3363: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3339:urban renewal 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3255: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3187:Taksim Square 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126:European side 3122: 3118: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3021:feral parrots 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2872:Mediterranean 2869: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855:red firethorn 2852: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805:pseudo-maquis 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630:Mean monthly 2628: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2416:precipitation 2412: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964:Mediterranean 1961: 1957: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1928:of Istanbul. 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1914:Turkification 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772:, the city's 1771: 1767: 1766:Turkification 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697:in 1908, the 1696: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:Cadde-i Kebir 1668: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:stained glass 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1502:Ottoman Turks 1499: 1491: 1488:was built by 1487: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1464:in 1025. 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Retrieved 8180:the original 8170: 8146: 8137: 8078: 8057: 8044: 7894: 7887: 7863: 7709:61.3 million 7705: 7701:20.6 percent 7693:14.7 million 7683: 7671: 7660: 7643:15,000 buses 7617:Thessaloniki 7606: 7562: 7554: 7544: 7535: 7513:operated by 7508: 7504: 7347: 7310:Istanbulkart 7280: 7233: 7207: 7069: 7065:Türk Telekom 7046: 7006:Samuel Morse 7002:Abdülmecid I 6998: 6985:23 megawatts 6973: 6925:water supply 6922: 6886: 6868:in Sarıyer, 6851: 6793: 6785:high schools 6705: 6632: 6599: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6570: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6496: 6493: 6446: 6430:Vakıfbank SK 6419: 6352: 6273: 6265:Büyükçekmece 6241:Anadolu Efes 6220:sports clubs 6217: 6107: 6084: 6041: 6022: 6011: 6004: 5973: 5956:Zorlu Center 5945: 5942:Çiçek Pasajı 5935: 5928:is the main 5908:İstinye Park 5904:Zorlu Center 5882: 5878:Spice Bazaar 5870:Grand Bazaar 5867: 5829: 5781: 5774: 5773:(1999), and 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5733: 5686: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5600: 5596:$ 30 million 5587:13.4 million 5585: 5542: 5532:building in 5523: 5501: 5493: 5485:92.7 percent 5481:73.9 percent 5478: 5443: 5401:adjusted by 5393:of GDP, and 5380: 5323: 5312: 5297: 5270: 5224: 5206:Ottoman Jews 5194:Ottoman Navy 5186: 5136: 5134: 5088:or Catholic 5079: 5059: 5008: 4992: 4985: 4794: 4790: 4788:and Ankara. 4759: 4748: 4740:largest city 4716: 4248:Pre-Republic 4238: 4212:Demographics 4198: 4194:27 June 2019 4178: 4170: 4166: 4138: 4124: 4121:Grand Vizier 4112: 4110: 4106:39 districts 4091: 4057: 4042:Fatih Mosque 4035: 4010:neoclassical 4006: 3981:Rumelihisarı 3970: 3959: 3950:Thutmose III 3937: 3917: 3817:Chora Church 3810: 3787: 3763: 3753: 3664: 3653: 3639: 3635: 3586:Thutmose III 3579: 3564:Chalcolithic 3545: 3541: 3532:Galata Tower 3509:Architecture 3466: 3443: 3426: 3407: 3404:Emirgan Park 3397: 3381:Gülhane Park 3378: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3287: 3277: 3249: 3226: 3205: 3197: 3175:Galata Tower 3158: 3154: 3144: 3096:Küçükçekmece 3084:Algal blooms 3082: 3034: 3013:sokak kedisi 3012: 3001:stray animal 2998: 2976: 2968: 2960: 2918: 2902:acclimatized 2896:make up the 2880: 2864: 2858: 2844: 2798: 2756: 2741:Müze Gazhane 2418:mm (inches) 2131: 2119: 2115: 2096: 2054: 2015:, under the 2010: 1992: 1953: 1922: 1899: 1888: 1865: 1844:Ottoman Bank 1840:Banks Street 1839: 1819: 1811: 1797: 1747: 1743:Three Pashas 1711:annex Bosnia 1692: 1653: 1647: 1608: 1604:Galata Tower 1594:View of the 1582: 1578:Grand Bazaar 1558: 1538:Kayser-i Rûm 1536: 1530: 1524: 1495: 1470:Latin Empire 1459: 1435:Hagia Sophia 1431: 1427:Theodosius I 1420: 1417: 1405:Hagia Sophia 1377:in 532, the 1336:Roman Empire 1309: 1300: 1282: 1239: 1198:. In modern 1097: 1078:Ḳosṭanṭīnīye 1060:Constantinus 1024: 1022: 966: 928:(330–1204), 923: 851: 831:largest city 826: 825: 733:ibb.istanbul 560:Istanbulite 398: 121:Galata Tower 91:Hagia Sophia 49: 36: 25313:Holy cities 25229:Mexico City 25193:Los Angeles 25158:America (8) 24102:Brazzaville 24049:Los Angeles 23978:Mexico City 23907:World's 50 23844:Mimar Sinan 23762:Kamil Sonad 23757:Kuzgun Acar 23727:Yavuz Görey 23677:Ferit Özşen 23335:Nova Gorica 22700:WikiProject 22631:Video games 22423:Individuals 22416:LGBT rights 22406:Health care 22373:Immigration 22154:Gendarmerie 22113:Referendums 22029:Legislative 21926:Earthquakes 21811:Oghuz Turks 21700:Dissolution 21382:Cumalıkızık 21258:Aphrodisias 21144:Ecmel Kutay 21113:Ahmet İsvan 21103:Faruk Ilgaz 21098:Haşim İşcan 21077:Necdet Uğur 21062:Kadri İlkay 21057:Turan Ertuğ 21047:Refik Tulga 21026:Kemal Aygün 20924:are bolded. 20244:Zeytinburnu 20219:Sultanbeyli 19630:Hagia Irene 19433:Neve Shalom 19418:Kemerburgaz 19378:Caddebostan 19183:Yıldız Park 19121:Tiled Kiosk 19106:Malta Kiosk 18783:Riva Castle 18722:Pera Museum 18583:Arap Mosque 18550:Blue Mosque 18545:Eyüp Sultan 18461:Art Nouveau 18061:Hagia Irene 16320:Ay, Hasan. 15881:18 November 15634:18 December 15491:Google Maps 14850:Norris 2010 14768:21 February 14740:25 December 14666:11 November 13876:Keyder 1999 13864:Freely 2011 13666:Köksal 2012 13478:, p. 8 13343:22 November 12880:14 December 12854:14 December 12582:Daily Sabah 12394:11 December 12368:11 December 12342:11 December 12319:11 December 12134:12 December 12108:12 December 11980:12 December 11942:Morris 2010 11927:24 December 11906:. Statista. 11854:21 December 11828:20 November 11818:"The Mayor" 11800:"The Mayor" 11772:21 December 11600:30 November 11495:Freely 2011 11478:Freely 2000 11257:Taylor 2007 11118:20 December 11090:Karpat 1976 10671:11 November 10509:Daily Sabah 10473:Daily Sabah 10406:13 December 10101:www.eskp.de 10053:14 December 9989:Keyder 1999 9850:6 September 9773:Landau 1984 9619:Harter 2005 9387:Baynes 1949 9239:Morris 2010 9227:Cantor 1994 9215:Dahmus 1995 9145:Barnes 1981 9130:Barnes 1981 9118:Barnes 1981 9082:Freely 1996 9070:Freely 1996 9034:Freely 1996 9022:Lister 1979 8777:www.bbc.com 8750:Keyder 1999 8726:Finkel 2005 8515:12 December 8206:Hava Forumu 8117:Morris 2010 7834:Caput Mundi 7821:Asia portal 7603:from Paris. 7415:2.2 million 7307:contactless 7100:eye surgery 7018:Crimean War 6962:, known as 6899:is French. 6546:Daily Sabah 6310:(2020) and 6257:Galatasaray 6249:Darüşşafaka 6198:Nef Stadium 6064:Rock'n Coke 6039:districts. 5966:, includes 5930:opera house 5749:(2002) and 5701:Pera Museum 5569:Nef Stadium 5506:in Turkey, 5451:200 million 5419:110 percent 5328:in Turkey. 5319:Murat Kurum 5050:Mimar Sinan 5014:Arab Spring 4774:1.5 percent 4704:Morris 2010 4323:150–300,000 4304:125–500,000 4293:150–350,000 4072:Art Nouveau 4054:Yeni Mosque 3999:, with the 3997:Golden Horn 3942:İznik tiles 3938:Blue Mosque 3920:Christendom 3909:Porta Aurea 3813:Hagia Irene 3636:ventennalia 3571: 5500 3385:Yıldız Park 3366:Yıldız Park 3313:edge cities 3169:citadel of 3163:Golden Horn 3141:of Istanbul 3060:Mecidiyeköy 3048:air quality 2986:overfishing 2770:Xeriscaping 2113:, however. 2001:Earthquakes 1988:Caddebostan 1750:World War I 1735:Balkan Wars 1639:calligraphy 1627:Mimar Sinan 1596:Golden Horn 1574:the old one 1451:Middle Ages 1439:Justinian I 1379:Hagia Irene 1371:Justinian I 1316:Golden Horn 1277:Çemberlitaş 1240:Istanbulite 793:Inscription 641:Postal code 605:276 billion 350: / 87:Blue Mosque 25272:Categories 25165:Brazil (2) 25127:Europe (4) 24882:China (14) 24844:Africa (4) 24837:Megacities 24794:1,127,612 24770:1,161,702 24746:1,167,059 24722:1,273,519 24698:1,377,546 24674:1,445,683 24650:1,475,716 24626:1,544,640 24602:1,818,133 24598:Diyarbakır 24557:1,938,389 24546:15,655,924 24312:Diyarbakır 23771:Sculptures 23722:Füsun Onur 23641:Şadi Çalık 23451:Copenhagen 23229:Leeuwarden 22884:Copenhagen 22572:Newspapers 22557:Literature 22537:Folk dance 22438:Corruption 22322:Minorities 22250:Renewables 22205:Automotive 22014:Government 21745:Secularism 21337:Cappadocia 21318:Çatalhöyük 21300:Safranbolu 21268:Hierapolis 21072:Niyazi Akı 20991:Emin Erkul 20869:Diyarbakır 20340:Kırklareli 20224:Sultangazi 20194:Sancaktepe 20144:Eyüpsultan 20109:Beylikdüzü 20094:Bayrampaşa 20089:Başakşehir 20059:Arnavutköy 19923:Newspapers 19882:Cemeteries 19835:Newspapers 19799:Cemeteries 19747:Newspapers 19696:Cemeteries 19679:Minorities 19383:Haydarpaşa 19358:Bet Nissim 19353:Bet Israel 19348:Bet Avraam 19325:Synagogues 19168:Maçka Park 18778:Edirnekapı 18560:New Mosque 18408:Hippodrome 18380:Miscellany 18165:Kürkçü Han 16963:: 347–67. 15923:"Metrobus" 15466:Kgm.gov.tr 15436:Kgm.gov.tr 15407:Kgm.gov.tr 15339:Sanal 2011 15000:bianet.org 14918:Yeni Şafak 13989:27 January 13983:Al Monitor 13461:2 December 13440:2 December 13419:22 January 13393:1 December 13338:aremas.net 13208:ifm.gov.tr 13169:2 December 13140:2 December 13111:2 December 13082:2 December 13041:1 December 13036:World Bank 13016:2 December 12987:1 December 12562:1 December 12506:1 December 12483:Çelik 1993 12420:28 January 12170:Yeni Şafak 12054:Turan 2010 11631:Çelik 1993 11607:province.) 11573:Çelik 1993 11561:Çelik 1993 11003:Çelik 1993 10991:Çelik 1993 10827:birgun.net 10453:16 January 10396:mgm.gov.tr 10081:9 February 9893:11 October 9737:31 January 9676:Çelik 1993 9604:Çelik 1993 9411:Béhar 1999 9360:31 January 9094:Grant 1996 9046:Çelik 1993 9010:Isaac 1986 8994:Isaac 1986 8973:Herodotus 8630:31 January 8475:Çelik 1993 8422:"Istanbul" 8296:8 December 8266:8 December 8237:6 February 8186:4 February 8163:References 8121:Turan 2010 8029:colloquial 7667:Arnavutköy 7291:funiculars 7230:toll roads 7096:40 percent 7080:23 percent 6874:Altunizade 6730:-oriented 6620:Açık Radyo 6607:90 percent 6557:Cumhuriyet 6434:Fenerbahçe 6348:Category 4 6253:Fenerbahçe 6136:See also: 5992:Beylerbeyi 5984:Arnavutköy 5839:Galataport 5826:in Beyoğlu 5728:Galataport 5621:A view of 5603:Galataport 5495:3,104,882 5439:61 percent 5435:47 percent 5423:30 percent 5415:60 percent 5411:36 percent 5395:47 percent 5391:31 percent 5387:30 percent 5198:Kemal Reis 5190:Bayezid II 5141:(Turkish: 5138:Levantines 5090:Levantines 5018:Arab world 4862:See also: 4755:19 percent 4708:Turan 2010 4686:15,519,267 4675:15,067,724 4664:15,029,231 4653:14,804,116 4642:14,657,434 4631:11,174,200 4315:50–250,000 4222:See also: 4148:Statue of 3991:A view of 3877:Augustaion 3737:Beylerbeyi 3729:Dolmabahçe 3721:Abdülmecid 3632:Alexandria 3573: – c. 3513:See also: 3326:gecekondus 3301:Altunizade 3266:A view of 3258:Asian side 3115:See also: 3056:Sultangazi 2975:(Turkish: 2967:(Turkish: 2959:(Turkish: 2910:Asteraceae 2894:stone pine 2537:(≥ 0.1 cm) 2490:(≥ 0.1 mm) 2149:Kireçburnu 2005:See also: 1976:Heybeliada 1916:. Further 1910:Christians 1834:A view of 1447:Nika riots 1375:Nika riots 1373:after the 1297:Sarayburnu 1293:Copper Age 1229:İstanbullu 1130:colloquial 985:20 million 805:Extensions 796:1985 (9th 653:Area codes 618:US$ 17,349 612:Per capita 579:(nominal) 568:İstanbullu 534:15,305,657 513:15,655,924 498:Population 426:Government 338:28°57′18″E 335:41°00′49″N 25207:Other (4) 25177:São Paulo 25077:Other (7) 25030:Japan (3) 24985:Hyderabad 24970:Bangalore 24963:India (6) 24954:Zhengzhou 24914:Guangzhou 24904:Chongqing 24875:Asia (35) 24783:2,102,907 24759:2,164,134 24755:Gaziantep 24735:2,213,964 24731:Şanlıurfa 24718:Balıkesir 24711:2,270,298 24687:2,320,241 24663:2,696,249 24639:3,214,571 24615:4,479,525 24591:5,803,482 24407:Şanlıurfa 24327:Gaziantep 24322:Eskişehir 24297:Balıkesir 24193:Hyderabad 24145:Zhengzhou 24120:Chongqing 24063:Bangalore 23996:São Paulo 23944:Guangzhou 23823:Dayanışma 23660:Sculptors 23634:Committee 23547:The Hague 23517:Marseille 23457:Stuttgart 23445:Rotterdam 23427:Stockholm 23317:Bad Ischl 23294:Timișoara 23154:Marseille 23139:Guimarães 23074:Stavanger 23069:Liverpool 22994:Salamanca 22974:Rotterdam 22924:Reykjavík 22904:Stockholm 22791:Amsterdam 22626:TV series 22584:Miniature 22527:Festivals 22443:Terrorism 22394:Education 22327:Languages 22171:Air Force 22086:Elections 22034:Executive 21980:Mountains 21847:Geography 21766:Overviews 21705:Partition 21671:Tulip era 21287:Black Sea 21272:Pamukkale 20964:Mayors of 20900:Şanlıurfa 20876:Gaziantep 20714:Gümüşhane 20686:Zonguldak 20664:Kastamonu 20596:Kırıkkale 20451:Eskişehir 20330:Çanakkale 20324:Balıkesir 20282:provinces 20169:Kağıthane 20047:Districts 19911:Languages 19899:Hospitals 19811:Hospitals 19718:Hospitals 19688:Armenians 19665:Zorlu PSM 19645:Ora Arena 19529:Festivals 19516:Festivals 19408:Kal Kados 19373:Burgazada 19338:Ashkenazi 19281:Nişantaşı 19273:Districts 19043:Pavilions 18697:Miniatürk 18603:Modernist 18522:Classical 18393:Çukurcuma 18271:Fountains 18138:Monuments 18023:Kuzguncuk 16308:schedule. 16239:. Touring 16006:28 August 15825:20 August 15799:20 August 15773:20 August 15720:20 August 15528:TRT World 14730:Medyatava 14571:8 January 14145:2 January 13840:Köse 2009 13679:"History" 12982:240715488 12791:9 October 12765:9 October 12533:4 January 12039:21 August 11667:Wynn 1984 10922:1 October 10335:0000-0000 10226:0013-0613 9974:27 August 9940:27 August 9883:1911-0359 9819:159425371 8975:Histories 8897:2 October 8837:129280217 8829:0033-5894 8807:(1): 30. 8652:Room 2006 8092:Chalcedon 8088:Herodotus 8084:Byzantium 7678:IATA code 7651:Frankfurt 7579:Railroads 7238:ring road 7076:6 percent 7037:Vedat Tek 7020:in 1856. 6941:158 sites 6929:aqueducts 6684:Education 6572:Habertürk 6501:Cağaloğlu 6236:Süper Lig 6103:Teknofest 6079:Nişantaşı 6052:Kuruçeşme 5996:Çengelköy 5968:Zorlu PSM 5835:Nişantaşı 5801:biennales 5405:stood at 5332:sends 98 5174:Karşıyaka 5170:Nişantaşı 5110:Assyrians 5100:prompted 5094:Armenians 5040:Built by 4810:Kastamonu 4798:Black Sea 4620:8,831,800 4609:8,260,400 4598:7,615,500 4587:6,620,200 4576:5,494,900 4565:2,853,500 4554:2,547,400 4543:2,132,400 4532:1,743,000 4521:1,459,500 4202:Davut Gül 3788:Built in 3725:Abdülaziz 3408:Kyparades 3368:connects 3343:Tarlabaşı 3331:gecekondu 3319:Expansion 3293:Kozyatağı 3252:edge city 3106:Cityscape 3088:red tides 3064:Kağıthane 3031:Pollution 2952:anchovies 2900:that got 2841:terebinth 2811:climate. 2724:Source: 2099:temperate 2033:magnitude 1984:Kınalıada 1980:Burgazada 1960:Black Sea 1895:President 1850:moved to 1808:Mehmed VI 1774:Christian 1693:With the 1650:Mahmud II 1643:miniature 1615:caliphate 1566:aqueducts 1561:Mehmed II 1511:Mehmed II 1422:Nova Roma 1312:acropolis 1284:Neolithic 1218:dotless I 1165:Dersaadet 1098:The name 1087:قسطنطينيه 1041:Byzántion 1036:Βυζάντιον 1026:Byzantium 942:Silk Road 926:Byzantine 894:Nova Roma 885:Nea Rhomē 854:Byzantium 783:Reference 719:.istanbul 699:very high 624:Time zone 416:Districts 409:Cağaloğlu 25283:Istanbul 25134:Istanbul 25099:Istanbul 25021:Surabaya 24929:Shenzhen 24924:Shanghai 24919:Hangzhou 24909:Dongguan 24894:Changsha 24861:Kinshasa 24742:Tekirdağ 24542:Istanbul 24524:Istanbul 24412:Tekirdağ 24337:İstanbul 24213:Surabaya 24203:Hangzhou 24160:Dongguan 24098:Kinshasa 24088:Istanbul 24058:Pretoria 24031:Shenzhen 24001:New York 23963:Shanghai 23802:Yükseliş 23529:Budapest 23487:Istanbul 23481:Valencia 23439:Alicante 23344:Chemnitz 23299:Elefsina 23289:Veszprém 23279:Novi Sad 23224:Valletta 23104:Istanbul 22939:Brussels 22934:Helsinki 22781:Florence 22676:Category 22614:Football 22599:Painting 22542:Folklore 22450:Marriage 22356:Istanbul 22339:Religion 22292:Railways 22282:Aviation 22220:Currency 22078:Politics 22046:Judicial 22022:Branches 22000:Wildlife 21790:Military 21778:Economic 21683:Tanzimat 21504:Category 21391:Istanbul 21277:Pergamon 21086:Elected 20967:Istanbul 20858:Adıyaman 20766:Erzincan 20606:Nevşehir 20601:Kırşehir 20566:Osmaniye 20346:Tekirdağ 20304:Istanbul 20295:Istanbul 20280:List of 20234:Ümraniye 20159:Güngören 20139:Esenyurt 20129:Çekmeköy 20099:Beşiktaş 20084:Bakırköy 20074:Bağcılar 20064:Ataşehir 19979:Category 19823:Language 19735:Language 19343:Bakırköy 19243:Akmerkez 19193:Shopping 18886:Military 18309:Madrasas 18175:Cisterns 17990:Armenian 17981:Churches 17973:Istanbul 17932:Archived 17916:Archived 17892:Archived 16614:11 April 16443:25 March 16384:30 March 16301:13 April 16108:cite web 15736:"Tunnel" 15324:31 March 15279:cite web 15235:31 March 15173:31 March 15142:31 March 15104:11 March 14591:Archived 14510:"Events" 14325:10 April 14273:10 April 14248:10 April 14197:10 April 14097:10 April 14075:10 April 13963:29 April 13937:29 April 13899:29 April 13793:29 April 13767:28 April 13741:28 April 13715:13 April 13689:13 April 13576:19 April 13550:19 April 13413:Hürriyet 13388:Statista 12454:"Sözlük" 12414:BBC News 12082:27 March 11619:Gül 2012 11387:Archived 11383:web page 11280:29 April 10776:BBC News 10646:22 April 10569:28 April 10358:28 April 10283:31 March 10257:31 March 10231:31 March 10198:31 March 10156:31 March 10131:31 March 10106:31 March 9887:Archived 9844:Archived 9527:ABC-Clio 8915:(1964). 8711:15 March 8332:(2008). 8096:Eusebius 8008:İstanbul 7999:-an-buul 7765:See also 7715:and the 7657:Airports 7505:Emin Kul 7419:Metrobus 7061:landline 6937:cisterns 6789:LGS exam 6672:CNN Türk 6660:Sky Turk 6624:Metro FM 6565:Milliyet 6532:Hürriyet 6509:Hürriyet 6459:and the 6444:titles. 6438:European 6245:Beşiktaş 6029:Beşiktaş 5946:meyhanes 5888:Akmerkez 5807:and the 5787:and the 5779:(2008). 5767:(1964), 5761:(1963), 5650:Bosporus 5545:Ataşehir 5375:Ataşehir 5326:province 5221:Politics 5144:Levanten 4728:Chang'an 4432:Republic 4154:Büyükada 4139:belediye 4113:Tanzimat 4059:Tanzimat 4040:include 3907:and the 3790:porphyry 3559:Marmaray 3548:Yenikapı 3419:Murad IV 3347:Sulukule 3309:Ümraniye 3297:Ataşehir 3211:Beşiktaş 2944:sea bass 2936:Bluefish 2932:demersal 2914:Rosaceae 2813:Chestnut 2776:target. 2774:net zero 2677:Percent 2672:2,180.7 2582:Average 2483:(34.06) 2414:Average 1972:Büyükada 1966:via the 1715:Bulgaria 1655:Tanzimat 1631:ceramics 1598:and the 1462:Basil II 1232:(plural 1205:İstanbul 1196:Mahmud I 1192:اسلامبول 1183:Islambol 1147:εἰς τὴν 1110:استانبول 1101:İstanbul 1092:İstanbul 1073:İstanbul 1063:, after 1051:Thracian 1046:Megarian 881:Νέα Ῥώμη 873:New Rome 827:Istanbul 774:Criteria 616:₺287,524 593:province 509:province 399:Istanbul 394:Province 309:Istanbul 276:Istanbul 243:Istanbul 186:Bosporus 139:its tram 63:province 50:İstanbul 46:Istanbul 25084:Bangkok 25063:Karachi 25016:Jakarta 25011:Bandung 24990:Kolkata 24975:Chennai 24934:Tianjin 24899:Chengdu 24889:Beijing 24779:Kocaeli 24670:Kayseri 24659:Antalya 24417:Trabzon 24397:Sakarya 24367:Malatya 24352:Kocaeli 24347:Kayseri 24317:Erzurum 24307:Denizli 24287:Antalya 24218:Bandung 24188:Tianjin 24135:Chennai 24068:Chengdu 24021:Beijing 24016:Bangkok 24006:Karachi 23991:Kolkata 23934:Jakarta 23553:Glasgow 23499:Cardiff 23493:Antwerp 23433:Glasgow 23369:Liepāja 23359:Trenčín 23339:Gorizia 23239:Plovdiv 23199:Wrocław 23134:Maribor 23124:Tallinn 23089:Vilnius 23009:Plovdiv 22964:Bologna 22959:Avignon 22854:Antwerp 22824:Glasgow 22712:Outline 22688:Commons 22621:Theater 22604:Pottery 22520:Ottoman 22515:Cuisine 22493:Ottoman 22470:Culture 22455:Poverty 22387:Society 22272:Tourism 22225:Defense 22197:Economy 22039:Cabinet 21970:Geology 21914:Climate 21856:Regions 21783:Ottoman 21601:Beyliks 21597:Seljuks 21562:History 21419:Xanthos 21370:Marmara 21328:Gordion 21295:Hattusa 21263:Ephesus 20833:Tunceli 20822:Malatya 20816:Hakkâri 20772:Erzurum 20761:Bayburt 20756:Ardahan 20732:Trabzon 20709:Giresun 20659:Karabük 20649:Çankırı 20590:Kayseri 20584:Aksaray 20547:Isparta 20529:Antalya 20496:Karaman 20465:Sakarya 20458:Kocaeli 20428:Bilecik 20391:Kütahya 20378:Denizli 20239:Üsküdar 20209:Silivri 20199:Sarıyer 20184:Maltepe 20164:Kadıköy 20134:Esenler 20124:Çatalca 20114:Beyoğlu 20069:Avcılar 19935:Schools 19847:Schools 19769:Schools 19762:Marmara 19757:Jamanak 19605:Babylon 19453:Yeniköy 19443:Ortaköy 19413:Karaite 19398:Italian 19393:Istipol 19248:Cevahir 19202:Bazaars 19005:Palaces 18914:Science 18813:History 18766:Castles 18630:Museums 18479:Baroque 18452:Mosques 18208:Columns 18028:Samatya 18003:Beyoğlu 16414:4 April 16328:. Sabah 16263:Reuters 16243:3 April 16221:3 April 16195:3 April 16161:3 April 16135:3 April 16098:3 April 16050:3 April 15980:5 April 15955:5 April 15933:3 April 15907:3 April 15855:3 April 15746:3 April 15694:1 April 15496:1 April 15489:(Map). 15269:4 April 15050:28 July 15025:28 July 14980:20 July 14924:28 July 14897:28 July 14726:"Tiraj" 14523:29 June 14399:29 June 14373:29 June 14351:29 June 14015:8 April 12929:4 April 12785:Haaretz 11810:12 July 11728:16 July 11442:12 June 10976:31 July 10970:Reuters 10833:31 July 10807:31 July 10781:31 July 10024:4 April 9200:30 July 8947:21 June 8809:Bibcode 8448:(ed.). 8004:Turkish 7488:Ferries 7406:Halkalı 7343:Kabataş 7303:ferries 7039:in the 7033:Sirkeci 7004:issued 6644:Kanal D 6640:Show TV 6636:Star TV 6628:Radio 3 6615:Radio 2 6611:Radio 2 6588:Jamanak 6582:Marmara 6048:Harbiye 6037:Kadıköy 6025:Beyoğlu 6000:Kumkapı 5988:Yeniköy 5976:Ortaköy 5940:is the 5859:Kadıköy 5851:Ortaköy 5843:Karaköy 5764:Topkapi 5631:Culture 5591:Antalya 5573:Sarıyer 5538:İstinye 5534:Sirkeci 5474:Sirkeci 5348:Economy 5313:In the 5251:of the 5211:Spanish 5178:Bornova 5075:Alevism 4974: 4961: 4946: 4931: 4916: 4834:Trabzon 4830:Malatya 4822:Erzurum 4818:Giresun 4802:Central 4732:Kaifeng 4724:Baghdad 4579:+14.00% 4510:983,000 4499:845,300 4488:793,900 4477:740,800 4469:−11.44% 4466:691,000 4455:881,000 4446:±% p.a. 4423:942,900 4415:874,000 4407:715,000 4399:500,000 4391:700,000 4383:660,000 4375:200,000 4349:100,000 4339:150,000 4331:200,000 4282:400,000 4274:300,000 4150:Atatürk 4098:Turkish 4018:baroque 3946:Obelisk 3777:at the 3741:Küçüksu 3733:Çırağan 3669:reliefs 3644:of the 3602:Pharaoh 3582:Obelisk 3566:period 3427:Emirgan 3423:Safavid 3421:to the 3412:Nişancı 3305:Kavacık 3284:Kadıköy 3280:Üsküdar 3272:Kanlıca 3245:Bomonti 3215:Ortaköy 3179:Karaköy 3167:Genoese 3151:Turkish 3009:Turkish 2961:afalina 2928:pelagic 2890:cypress 2745:Kadıköy 2478:(4.91) 2473:(3.96) 2468:(3.87) 2463:(3.20) 2458:(1.71) 2453:(1.43) 2448:(1.76) 2443:(1.46) 2438:(1.78) 2433:(2.75) 2428:(3.45) 2423:(3.78) 2409:(52.6) 2404:(41.9) 2399:(48.6) 2394:(56.5) 2389:(63.3) 2384:(70.2) 2379:(68.5) 2374:(63.3) 2369:(55.0) 2364:(46.6) 2359:(40.8) 2354:(38.3) 2349:(38.5) 2339:(58.0) 2334:(46.2) 2329:(53.1) 2324:(61.2) 2319:(68.9) 2314:(75.6) 2309:(74.7) 2304:(70.0) 2299:(61.3) 2294:(52.7) 2289:(46.4) 2284:(43.0) 2279:(42.6) 2269:(64.9) 2264:(51.3) 2259:(59.0) 2254:(67.8) 2249:(76.3) 2244:(82.8) 2239:(82.4) 2234:(78.3) 2229:(69.8) 2224:(61.0) 2219:(53.6) 2214:(48.9) 2209:(47.8) 2127:graupel 2072:Climate 1962:to the 1852:İstinye 1825:Sanremo 1679:Beyoğlu 1532:shahada 1320:Persian 1271:at the 1246:History 1200:Turkish 1174:درساعدت 1144:phrase 1069:Turkish 938:Ottoman 829:is the 798:Session 725:Website 697:0.867 ( 564:Turkish 556:Demonym 411:, Fatih 387:Marmara 363:Country 25214:Bogotá 25144:Moscow 25139:London 25114:Tehran 25068:Lahore 25042:Nagoya 24995:Mumbai 24944:Xiamen 24694:Samsun 24646:Manisa 24587:Ankara 24553:Mersin 24534:Ankara 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