Turkey - Knowledge

11288:, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages." 9299:, p. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." 9293:, p. 437: ‘Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, “only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land....Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease” (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of “Muslim migration.”’ 5798: 2872: 11100:, pp. 778–779: "Thus the majority of traditional 'Greek' lands, including the coastal areas of Asia Minor, remained essentially Greek-speaking, despite the superimposition of Latin and the later Slavic incursions into the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. Even on the Anatolian plateau, where Hellenic culture had come only with Alexander's conquests, both the extremely heterogeneous indigenous populations and immigrant groups (including Celts, Goths, Jews, and Persians) had become heavily Hellenized, as the steady decline in epigraphic evidence for the native languages and the great mass of public and private inscriptions in Greek demonstrate. Though the disappearance of these languages from the written record did not entail their immediate abandonment as spoken languages,..." 4594: 2478: 3268: 25313: 5613: 4394: 11282:, p. 4: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The “Turks” intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11" 5544: 6637: 5571: 28186: 26661: 26221: 7143: 7741: 3048: 5590: 7380: 26511: 5960: 26191: 6298: 7765: 2883: 26101: 27456: 2599: 135: 8633: 7247: 1921: 4895: 7003: 3145: 5218: 1655: 24805: 8441: 9144:, p. 29: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval." ... "statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth." 27777: 28317: 5886: 2031: 6994: 8145: 9329:, p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this ‘repatriation’ – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic’s population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen" 11342:"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role." 6680: 5452: 7275:), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%. Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures. Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD average of 9.3%. There are many private hospitals in the country. The government planned several hospital complexes, known as city hospitals, to be constructed since 2013. Turkey is one of the top 10 destinations for 4056: 3926: 4231: 5517: 7123: 4763: 2274: 8450: 1634: 1604: 7965: 4323: 2469: 6647: 3899: 5076: 28129: 7711: 5478:

especially severe. Temperatures of −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F) do occur in northeastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground for at least 120 days of the year, and during the entire year on the summits of the highest mountains. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) with the mountains being even colder. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian Plateau a

28144: 9078:, p. 1576: "Turkey’s diversity is derived from its central location near the world’s earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium. Meanwhile, Turkish Thrace came to be dominated by another Indo-European group, the Thracians for whom the region is named." 6245: 5660: 28079: 27811: 27738: 26623: 26234: 8459: 618: 25618: 24978: 24438: 28094: 28049: 28034: 28019: 27853: 27621: 27560: 27547: 27508: 27495: 26637: 26595: 26567: 26553: 26525: 26175: 26149: 26136: 26123: 23211: 24462: 28231: 27751: 19229:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule. 68: 28201: 6105: 6482: 25630: 24990: 24426: 28330: 28159: 27647: 27584: 27686: 27521: 26581: 2162: 28395: 27699: 27634: 27608: 27443: 26208: 23316: 28356: 28343: 27840: 24474: 8229: 2725: 8559: 28382: 28064: 27879: 27764: 27673: 26609: 26162: 2173: 28173: 27905: 27725: 27712: 27660: 2487: 28216: 27892: 27866: 27482: 26539: 28369: 27534: 9317:, p. 93: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans" 6690: 23233: 27469: 788: 740: 721: 688: 669: 24450: 28111: 9305:, pp. 5–6: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries..." 5716: 4519: 7594: 4958: 7361: 4308:. In the years of government by the Justice and Development Party and Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey, because of political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors and in their pursuit of public duty. 763: 9287:, p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former “suppressors”. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons" 3860: 9190:, pp. 3–4: "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek." 3113:, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. The Ankara Government engaged in armed and diplomatic struggle. In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled. The military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the 9129:, pp. 233, 713: "By the time of the Old Assyrian Colony period in the early second millennium b.c.e . (see Michel, chapter 13 in this volume) the languages spoken on the plateau included Hattian, an indigenous Anatolian language, Hurrian (spoken in northern Syria), and Indo-European languages known as Luwian, Hittite, and Palaic" 9311:: "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey." ... "Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families.51" 6263:. People within the 15–64 and 0–14 age groups corresponded to 68.3% and 21.4% of the total population, respectively. Those aged 65 years or older made up 10.2%. Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million; however, the population growth rate was 0.1% in 2023. In 2023, the 3450: 5474:

the highest precipitation in the country. The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters.

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have equal rights, which increased to 45% in 2020. Another survey in 2018 found that the proportion of people who would not want a homosexual neighbor decreased from 55% in 2018 to 47% in 2019. A 2015 poll found that 27% of the Turkish public was in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage and 19% supported

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To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to

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influenced private houses. From 1950 to 1980, the second part includes urbanization, modernization, and internationalization. For residential housing, "reinforced concrete, slab-block, medium-rise apartments" became prevalent. Since 1980, the third part is defined by consumer habits and international

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results suggest improvements in education quality. There is still a gap with OECD countries. Significant challenges include differences in student outcomes from different schools, differences between rural and urban areas, pre-primary education access, and arrival of students who are Syrian refugees.

6969:. As of August 2023, the number these refugees was estimated to be 3.3 million. The number of Syrians had decreased by about 200,000 people since the beginning of the year. The government has granted citizenship to 238 thousand Syrians by November 2023. As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian 5785:

are major manufacturers of consumer electronics. Arçelik is one of the largest producers of household goods in the world. In 2022, Turkey ranked second in the world in terms of the number of international contractors in the top 250 list. It is also the fifth largest in the world in terms of textile

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is appointed by the president. The president is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign

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Following the revolution, Mustafa Kemal became an important figure in the military ranks of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) as a protégé ... Although the sultanate had already been abolished in November 1922, the republic was founded in October 1923. ... ambitious reform

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In the past 20 years, Turkey has improved quality of education and has made significant progress in increasing education access. From 2011 to 2021, improvements in education access include "one of the largest increases in educational attainment for 25-34 year-olds at upper secondary non-tertiary or

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communities in all of the major cities in central and western Turkey. In Istanbul, there are an estimated three million Kurds, making it the city with the largest Kurdish population in the world. 19% of adult citizens identified as ethnic Kurds in a survey in 2021. Some people have multiple ethnic

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with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the most precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of the Black Sea coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is

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The percentage of non-Muslims in modern-day Turkey was 19.1% in 1914, but fell to 2.5% in 1927. Currently, non-Muslims constitute 0.2% of the population according to the World Factbook. In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.18% for people with non-Islam religions. Some of the non-Muslim communities are

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since 1951. However, LGBT people in Turkey face discrimination, harassment and even violence. The Turkish authorities have carried out many discriminatory practices. Despite these, LGBT acceptance in Turkey is growing. In a survey conducted in 2016, 33% of respondents said that LGBT people should

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and cannot run for re-election after two terms, unless the parliament calls early presidential elections during the second term. The Constitutional Court is composed of 15 members, elected for single 12-year terms. They are obliged to retire when they are over the age of 65. Turkish politics have

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Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter but usually melts in no more than a few days. However, snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Winters on the Anatolian plateau are

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Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Pósa, Annamária; Stégmár, Balázs; Keerl, Victoria; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Harney, Eadaoin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Llamas, Bastien (November 2017).

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of 24 July 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. On 4 October 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from

9323:, p. 213: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense." 10412:

Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Omrak, Ayça; Özer, Füsun; Günther, Torsten; Büyükkarakaya, Ali Metin; Bıçakçı, Erhan; Baird, Douglas; Dönertaş, Handan Melike; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Yaka, Reyhan; Koptekin, Dilek; Açan, Sinan Can; Parvizi, Poorya; Krzewińska, Maja; Daskalaki, Evangelia A. (June 2016).

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According to the World Factbook, non-Kurdish ethnic minorities are 7–12% of the population. In 2006, KONDA estimated that non-Kurdish and non-Zaza ethnic minorities constituted 8.2% of the population; these were people that gave general descriptions such as Turkish citizen, people with

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Before the Greek migrations that followed the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE), probably the only Greek-speaking communities on the west coast of Anatolia were Mycenaean settlements at Iasus and Müskebi on the Halicarnassus peninsula and walled Mycenaean colonies at Miletus and

122: 120: 9090:, pp. 24–28: "Göbekli Tepe’s close proximity to several very early sites of grain cultivation helped lead Schmidt to the conclusion that it was the need to maintain the ritual center that first encouraged the beginnings of settled agriculture—the Neolithic Revolution" 103: 123: 118: 8978: 110: 105: 7943:

projects have become a trend. Resilience against natural disasters such as earthquakes is one of the main goals for urban renewal projects. Around one-third of Turkey's building stock, corresponding to 6.7 million units, were assessed risky and needing urban renewal.

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Turkey has four "major theatrical traditions": "folk theatre, popular theatre, court theater, and Western theater." Turkish folk theatre goes back thousands of years and has survived among rural communities. Popular theatre includes plays by live actors, puppet and

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3. Madde: Devletin Bütünlüğü, Resmi Dili, Bayrağı, Milli Marşı ve Başkenti: Türkiye Devleti, ülkesi ve milletiyle bölünmez bir bütündür. Dili Türkçedir. Bayrağı, şekli kanununda belirtilen, beyaz ay yıldızlı al bayraktır. Milli marşı "İstiklal Marşı" dır. Başkenti

116: 124: 7516:. Court theatre was the refined version of popular theatre. Beginning in the 19th century, Western theatre tradition started appearing in Turkey. Following the establishment of Turkish Republic, a state conservatory and the State Theatre Company were formed. 15319:"Council of the European Union: Council Decision (CFSP) 2019/1341 of 8 August 2019 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism" 5543: 16646: 10823:, p. 759: "Greek cities on the shores of Asia Minor and on the Aegean islands were the nexus of trade and cultural exchange in the early Greek world, so Archaic Greek civilization was to a great extent the product of the Greek cities of Asia Minor." 6340:

are the largest ethnic minority. Their exact numbers remain disputed, with estimates ranging from 12 to 20% of the population. According to a 1990 study, Kurds made up around 12% of the population. The Kurds make up a majority in the provinces of

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as anyone who is a citizen. It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups represented in Turkey. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available because census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity after the

7529:. Turkish artists in these areas have gained global recognition. Photography, fashion design, graphic arts, and graphic design are some of the other areas Turkish artists are known for in the world. The inaugural contemporary Turkish art sale by 12921: 101: 4443:, Turkey had problems with countries such as United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Relations with these countries have improved since then. The exception is Syria, with which Turkey had cut its relations after the start of the 7608:

Turkish music can be described in a variety of ways, ranging from "globally marketed pop music with a little bit of local colour thrown in" to a custom that includes thousands of years of legacy of Anatolia's various civilizations.

6155:. Turkish patent office ranks 21st worldwide in overall patent applications, and 3rd in industrial design applications. Vast majority of applicants to the Turkish patent office are Turkish residents. In all patent offices globally, 8634: 7100:

In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.47% for those with no religion. According to KONDA, share of adult citizens who identified as unbeliever increased from 2% in 2011 to 6% in 2021. A 2020 Gezici Araştırma poll found that 28.5% of the

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in the late 1970s and 1980s. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy and society. The resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as

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in Turkey peaked at $ 22.05 billion in 2007 and dropped to $ 13.09 billion in 2022. Potential growth is weakened by long-lasting structural and macro obstacles, such as slow rates of productivity growth and high inflation.

4655:, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO. The Turkish Armed Forces have a relatively substantial military presence abroad, with 12267: 7476:. Since then, Turkish literature reflected the socioeconomic conditions in Turkey with increasing variety. "Village Novel" genre appeared in the mid-1950s, which talked about difficulties faced from poverty. An example is 22899: 5612: 17765: 15508: 5987:. When fully operational, it will supply about 30% of the natural gas needed domestically. Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation. Several oil and gas pipelines span the country, including the 4832:, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. With time the PKK modified its demands into equal rights for ethnic Kurds and provincial autonomy within Turkey. Since 1980, the Turkish parliament stripped its members of 14196:"Turkish incursions and air strikes on Iraqi territory have been a constant issue for the Iraqi foreign ministry since 2003, with no resolution in sight," Sajad Jiyad, a political analyst based in Baghdad, told MEE. 15033: 27308: 26406: 21328: 16638: 15568: 5497:

by 2053. Accomplishing climate goals would require large investments, but would also result in net economic benefits, broadly due to reduced imports of fuel and due to better health from lowering air pollution.

16319:, p. 46: "Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces" 15071: 4933:(where the Gezi Park protests took place) have been denied government permission, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact 26411: 12850: 4847:

but soon growing into general anti-government dissent. On 20 May 2016, the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution, including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish

12954: 27330: 16215:, p. 922: "Thrace, its European area, is about the size of VERMONT at 9,412 square mi (24,378 square km). Its Asian area (Asia Minor) is called Anatolia and covers 291,971 square mi (756,202 square km)" 18082: 6973:

have sought refuge in Turkey. In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.

22333: 6220:, and Asfat are among the top 100 defense companies in the world. Turkish defense companies spend a significant portion of their budgets for research and development. Aselsan also invests in research in 5821:

definition. Unemployment in Turkey was 10.4% in 2022. In 2021, it was estimated that 47% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% of income earners, while the lowest 20% received only 6%.

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to the south. Turkey is bordered by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east. To the south, it's bordered by Syria and Iraq. To the north, its Thracian area is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria.

13682: 7326:, with three main views: Turkism, Islamism and Westernism. In addition to Europe or Islam, Turkish culture was also influenced by Anatolia's native cultures. After the establishment of the republic, 2954:

islands, shifting the center of the Ottoman Empire to Anatolia. In addition to a small number of Jews, the refugees were overwhelmingly Muslim; they were both Turkish and non-Turkish people, such as

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Excluding Syrians under temporary protection, there were 1,570,543 foreign citizens in Turkey in 2023. Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and the Kurdish areas of Iran during the

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declined from 20% to 7.6%. In 2023, 13.9% of the population was below the national at-risk-of-poverty rate. In 2021, 34% of the population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, using

1791:, approximately between 1700 and 1200 BC. As the Hittite kingdom was disintegrating, further waves of Indo-European peoples migrated from southeastern Europe, which was followed by warfare. 20188: 17816: 16602: 5570: 14885: 28644: 27318: 27313: 21440: 14400: 12777: 6418:, and others. In 2021, 4% of adult citizens identified as non-ethnic Turk or non-ethnic Kurd in a survey. According to the Constitutional Court, there are only four officially recognized 19641: 10924: 3134: 100: 23173: 15845: 13580: 13539: 22837: 21622: 9369:

Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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Since 1918, Turkish architecture can be divided into three parts. From 1918 to 1950, the first one includes the First National Architectural Movement period, which transitioned into

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goes back more than a thousand years. The Seljuk and Ottoman periods include numerous works of literature and poetry. Turkic tales and poetry from Central Asia were also kept alive.

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emphasized Turkish culture, attempted to make "Islam a matter of personal conviction", and pursued modernization. Currently, Turkey has various local cultures. Things such as music,

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Uygur, A. B.; Haktanir, O. O.; Yılmaz, F.; Işik, H. G.; Aşansü, Z. (2015). "Turkey's new Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) center and its comparison with AIT centers in Europe".

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oil wrestling tournament since 1361, making it the oldest continuously held sporting competition in the world. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, oil wrestling champions such as

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are examples of art galleries or exhibitions of contemporary Turkish art. Turkey has also seen a resurgence of traditional arts. This includes Ottoman-era traditional arts, such as

6508:. Kurdish speakers are the largest linguistic minority. A survey estimated 13% of the population speak Kurdish or Zaza as a first language. Other minority languages include Arabic, 20125: 17707: 12258: 16852: 15650: 10193: 19247: 22885: 15162: 14630: 12064: 11207:

Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia

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variety may be used to identify a local area. Turkey also has a national culture, such as "national movie stars, rock bands, fashion trends, and soccer and basketball leagues".

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may mean "strong, strength, ripe" or "flourishing, in full strength". It may also mean ripe as in for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person. As an

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party. By 2020, under the pretext of responding to a failed coup attempt in 2016, authorities had arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens. According to the

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are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations. After sweeping the

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Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn, support a number of regional musical styles. Despite this however, western music styles like

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in the 2010s and early 2020s resulted in the influx of millions of refugees and immigrants. Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world as of April 2020. The

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process in Anatolia; there were Turkic/Turkish migrations, intermarriages, and conversions into Islam. The shift took several centuries and happened gradually. Members of

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Kazancı, Nizamettin; Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine (2019), Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin (eds.), "Threats and Conservation of Landscapes in Turkey",

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exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as

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are between 10% to 40% of the population. KONDA's estimate was 5% in 2006. 4% of adult citizens identified as Alevi in a survey in 2021, while 88% identified as Sunni.

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happen frequently in Turkey. Almost the entire population lives in areas with varying seismic risk levels, with around 70% in highest or second-highest seismic areas.

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The Map of Europe by Treaty showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, with numerous maps and notes

28584: 13318: 11790: 11139: 4382:, and Iran. With the West, Turkey also aims to keep its arrangements. By trading with the east and joining the EU, Turkey pursues economic growth. Turkey joined the 18690: 4145:

for political parties at national level is seven percent of the votes. Smaller parties can avoid the electoral threshold by forming an alliance with other parties.

2069:, the Greek city-states of the Anatolian Aegean coast regained independence, but most of the interior stayed part of the Achaemenid Empire. In northwestern Turkey, 26737: 18093: 16682: 15322: 981: 636: 15761: 5516: 28533: 26390: 26089: 24318: 22340: 20143: 15101: 11266:

nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe.

8323: 6166: 6099: 5834: 20107: 19601: 18367: 16891: 27926: 27432: 20453: 20016: 15469: 14505: 12234: 8896: 8322:

acquired international fame in Europe and North America by winning world heavyweight wrestling championship titles. International wrestling styles governed by

5237:

continents and the variety of the habitats across its geographical regions have produced considerable species diversity and a vibrant ecosystem. Out of the 36

15986: 6019: 19672: 15625: 15132: 13965: 2927: 1111: 21834: 21677: 21369: 9995:

Hertslet, Edward (1875). "General treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey, signed at Paris on 30th March 1856".

9465: 2368:

In the early Byzantine Empire period, the Anatolian coastal areas were Greek speaking. In addition to natives, interior Anatolia had diverse groups such as

26947: 25028: 18604: 18495: 15530: 14402:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division

13690: 8935: 5826: 3444:) and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic measurements, surveys and classifications; this does not refer to an administrative division. 14310: 10161: 9644:, p. 50: "Indonesia joins China, Türkiye, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Viet Nam as most impressive innovation climbers of the last decade" 1529:"represents and expresses the culture, civilization, and values of the Turkish nation in the best way". In May 2022, the Turkish government requested the 28629: 28604: 15788: 14120: 4425: 4338:

Turkey's constant foreign policy goal is to pursue its national interests. These interests are mainly growing the economy, and maintaining security from

23131: 18481: 13777: 10005:"Protocols of conferences held at Paris relative to the general Treaty of Peace. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1856" 9515: 8072:

is used. Grains include wheat, maize, barley, oats, and millet. Beans, chickpeas, nuts, aubergines, and lamb are some of the commonly used ingredients.

5737:

Turkey has a diversified economy; main industries include automobiles, electronics, textiles, construction, steel, mining, and food processing. It is a

5000:, Turkey's European side, includes around 10% of the population and covers 3% of the surface area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the 4872:

using charges of "terrorism" and "anti-state activities". In 2020, the CPJ identified 18 jailed journalists in Turkey (including the editorial staff of

27298: 25726: 17373: 8236: 6575: 6182: 5975:

Turkey has made security of its energy supply a top priority, given its heavy reliance on gas and oil imports. Turkey's main energy supply sources are

5663:

Turkey is expected to have fast economic growth due to demographics and rapid urbanization. The following table is from the OECD Long Term Projections.

5395:, now extinct, lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the latter half of the 20th century. Renowned domestic animals from Ankara include the 22491: 21926:

Bosma, Ulbe; Lucassen, Jan; Oostindie, Gert (2012). "Introduction. Postcolonial Migrations and Identity Politics: Towards a Comparative Perspective".

16842:. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Standing Committee, 24th meeting, 29 November-3 December 2004, Strasbourg. 15915: 15885: 14060: 7161:

is responsible for pre-tertiary education. Compulsory education is free at public schools and lasts 12 years, divided into three parts. There are 208

27205: 26695: 26481: 26476: 26385: 26370: 25721: 22445: 17516: 17389: 17146: 14760: 14708: 14280: 11922: 10313: 9733: 20074: 18035: 17693: 15867: 14915: 13158: 11853: 9042: 26471: 26466: 26461: 26456: 26451: 19289: 16616: 15959: 13991: 8027:, Turkic people had been familiar with using skewers to cook meat. Turkish cuisine can be distinguished by its various kinds of kebabs. Similarly, 7779: 7189: 5329: 2934:

resulted in estimated 5 million deaths, with more than 3 million in Balkans; the casualties included Turks. Five to seven or seven to nine million

622: 23058: 21648: 20192: 17812: 16592: 16089: 14815: 7448:

Beginning in the 19th century, Ottoman literature was influenced by the West. New genres, such as novels and journalistic style, were introduced.

28579: 27372: 26380: 26335: 25701: 25696: 23444: 18149: 16149: 14877: 12766: 11717: 4825: 3358: 3237: 1104: 21451: 18843: 14253: 13456: 12799: 7282:

Average life expectancy is 78.6 years (75.9 for males and 81.3 for females), compared with the EU average of 81 years. Turkey has high rates of

7250: 26025: 20362: 17893: 17429:

Taymaz, Erol; Yilmaz, Kamil (2008). "Integration with the Global Economy: The Case of Turkish Automobile and Consumer Electronics Industries".

17305: 16779: 9012: 8334:

are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.

7135: 4656: 4635:, with an estimated strength of 890,700 military personnel as of February 2022. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the 19649: 14375: 12323:

Levene, Mark (Winter 1998). "Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923".

28639: 26375: 23981: 21743: 21523: 21247: 18584: 18303: 17544: 17466: 17268: 16110: 15835: 14656: 14401: 13562: 13521: 13016: 6077: 5746: 4910: 4115: 3138: 744: 23158: 21626: 20553: 19476: 17254: 8870: 8735: 28589: 28258: 28253: 28110: 28000: 26688: 24144: 23523: 21724: 20272: 16305:: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)" 16090:"Almost half of people in Turkey think that LGBT+ people should have equal rights, nine percent more than last year, according to a survey" 13862: 13418: 11389:

Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations

10125: 8031:

dishes were influenced by Turkish cuisine. Further information about cuisine during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods comes from the works of

6939: 5937: 5309: 5182: 4801: 4417: 3950: 3283: 2852: 1266: 799: 21414: 16131: 13939: 13652: 6406:

identities, such as both Turk and Kurd. In 2006, an estimated 2.7 million ethnic Turks and Kurds were related from interethnic marriages.

4668: 2777:

united Anatolia under Ottoman rule. Turkification continued as Ottomans mixed with various indigenous people in Anatolia and the Balkans.

26082: 25668: 24525: 21221: 19772: 19548: 18939: 15270: 13498: 12650: 12118: 11883: 8900: 7939:

trends, such as shopping malls and office towers. Luxury residences with "Turkish house style" have been in demand. In the 21st century,

6970: 6081: 5909: 4644: 2381: 20228: 17572: 16856: 15647: 15391: 13616: 13180:

Esen, Berk; Gumuscu, Sebnem (11 May 2020). "Why did Turkish democracy collapse? A political economy account of AKP's authoritarianism".

12140: 10968: 5797: 4286:

generally shows the influence of the Swiss, German and French legal systems. Islamic principles do not play a part in the legal system.

3302:. Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories were 1955:

to the west coast of Anatolia. These eastern Greek settlements played a vital role in shaping the Archaic Greek civilization; important

27365: 27278: 27193: 26328: 25691: 24117: 23518: 21387: 19773:"Russian migration to Turkey spikes by 218% in aftermath of Ukraine war – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 18566: 17147:"Miles to Go: Emerging markets must balance overcoming the pandemic, returning to more normal policies, and rebuilding their economies" 15202: 11329: 10121: 8354:

Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable

8275: 8198: 6954: 6442:. In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to 4676: 4664: 973: 586: 26067: 17027:, p. 28: "The first prerequisite for reducing vulnerability and impacts of climate change is rapid, robust, and inclusive growth" 15154: 14622: 12053: 26293: 26288: 26272: 26267: 21599: 20041: 19790: 15934: 15703: 14467: 13038: 11820: 7976: 7879:

mixed "traditional Anatolian Islamic architecture with local building materials and techniques". Following the conquest of Istanbul,

7170: 4777:

The human rights record of Turkey has been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1959 and 2011 the

4543: 4387: 4193: 3327: 3102: 2789: 1250: 692: 502: 18548: 15671: 15296: 14341: 14173: 5845:

report, Istanbul is the most visited city in the world, with more than 20.2 million foreign visitors in 2023. Antalya has surpassed

3117:

on 11 October 1922. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of

2007:

in 750–480 BC. The Greek cities along the Aegean prospered with trade, and saw remarkable scientific and scholarly accomplishments.

28594: 25021: 23915: 19408: 19372:

Fathers Across Cultures: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads

17661: 17287: 16993: 15590: 10256: 10183: 8363: 8252: 8194: 6084:. In 2024, Turkey, Iraq, UAE, and Qatar signed an agreement to link Iraqi port facilities to Turkey via road and rail connections. 4782: 4452: 4359: 4297: 2346: 16546: 14535: 13084: 12091:; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in 10785: 6545: 2871: 25322: 24937: 24814: 23304: 17337: 16416:

Sianko, Ilya; Ozdemir, Zuhal; Khoshkholghi, Soheil; Garcia, Reyes; Hajirasouliha, Iman; Yazgan, Ufuk; Pilakoutas, Kypros (2020).

14228: 13344: 12386: 8362:

Internet use constitute a vibrant media industry in Turkey. The majority of the TV audiences are shared among public broadcaster

7158: 4715: 4640: 2211:

intervened in Anatolia in the second century BC. Without an heir, Pergamum's king left the kingdom to Rome, which was annexed as

1351:, the etymology is still unknown. In addition to usage in languages such as Chinese in the 6th century, the earliest mention of 25603:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

17488: 13282: 10057: 5455: 26255: 26075: 25746: 24407: 23549: 23496: 19203: 18414: 17907: 7217: 7209: 7166: 6626: 6616: 6611: 6601: 6568: 6080:

in the world. Turkey aims to become a transportation hub. It is part of various routes that connect Asia and Europe, including

5830: 4869: 4861: 4169: 4157: 4098:

of both local and general elections are high compared to many other countries, which usually stands higher than 80%. President

4013: 3958: 3346: 1940: 1876:. These three cultures "can be considered a reassertion of the ancient, indigenous culture of the Hattian cities of Anatolia". 1309: 1171: 416: 21549: 16668: 14997: 11073: 3357:

lifted a rule that required each ballot to have an official stamp. The opposition parties claimed that as many as 2.5 million

2337:

was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as

2108:

ruled large parts of Anatolia, while native Anatolian states emerged in the Marmara and Black Sea areas. In eastern Anatolia,

23120: 23099: 23048: 23027: 22993: 22966: 22945: 22895: 22874: 22826: 22805: 22755: 22736: 22688: 22661: 22613: 22586: 22559: 22517: 22480: 22431: 22410: 22389: 22368: 22322: 22295: 22247: 22226: 22116: 22062: 22027: 22008: 21987: 21966: 21916: 21889: 21862: 21819: 21798: 20091: 19839: 19460: 19380: 19215: 19053: 18974: 18947: 18918: 18891: 18793: 18731: 18398: 16818: 16725: 15502: 15463: 15424: 15385: 15264: 15196: 14974: 14937: 14858: 14724: 14557: 13574: 13533: 13492: 12748: 12644: 12606: 12567: 12513: 12503: 12422: 12359: 12300: 12213: 12177: 11916: 11784: 11750: 11431: 11348:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples" 11133: 10880: 10115:"Marka Olarak 'Türkiye' İbaresinin Kullanımı (Presidential Circular No. 2021/24 on the Use of the Term "Türkiye" as a Brand)" 10098: 9855: 9663: 9353: 7916: 7754: 6124: 5880: 5742: 5703:

account for the majority of GDP, whereas industry accounts for more than 30%. Agriculture contributes about 7%. According to

4849: 4695: 4071: 2896: 15430: 15352: 14591: 14405: 14142: 12890: 12573: 12183: 10226: 9861: 8769: 5173:

earthquakes, North Anatolian Fault zone activity "is considered to be one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Turkey".

2702:

of the diverse people of Anatolia. In 13th century, there was a second significant wave of Turkic migration, as people fled

23427: 23282: 17524: 16037: 14783: 13396: 13370: 9038: 7174: 5996: 4925:

was inaugurated in 2003, Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country to hold a gay pride march. Since 2015, parades at

2655:

traditions played in art, culture, and political traditions in the empire, the Seljuk period is described as a mixture of "

2329:

in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the

1096: 19746: 13314: 13110: 12976: 11424:

Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries

2511: 28291: 26711: 25774: 25014: 23874: 23589: 23415: 20722: 19290:"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne" 18697: 16838: 15492: 14686: 7228:

Programme. Turkey has become a hub for foreign students in recent years, with 795,962 foreign students in 2016. In 2021

7062: 6061: 4813: 4433: 4130: 4119: 1262: 1016: 23004: 15318: 9850:. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. 8283: 8256: 4901:

was organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul have been denied permission by the government.

4412:. Turkey has sought closer relations with the Central Asian Turkic states after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Closer 2503: 2116:

invaded central Anatolia and continued as a major ethnic group in the area for around 200 years. They were known as the

27803: 25506: 24365: 23905: 23895: 22538: 21945: 20602:"Spatial distribution of health risks associated with PM2.5 in Turkey and Iran using satellite and ground observations" 19892: 17708:"International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter" 15753: 10030: 7899:. Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by European elements, resulting in development of 7526: 6636: 6194: 6053: 5941: 5684: 4593: 4559: 4487: 4363: 4123: 3962: 3370: 3338: 2074: 1214: 1163: 725: 515: 18003: 16686: 15810: 15093: 8832: 5308:, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as 27991: 27388: 27137: 26351: 25706: 23910: 23857: 23795: 23483: 23466: 22915: 22784: 22715: 22634: 22268: 22199: 22170: 22143: 22089: 21777: 19885: 18359: 16899: 12467: 12446: 10763: 9425: 9159:, p. 1576: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region" 8739: 6561: 5174: 4757: 4575: 4351: 4293: 3982: 3905: 3354: 3191: 3110: 3042: 2824: 1765:, with Hittite being the "oldest attested Indo-European language". The origin of Indo-European languages is unknown. 452: 18017: 15453: 14497: 12226: 9687: 9574:

Turkey has 3 out of the 36 biodiversity hotspots on Earth: the Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Irano-Anatolian hotspots

8206: 5493:

median is two out of ten. Inclusive and swift growth is needed for decreasing vulnerability. Turkey aims to achieve

4582:

for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location. Turkey does not recognize

25764: 24343: 24028: 23827: 23751: 23539: 19248:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?" 17688: 17603: 17413: 12707: 12621:

programme aimed at the creation of a modern, secular state and the construction of a new identity for its citizens.

10090: 10050:"Treaty Between Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey. (Berlin). July 13, 1878" 7197: 6093: 5305: 4952: 4857: 4266:

of 1911. Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, it retains much of the basis of the original Code. The

4075: 4006: 3299: 3295: 2836: 2318: 2003:, after the specific Greek groups that settled them. Further Greek colonization in Anatolia was led by Miletus and 20253: 19680: 18243: 18118: 15617: 15124: 10279: 5469:, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate 3267: 2808:

in 1839, aimed to modernize the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe. The

151: 26046: 25839: 25661: 25571: 24518: 24023: 23471: 10026:

The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes

9476: 8710: 8260: 8240: 7987:

Turkey has a diverse and rich cuisine, varying geographically. Turkish cuisine has been influenced by Anatolian,

7258: 7185:, YÖK). Since 2016, the president of Turkey directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities. 6057: 4816:

by Turkey, the United States, and the European Union) was founded in 1978 by a group of Kurdish militants led by

4699: 4612: 4413: 3026: 2994: 2860: 2710:

in 1243 and disappeared by the beginning of the 14th century. It was replaced by various Turkish principalities.

2416: 18499: 16921:

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (2018).

6271:. In a 2018 health survey, the ideal children number was 2.8 children per woman, rising to 3 per married woman. 5489:. This applies to nine out of ten climate vulnerability dimensions, such as "average annual risk to wellbeing". 4628: 2966:

has called the Balkan Wars an "unrecognized genocide", where multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators.

2477: 28574: 28564: 27117: 26261: 25711: 24917: 24165: 23862: 23817: 23731: 23709: 23622: 23065: 21095:, filo: "Although known to Europeans and N. Americans by a Greek name, the dough is clearly of Turkish origin." 18838: 14679:"Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV flies in formation with the Turkish Stars aerobatics team of the Turkish Air Force" 14090: 10151: 8773: 7880: 7729: 7557:

are some of the art forms for which modern-day Turkish artists are recognized as leaders in the Islamic world.

7493: 7485: 7162: 7058: 6327: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5504: 5212: 5206: 5013: 4778: 4197: 4067: 4017: 3998: 3437: 2109: 1575: 1218: 1139: 673: 431: 21298: 20983: 20337: 16786:. Ministry of Forest and Water – General Directorare of Nature Conservation and National Parks. Archived from 14112: 6259:, the country's population was 85,372,377 in 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection. 93% lived in 4805: 3291: 3287: 3133:. The Turkish Republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital. The 2970: 2931: 1195: 1191: 1115: 134: 28614: 26309: 26190: 26106: 25716: 24254: 23971: 23692: 18656: 17580: 16231: 15916:"17th İstanbul LGBTI+ Pride Parade: Police Attack with Shields, Pepper Gas After Pride Parade Statement Read" 13889: 13452: 9501: 8943: 8674: 8175: 8148: 7854: 7205: 7146: 6589: 6198: 5791: 5754: 5727: 5707:

estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is $ 42,064 in 2023, while its nominal GDP per capita is $ 12,849.

5142: 4797:. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to the country's membership of the EU. 4421: 4398: 4016:. The Parliament and the president serve a five-year terms, with elections on the same day. The president is 3932: 2797: 2515: 1285: 1238: 868: 2251: 28634: 25419: 24921: 24466: 24338: 24033: 23664: 23644: 22509:

The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

21653: 17183: 16011: 14056: 8399: 8268: 8264: 8248: 8183: 7908: 7900: 7094: 6213: 6174: 5921: 5618: 5595: 5486: 5132: 5107:

tectonic plates merge. The eastern Anatolian plateau and Armenian plateau definitions largely overlap. The

5041: 5037: 4853: 4587: 4527: 4463: 4383: 4305: 4189: 4060: 3859: 3323: 3183: 3059: 2986: 2809: 2663:

and Anatolia. At the time, Anatolia was a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being

1313: 1254: 1060: 18268: 16175: 15784: 15735: 12595:

Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Wadad Kadi; Devin J. Stewart; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Mahan Mirza (2012).

11906: 9713: 8004: 7426: 5925: 4393: 2761:. Ottomans started annexing the nearby Turkish beyliks (principalities) in Anatolia and expanded into the 27969: 25597:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

24293: 23920: 23900: 23822: 23746: 23491: 23297: 22441: 22209:

Filho, Walter Leal; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Moggi, Sara; Price, Elizabeth; Hope, Alex, eds. (2023).

22183:

The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2, The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

18128: 17151: 16241: 14907: 13150: 13132: 11843: 10344: 9511: 9034: 8986: 8842: 8319: 8163: 7266: 7232:, a government-funded program, received 165,000 applications from prospective students in 178 countries. 7082: 6120: 6068:

is the largest subway network in the country with around 704 million annual ridership in 2019. There are

5929: 5704: 4809: 4479: 4317: 4301: 4235: 4046: 4002: 3319: 3091: 1560: 1159: 849: 844: 489: 22835: 20175: 20126:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici SÖZCÜ'ye açıkladı: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 18936:

Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)

15963: 12543:

Political Islam and the Secular State in Turkey: Democracy, Reform and the Justice and Development Party

9626: 192: 31: 28619: 26097: 25654: 24511: 24016: 23991: 23869: 23719: 23556: 23544: 23410: 23069: 21477:"Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage in Households and by Individuals, 2022" 19721:"İçişleri Bakanı Yerlikaya, Türk vatandaşı olan Suriyelilerin sayısının 238 bine yaklaştığını açıkladı" 19430: 17349: 16132:"Of 23 Countries Surveyed, Majority (65%) in 20 Countries Support Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Unions" 13911: 11709: 11232: 11174: 10963: 10920: 10024: 7934:. Modernist and monumental buildings were preferred for public buildings, whereas "Turkish house" type 7876: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7519:

Turkey's visual arts scene can be categorized into two, as "decorative" and "fine" arts. Fine arts, or

6935: 6069: 5933: 5917: 5901: 5866: 5313: 4632: 2832: 2744: 2082: 2016: 1183: 1072: 830: 24970:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

19831:

Around the World of Orthodox Christianity – Five Hundred Million Strong: The Unifying Aesthetic Beauty

18883:

Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices

18648: 17636: 17369: 17209: 15231: 8287: 7391: 6330:'s estimation was 76% in 2006, with 78% of adult citizens self-identifying their ethnic background as 6177:, and to improve capabilities in space exploration, astronomy, and satellite communication. Under the 3749: 3405:). Other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government, except for the mayors ( 28609: 24194: 23832: 23812: 23459: 21503: 20601: 18833: 17549: 16765: 12803: 9966: 7621: 7457: 7364: 7078: 6509: 6268: 6049: 5948:

in the energy system. As of 2017, while the government had invested in low carbon energy transition,

5842: 5708: 5599: 5321: 4707: 4289: 4263: 4255: 4225: 4165: 4050: 3994: 3888: 3342: 3079: 3055: 2851:, mostly settling in the provinces of present-day Turkey. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a 2568: 2266:

writes of "the church of Ephesus, founded by Paul, with John continuing with them until the times of

1952: 18783: 18294: 17889: 17313: 16787: 14748: 7464:, the first female Turkish novelist, wrote fiction. After the proclamation of the republic in 1923, 7142: 5325: 3679: 3318:

became the first female prime minister of Turkey in 1993. Turkey applied for full membership of the

2793: 27936: 27188: 27082: 24392: 24058: 23756: 23685: 23454: 14379: 13683:"Turkey's institutions are failing to comply with good governance principles and combat corruption" 12382: 9877: 9417: 8532: 7451: 6621: 6606: 6144: 6136: 5876: 5853:

to become the fourth most visited city in the world, with more than 16.5 million foreign visitors.

5446: 5372: 5258: 5158: 4243: 3047: 2998: 2813: 2785: 2058: 1392: 1305: 1289: 1088: 401: 21854: 21527: 21418: 21251: 19387:

Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group (about 20%), and Armenians, Greeks, Sephardic Jews,...

18296: 17462: 14441: 13012: 12292:

The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, And the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians

8673:

The Turkish government considers that, for the purpose of the Treaty of Lausanne, the language of

7740: 6011: 5170: 5166: 4343: 3619: 3156: 3083: 3051: 2495: 1179: 28284: 24879: 24454: 23741: 23714: 23659: 23654: 23506: 23236: 23019:

From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin Deweese

22890: 21329:"2023 CEV Women's Champions League Super Final: VakifBank Istanbul – Ezcacibasi Dynavit Istanbul" 20042:"Global Christianity - A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 16262: 13445: 11347: 10790: 9971: 8866: 8743: 8007:, from the 11th century, documents "the ancient lineage of much of present-day Turkish cuisine". 7935: 7896: 7721: 7576: 7473: 7469: 7291: 7097:

among the Muslim-majority countries. Currently, there are 439 churches and synagogues in Turkey.

7086: 6394: 6205: 6170: 6160: 5692: 5576: 5375:

is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey. The

5186: 5108: 5033: 5025: 4604: 3739: 3614: 3574: 3225: 3171: 2707: 2656: 2400: 2232: 2104:

of the Anatolian interior, which met resistance in some places. Following Alexander's death, the

1762: 1618: 1468: 1380: 1301: 777: 650: 338: 24: 23501: 21140: 19967:"The politics of population in a nation-building process: Emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey" 19809:"Late Antique and Medieval Churches and Monasteries of Midyat and Surrounding Area (Tur 'Abdin)" 18626: 18173: 18057: 11221:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" 11163:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" 10114: 9008: 8000: 7883:

emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The most important architect of the classical period is

7465: 7229: 5959: 5340:

extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the

5177:

were the deadliest in contemporary Turkish history. Turkey is sometimes unfavorably compared to

4271: 4099: 3167: 2301:

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the

1518: 1175: 392: 27077: 25784: 25092: 24249: 24189: 24177: 24070: 23927: 23420: 23343: 23290: 20787: 19070: 16469: 16135: 9656:

Turkish Drama Serials: The Importance and Influence of a Globally Popular Television Phenomenon

8222: 8218: 8214: 7826: 7818: 7694: 7379: 7254: 7090: 7024: 6958: 6233: 6045: 5829:

in the number of international tourist arrivals with 50.5 million foreign tourists. Turkey has

5357: 5349: 5337: 5119:, the largest lake in the country. Eastern Turkey is home to the sources of rivers such as the 5049: 4833: 4751: 4703: 4583: 4579: 4459: 4161: 4146: 4026: 3986: 3954: 3882: 3609: 3241: 3233: 3179: 3130: 3067: 3006: 2770: 2322: 2147: 2089: 1715: 1571: 1501: 1493: 1321: 1143: 1080: 1004: 700: 644: 604: 558: 24244: 22985: 22472: 21225: 19556: 19370: 18908: 18881: 18332: 18214: 18154: 17766:"30 Years of World Bank Group Partnership with Turkey: Achieving Development Results Together" 15254: 14964: 13482: 13287: 12740: 12734: 12634: 12290: 12110: 11875: 11774: 11740: 11123: 10624: 10004: 8892: 8492: 7764: 7511: 7383: 7269:

has run a universal public healthcare system since 2003. Known as Universal Health Insurance (

6679: 6358: 6159:. In 2023, Turkey ranked 39th in the world and 4th among its upper-middle income group in the 6132: 4824:

ideology. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.

3809: 3459: 89: 27984: 26056: 25575: 25438: 25409: 24911: 24397: 24182: 24172: 24139: 23879: 23702: 20925:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire | 2. Turkey; Balyan 19702: 19480: 18964: 16597: 15375: 14850: 13627: 12596: 12144: 9979: 8547:

countries in 2016. Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series.

8331: 7996: 7988: 7842: 7584: 7241: 7046: 7016: 6925: 6459: 5949: 5668: 5466: 5150: 5084: 4889: 4790: 4781:

made more than 2,400 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations on issues such as

4347: 3970: 3409:) who are elected by the constituents. Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies ( 3217: 3207: 3075: 3022: 2525: 2212: 2186: 1293: 1202: 544: 373: 26680: 23312: 22818:

Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor Volume I: The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule

22213:. Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Springer Cham. 21391: 20480:

Atun, Rifat (2015). "Transforming Turkey's Health System — Lessons for Universal Coverage".

17124: 16494: 7892: 7201: 6297: 5298: 3529: 3479: 3474: 28569: 27941: 27782: 27199: 27152: 27029: 24779: 24333: 24328: 24313: 24259: 24204: 24088: 23947: 23932: 23780: 23697: 23511: 23156: 22314: 22287: 22162: 22108: 22081: 21908: 20613: 19578: 19339: 18521:

Rossiter, Ash; Cannon, Brendon J. (2022). "Turkey's rise as a drone power: Trial by fire".

18445: 17937: 17051: 17039: 17024: 16934: 16429: 15185: 14371: 13807:

Giedraityte, Ieva (2023). "Beyond hierarchy: Regional orders in the twenty-first century".

13042: 11293: 10484: 10473:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" 10426: 9898: 9607: 8657: 8159: 7872: 7700: 7221: 7150: 7105: 6439: 6419: 6382: 6310: 6284: 6264: 6190: 5968: 5893: 5353: 5341: 5238: 5154: 5088: 5061: 4865: 4794: 4551: 4539: 4509: 4499: 4134: 3874: 3829: 3804: 3187: 3114: 3071: 2882: 2855:, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the 2820: 2628: 2598: 2424: 2239: 1920: 1806: 1766: 1695: 1281: 1012: 961: 957: 269: 27357: 26320: 21476: 21191: 20338:"Erasmus+ EU programme for education, training, youth and sport | Eligible countries" 16712:, World Geomorphological Landscapes, Springer International Publishing, pp. 603–632, 15494:

Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law

15007:. European Union Institute for Security Studies. February 2007. p. 88. Archived from 11812: 10082: 7912: 6128: 5293:

is mostly found in Turkey and other east Mediterranean countries. Several wild species of

5079:

Tectonic map of Turkey. Straight lines and lines with triangles denote different types of

4894: 3744: 3654: 3469: 2892: 8: 26727: 25854: 25531: 25364: 25162: 24856: 24209: 24160: 24093: 24043: 23942: 23852: 23800: 23613: 23594: 23380: 21500: 19509: 18458: 18433: 18196:"Iraq, Turkey, Qatar, UAE sign preliminary deal to cooperate on Development Road project" 17390:"'In world ranking, we are 6th based on the number of pieces, and 13th based on tonnage'" 8539:'s television market over the past decade, Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen 8327: 8179: 8171: 8167: 7931: 7418: 7317: 7213: 7126: 7117: 7074: 7042: 7012: 6646: 6463: 6451: 6443: 6427: 6366: 6319: 6288: 5870: 5479: 5416: 5281: 5242: 5217: 5146: 4981: 4946: 4739: 4571: 4567: 4547: 4505: 4339: 4331: 4173: 4172:

became the most popular political parties in Turkey, winning numerous elections. Turkish

4142: 4138: 4042: 3990: 3946: 3936: 3911: 3794: 3429: 3417: 3350: 3275: 3261: 3163: 3144: 3018: 3002: 2844: 2671: 2592: 2396: 2385: 2330: 2294: 2204: 2194: 1837: 1779:

rulers. The Hittite kingdom was a large kingdom in Central Anatolia, with its capital of

1758: 1552: 1297: 1273: 1226: 1036: 573: 386: 304: 25510: 20617: 20578: 20383: 19117: 18785:

The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives

18449: 17960: 17941: 17925: 17684:"Turkey's Travel & Tourism Sector to Grow at Twice the Rate of the National Economy" 17000: 16938: 16433: 15293:"U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Counterterrorism: Foreign Terrorist Organizations" 15292: 12594: 11251: 11220: 11193: 11162: 10488: 10430: 10248: 7597: 7276: 7002: 4238:

is the final court for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice.

3854: 3624: 3534: 3303: 3095: 3030: 2819:

As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the

67: 28599: 28277: 26954: 25430: 25006: 24835: 24380: 24323: 24303: 24216: 24105: 24048: 23844: 23766: 23432: 23353: 23348: 21682: 21006: 20883:, Architecture | VI. c. 1250–c. 1500 | B. Anatolia | 2. Ottomans to 1453 20637: 20407: 19986: 19317: 19179: 19167: 19098: 19045: 18764: 18123: 17187: 16955: 16922: 16731: 16538: 16236: 16063: 15155:"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011" 14527: 13264: 13215: 13076: 12772: 12689: 12088: 11848: 11321: 10611:

Heggarty, Paul (2021). "Cognacy Databases and Phylogenetic Research on Indo-European".

10513: 10472: 10447: 10414: 10336: 9544:"The Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Turkey" 9506: 9394: 8837: 8139: 8076:, originally from Turkey, is marinated lamb slices cooked vertically. Seafood includes 7746: 7580: 7566: 7414: 7347: 7331: 7246: 6983: 6529: 6455: 6423: 6342: 6323: 6221: 5953: 5564:

thanks to the high amounts of precipitation on the northern side of the mountain range.

5494: 5420: 5198: 4993: 4840: 4483: 4279: 4201: 4153: 4107: 4091: 3878: 3789: 3729: 3634: 3514: 3390: 3125: 3087: 2856: 2691: 2648: 2615: 2420: 2255: 2247: 2133: 2129: 2117: 2066: 2062: 2024: 1915: 1885: 1730: 1654: 1415: 1167: 1028: 529: 367: 299: 20144:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 16418:"A practical probabilistic earthquake hazard analysis tool: Case study Marmara region" 16275:: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey" 16221:, p. 125: "Anatolia, , Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey" 14220: 13340: 12378: 9414:

The Thirty-Year Genocide - Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

7794: 6350: 6048:

operates both conventional and high speed trains, with the government expanding both.

5233:

Turkey's position at the crossroads of the land, sea and air routes between the three

4930: 4817: 4111: 3839: 3629: 3389:

structure in terms of public administration, and the provinces are subordinate to the

3220:

became the country's second president following Atatürk's death in 1938. In 1939, the

2751:

in the early 14th century. According to Ottoman chroniclers, Osman descended from the

1699: 1444:). Turkestan, also meaning the "land of the Turks", was used for a historic region in 422: 28348: 26051: 25829: 25731: 25677: 25629: 25137: 24989: 24614: 24503: 24478: 24425: 24387: 24350: 24236: 24221: 24038: 23976: 23963: 23937: 23805: 23736: 23680: 23599: 23392: 23367: 23328: 23116: 23095: 23044: 23023: 22989: 22962: 22941: 22870: 22822: 22801: 22780: 22761: 22751: 22732: 22711: 22684: 22657: 22630: 22609: 22582: 22555: 22534: 22513: 22476: 22427: 22406: 22385: 22364: 22318: 22291: 22264: 22243: 22222: 22195: 22166: 22139: 22112: 22085: 22058: 22033: 22023: 22004: 21983: 21962: 21941: 21912: 21885: 21858: 21815: 21794: 21773: 20641: 20629: 20535: 20497: 20312: 20087: 19990: 19835: 19456: 19376: 19351: 19321: 19309: 19258: 19211: 19171: 19129: 19102: 19090: 19049: 18970: 18943: 18914: 18887: 18789: 18768: 18727: 18394: 17965: 17813:"The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe)" 17499: 16960: 16814: 16735: 16721: 15736:"Turkey sacks more than 18,000 personnel ahead of expected lifting of emergency rule" 15498: 15459: 15420: 15381: 15260: 15192: 14970: 14854: 14843: 14730: 14720: 13570: 13529: 13488: 13268: 13256: 13219: 13207: 12744: 12693: 12640: 12602: 12563: 12509: 12463: 12442: 12418: 12355: 12296: 12209: 12173: 11912: 11780: 11746: 11427: 11373: 11325: 11313: 11256: 11198: 11129: 10876: 10518: 10500: 10452: 10094: 10049: 9851: 9659: 9565: 9421: 9386: 9349: 8572: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8475: 8467: 8422: 8404: 8202: 7838: 7538: 7461: 7422: 7351: 7303: 6592:'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024. 6525: 6517: 6493: 6035: 5984: 5885: 5838: 5814: 5654: 5648: 5440: 5424: 5361: 5136: 5045: 5005: 4652: 4555: 4531: 4513: 4429: 4275: 3719: 3674: 3494: 3376: 3245: 3010: 2990: 2923: 2827:; many Balkan Muslims migrated to the empire's heartland in Anatolia, along with the 2679: 2644: 2620: 2603: 2444: 2399:

of the early Church were held in cities located in present-day Turkey, including the

2224: 2078: 2054: 2035: 2030: 2008: 1911: 1675: 1556: 1546: 1407: 1277: 1258: 1210: 1155: 1147: 1064: 1024: 933: 909: 814: 460: 289: 284: 22843:(Report). OECD Education Policy Perspectives. Vol. 68. Paris: OECD Publishing. 22331: 21678:"Here's why Turkish soaps are a cultural force to reckon with! – The Economic Times" 20913:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire | 2. Turkey 19615: 18677: 13884: 9398: 8516: 8279: 8232: 7888: 7193: 4836:

from prosecution, including 44 deputies most of which from the pro-Kurdish parties.

4686:

Turkey has participated in international missions under the United Nations and NATO

4478:, which was criticized by Iraq for violating its sovereignty and killing civilians. 3659: 3644: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3509: 3334:

in 2005. Customs Union had an important impact on the Turkish manufacturing sector.

2888: 2847:

in the territory of present-day Russia, the survivors of which sought refuge in the

1511: 27977: 27956: 27951: 27946: 25567: 24874: 24308: 24276: 24098: 24053: 23996: 23649: 23572: 23387: 23165: 23138: 22981: 22844: 22703: 22676: 22649: 22601: 22574: 22468: 22356: 22310: 22283: 22214: 22187: 22158: 22131: 22104: 22077: 22050: 21933: 21904: 21877: 21850: 21557: 21496: 20621: 20527: 20489: 19978: 19720: 19301: 19275:

Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court, 18 June 2013 (E. 2012/1746, K. 2013/952).

19163: 19082: 18756: 18530: 18453: 18386: 18273: 18218: 17955: 17945: 17611: 17442: 17434: 16950: 16942: 16713: 16660: 16437: 16394: 15811:"Turkey's crackdown propels number of journalists in jail worldwide to record high" 15416:

The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War

15008: 14018:"Syrian president says efforts to restore ties with Turkey have yielded no results" 13812: 13246: 13197: 13189: 12681: 12332: 11363: 11359: 11305: 11246: 11236: 11188: 11178: 11065: 10620: 10508: 10492: 10442: 10434: 10328: 10216: 10042: 9725: 9555: 9378: 8762: 8686: 8627: 8615: 8603: 8591: 8440: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8355: 8349: 8024: 7924: 7834: 7802: 7678: 7313: 7178: 6993: 6943: 6896: 6501: 6497: 6486: 6431: 6402: 6386: 6362: 6292: 6073: 6007: 5976: 5964: 5913: 5862: 5787: 5731: 5561: 5549: 5530: 5380: 5265: 5162: 5096: 5057: 5053: 5029: 4844: 4829: 4660: 4648: 4444: 4259: 3974: 3966: 3799: 3779: 3769: 3764: 3754: 3724: 3714: 3684: 3604: 3599: 3584: 3579: 3559: 3524: 3504: 3499: 3211: 2915: 2733: 2675: 2660: 2659:". In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into 2652: 2636: 2560: 2548: 2529: 2450: 2440: 2290: 2259: 2243: 2220: 2190: 2151: 2070: 1750: 1734: 1703: 1691: 1423: 1387: 1340: 1206: 1056: 1044: 1000: 901: 752: 294: 227: 54: 20531: 19642:"Number of Syrian Kurds fleeing to Turkey nears 140,000; humanitarian needs mount" 18534: 17950: 17637:"Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) – Turkey | Data" 16227:: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)" 13251: 13234: 9960: 8036: 7682: 7658: 7129:

was restructured in 1933, after being established as a theological school in 1453.

6039: 5065: 4988:. Another definition of Anatolia's eastern boundary is an imprecise line from the 4176:

parties are more likely to embrace the principles of political ideologies such as

3569: 3307: 1947:

Before 1200 BC, there were four Greek-speaking settlements in Anatolia, including

1492:

has been used in international treaties referring to the Ottoman Empire. With the

407: 28559: 28511: 28191: 27422: 27417: 27412: 27407: 27402: 27087: 26666: 26491: 26486: 26226: 25909: 25622: 25535: 25343: 25222: 25049: 24830: 24546: 24442: 24375: 24355: 24286: 24281: 24226: 24199: 24110: 24083: 23761: 23726: 23110: 23089: 23038: 23017: 22956: 22935: 22864: 22816: 22795: 22774: 22726: 22624: 22549: 22528: 22507: 22421: 22400: 22379: 22258: 22237: 22181: 21998: 21977: 21956: 21809: 21788: 21767: 20801: 20518:

Oguz, Ahmet Bunyan (2020). "Turkish Health Policies: Past, Present, and Future".

20081: 19886:"Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society" 19829: 19808: 19448: 18383:

2015 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST)

16923:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" 16717: 15654: 15414: 15344: 14707: 14412: 14311:"Turkey's Domestic 5th Generation TF-X Fighter Jet Is On The Final Assembly Line" 14178: 13966:"Turkey heads to Arab League ministerial for first time in 13 years, source says" 13602: 12882: 12557: 12167: 10870: 10221: 10156: 10020: 9845: 9560: 9543: 8777: 8678: 8544: 8512: 8383: 8343: 8133: 8121: 7992: 7972: 7959: 7953: 7650: 7642: 7570: 7534: 7403: 7287: 6947: 6541: 6537: 6513: 6447: 6415: 6370: 6354: 6346: 6337: 6302: 5802: 5672: 5470: 5254: 5246: 5202: 5080: 4969: 4961: 4934: 4821: 4786: 4687: 4680: 4636: 4475: 4021: 3973:

and districts, in which the executive and legislative officials are elected by a

3834: 3819: 3814: 3774: 3704: 3699: 3649: 3594: 3564: 3539: 3489: 3464: 3454: 2993:. As a result, an estimated 600,000 to more than 1 million, or up to 1.5 million 2985:

and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the empire's Armenian subjects were

2947: 2580: 2544: 2216: 2105: 2093: 2050: 2000: 1784: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1593: 1317: 1131: 965: 332: 234: 23215: 19940: 19771:

Airport, Turkish Airlines planes are parked at the new Istanbul (24 July 2023).

16639:"Profesör Mustafa Erdik: Türkiye'de imar barışı olmasaydı da çok şey değişmezdi" 14790: 14682: 13778:"Turkey's top diplomat attends first EU meeting in 5 years in bid to boost ties" 13392: 13366: 9729: 8681:, even though the mother tongue of Turkish Jews was not Hebrew but historically 8311: 8193:

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. The

7654: 6374: 5451: 5069: 4968:

Turkey covers an area of 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles). With

4230: 3844: 3315: 3271: 2753: 1683: 1614: 1008: 437: 28177: 28134: 27821: 27157: 26446: 26441: 26436: 26431: 26041: 25979: 25804: 25736: 25600: 25297: 25112: 24298: 24078: 24001: 23634: 23402: 23363: 23129: 21347: 20017:"Türkiye farklı inançlara sağlanan ibadet yeri sayısında Batı'nın 5 kat önünde" 18589: 18319: 18021: 16442: 16417: 15840: 15708: 15676: 15658: 14531: 13816: 13106: 12987: 11705: 10916: 9714:"Mise en place for gastronomy geography through food: Flavor regions in Turkey" 9641: 8682: 8315: 8307: 8187: 8152: 8144: 7980: 7968: 7601: 7554: 7477: 7438: 7372: 7323: 7309: 7122: 7050: 7038: 6966: 6848: 6533: 6505: 6435: 6378: 6280: 6239: 6178: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6065: 6027: 6010:. Multiple bridges and tunnels connect Asian and European sides of Turkey; the 5945: 5622: 5462:

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a

5396: 5269: 5222: 5104: 5048:

becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. Mountain ranges include

5017: 4997: 4973: 4922: 4898: 4762: 4727: 4448: 4416:, a culturally close country, was achieved. Turkey is a founding member of the 4409: 4283: 4079: 4055: 3977:

of citizens by district. The government comprises three branches: first is the

3824: 3734: 3694: 3689: 3669: 3664: 3639: 3589: 3484: 3397:. In province centers the government is represented by the province governors ( 3380: 3331: 3249: 3014: 2982: 2959: 2848: 2729: 2719: 2610: 2540: 2350: 2326: 2310: 2306: 2282: 2228: 2208: 2139: 1833: 1530: 1473: 1451: 1426:, with its ruling elite of Turkic origin, was called the "State of the Turks" ( 1397: 1242: 1151: 1068: 949: 836: 473: 326: 279: 74: 22653: 22218: 22191: 21370:"Historical Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival kicks off in northwestern Turkey" 20625: 20206: 19982: 19305: 19118:"An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey" 19086: 18760: 18390: 18174:"Turkey as a Eurasian Transport Hub: Prospects for Inter-Regional Partnership" 17926:"Turkey's quest to become a regional energy hub: Challenges and opportunities" 14678: 14652: 13857: 13653:"European Parliament resolution of 14 April 2016 on the 2015 report on Turkey" 12685: 12054:"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, why did it happen and could it happen again" 11368: 10438: 9382: 8205:

is the most successful Turkish basketball club in international competitions.

7903:. European influence continued in the 19th century; examples include works of 7481: 5940:, fossil fuels still play a large role, accounting for 73%. A major reason of 3311: 2823:

in 1875 which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the

1500:

entered international documents for the first time. In the treaty signed with

1335:, meaning "the land of the Turks", had begun to be used in European texts for 28553: 28149: 27142: 26837: 26020: 25869: 25634: 25382: 25348: 25182: 24982: 24840: 24490: 24430: 24370: 24271: 24011: 24006: 23639: 23584: 23375: 23219: 22765: 22037: 21509: 21165: 20633: 20176:

OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023

19355: 19313: 19262: 19175: 19133: 19094: 15230:. European Parliament Human Rights committee. 26 October 2010. Archived from 14734: 13260: 13211: 13193: 12947:"Here's why Turkish opposition parties are contesting the referendum results" 12093: 11377: 11317: 11309: 10504: 9627:

OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023

9569: 9390: 8564: 8540: 8522: 8449: 8294: 7964: 7940: 7904: 7674: 7646: 7617: 7546: 7542: 7437:, was one of the most important writers of Anatolian Turkish poetry. Ottoman 7429:, from the 11th century, contains Turkish linguistic information and poetry. 7034: 6475: 6411: 6398: 6185:

was built. Turkey's first communication satellite manufactured domestically,

6151:

in terms of article output in scientific and technical journals, and 35th in

5980: 5850: 5522: 5400: 5392: 5376: 5100: 5021: 4926: 4322: 4267: 4103: 4095: 4030: 3784: 3759: 3709: 3519: 3386: 2951: 2703: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2664: 2632: 2556: 2458: 2436: 2389: 2101: 1968: 1749:

was a language indigenous to Anatolia, with no known modern-day connections.

1718:

around 9,000 years ago, eventually coming to dominate most of the continent.

1711: 1481: 1222: 1052: 1048: 1032: 861: 259: 207: 194: 166: 153: 20: 22598:

The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict

16257: 15531:"Turkish lecturer to be put on trial for posing exam question on PKK leader" 12352:

The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

10958: 8484: 7771: 6715: 6689: 6186: 5813:

Between 2007 and 2021, the share of population below the PPP-$ 6.85 per day

5630: 5075: 4086:

are also held occasionally. Every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 has the

2740: 28461: 28084: 27816: 27743: 27014: 26974: 26964: 26787: 26628: 26239: 25387: 25353: 25302: 24895: 24774: 24739: 24402: 24360: 23986: 23437: 21118: 20539: 20501: 20454:"Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura Şehir Hastanesi'nde 2 bin 68 sismik izolatör var" 19863: 19071:"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation" 17995: 17969: 17735: 16964: 16946: 15591:"İşte TBMM'nin 'dokunulmazlık' tablosu: 1980'den bu yana 44 vekillik düştü" 15228:"Human rights in Turkey: still a long way to go to meet accession criteria" 12336: 11260: 11202: 10755: 10522: 10456: 10280:"Photo story: tombs, turquoise seas and trekking along Turkey's Lycian Way" 8500: 8398:

is the government body overseeing the broadcast media. By circulation, the

8375: 8093: 8087: 8019:

are some of the earliest recorded examples of Turkish cuisine. Even though

7858: 7850: 7822: 7588: 7530: 7407: 7102: 6962: 6390: 6152: 5766: 5408: 5345: 5286: 5226: 5112: 4977: 4915: 4906: 4767: 4766:

Women demonstrating and asking for non-interference with their clothing in

4719: 4691: 4672: 4471: 4405: 4371: 4177: 3925: 3849: 3229: 3175: 3009:

were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the

2974: 2918:(1912–1913). Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as 2699: 2468: 2412: 2302: 2278: 2182: 2143: 2043: 1798: 1722: 1445: 1135: 1092: 1040: 810: 314: 274: 28426: 27999: 22707: 22680: 22605: 22360: 22054: 21881: 21830: 19896: 17545:"2023's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: Triumphs and Turmoil Uncovered" 17463:"Beko owner warns of 'very tough' 2024 for Europe's home appliance market" 17125:"Economic Outlook No 109 - February 2022 - Long-term baseline projections" 16372: 14565: 13235:"Social coexistence and violence during Turkey's authoritarian transition" 8428: 7841:

period, a distinct architecture emerged, which incorporated Byzantine and

7775: 7710: 6835: 6244: 6163:. It was one of the countries with a notable increase in the past decade. 5659: 5095:

Geographers have used the eastern Anatolian plateau, Iranian plateau, and

3449: 3148: 2273: 1663:

is a 760 kilometers (470 mi) long hiking path in Southwestern Turkey.

1633: 1603: 27931: 27147: 26862: 26752: 26516: 25964: 25904: 25465: 25282: 25217: 24994: 24724: 24664: 24659: 24554: 24266: 23577: 23037:

Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009).

22725:

Magnan-Park, Aaron Han Joon; Marchetti, Gina; Tan, See Kam, eds. (2018).

21790:

A History of Eastern Europe 1740-1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation

20493: 17438: 16330: 16292: 15836:"Turkish Journalists Targeted by Prosecutions, Fines, Jail Terms: Report" 12711: 9894: 9679: 8536: 8528: 8488: 8073: 7884: 7717: 7662: 7626: 7550: 7501: 7489: 7395: 7368: 7355: 7054: 6907: 6193:

center, an electron accelerator called TARLA became operational in 2024.

6015: 5988: 5485:

Due to socioeconomic, climatic, and geographic factors, Turkey is highly

5412: 5404: 5365: 4608: 4597: 4563:

armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.

4523: 4440: 4379: 4251: 4181: 4094:

for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1934. In Turkey,

3978: 3221: 2978: 2963: 2955: 2840: 2828: 2758: 2584: 2564: 2536: 2454: 2317:. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the 2314: 2020: 2012: 1929: 1505: 897: 28456: 23142: 22848: 22644:

Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin, eds. (2019).

22578: 22128:

Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923: The Impact of the West

20108:"Türkiye'de Hristiyan ve Yahudilere ait 439 ibadethane ve 24 dernek var" 19183: 19151: 18222: 17615: 17405: 12672:

Soner Çağaptay (2002). "Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s".

12460:

The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy

11241: 11183: 10496: 8647:

Even though they are not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Lausanne.

8410: 8235:

is one of the best women's volleyball team in the world, having won the

6859: 6326:, 70-75% of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks. Based on a survey, 5336:

which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the

4804:

between far-left and far-right militant groups, which culminated in the

3109:, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 2231:, while turning rest of Anatolian states into Roman satellites. Several 28491: 28099: 28054: 28039: 28024: 27858: 27626: 27565: 27552: 27513: 27500: 27024: 26994: 26922: 26912: 26882: 26872: 26827: 26777: 26767: 26642: 26600: 26572: 26558: 26530: 26180: 26154: 26141: 26128: 25934: 25899: 25879: 25252: 25212: 25192: 25172: 25077: 24784: 24759: 24674: 24654: 24604: 24574: 24564: 23169: 22748:

Greco-Roman Cities of Aegean Turkey: History, Archaeology, Architecture

21040: 21038: 21036: 21034: 21032: 21030: 21028: 20741: 19941:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Alevis" 19673:"Syrian Turkmens cross to Turkey, fleeing advances of pro-Assad forces" 17447: 15094:"Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against Islamic State" 14281:"Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out" 13202: 10340: 8711:"The Turkish Flag and The Turkish National Anthem (Independence March)" 8471: 8458: 8416: 8210: 8008: 7798: 7634: 7630: 7430: 6467: 6260: 5992: 5580: 5534: 5128: 5001: 4875: 4213: 4083: 3337:

In 2014, prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct

3253: 2624: 2552: 2357:, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier 2242:, early Christian Church had significant growth in Anatolia because of 1925: 1861: 1802: 1660: 1622: 1485: 1187: 948:

to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic

937: 917: 21937: 21698:"Turkey world"s second highest TV series exporter after US – Business" 15886:"Russia, China and Turkey top yearly list of music freedom violations" 15648:

Turkish parliament moves to strip lawmakers' immunity from prosecution

12914:"Turkey rounds up thousands of suspected participants in coup attempt" 11093: 11091: 6481: 5774: 5553: 2587:. They mixed with Iranic-speaking groups in the area and converted to 2532:

were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became

1726: 980:

is its largest city and economic and financial center, as well as the

28521: 28300: 28236: 28206: 27756: 26847: 25874: 25594:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

25415: 25187: 24948: 24749: 24744: 24624: 22530:

Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays

18747:

Mutlu, Servet (1996). "Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study".

17890:"Turkey's TPAO begins gas production from Sakarya field in Black Sea" 17272: 17210:"Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$ ) – Turkey" 14716: 14501: 13480: 10188: 9890: 8359: 8302: 8299: 8069: 7920: 7866: 7846: 7790: 7613: 7399: 7225: 6872: 5897: 5889: 5526: 5463: 5333: 5234: 5120: 4989: 4984:. Turkey's Asian side covers 97% of its surface, and is often called 4731: 4723: 4578:. Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to 4458:

In 2018, the Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces began an

4205: 3898: 2805: 2766: 2342: 1980: 1933: 1857: 1829: 1679: 1076: 905: 893: 25646: 21927: 21025: 19255:

Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung

19039: 17288:"Turkey's National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV" 17269:"'A game changer': Türkiye inaugurates its first national car plant" 14082: 12483:

Macfie, A. L. (1979). "The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)".

10786:"Anatolia – Greek colonies on the Anatolian coasts, c. 1180–547 bce" 10332: 8228: 8100:

dishes are vegetable stews. Turkey is one of the countries with the

5936:, will increase diversification of its energy mix. When it comes to 4909:. LGBT people have had the right to seek asylum in Turkey under the 2724: 2161: 1733:. The languages in Anatolia at that time included Hattian, Hurrian, 1280:

is temperate with harsher conditions in the interior. Home to three

28451: 28441: 28335: 28322: 28164: 27691: 27652: 27589: 27526: 27097: 26989: 26942: 26902: 26897: 26812: 26797: 26586: 26000: 25949: 25944: 25924: 25789: 25607: 25557: 25527: 25448: 25443: 25333: 25267: 25262: 25237: 25097: 24967:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

24825: 24764: 24719: 24699: 24694: 24689: 24589: 24122: 23449: 23204: 23132:

Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty

22838:

Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye

22135: 21725:"Türkiye marches toward $ 600 million in worldwide TV series sales" 21441:"The Political Economy of the Media in Turkey: A Sectoral Analysis" 21306: 20898:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire 18966:

Turkey: Facing a New Millenniium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts

18605:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2022" 18036:"Türkiye, Cumhuriyet'in 100. Yılında hızlı tren ağlarıyla örülüyor" 17607: 15987:"Was Ahmet Yildiz the victim of Turkey's first gay honour killing?" 14966:

Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations

13992:"Egypt's Sisi makes first presidential visit to Turkey in 12 years" 11088: 9949:, Turkye, (Turkeye) Turkey; Book of the Duchess, The; Map 1; Map 3. 8936:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023" 8003:

cuisines. Turkish and Ottoman cuisine have also influenced others.

7806: 7750: 7387: 7327: 6931: 6659: 6641: 6248: 6217: 6169:

is one of the main agencies for funding and carrying out research.

6031: 6023: 5818: 5273: 5250: 5116: 4985: 4771: 4711: 4375: 4355: 4209: 4185: 4087: 3118: 2977:

took control of the Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire entered

2943: 2900: 2801: 2576: 2572: 2408: 2377: 2286: 2263: 1984: 1845: 1776: 1772: 1706:. Neolithic Anatolian farmers differed genetically from farmers in 1687: 1644: 1585: 1581: 1348: 1336: 1127: 1100: 1020: 977: 945: 889: 856: 818: 254: 186: 25502: 24132: 22698:

Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). "Turkey". In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.).

19966: 18910:

Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey

15910: 15908: 15906: 15183: 15034:"Contribution of Turkish Armed Forces to Peace Support Operations" 10959:"The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder" 8016: 7441:

poetry used "refined diction" and complex vocabulary. It included

7173:. All state and private universities are under the control of the 7134:

tertiary education", and quadrupling of pre-school institutions.

6883: 6728: 6684: 6104: 5719: 4820:, seeking the foundation of an independent Kurdish state based on 3436:), for a total of 973 districts. Turkey is also subdivided into 7 2796:

from Spain. From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the

2096:, the Achaemenid Empire collapsed and Anatolia became part of the 1976: 1836:, rather than Anatolian languages. Phrygians shared Anatolia with 985: 28506: 28501: 28431: 28400: 28361: 27845: 27704: 27639: 27613: 27448: 27004: 26979: 26969: 26932: 26917: 26887: 26807: 26772: 26762: 26757: 26213: 25974: 25929: 25889: 25849: 25844: 25834: 25819: 25814: 25809: 25794: 25779: 25769: 25759: 25754: 25552: 25292: 25242: 25202: 25157: 25152: 25142: 25127: 25122: 25117: 25102: 25087: 25082: 25072: 25067: 25062: 25057: 24789: 24704: 24684: 24569: 24559: 21526:. The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK). Archived from 21508:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

20600:

Akyuz, Ezgi; Samavati, Mehrdad; Kaynak, Burcak (14 August 2020).

20554:"Türkiye ranks among top 10 health tourism destinations globally" 20428: 18297:"Intellectual property statistical country profile 2022: Türkiye" 16839:

Status, conservation and management of large carnivores in Turkey

16533: 16531: 16529: 16527: 15615: 14468:"Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service" 13912:"National Foreign Policy in the "Century Of Türkiye": A Synopsis" 8499:

represent their period of Turkish cinema. Turkish directors like

8371: 8367: 8117: 8077: 7862: 7283: 7053:, Muslims constitute 99.8% of the population, most of them being 6787: 6776: 6334:. In 2021, 77% of adult citizens identified as such in a survey. 6209: 6147:

as a share of GDP has risen from 0.47% in 2000 to 1.40% in 2021.

5806: 5750: 5603: 5557: 5388: 5384: 4292:

is carried out by several agencies under the jurisdiction of the

2939: 2935: 2911: 2781: 2774: 2762: 2748: 2640: 2533: 2507: 2172: 2097: 2039: 1964: 1960: 1948: 1891: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1849: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1788: 1780: 1640: 1589: 1123: 1119: 1084: 993: 913: 348: 20705: 20703: 20701: 20699: 19791:"Istanbul's giant mosque to be 'women-friendly,' architects say" 19340:"Süryanıce Anadılınde Eğıtım Hakki: Sorunlar Ve Çözüm Önerılerı" 17052:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

17040:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

17025:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

13173: 10184:"UN to use 'Türkiye' instead of 'Turkey' after Ankara's request" 9608:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

8979:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Türkiye)" 8395: 6504:

in the world. It is spoken by 85% to 90% of the population as a

6251:

is Turkey's largest city, and its economic and financial center.

5301:

with species taken from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.

4274:, was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the 3094:(1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the 3086:, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the 1936:, the Greek goddess of beauty. In 2017, it was inscribed on the 1725:

from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day

1461: 1455: 1051:

began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the

28625:

Countries and territories where Turkish is an official language

28486: 28421: 28416: 28374: 27884: 27678: 27539: 27092: 27019: 26877: 26867: 26842: 26832: 26792: 26015: 26005: 25995: 25959: 25939: 25919: 25914: 25894: 25864: 25824: 25799: 25460: 25338: 25312: 25277: 25257: 25247: 25232: 25227: 25207: 25177: 25147: 25132: 25107: 25041: 24845: 24734: 24669: 24649: 24639: 24599: 24584: 24579: 24127: 23315: 22551:

The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History

21847:

The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878

20806: 19965:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). 19813: 17604:"Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex" 16920: 16415: 15935:"The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims" 15903: 15672:"Turkey Violated Pro-Kurdish MPs' Rights, European Court Rules" 14254:"Israeli-Turkish trade on life support as relations hit bottom" 12851:"Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets" 12802:. Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs. Archived from 11908:

Ottoman Refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World

10469: 10152:"Turkey to register its new name Türkiye to UN in coming weeks" 8105: 8051: 8047: 8012: 7825:. Byzantine architectural style continued to develop after the 7725: 7505: 7442: 7020: 6811: 6763: 6704: 6670: 6651: 6471: 6003: 5825:

Tourism accounts for about 8% of Turkey's GDP. In 2022, Turkey

5778: 5762: 5626: 5583:

is well known for its unique rock homes and volcanic terrain.

5428: 5253:

hotspots. In the 21st century, threats to biodiversity include

5124: 4342:

and external threats. After the establishment of the Republic,

4330:

since 1952, has its second largest army and is the host of the

4247: 3915: 3394: 3152: 3106: 2919: 2853:

rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples

2706:

expansion. Seljuk sultanate was defeated by the Mongols at the

2486: 2267: 2004: 1992: 1988: 1972: 1937: 1907: 1841: 969: 941: 264: 145: 22512:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford University Press. 21833:(Report). German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA). 19747:"Uncertain Futures: Ukrainian Refugees in Turkey, One Year On" 19703:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association" 16593:"Rising toll makes quake deadliest in Turkey's modern history" 16524: 14908:"Seeing shared threats, Turkey sets up military base in Qatar" 14342:"Unique Sensor Setup Emerges On Turkey's Stealthy New Fighter" 13226: 13013:"Ministry of Internal Affairs: Administrative Units in Turkey" 12848: 10415:"The Demographic Development of the First Farmers in Anatolia" 8251:

basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams,

7638: 7593: 7360: 6942:

manages the refugee crisis in Turkey. Before the start of the

5715: 4957: 4518: 4066:

Elections in Turkey are held for six functions of government:

4012:

The Parliament has 600 seats, distributed among the provinces

3260:

in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the

1991:

in the seventh century BCE. These settlements were grouped as

28516: 28496: 28466: 28446: 27910: 27798: 27730: 27717: 27665: 27474: 27461: 27050: 27034: 26984: 26959: 26927: 26892: 26822: 26817: 26782: 26710: 26010: 25954: 25884: 25859: 25562: 25272: 25197: 25167: 24953: 24794: 24754: 24729: 24709: 24644: 24619: 24609: 24594: 23277: 23265: 23261:

Official website of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye

23005:

Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector

22332:

Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2019).

21831:

The Political Economy of Regional Power: Turkey under the AKP

20696: 20571: 18434:"The status and road map of Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC)" 16253:: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia" 15868:"Turkey jails 16 Kurdish journalists over propaganda charges" 15782: 14113:"Turkey takes full control of Syria's Afrin: military source" 12204:

Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.)

8306:) since Ottoman times. Edirne Province has hosted the annual 8290:, have won numerous European championship titles and medals. 8113: 8097: 8081: 8065: 8043: 8028: 8020: 7670: 7335: 7066: 6824: 6800: 6752: 6739: 6694: 5846: 5758: 5294: 5178: 3428:) for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into 3244:

of the United Nations. In 1950 Turkey became a member of the

3203: 3199: 2588: 2499: 2404: 2373: 2369: 2354: 2113: 1996: 1956: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1853: 1810: 1754: 1671: 1610: 1401: 989: 953: 929: 28536:, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. 28269: 26724:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

23246: 22000:

An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-thirteenth-century Turkish

20756: 18585:"ASELSAN'ın kuantum çalışmalarında ilk ürünler ortaya çıktı" 18549:"Türkiye's 4 defense firms included in world's top 100 list" 18474:"Yerli süper iletken elektron hızlandırıcısı devreye alındı" 18150:"Erdoğan reveals 2053 'Transport and Logistics Master Plan'" 17919: 17917: 14653:"Flight of the Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV at Teknofest 2023" 14174:"Fear and anger greets Turkish air strikes in northern Iraq" 13419:"AK Party, MHP announce draft for Turkey's new election law" 12912:

Cunningham, Erin; Sly, Liz; Karatas, Zeynep (16 July 2016).

9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9584: 9582: 5773:. Togg is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey. 5115:, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet), and 4905:

Homosexual activity has been decriminalized in Turkey since

1864:

attacked, Phrygia fell around 650 BC. They were replaced by

28645:

Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture

28481: 28476: 28471: 28436: 28221: 27897: 27871: 27487: 27387: 26999: 26937: 26907: 26857: 26852: 26802: 26544: 26350: 25453: 24804: 24714: 24679: 24634: 24629: 24538: 22571:

Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience

22353:

The State and Kurds in Turkey: The Question of Assimilation

21199: 20363:"Türkiye'deki yabancı öğrenci sayısı 795 bin 962'ye ulaştı" 17231: 14990: 14592:"Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight" 14437: 9847:

De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus

8109: 8101: 8061: 8032: 7666: 7600:

was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the

7434: 6157:

Turkish residents rank 21st for overall patent applications

5782: 5770: 5723: 5676: 5606:. Mediterranean coastal beaches are popular among tourists. 5490: 5317: 4735: 4616: 4367: 4327: 4129:

The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of

3257: 3224:

voted in favor of joining Turkey with a referendum. Turkey

3001:

the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only

2780:

The Ottoman Empire was a global power during the reigns of

1794: 1707: 1246: 1230: 925: 921: 23266:

Official website of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye

23260: 22886:"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans" 22463:

Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (2008).

22423:

Rome Victorious. The Irresistible Rise of the Roman Empire

21222:"Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team" 20859:, Architecture | V. c. 900–c. 1250 | C. Anatolia 19549:"Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision" 17178: 17176: 17174: 11218: 11160: 10122:

Resmî Gazete (Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye)

9120: 8039:. The latter describes "food-related guilds of Istanbul". 7915:. The last period of Ottoman architecture consists of the 7015:

in Istanbul was designed by two female architects. Right:

5967:

has an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and is the

5900:. In 2019, Turkey generated 29.2% of its electricity from 5753:), and annual industrial robot installation in the world. 4466:(which Turkey considers to be an offshoot of the outlawed 1241:. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is a 23241: 22978:

The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)

18678:

Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies 2019

17914: 17489:"Turkish International Contracting Services: (1972-2022)" 15285: 14789:. Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005. Archived from 14054: 12883:"Recep Tayyip Erdogan wins Turkish presidential election" 12259:"ECHR: Why Turkey won't talk about the Armenian genocide" 9874:

According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his

9594: 9579: 8278:

has won several medals. Women's volleyball clubs, namely

7322:

In the 19th century, Turkish identity was debated in the

5680: 4467: 3961:. In the Turkish unitary system, citizens are subject to 2215:. Roman influence grew in Anatolia afterwards. Following 2207:

requested assistance in its conflict with the Seleucids,

1234: 873: 28655:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

25036: 23130:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2023).

23036: 21979:

The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East

20171: 20169: 20086:. Vol. 118. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 361–452. 18863: 18861: 18295:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2023).

16387: 16224: 15754:"2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey" 14558:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 14528:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 14498:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 14221:"Israel and Turkey end rift over Gaza flotilla killings" 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 8068:

is a drink made of yoghurt. In western parts of Turkey,

7486:

Turkey's first Nobel Prize in Literature nominee in 1973

7061:'s estimate for Muslims was 99.4% in 2006. According to 2407:) in 325 (which resulted in the first uniform Christian 2321:

in the 5th century AD, and continued to exist until the

2246:

efforts. Letters from St. Paul in Anatolia comprise the

1374: 1362: 23247:

Official website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism

23016:

Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff, eds. (2021).

22724: 21578: 19864:"International Constitutional Law: Turkey Constitution" 18567:"Turkish defense giants devote huge budgets to R&D" 18380: 17310:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

17255:"Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG" 17171: 15056: 14623:"Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu" 14248: 14246: 13940:"In Middle East, once improbable ententes set new tone" 13934: 13932: 12636:

Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History

12598:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

11776:

The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing

10087:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)

9152: 9150: 9098: 9096: 7341: 6401:(20%). In addition, internal migration has resulted in 6100:

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

5241:

in the world, Turkey includes 3 of them. These are the

1142:

in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committed

999:

Turkey was first inhabited by modern humans during the

24533: 22643: 22405:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. 21975: 21925: 21901:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

21793:(2nd ed.). London New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 20774: 20273:"Turkish universities latest domino in Erdogan's path" 19964: 19571: 18415:"Production process of Türksat-6A completed: Minister" 17111: 17099: 17087: 17075: 17063: 17035: 17033: 16579: 16567: 16198: 16012:"İstanbul Valiliği: Onur yürüyüşüne izin verilmeyecek" 15311: 13748: 13746: 13744: 13283:"Turkish women celebrate 85th anniversary of suffrage" 13133:"Law on Constitutional Court | Anayasa Mahkemesi" 12726: 12415:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

12227:"Erdogan: Turkey will 'never accept' genocide charges" 10411: 9326: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8897:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

7821:

dates back to the 4th century AD. Its best example is

5391:

species which are found in the forests of Turkey. The

4800:

In the latter half of the 1970s, Turkey suffered from

4370:

in 1952. Overall, Turkey aims for good relations with

2769:

completed Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire by

2227:, Rome emerged victorious. Around the 1st century BC, 1832:

spoke an Indo-European language, but it was closer to

22462: 21976:

Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Lusk, Jon (2006).

20166: 19368: 19202:

Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),

18858: 18775: 16450: 16150:"Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk" 14938:"Turkey to open its largest military base in Somalia" 14584: 14370: 14135: 13474: 11097: 9613: 7165:. Students are placed to universities based on their 5969:

world's largest terminal building under a single roof

5064:

contains some of the largest lakes in Turkey such as

4204:

parties are more likely to embrace the principles of

4188:. On the left side of the spectrum, parties like the 3194:

bestowed upon Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (

2928:

persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

2903:

between 1465 and 1856 and 1856 to 1922, respectively.

2732:

at its greatest European extent, in 1683, during the

1112:

persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

19:

This article is about the country. For the bird, see

22793: 22648:. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer Cham. 22208: 22020:

The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G

20970: 20958: 19210:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427, 18354: 18352: 18350: 18320:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2023

18018:"Istanbul's $ 1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open" 17996:"Turkey opens record breaking 1915 Canakkale Bridge" 16999:. General Directorate of Meteorology. Archived from 16373:"Turkey: A Country Study | External Boundaries" 16316: 16204: 15064:"Turkey finalizes military training base in Somalia" 14816:"Mapping the Turkish Military's Expanding Footprint" 14243: 14143:"The YPG menace: Understanding PKK's Syria offshoot" 14089:. Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13929: 13341:"Erdogan wins five more years as Turkey's president" 12977:"General Structure of Turkish Public Administration" 12911: 12767:"Turkish Military Leaders Held for Role in '97 Coup" 12373: 12371: 9718:

International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science

9642:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2023

9210: 9208: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9147: 9093: 8728: 8554: 7857:

often used stones and bricks, and produced numerous

6422:: the three non-Muslim minorities recognized in the 5932:

in the world. Turkey's first nuclear power station,

5099:

terms to refer to the mountainous area around where

4242:

With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a

1757:. Hittite, Luwian, and Palaic languages were in the 1698:. Other important Anatolian Neolithic sites include 1439: 1433: 1427: 1198:

interrupted the transition to a multi-party system.

22914: 21899:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). 20599: 19531: 19529: 19527: 19502: 19469: 17144: 17030: 16617:"Şili ve Türkiye: Binalar yaşatır, binalar öldürür" 16518: 16354: 16352: 16350: 16348: 15616:Mullen, Jethro; Cullinane, Susannah (4 June 2013). 14438:"EBCO: European Bureau for Conscientious Objection" 13741: 11954: 11952: 9707: 9705: 8915: 5695:-adjusted GDP in the world. It is classified among 5157:zone and Bitlis–Zagros collision zone to the east; 4880:, Turkey's oldest newspaper still in circulation). 4426:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

2384:. Interior Anatolia had been "heavily Hellenized". 1510:("Sublime Turkish State") was used, likened to the 1472:(written in 1369–1372) to refer to Anatolia or the 28650:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States 19479:. minorityrights.org. 19 June 2015. Archived from 19294:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 18696:. KONDA. July 2010. pp. 19–20. Archived from 17923: 17908:"Sakarya Gas Field Development, Black Sea, Turkey" 17374:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 16813:. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. 14842: 13840: 13838: 13481:Kate Fleet; Suraiya Faroqhi; Reşat Kasaba (2008). 13031: 12941: 12939: 12765: 12588: 12257: 11457: 11455: 9959: 8861: 8859: 8293:The traditional national sport of Turkey has been 6183:Turkish Space Systems, Integration and Test Center 5920:tripling in the past decade. It produced 43.8% of 4486:, normalized in 2016, and cut again following the 3274:, Turkey's first female prime minister, attends a 2528:originated in Central-East Asia. Initially, Proto- 2100:. This led to increasing cultural homogeneity and 28182: 27206:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 21811:Philosophic Classics Ancient Philosophy, Volume I 21192:"Basketball Capitals: Cities in Focus – Istanbul" 19492: 19490: 19338:Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (30 June 2021). 18807: 18805: 18781: 18347: 16853:"Diyarbakır'da öldürülen leopar İran Parsı çıktı" 16772: 16707: 16370: 16328: 16290: 14834: 14709:The International Institute for Strategic Studies 14364: 14339: 14048: 12708:"Growth in United Nations membership (1945–2005)" 12368: 12105: 12103: 11868: 11805: 10295: 10293: 9466:"The Political Economy of Regional Power: Turkey" 9205: 9174: 8108:, dried fruit, or fruit are used for sweetening. 8096:is made by rolling edible leaf over the filling. 7845:architectures with architectural styles found in 7549:. Textile and carpet design, glass and ceramics, 6189:, will be launched in 2024. As part of a planned 6038:connects the northern and southern shores of the 5633:. Various springs provide water for the gardens. 5297:are native to Anatolia, and the flower was first 3155:was completed in 1953 to become the mausoleum of 2065:was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Following the 1565: 28585:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 28551: 23159:Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 22260:Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present 21982:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Rough Guides Ltd. 21483:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 26 August 2022. 21266: 20080:. In Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.). 19524: 19510:"Türkiye'nin yüzde 85'i 'anadilim Türkçe' diyor" 19401:"Turkey's ethnic make-up: A complex melting pot" 18607:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 February 2023 18215:"Gross domestic spending on R&D (indicator)" 17924:Novikau, Aliaksandr; Muhasilović, Jahja (2023). 17573:"Poverty and Living Conditions Statistics, 2023" 16345: 16064:"Ankara Valiliği'nden LGBT etkinliklerine yasak" 15345:"Who are Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels?" 13487:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–358. 11949: 11698: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10377: 9958: 9702: 9637: 9635: 9458: 9411: 9368: 9362: 9242: 9240: 9137: 9135: 8715:Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7817:architectures, especially in the Aegean region. 7023:. From 1293 to 1932, it was the headquarters of 6971:refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5330:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests 5004:to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the 4074:(local), district mayors (local), provincial or 3349:, the parliamentary republic was replaced by an 2670:The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the 2430: 1368: 1356: 28140: 22975: 22626:The Oxford Companion to International Relations 22045:Comrie, Bernard (2018). Comrie, Bernard (ed.). 21584: 21388:"Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History" 20723:"Turkey commemorates master author Yaşar Kemal" 19616:"UNHCR Turkey Operational Update November 2020" 19362: 19283: 19281: 18962: 17539: 17537: 17535: 16661:"Şili depremle mücadelede nasıl başarılı oldu?" 16456: 16278: 15664: 15618:"What's driving unrest and protests in Turkey?" 14845:Turkish foreign policy in an age of uncertainty 14278: 14171: 14055:Aaron Stein; Michelle Foley (26 January 2016). 13916:Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs 13835: 12969: 12936: 12849:Bartolomiej Kaminski; Francis Ng (1 May 2006). 11640: 11638: 11452: 11346:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). 10856: 10844: 10832: 10820: 10718: 10685: 10673: 10649: 10598: 10586: 10571: 10559: 10107: 9999:. Vol. 2. Butterworth. pp. 1250–1265. 9837: 9168: 9126: 9114: 9102: 8856: 7460:, was the "first truly refined Turkish novel". 7093:ranges between 180,000 and 320,000. Turkey has 5272:. The most commonly found species of the genus 4639:policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, 4490:. In 2024, Turkey stopped trading with Israel. 3198:). Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some 2651:, was taken by Seljuks in 1055. Given the role 2563:peoples. During the 9th and 10th centuries CE, 2341:. Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to 2229:Rome expanded into parts of Pontus and Bithynia 1678:period and contains some of the world's oldest 585:783,562 km (302,535 sq mi) ( 28075: 24495: 23242:Go Türkiye – Türkiye's official tourism portal 23164:(Report). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. 23015: 22976:Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). 22933: 22921:(Report). ISMEP Guide Books. Vol. 4. 2014 22700:Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3 22155:Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names 21849:. The United States: Oxford University Press. 21765: 21620: 21390:. Kirkpinar.com. 21 April 2007. Archived from 20820: 20384:"Türkıye Scholarships – Türkıye for Education" 19933: 19923: 19921: 19919: 19917: 19487: 19241: 19239: 19237: 19197: 19195: 19193: 19145: 19143: 18802: 18520: 18269:"Nature Index | Country/Territory tables" 18111: 17804: 15704:"Turkey defends purge of government officials" 14840: 14781: 14751:Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany 13233:Borsuk, Imren; Levin, Paul T. (3 April 2021). 12671: 12288: 12100: 11704: 11680: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10290: 9922: 9831: 9819: 9795: 9754: 9537: 9535: 9533: 8519:won numerous international awards such as the 7286:, with 29.5% of its adult population having a 6950:varied from 1 million to more than 2 million. 5924:from such sources in 2019. Turkey is also the 5161:and Cyprus subduction zones to the south; and 3078:in the aftermath of World War I initiated the 2926:(1913). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 2839:. According to some estimates, 800,000 Muslim 2347:adoption of Christianity as the state religion 1820:had been established, with its two centers in 30:"Türkiye" redirects here. For other uses, see 28285: 27985: 27373: 26696: 26336: 26083: 25662: 25022: 24519: 23298: 23002: 22595: 22152: 22098: 21954: 21741: 21722: 21104: 21092: 21080: 21068: 21056: 21044: 20946: 20513: 20511: 20313:"2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities" 20270: 19861: 19333: 19331: 19033: 19031: 19029: 18996: 18969:. Manchester University Press. pp. 90–. 18956: 18867: 18828: 18826: 18824: 18822: 18820: 18288: 18178:PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 18167: 18165: 17876: 17517:"Sectoral Roadmaps: Textile Sector in Turkey" 17285: 16884: 16375:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 16333:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 16295:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 15373: 15086: 14956: 14841:Larrabee, F. Stephen; Lesser, Ian O. (2003). 14701: 14620: 14465: 12710:. United Nations. 3 July 2006. Archived from 12198: 11732: 10691: 10582: 10580: 10529: 10374: 10029:, vol. IV (1875–1891) (First ed.), 9934: 9783: 9632: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9132: 8263:after two consecutive Euroleague wins in the 8259:, and won by Galatasaray. Fenerbahçe won the 8085: 8055: 7520: 7509: 7449: 7270: 6569: 5918:electricity generation from renewable sources 5809:is the fourth most visited city in the world. 4873: 3139:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2619:branch of the Oghuz Turks who resided in the 1533:and other international organizations to use 1406:) was used for defining two medieval states: 1339:by the end of the 12th century. As a word in 87: 46: 28259:Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World 28254:Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World 28090: 28045: 28030: 28015: 28001:International Organization of Turkic Culture 27226: 25388:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 23087: 22961:. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. 22257:Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (2005). 22256: 21345: 21116: 20072: 19278: 18749:International Journal of Middle East Studies 18092:(in Turkish). 6 January 2020. Archived from 17836: 17834: 17815:. Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News. 17532: 17428: 17370:"Ships built by country of building, annual" 15932: 15177: 14461: 14459: 13863:International Organization of Turkic Culture 12792: 12282: 12255: 11958: 11635: 11219:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). 11161:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). 11125:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 11109: 10875:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 20–30. 10080: 9658:. University of Exeter Press. pp. 1–2. 9290: 8520: 8225:), becoming the European champions in 2017. 6940:Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 6520:of the officially recognized minorities are 6269:below the replacement rate of 2.10 per woman 6204:Turkey is considered a significant power in 5310:Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park 4418:International Organization of Turkic Culture 4404:Turkey has been called an emerging power, a 4200:once enjoyed the largest electoral success. 2123: 1879: 1184:remained neutral during most of World War II 1178:initiated by the country's first president, 28227: 28197: 27181: 23278:Official website of the Ministry of Economy 22377: 22072:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2021). 22022:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. 21929:Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics 21828: 21433: 21291: 21004: 20762: 20709: 20003: 19914: 19834:. Dorrance Publishing Company. p. 31. 19599: 19541: 19234: 19190: 19140: 18886:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 18244:"Scientific and technical journal articles" 17664:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 May 2022 17662:"Income and Living Conditions Survey, 2021" 17306:"FAO in Türkiye | Türkiye at a glance" 16832: 16830: 16124: 15497:. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. 15184:The European Court of Human Rights (2015). 14376:"Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization" 14207: 14042: 13844: 13829: 13806: 13764: 13752: 13735: 13723: 13711: 13569:(2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 941. 13528:(2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 940. 13232: 13179: 13063: 12836: 12824: 12562:. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. 12408: 12406: 12404: 12208:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. 11813:"Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1918–1920" 11779:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 11692: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11399: 10914: 10724: 10555: 10553: 10217:"Turkey changes its name in rebranding bid" 10093:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 567. 9901:), and is four days distant from Tourkia ." 9875: 9530: 9452: 9440: 9343: 9258: 9009:"Gini index (World Bank estimate) – Turkey" 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8396:Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) 7801:, important architectural remnants include 6450:. Other unrecognized ethnic groups include 6002:As of 2023, Turkey has 3,726 kilometers of 4149:are not subject to an electoral threshold. 3413:) for decision-making on municipal issues. 3364: 2812:was the first among Muslim states, but was 2524:According to historians and linguists, the 28630:Kurdish-speaking countries and territories 28605:States and territories established in 1923 28292: 28278: 28155: 27992: 27978: 27380: 27366: 27194:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 26703: 26689: 26343: 26329: 26090: 26076: 25669: 25655: 25029: 25015: 24526: 24512: 23305: 23291: 22596:Kirişci, Kemal; Winrow, Gareth M. (1997). 22180:Fierro, M. (2010). Fierro, Maribel (ed.). 22071: 21898: 21550:"Gazete Tirajları 02.05.2016 – 08.05.2016" 21224:. Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü. Archived from 20922: 20910: 20895: 20880: 20868: 20856: 20844: 20508: 19827: 19398: 19344:Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 19337: 19328: 19149: 19109: 19026: 18938:. University of Washington Press. p. 18817: 18683: 18360:"EURAXESS | Country profile: Türkiye" 18162: 17279: 17261: 17246: 16331:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography" 16293:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography" 16232:"Turkey (Turkiye) | Geography - note" 15374:Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan, Ali, eds. (2013). 15321:. Official Journal of the European Union. 15191:(Report). Registry of the European Court. 12700: 12601:. Princeton University Press. p. 49. 12501: 12495: 12159: 12133: 12097:, Vol. 34, No. 1 (March 1975), pp. 186–187 10778: 10577: 10214: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9711: 9220: 8092:are made by stuffing vegetables or pasta. 7977:UNESCO-listed intangible cultural heritage 7875:emerged in northwest Anatolia and Thrace. 6576: 6562: 4474:. Turkey has also conducted airstrikes in 3868: 3162:Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first 2792:moved into Ottoman Empire following their 133: 26294:Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day 25727:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 22869:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 22797:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary 22776:Encyclopedia of World Geography: Volume 1 22334:2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 22099:Davidson, Alan; Jaine, Tom, eds. (2014). 21855:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299058.001.0001 21744:"How Turkish TV is taking over the world" 21321: 21274:"Galatasaray Lift EuroLeague Women Title" 21158: 21133: 20891: 20889: 19579:"Syria Regional Refugee Response: Turkey" 19041:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 18724:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law 18597: 18457: 17959: 17949: 17831: 17446: 17252: 16988: 16986: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16978: 16976: 16974: 16954: 16441: 15803: 15537:. Agence France-Presse. 2 February 2016. 15026: 14456: 13617:"European Commission: Turkey 2015 report" 13250: 13201: 13083:. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey. 12457: 12343: 11904: 11710:"An Ottoman warning for indebted America" 11426:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 21. 11367: 11250: 11240: 11192: 11182: 10625:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030507 10512: 10446: 9712:Yayla, Önder; Aktaş, Semra Günay (2021). 9559: 8660:is now so small that this disposition is 7171:Measuring, Selection and Placement Center 6953:In November 2020, there were 3.6 million 6274: 6257:Address-Based Population Recording System 6087: 5983:began in 2023 in the recently discovered 5835:84 World Heritage Sites in tentative list 4141:, or ban their existence altogether. The 3170:. The reforms aimed to transform the old 2938:migrated into modern-day Turkey from the 2575:steppes. Partly due to pressure from the 2514:(right) are among the finest examples of 2053:attacked eastern Anatolia in 547 BC, and 1721:Anatolia's historical records start with 1714:. These early Anatolian farmers began to 1670:Present-day Turkey has been inhabited by 1118:resulted in large-scale loss of life and 503:Government of the Grand National Assembly 16:Country in West Asia and Southeast Europe 28060: 25722:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 25610:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 22934:Sagona, Antonio; Zimansky, Paul (2015). 22814: 22745: 22465:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies 22339:(Report). Ankara, Turkey. Archived from 22263:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 21871: 21844: 21189: 20906: 20904: 20832: 19441: 19075:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 18496:"Turkey plans its own Antarctic station" 17601: 17410:The International Federation of Robotics 17145:Duttagupta, Rupa; Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla. 16827: 16741: 16462: 15256:Turkey A Modern History, Revised Edition 15125:"Kadıköy'de "Kıyafetime Karışma" eylemi" 14962: 13239:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 13109:. Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey. 12540: 12401: 12349: 12295:. Oxford University Press. p. 150. 12165: 12143:. University of Michigan. Archived from 11970: 11835: 11745:. Oxford University Press. p. 175. 11738: 11396: 11345: 10989: 10637: 10610: 10550: 10399: 10368: 10277: 10019: 9994: 9314: 8962: 8893:"Surface water and surface water change" 8227: 8143: 7963: 7592: 7378: 7359: 7245: 7141: 7121: 6480: 6296: 6243: 6103: 5958: 5884: 5841:, third most in the world. According to 5796: 5714: 5658: 5450: 5216: 5074: 4956: 4893: 4761: 4714:, contributed military personnel to the 4675:. The country also maintains a force of 4592: 4517: 4392: 4321: 4229: 4054: 4036: 3294:, as well as by military memorandums in 3266: 3143: 3046: 2997:were killed. The Turkish government has 2723: 2597: 2272: 2088:Following the victories of Alexander in 2029: 1987:), the latter founded by colonists from 1919: 1158:subjects. Following Ottoman defeat, the 617: 28125: 27389:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 22986:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001 22883: 22862: 22697: 22622: 22473:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199252466.001.0001 22381:The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey 22235: 22157:(6 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22125: 22103:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22076:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press. 21996: 21958:Turkey: Modern Architectures in History 21572: 20475: 20473: 20471: 20469: 20467: 19770: 19447: 19287: 19204:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey" 18627:"Population Statistics And Projections" 17810: 16808: 15490: 15455:The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains 15377:Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question 15252: 15147: 13794: 13675: 13645: 13609: 12856:. World Bank. p. 3. Archived from 12502:Heper, Metin; Criss, Nur Bilge (2009). 12316: 11984: 11569: 11521: 11509: 11473: 11285: 10868: 10321:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 10241: 9910: 9843: 9807: 9772: 9588: 9494: 9339: 9337: 9308: 9270: 9187: 9156: 9075: 8366:and the network-style channels such as 7251:Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital 5916:capacity increased significantly, with 4843:erupted, sparked by a plan to demolish 4716:International Security Assistance Force 4090:and stand as a candidate at elections. 3965:: national, provincial, and local. The 3232:but entered the war on the side of the 2657:Turkish, Persian and Islamic influences 1686:is close to 12,000 years old. Parts of 28580:Member states of the Council of Europe 28552: 28212: 24235: 23108: 22772: 22526: 22505: 22398: 22179: 22044: 21840:from the original on 10 February 2014. 21786: 21492: 21490: 20984:"Turkish coffee culture and tradition" 20886: 20690: 20199: 19535: 19245: 19201: 19152:"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey" 19068: 18906: 18879: 18740: 17811:Richter, Alexander (27 January 2020). 16971: 16871: 16671:from the original on 29 December 2023. 16358: 16284: 16225:Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009 16212: 16134:. Ipsos. 29 March 2015. Archived from 15208:from the original on 16 September 2020 15040:. Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from 14784:"NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe" 14378:. Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from 13560: 13519: 13367:"Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban" 12632: 12549: 12482: 12322: 12051: 12039: 12027: 12015: 12001: 11995: 11841: 11668: 11656: 11629: 11617: 11605: 11593: 11581: 11557: 11545: 11533: 11497: 11485: 11461: 11291: 11037: 11001: 10945: 10741: 10706: 10661: 10544: 10387: 10311: 10299: 10255:. November–December 2008. p. 23. 9766: 9541: 9320: 9302: 9296: 9231: 9214: 9199: 9141: 9087: 9063: 8806: 7218:University of Health Sciences (Turkey) 7210:Academic Ranking of World Universities 7169:results and their preferences, by the 6020:longest suspension bridge in the world 5056:mountain ranges to the north, and the 4718:in Afghanistan, and remains active in 4629:second-largest standing military force 4282:is based on the French equivalent and 4070:(national), parliamentary (national), 3036: 2678:. During this period, there were also 2567:were a Turkic group that lived in the 2073:existed in 5th century BC. Two of the 1537:officially in English; the UN agreed. 1521:called for expanded official usage of 1390:sources in the 10th century, the name 1290:is highly vulnerable to climate change 1110:In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 1015:, present-day Turkey was inhabited by 28273: 27973: 27361: 26684: 26324: 26071: 25676: 25650: 25010: 24507: 24494: 23286: 23057: 23003:Taranto, Yael; Saygın, Değer (2019). 22954: 22916:Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 22902:from the original on 20 February 2024 22896:Leibniz Institute of European History 22728:The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema 22547: 22419: 22350: 22277: 22074:The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture 22017: 21955:Bozdogan, Sibel; Akcan, Esra (2013). 21807: 21675: 21579:Magnan-Park, Marchetti & Tan 2018 21005:Çakır Morin, Arzu (5 December 2013). 20934: 20901: 20160: 19927: 19670: 19496: 19453:Languages of the World, Third Edition 19115: 19037: 19020: 19008: 18933: 18811: 18746: 18721: 18691:"Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek" 18438:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 18431: 18083:"Istanbul Metro Passenger Statistics" 18046:from the original on 3 November 2023. 16605:from the original on 28 October 2023. 16487: 16218: 15984: 15848:from the original on 11 November 2022 15716:from the original on 11 November 2022 15684:from the original on 11 November 2022 15451: 15412: 15325:from the original on 18 December 2020 15299:from the original on 16 December 2020 15135:from the original on 16 November 2022 14944:from the original on 9 September 2022 14763:from the original on 14 February 2012 14633:from the original on 23 November 2023 14340:Joseph Trevithick (10 January 2023). 14291:from the original on 17 February 2023 14063:from the original on 31 December 2022 13567:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 13526:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 12986:. Ministry of Justice. Archived from 12893:from the original on 25 November 2022 12555: 12412: 12389:from the original on 12 November 2017 12070:from the original on 23 February 2024 11989: 11943: 11925:from the original on 29 December 2020 11823:from the original on 19 December 2015 11332:from the original on 14 February 2021 11049: 11025: 11013: 10902: 10872:Anaximander: And the Birth of Science 10149: 9937:, Turkestan, Central Asia, Kazakhstan 9844:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). 9344:Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). 9284: 9246: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8800: 8626: 8602: 7917:First National Architectural Movement 7770:With its traditional Turkish houses, 7755:first national architectural movement 5881:Water supply and sanitation in Turkey 3969:'s duties are commonly split between 3345:tried to oust the government. With a 3286:was interrupted by military coups in 2863:, which claimed up to 300,000 lives. 2771:capturing its capital, Constantinople 1379:) in Turkic languages comes from the 1229:. Turkey is a founding member of the 1120:mass migration into modern-day Turkey 1039:; Hellenization continued during the 28640:Developing 8 Countries member states 24461: 24449: 22750:. Istanbul, Türkiye: Ege Yayınları. 22568: 22378:Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (2012). 22315:10.1093/acref/9780198117650.001.0001 22304: 22288:10.1093/acref/9780198605683.001.0001 22280:The Oxford Companion to Architecture 22163:10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001 22109:10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001 22082:10.1093/acref/9780191918742.001.0001 21909:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001 21649:"Turkish Dramas Sweep Latin America" 21417:. Iat.uni-leipzig.de. Archived from 20775:Broughton, Ellingham & Lusk 2006 20746:Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 20678: 20666: 20654: 20517: 20479: 20464: 20458:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı 20054:from the original on 1 February 2021 18212: 18171: 17819:from the original on 26 January 2021 17525:United Nations Development Programme 17465:. Financial Times. 31 October 2023. 17406:"World Robotics - Industrial Robots" 17112:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17100:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17088:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17076:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17064:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 16627:from the original on 18 August 2023. 16580:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 16568:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 16199:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 15791:from the original on 3 February 2013 15787:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 15776: 15764:from the original on 31 October 2022 15628:from the original on 14 October 2017 15597:from the original on 23 October 2022 15571:from the original on 19 October 2017 15472:from the original on 17 January 2023 15433:from the original on 17 January 2023 15394:from the original on 17 January 2023 15355:from the original on 9 December 2020 15273:from the original on 13 January 2023 15165:from the original on 20 January 2016 15122: 14918:from the original on 8 February 2019 14888:from the original on 19 October 2017 14444:from the original on 10 January 2016 14321:from the original on 4 December 2022 14279:Gareth Jennings (24 November 2022). 13501:from the original on 17 January 2023 13393:"Turkey's Kurd party ban criticized" 12763: 12732: 12653:from the original on 17 January 2023 12270:from the original on 10 January 2022 12237:from the original on 7 February 2018 12186:from the original on 14 January 2023 12121:from the original on 1 November 2020 11772: 11720:from the original on 25 January 2014 11421: 11121: 10862: 9980:participating institution membership 9946: 9864:from the original on 20 January 2023 9653: 9412:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2021). 9334: 9327:Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie 2012 9039:United Nations Development Programme 9001: 8950:from the original on 6 February 2024 8873:from the original on 10 January 2021 7780:tentative UNESCO World Heritage site 7665:. Internationally acclaimed Turkish 7445:, romanticism, and formal elements. 7342:Literature, theatre, and visual arts 6125:Turkish Ministry of National Defense 6034:connect both sides of Istanbul. The 5560:. Lush forests are found around the 4449:with Greece over maritime boundaries 4311: 4258:, adopted in 1926, was based on the 4025:become increasingly associated with 2623:. In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the 2019:, thereby laying the foundations of 1848:. Urartu was often in conflict with 1369: 1357: 1095:. From 1789 onwards, the empire saw 1063:in 1243, when it disintegrated into 28590:Member states of the United Nations 26712:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 23152:from the original on 25 April 2024. 23011:from the original on 6 August 2020. 22673:The Turkic Peoples in World History 22670: 22554:. Berlin Wien: LIT Verlag Münster. 22489: 22440: 21742:Fatima Bhutto (13 September 2019). 21676:Irani, Delshad (22 February 2017). 21487: 20739: 20083:The American Jewish Year Book, 2018 19648:. 23 September 2014. Archived from 19399:al-Shamahi, Abubakr (8 June 2015). 19150:Toktaş, Şule; Araş, Bulent (2009). 18370:from the original on 19 April 2024. 18309:from the original on 28 March 2024. 18006:from the original on 27 March 2022. 17982: 17896:from the original on 10 March 2024. 17864: 17852: 17840: 17798: 17786: 17752: 16397:. Turkish Ministry of Tourism. 2005 15123:Uçar, Burcu Purtul (30 July 2017). 14153:from the original on 7 January 2023 14123:from the original on 7 January 2023 13663:from the original on 17 August 2016 13188:(6). SAGE Publications: 1075–1091. 13019:from the original on 18 August 2014 12800:"Chronology of Turkey-EU relations" 12780:from the original on 1 January 2022 11644: 11446: 11409: 11294:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks" 11279: 11098:Jeffreys, Haldon & Cormack 2008 10305: 10278:Denisyuk, Yulia (29 October 2023). 10215:Wertheimer, Tiffany (2 June 2022). 9518:from the original on 28 August 2022 9027: 8337: 7063:Minority Rights Group International 5229:, which is common among the Angoras 4864:government has waged crackdowns on 4434:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 3240:. Later that year, Turkey became a 2895:were the primary residences of the 2821:Ottoman economic crisis and default 2606:in Anatolia during the 14th century 2235:, with peace and wars alternating. 2189:'s death in 337. Bottom image: The 1314:UNESCO intangible cultural heritage 13: 27804:Commonwealth of Independent States 22794:Merriam-Webster, Inc, ed. (1997). 22646:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey 21769:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 21623:"Turkey: Soap Operas and Politics" 21412: 21248:"Anadolu Efes S.K.: Our successes" 20802:"Odunpazari Historical Urban Site" 19893:Peace Research Institute Frankfurt 19671:Pamuk, Humeyra (29 January 2016). 19288:Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). 19168:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x 18907:Aktürk, Şener (12 November 2012). 18782:Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001). 16855:. 19 November 2013. Archived from 16811:Top 100 Birding Sites of the World 16710:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey 16649:from the original on 6 April 2024. 16422:Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15962:. 11 November 2015. Archived from 15511:from the original on 28 March 2024 15104:from the original on 23 April 2022 14655:. Savunma Sanayii. 30 April 2023. 14538:from the original on 24 April 2023 14352:from the original on 14 March 2023 14186:from the original on 18 March 2024 14093:from the original on 25 March 2023 13626:. 10 November 2015. Archived from 13443: 13425:from the original on 21 March 2022 13295:from the original on 12 April 2022 13245:(2). Informa UK Limited: 175–187. 12957:from the original on 19 April 2017 12576:from the original on 28 March 2024 12522:from the original on 28 March 2024 12172:(1st ed.). Rosen Pub. Group. 11886:from the original on 16 March 2016 11842:Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). 11793:from the original on 28 March 2024 11142:from the original on 28 March 2024 11076:from the original on 29 April 2021 10971:from the original on 28 March 2024 10927:from the original on 28 March 2024 10798:from the original on 21 March 2023 10753: 10259:from the original on 29 March 2012 10060:from the original on 26 March 2023 8903:from the original on 24 March 2021 8814: 8394:systems are widely available. The 8116:"of Turkish origin", used to make 7560: 6500:, which is the most widely spoken 5950:fossil fuels were still subsidized 5482:with sharply contrasting seasons. 5458:of Turkey for the 1980–2016 period 5415:. The national dog breeds are the 4730:. As of 2016, Turkey has assisted 4574:are under the jurisdiction of the 4488:Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 3858: 3371:Administrative divisions of Turkey 2788:. In the 16th and 17th centuries, 2075:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 1775:rulers were gradually replaced by 1484:was named as such due to trade of 14: 28666: 28534:partial international recognition 28308:Countries bordering the Black Sea 27138:Economic Cooperation Organization 26352:Economic Cooperation Organization 26057:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 23193: 22858:from the original on 21 May 2024. 22458:from the original on 11 May 2024. 22130:. The University of Texas Press. 21723:Betül Alakent (17 October 2022). 21625:. Pulitzer Center. Archived from 21007:"Türk kahvesi Unesco korumasında" 20271:Mustafa Akyol (7 November 2016). 20229:"Turkish Higher Education System" 18846:from the original on 7 March 2024 17416:from the original on 21 May 2024. 17338:"Total production of crude steel" 17286:Dan Mihalascu (4 November 2022). 16747: 15758:United States Department of State 15541:from the original on 10 June 2022 15074:from the original on 6 April 2017 14969:. Psychology Press. p. 260. 14478:from the original on 28 June 2023 13583:from the original on 6 April 2023 13542:from the original on 6 April 2023 13462:from the original on 7 March 2022 13161:from the original on 7 March 2022 13087:from the original on 5 April 2019 12924:from the original on 18 July 2016 12736:Turkish Politics and the Military 11856:from the original on 12 July 2018 11292:Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). 9736:from the original on 2 March 2024 9690:from the original on 2 March 2024 9045:from the original on 10 June 2022 8740:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 8124:is a "delicate but gummy jelly". 6946:in 2011, the estimated number of 6585:Largest cities or towns in Turkey 5942:Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions 5910:16th largest electricity producer 5856: 5044:. As a general trend, the inland 4352:peace at home, peace in the world 4152:On the right side of the Turkish 3983:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 3935:, residence and workplace of the 3401:) and in towns by the governors ( 3172:religion-based and multi-communal 3043:History of the Republic of Turkey 2713: 2591:. Oghuz Turks were also known as 2512:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital 1783:. It co-existed in Anatolia with 1488:from Turkey to England. The name 1480:dates back to at least 1719. The 888:, is a country mainly located in 28393: 28380: 28367: 28354: 28341: 28328: 28315: 28229: 28214: 28199: 28184: 28171: 28157: 28142: 28127: 28109: 28092: 28077: 28062: 28047: 28032: 28017: 27903: 27890: 27877: 27864: 27851: 27838: 27809: 27775: 27762: 27749: 27736: 27723: 27710: 27697: 27684: 27671: 27658: 27645: 27632: 27619: 27606: 27582: 27558: 27545: 27532: 27519: 27506: 27493: 27480: 27467: 27454: 27441: 26659: 26635: 26621: 26607: 26593: 26579: 26565: 26551: 26537: 26523: 26509: 26232: 26219: 26206: 26189: 26173: 26160: 26147: 26134: 26121: 26099: 25628: 25617: 25616: 25311: 24988: 24977: 24976: 24803: 24472: 24460: 24448: 24437: 24436: 24424: 23828:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 23314: 23231: 23209: 22958:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire 22242:. Oxford University Press, USA. 21735: 21716: 21690: 21669: 21641: 21621:Jenna Krajeski (30 March 2012). 21614: 21542: 21516: 21469: 21406: 21380: 21362: 21339: 21240: 21214: 21183: 21110: 21098: 21086: 21074: 21062: 21050: 20998: 20976: 20964: 20952: 20940: 20928: 20916: 20874: 20862: 20850: 20838: 20826: 20814: 20794: 20780: 20768: 20733: 20715: 20684: 20672: 20660: 20648: 20593: 20579:"WHO Mean Body Mass Index (BMI)" 20546: 20446: 20421: 20400: 20376: 20355: 20330: 20305: 20287:"World University Rankings 2024" 20279: 20264: 20246: 20221: 20181: 20154: 20136: 20118: 20100: 20066: 20034: 20009: 19997: 19958: 19878: 19855: 19821: 19801: 19783: 19764: 19739: 19713: 19695: 19664: 19634: 19608: 19602:"Turkey's demographic challenge" 19600:Luke Coffey (18 February 2016). 19593: 19555:. United Nations. Archived from 19423: 19392: 19269: 19062: 19014: 19002: 18990: 18927: 18900: 18873: 18715: 18671: 18641: 18619: 18577: 18559: 18541: 18514: 18488: 18466: 18425: 18407: 18374: 18325: 18313: 18261: 18236: 18206: 18188: 18142: 18075: 18050: 18028: 18010: 17988: 17976: 17900: 17882: 17870: 17858: 17846: 17792: 17780: 17758: 17746: 17728: 17700: 17689:World Travel and Tourism Council 17676: 17654: 17629: 17595: 17565: 17509: 17481: 17455: 17422: 17328: 17298: 17224: 17202: 17138: 17117: 17105: 17093: 17081: 17069: 17057: 17045: 17018: 16914: 16845: 16802: 16756: 16701: 16675: 16653: 16631: 16609: 16585: 16573: 16561: 16512: 16409: 16364: 16322: 16310: 16192: 16168: 16142: 16111:"Perceptions of Gender Equality" 16103: 16082: 16056: 16030: 16004: 15985:Birch, Nicholas (19 July 2008). 15978: 15952: 15926: 15878: 15860: 15828: 15746: 15728: 15696: 15640: 15609: 15583: 15553: 15523: 15484: 15445: 15406: 15367: 15337: 15246: 15220: 15116: 14940:. TRT World. 30 September 2017. 14930: 14900: 14870: 14808: 14775: 14741: 14689:from the original on 6 June 2023 14671: 14645: 14614: 14602:from the original on 9 July 2023 14572:from the original on 16 May 2023 14550: 14520: 14508:from the original on 17 May 2023 14490: 14430: 14394: 14333: 14303: 14272: 14213: 14201: 14172:Dana Taib Menmy (23 June 2020). 14165: 14105: 14075: 14036: 14010: 13984: 13958: 13904: 13877: 13850: 13823: 13800: 13788: 13770: 13758: 13729: 13717: 13705: 13595: 13554: 13513: 13437: 13411: 13399:from the original on 7 July 2018 13385: 13373:from the original on 7 July 2018 13359: 13347:from the original on 28 May 2023 13333: 13321:from the original on 28 May 2023 13315:"Erdogan wins Turkey's election" 13307: 13275: 13143: 13125: 13113:from the original on 15 May 2023 13099: 13069: 13057: 13005: 12905: 12875: 12842: 12830: 12818: 12757: 12665: 12633:Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017). 12626: 12534: 12476: 12451: 12431: 12256:Raziye Akkoç (15 October 2015). 12249: 12219: 12082: 12045: 12033: 12021: 12009: 11976: 11964: 11937: 11898: 11766: 11686: 11674: 11662: 11650: 11623: 11611: 11599: 11587: 11575: 11563: 11551: 11539: 11527: 11515: 11503: 11491: 11479: 11467: 11440: 11415: 11271: 11212: 11154: 11115: 11103: 11058: 11043: 11031: 11019: 11007: 10995: 10766:from the original on 6 July 2022 10286:. National Geographic Traveller. 10229:from the original on 2 June 2022 10196:from the original on 2 June 2022 10164:from the original on 6 June 2022 10150:Soylu, Ragip (17 January 2022). 10131:from the original on 17 May 2022 9015:from the original on 17 May 2019 8667: 8650: 8641: 8628:[ˈtyɾcijedʒumˈhuːɾijeti] 8557: 8457: 8448: 8439: 8386:have a very high penetration as 8276:women's national volleyball team 8199:women's national basketball team 7887:, whose major works include the 7809:. There are various examples of 7763: 7739: 7709: 7673:musicians and composers include 7508:. An example for shadow play is 7198:Middle East Technical University 7041:; the constitution provides for 7001: 6992: 6957:in Turkey; these included other 6688: 6678: 6645: 6635: 6175:national satellite launch system 6094:Science and technology in Turkey 5747:13th in motor vehicle production 5611: 5588: 5569: 5542: 5515: 5135:includes the northern plains of 4953:List of national parks of Turkey 4858:Committee to Protect Journalists 4480:Diplomatic relations with Israel 4194:Social Democratic Populist Party 4014:proportionally to the population 4007:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 3924: 3897: 3448: 3248:. After fighting as part of the 3174:Ottoman monarchy into a Turkish 2881: 2870: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2388:eventually became extinct after 2191:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 2171: 2160: 1653: 1632: 1602: 1219:11th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP 1174:on 29 October 1923, modelled on 787: 786: 761: 739: 738: 720: 719: 687: 686: 668: 667: 616: 97: 66: 28595:Newly industrializing countries 27348:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 24473: 23179:from the original on 5 May 2024 23059:Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 22884:Pekesen, Berna (7 March 2012). 22307:The Oxford Companion to Chaucer 21772:. Facts On File, Incorporated. 21766:Agoston, G; Masters, B (2009). 21592:"Berlinale 1964: Prize Winners" 20871:, Seljuk or Saljuk architecture 20482:New England Journal of Medicine 20075:"World Jewish Population, 2018" 18726:. Routledge. pp. 144–145. 18523:Defense & Security Analysis 17496:Turkish Contractors Association 17469:from the original on 9 May 2024 17159:from the original on 5 May 2024 16549:from the original on 3 May 2024 16371:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 16329:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 16291:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 15933:Tehmina Kazi (7 October 2011). 15785:"Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis" 15783:Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis. 15380:. Lexington Books. p. 90. 14878:"What is Turkey doing in Iraq?" 14659:from the original on 3 May 2023 14466:Emma Helfrich (11 April 2023). 14231:from the original on 5 May 2022 13885:"Organization of Turkic States" 13484:The Cambridge History of Turkey 12674:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 12505:Historical Dictionary of Turkey 12141:"Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide" 10983: 10951: 10939: 10908: 10896: 10850: 10838: 10826: 10814: 10754:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 10747: 10712: 10679: 10667: 10655: 10643: 10631: 10604: 10592: 10565: 10463: 10405: 10393: 10362: 10271: 10208: 10176: 10143: 10074: 10031:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 9986: 9952: 9940: 9928: 9916: 9904: 9893:, stretches west as far as the 9825: 9813: 9801: 9789: 9760: 9748: 9672: 9647: 9446: 9434: 9405: 9276: 9264: 9252: 9193: 9162: 9108: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9035:"Human Development Index (HDI)" 8736:"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" 8609: 8585: 8261:2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women 8042:Food staples in Turkey include 7688: 7253:in Istanbul. It contains 2,068 6397:(47%); and a large minority in 6227: 5979:, West Asia, and Central Asia. 5952:. By 2053, Turkey aims to have 5815:international poverty threshold 5685:18th-largest economy by nominal 5503:Examples from some of Turkey's 5192: 4745: 4526:is currently being produced by 4298:General Directorate of Security 3027:partition of the Ottoman Empire 2910:Ottoman territories in Europe ( 2798:Ottoman Empire began to decline 2674:in 1071, and later established 2417:First Council of Constantinople 2233:conflicts with Parthians ensued 2112:appeared. In third century BC, 1852:, but fell with the attacks of 1805:is based on historical events. 1797:earliest layers go back to the 1729:. These tablets belonged to an 1276:, and various mountain ranges; 635:111/km (287.5/sq mi) ( 27118:Moro National Liberation Front 26256:Turkic Speaking States summits 24918:British Indian Ocean Territory 23112:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 23094:. Cambridge University Press. 23066:KONDA Research and Consultancy 22573:. Liverpool University Press. 22186:. Cambridge University Press. 21876:. Princeton University Press. 21829:Bank, A.; Karadag, R. (2012). 20606:Atmospheric Pollution Research 19369:Jaipaul L. Roopnarine (2015). 19044:. Cultural Diversity and Law. 18913:. Cambridge University Press. 18722:Bayir, Derya (22 April 2016). 18459:10.1088/1742-6596/347/1/012008 17253:Jay Ramey (30 December 2019). 16762:E.S. Forster (trans. et ed.), 16070:(in Turkish). 19 November 2017 16038:"Onur Yürüyüşü'nde 20 gözaltı" 15920:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 15159:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 13689:. 7 April 2016. Archived from 13421:. Daily Sabah. 14 March 2022. 12764:Arsu, Sebsem (12 April 2012). 12639:. Princeton University Press. 12354:. Penguin Group. p. 180. 12325:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 12052:Mojzes, Paul (November 2013). 11128:. Cambridge University Press. 8885: 8792: 8774:Constitutional Court of Turkey 8703: 8213:in three consecutive seasons ( 8195:men's national basketball team 8050:. Some of bread varieties are 7881:classical Ottoman architecture 7831:Byzantine Revival architecture 7730:classical Ottoman architecture 7494:2006 Nobel Prize in Literature 7292:Air pollution is a major cause 7190:Times Higher Education ranking 7159:Ministry of National Education 7091:Christian population in Turkey 6919: 6546:endangered languages in Turkey 6149:Turkey ranks 16th in the world 5831:21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 5697:newly industrialized countries 5213:Environmental issues in Turkey 5207:Flora and vegetation of Turkey 4883: 4870:journalists have been arrested 4779:European Court of Human Rights 3103:Turkish Provisional Government 2059:expanded into western Anatolia 1844:. Urartu's capital was around 1767:They may be native to Anatolia 1576:Prehistory of Southeast Europe 1566:Prehistory and ancient history 1091:, the Ottoman Empire became a 1071:united the principalities and 762: 1: 28299: 26310:Supreme Order of Turkic World 26107:Organization of Turkic States 25717:Commissioner for Human Rights 25572:country of the United Kingdom 22490:Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. 22426:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 21874:The Five-Million-Year Odyssey 20532:10.1080/19371918.2020.1806167 20073:DellaPergola, Sergio (2018). 19431:"The Ethnic Groups Of Turkey" 19208:The Other Languages of Europe 18657:Turkish Statistical Institute 18535:10.1080/14751798.2022.2068562 17951:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21535 17581:Turkish Statistical Institute 15561:"Ever closer to independence" 14849:. Rand Corporation. pp. 13890:Organization of Turkic States 13453:European Stability Initiative 13252:10.1080/14683857.2021.1909292 13151:"Law on Constitutional Court" 12733:Hale, William Mathew (1994). 12680:(2). Yale University: 67–82. 12417:. Overlook. p. lxxviii. 9883: 8944:Turkish Statistical Institute 8696: 8658:Bulgarian community in Turkey 8176:Turkey national football team 7375:at his personal writing space 7206:Istanbul Technical University 7147:Istanbul Technical University 6524:recognized and protected for 6267:was 1.51 children per woman, 6261:province and district centers 6195:An Antarctic research station 5792:largest airlines in the world 5743:8th in crude steel production 5185:that is more successful with 5175:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes 4758:2016–present purges in Turkey 4422:Organization of Turkic States 4399:Organization of Turkic States 4397:Members and observers of the 4360:threats from the Soviet Union 4170:Justice and Development Party 3416:Turkey is subdivided into 81 3351:executive presidential system 3005:" from the eastern war zone. 2825:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 2686:. Seljuk arrival started the 2431:Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks 2258:took place in Ephesus, where 1294:a universal healthcare system 1239:Organization of Turkic States 984:. Other major cities include 896:, with a smaller part called 612:• December 2023 estimate 479: 24319:Intangible cultural heritage 23665:Southeastern Anatolia Region 23497:Proclamation of the republic 22278:Goode, Patrick, ed. (2009). 22153:Everett-Heath, John (2020). 22126:Davison, Roderic H. (1990). 22101:The Oxford Companion to Food 22018:Cohen, Saul B., ed. (2008). 21654:International Business Times 21299:"National Team's Activities" 20520:Social Work in Public Health 18480:. 8 May 2024. Archived from 17350:"2022 Production Statistics" 17184:"Turkey (Turkiye) - Economy" 16892:"Specific Animals of Turkey" 16718:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_36 16685:. 6 May 2012. Archived from 15491:Stanton, Jessica A. (2016). 15295:. U.S. Department of State. 15259:. I.B. Tauris. p. 263. 14998:"Enter the EU Battle Groups" 14963:Richmond, Oliver P. (1998). 14621:Tayfun Özberk (1 May 2022). 13039:"CIA World Factbook: Turkey" 12541:Axiarlis, Evangelia (2014). 12458:Psomiades, Harry J. (2000). 12379:"The Treaty of Sèvres, 1920" 11298:The Medieval History Journal 10760:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10613:Annual Review of Linguistics 9923:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9899:Eastern Carpathian Mountains 9832:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9820:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9796:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9561:10.1590/01047760201925042644 9371:Journal of Genocide Research 8184:2003 FIFA Confederations Cup 8178:won the bronze medal at the 7290:(BMI) value of 30 or above. 7224:. Turkey is a member of the 7192:, the top universities were 7149:is the world's third-oldest 7111: 7095:the largest Jewish community 7089:. Sources estimate that the 6214:Turkish Aerospace Industries 6121:Earth observation satellites 5755:Turkish automative companies 5619:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5487:vulnerable to climate change 5299:introduced to Western Europe 5133:Southeastern Anatolia Region 4940: 4742:with security and training. 4528:Turkish Aerospace Industries 4384:European Union Customs Union 4326:Turkey has been a member of 4294:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4102:is currently serving as the 4061:2024 Turkish local elections 3324:European Union Customs Union 3282:The country's transition to 3178:that would be governed as a 2810:Ottoman constitution of 1876 2085:, were located in Anatolia. 1860:in seventh century BC. When 1617:were erected as far back as 1517:In December 2021, President 1506: 1375: 1363: 1327: 7: 23590:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 23214:Geographic data related to 23109:Wilson, Nigel, ed. (2006). 23088:van den Hout, Theo (2011). 22980:. Oxford University Press. 22773:McColl, R. W., ed. (2005). 22629:. Oxford University Press. 22623:Krieger, Joel, ed. (2014). 22499:Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü 22467:. Oxford University Press. 22399:Howard, Douglas A. (2016). 22309:. Oxford University Press. 22305:Gray, Douglas, ed. (2003). 22282:. Oxford University Press. 22236:Findley, Carter V. (2005). 22211:SDGs in the European Region 22049:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 22047:The World's Major Languages 22003:. Oxford University Press. 21903:. Oxford University Press. 20581:. World Health Organization 20189:"World Oldest Universities" 19156:Political Science Quarterly 19048:. pp. 88–90, 203–204. 18129:Central Intelligence Agency 17342:The World Steel Association 17152:International Monetary Fund 16457:Steadman & McMahon 2011 16279:Steadman & McMahon 2011 16242:Central Intelligence Agency 12559:A Concise History of Greece 12439:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 11225:Evolutionary Human Sciences 11167:Evolutionary Human Sciences 10857:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10845:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10833:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10821:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10719:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10686:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10674:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10650:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10599:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10587:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10572:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10560:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9730:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100384 9512:Central Intelligence Agency 9169:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9127:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9115:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9103:Steadman & McMahon 2011 8987:International Monetary Fund 8843:Central Intelligence Agency 8550: 7789:Turkey is home to numerous 7367:-laureate Turkish novelist 6977: 5739:major agricultural producer 5675:. A founding member of the 5181:, a country with a similar 4976:in between, Turkey bridges 4619:designed to operate on TCG 4568:Gendarmerie General Command 4493: 4462:aimed at ousting US-backed 4364:ally with the United States 4318:Foreign relations of Turkey 4302:Gendarmerie General Command 4047:Political parties in Turkey 3997:branch, which includes the 3092:Turkish War of Independence 2676:the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 2248:oldest Christian literature 2017:Ionian School of philosophy 1561:Ancient regions of Anatolia 1440: 1434: 1428: 1300:, and increasing levels of 1272:Turkey has coastal plains, 1160:Turkish War of Independence 1134:. Under the control of the 1103:, and centralization while 1035:following the conquests of 1031:transitioned into cultural 10: 28671: 28532:Disputed statehood — 26670:(as Turkish Cypriot State) 26042:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 25420:British Overseas Territory 25038:Countries and dependencies 24922:British Overseas Territory 24535:Countries and dependencies 24496:Articles related to Turkey 23421:Conquest of Constantinople 22863:Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). 22815:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). 22239:The Turks in World History 21808:Baird, Forrest E. (2016). 21758: 20821:Sagona & Zimansky 2015 20408:"Türkiye Scholarships-FAQ" 20209:. World Education Services 18834:"If Turkey Had 100 People" 16443:10.1007/s10518-020-00793-4 16044:(in Turkish). 22 June 2019 16018:(in Turkish). 17 June 2016 14149:. TRT World. 25 May 2022. 14119:. Reuters. 24 March 2018. 13817:10.1057/s41311-023-00511-2 13687:Transparency International 13565:. In Smits, Jan M. (ed.). 13524:. In Smits, Jan M. (ed.). 12545:. I.B. Tauris. p. 11. 11681:Agoston & Masters 2009 11233:Cambridge University Press 11175:Cambridge University Press 10964:World History Encyclopedia 10921:World History Encyclopedia 10756:"New Inscribed Properties" 10249:"The World's First Temple" 10091:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 9755:Agoston & Masters 2009 8347: 8341: 8158:The most popular sport is 8137: 8131: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7877:Early Ottoman architecture 7698: 7692: 7677:(founder and president of 7574: 7564: 7466:Atatürk instituted reforms 7345: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7239: 7115: 6981: 6923: 6677: 6634: 6554: 6278: 6237: 6231: 6097: 6091: 6004:controlled-access highways 5914:Turkey's energy generation 5874: 5867:Renewable energy in Turkey 5860: 5728:Turkish automotive company 5652: 5646: 5642: 5533:has snow-white color from 5505:seven geographical regions 5444: 5438: 5434: 5318:Ancient Troy National Park 5314:Mount Nemrut National Park 5210: 5196: 4950: 4944: 4887: 4755: 4749: 4560:Chief of the General Staff 4503: 4497: 4315: 4278:and German law generally. 4270:, originally based on the 4223: 4040: 3963:three levels of government 3886: 3872: 3374: 3368: 3082:. Under the leadership of 3040: 2717: 2579:, the Oghuz migrated into 2448: 2434: 2349:, and the predominance of 2137: 2127: 2083:Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 1889: 1883: 1579: 1569: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1507:Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye 1402: 1322:fifth most visited country 1318:a rich and diverse cuisine 1186:, but was involved in the 1164:abolition of the sultanate 29: 18: 28530: 28409: 28307: 28246: 28118: 28107: 28008: 27919: 27830: 27791: 27598: 27574: 27431: 27395: 27344: 27291: 27219: 27174: 27126: 27106: 27066: 27059: 27043: 26745: 26736: 26719: 26651: 26500: 26424: 26399: 26366: 26359: 26302: 26281: 26248: 26198: 26187: 26113: 26034: 25988: 25745: 25684: 25589: 25545: 25520: 25495: 25482: 25429: 25405: 25398: 25375: 25362: 25320: 25309: 25048: 24962: 24935: 24904: 24888: 24867: 24854: 24812: 24801: 24545: 24501: 24420: 24153: 24069: 23962: 23928:The constitutional system 23888: 23843: 23788: 23779: 23673: 23621: 23612: 23565: 23532: 23482: 23460:Second Constitutional Era 23445:Decline and modernization 23401: 23362: 23336: 23327: 23237:Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey 23157:World Bank Group (2022). 22654:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0 22527:Karpat, Kemal H. (2004). 22492:2023 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu 22219:10.1007/978-3-031-17461-2 22192:10.1017/chol9780521839570 21504:Federal Research Division 21415:"FILA Wrestling Database" 21166:"Historical Achievements" 21105:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21093:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21081:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21069:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21057:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21045:Davidson & Jaine 2014 20986:. UNESCO. 5 December 2013 20947:Bozdogan & Akcan 2013 20626:10.1016/j.apr.2020.08.011 20254:"Eurydice | Türkiye" 19983:10.1080/01419870701491937 19971:Ethnic and Racial Studies 19375:. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. 19306:10.1163/15718115-bja10134 19087:10.1080/14683850601016390 18997:Kirişci & Winrow 1997 18934:Watts, Nicole F. (2010). 18868:Kirişci & Winrow 1997 18761:10.1017/S0020743800063819 18391:10.1109/RAST.2015.7208318 17877:Taranto & Saygın 2019 17550:Euromonitor International 16809:Couzens, Dominic (2008). 16766:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq 16317:Merriam-Webster, Inc 1997 16176:"UN Demographic Yearbook" 15960:"islam and homosexuality" 15253:Zürcher, Erik J. (2004). 14406:"Turkey/Military service" 13561:Tarman, Z. Derya (2012). 13520:Tarman, Z. Derya (2012). 13041:. Cia.gov. Archived from 12686:10.1080/13537110208428662 12462:. Pella. pp. 27–38. 11844:"Center of Ottoman Power" 11369:10.1163/22105018-12340089 11050:Grant, Robert M. (1997). 10439:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.057 9967:Oxford English Dictionary 9383:10.1080/14623520801950820 9346:The Magnitude of Genocide 8533:Turkish television dramas 8521: 8209:reached the final of the 8127: 7525:, includes sculpture and 7506:storytelling performances 7235: 6137:communications satellites 6006:and 29,373 kilometers of 5843:Euromonitor International 5827:ranked fifth in the world 5709:Foreign direct investment 4424:. It is also a member of 4414:relations with Azerbaijan 4296:. These agencies are the 4290:Law enforcement in Turkey 4264:Swiss Code of Obligations 4226:Judicial system of Turkey 4190:Republican People's Party 4076:municipal council members 4051:Electoral cycle of Turkey 4031:competitive authoritarian 3889:Law enforcement in Turkey 3447: 3355:Supreme Electoral Council 3343:unsuccessful coup attempt 3080:Turkish National Movement 2647:'s capital and center of 2124:Rome and Byzantine Empire 2015:from Miletus founded the 1880:Early classical antiquity 1809:layers matches most with 1801:. It is not known if the 1067:. Beginning in 1299, the 1059:ruled Anatolia until the 867: 855: 843: 825: 806: 776: 751: 732: 713: 699: 680: 661: 643: 629: 610: 603: 593: 579: 572: 568: 555: 540: 525: 512: 499: 486: 470: 466: 459: 447: 443: 428: 413: 398: 383: 379: 366: 347: 313: 233: 223: 182: 141: 132: 81: 63: 41: 27937:SCO Interbank Consortium 27189:Abuja Declaration (1989) 27083:Central African Republic 23911:Ministry of the Interior 23896:Administrative divisions 23455:First Constitutional Era 23205:OECD Data | Türkiye 23137:(Report). Geneva: WIPO. 22746:Matthews, Henry (2014). 22533:. Leiden Boston: BRILL. 21997:Clauson, Gerard (1972). 21872:Bellwood, Peter (2022). 20847:, Byzantine architecture 18963:Amikam Nachmani (2003). 18880:Migdal, Joel S. (2004). 18788:. Multilingual Matters. 18649:"Birth Statistics, 2023" 16683:"Biodiversity in Turkey" 16519:ISMEP Guide Books 4 2014 15653:21 December 2016 at the 15419:. Springer. p. 96. 15351:. BBC. 4 November 2016. 14057:"The YPG-PKK connection" 13446:"Conservatism in Turkey" 13194:10.1177/1354068820923722 12383:Brigham Young University 12350:Ferguson, Niall (2007). 11959:Gibney & Hansen 2005 11739:Todorova, Maria (2009). 11310:10.1177/0971945818775373 10089:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 9878:De Administrando Imperio 9542:Birben, Üstüner (2019). 9418:Harvard University Press 9291:Gibney & Hansen 2005 8578: 8249:2013–14 EuroLeague Women 7386:is on the Asian side of 7065:, estimates of share of 6412:other Turkic backgrounds 6206:unmanned aerial vehicles 6145:research and development 5946:large proportion of coal 5877:Communications in Turkey 5837:. Turkey is home to 519 5447:Climate change in Turkey 5259:climate change in Turkey 5227:odd eyes (heterochromia) 5012:Turkey is divided into " 4852:and the main opposition 4810:Kurdistan Workers' Party 4576:Ministry of the Interior 4246:legal system, replacing 4126:elections were in 2023. 3365:Administrative divisions 3361:were accepted as valid. 3021:in 1918, the victorious 2786:Suleiman the Magnificent 2252:extrabiblical traditions 2197:, at its greatest extent 1953:Greeks started migrating 1625:by over seven millennia. 1504:in 1921, the expression 1310:21 UNESCO World Heritage 1253:, Turkey is part of the 1089:Suleiman the Magnificent 1023:were assimilated by the 972:is Turkey's capital and 32:Türkiye (disambiguation) 26052:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 25702:Parliamentary Assembly 25697:Committee of Ministers 25576:British-Irish Agreement 24880:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 23858:Parliamentary elections 23660:Eastern Anatolia Region 23655:Central Anatolia Region 23337:Ancient and Middle Ages 23091:The Elements of Hittite 23007:(Report). Metin Koşar. 22891:European History Online 22866:The Great Seljuk Empire 21845:Biondich, Mark (2011). 21787:Armour, Ian D. (2012). 20823:, pp. 44–46, 82–86 20788:"Award Winning Legends" 20763:Heper & Sayari 2012 20710:Heper & Sayari 2012 20047:. Pew Research Center. 20004:Heper & Sayari 2012 19828:Markessini, J. (2012). 19246:Zetler, Reyhan (2014). 17232:"TOGG Official Website" 16764:The Turkish Letters of 16263:Encyclopedia Britannica 14411:. UNHCR. Archived from 14208:Heper & Sayari 2012 14043:Heper & Sayari 2012 13845:Heper & Sayari 2012 13830:Bank & Karadag 2012 13765:Heper & Sayari 2012 13753:Heper & Sayari 2012 13736:Heper & Sayari 2012 13724:Heper & Sayari 2012 13712:Heper & Sayari 2012 13064:Heper & Sayari 2012 12837:Heper & Sayari 2012 12825:Heper & Sayari 2012 12556:Clogg, Richard (2002). 12289:Donald Bloxham (2005). 12166:Freedman, Jeri (2009). 12115:Encyclopædia Britannica 11911:. Bloomsbury Academic. 11693:Heper & Sayari 2012 11070:Encyclopædia Britannica 11054:. Routledge. p. 2. 10791:Encyclopedia Britannica 10312:Casson, Lionel (1977). 10054:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 9972:Oxford University Press 9453:Heper & Sayari 2012 9441:Heper & Sayari 2012 9259:Heper & Sayari 2012 8400:most popular newspapers 8237:FIVB World Championship 7936:vernacular architecture 7835:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 7577:Turkish classical music 7404:performing arts theater 7392:Atatürk Cultural Center 7106:identify as irreligious 6936:Turkey's migrant crisis 6485:Areas with speakers of 6161:Global Innovation Index 6078:top 10 busiest airports 5938:total final consumption 5926:fourth-largest producer 5671:-income country and an 5577:Central Anatolia Region 5187:earthquake preparedness 5163:Aegean extensional zone 5109:Eastern Anatolia Region 4826:A full-scale insurgency 4605:amphibious assault ship 4584:conscientious objection 4482:were damaged after the 4390:are frozen as of 2024. 4029:, being described as a 3906:Grand National Assembly 3869:Government and politics 3359:ballots without a stamp 3278:meeting in January 1994 3062:of the Turkish Republic 2698:, played a role in the 2401:First Council of Nicaea 1763:Indo-European languages 1469:The Book of the Duchess 1462: 1456: 1381:Second Turkic Khaganate 1245:and an early member of 1215:18th-largest by nominal 1166:and the signing of the 1083:. During the reigns of 1017:various ancient peoples 958:largest ethnic minority 453:Grand National Assembly 224:Official languages 25:Turkey (disambiguation) 27078:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26948:Pakistan-OIC relations 26262:Turkic Council summits 25785:Bosnia and Herzegovina 25412:(Sovereign Base Areas) 25093:Bosnia and Herzegovina 24938:Special administrative 24914:(Sovereign Base Areas) 24029:Science and technology 23863:Presidential elections 23344:Prehistory of Anatolia 23068:. 2006. Archived from 22779:. Facts On File, Inc. 22731:. Palgrave Macmillan. 22569:Kaya, Ibrahim (2004). 22451:(Report). Paris: IEA. 22420:Hoyos, Dexter (2019). 22355:. Palgrave Macmillan. 21497:Turkey country profile 21333:championsleague.cev.eu 20923:Bloom & Blair 2009 20911:Bloom & Blair 2009 20896:Bloom & Blair 2009 20881:Bloom & Blair 2009 20869:Curl & Wilson 2021 20857:Bloom & Blair 2009 20845:Curl & Wilson 2021 20291:Times Higher Education 19069:Köksal, Yonca (2006). 16947:10.1038/sdata.2018.214 13809:International Politics 13395:. BBC. 14 March 2003. 12739:. Routledge. pp. 12413:Mango, Andrew (2000). 12206:Dictionary of Genocide 11773:Mann, Michael (2005). 11122:Maas, Michael (2015). 11028:, pp. 62, 83, 115 9876: 8867:"Turkish Constitution" 8619: 8595: 8358:and a rapid growth of 8244: 8201:have been successful. 8155: 8086: 8056: 7984: 7975:. Turkish coffee is a 7932:modernist architecture 7839:Turkish principalities 7819:Byzantine architecture 7695:Architecture of Turkey 7605: 7521: 7510: 7450: 7411: 7402:is the city's largest 7398:on the European side. 7376: 7272:Genel Sağlık Sigortası 7271: 7262: 7255:seismic base isolation 7188:According to the 2024 7182: 7175:Higher Education Board 7163:universities in Turkey 7154: 7130: 7077:, Bulgarian Orthodox, 7025:Syriac Orthodox Church 6959:ethnic groups of Syria 6489: 6306: 6303:ethnic Kurds in Turkey 6275:Ethnicity and language 6252: 6234:Demographics of Turkey 6171:Turkey's space program 6140: 6088:Science and technology 6046:Turkish State Railways 5972: 5905: 5810: 5734: 5664: 5459: 5358:Caucasian black grouse 5350:eastern imperial eagle 5338:Caucasus mixed forests 5326:Polonezköy Nature Park 5230: 5092: 4965: 4902: 4874: 4814:terrorist organization 4774: 4752:Human rights in Turkey 4624: 4535: 4470:) from the enclave of 4401: 4388:its EU accession talks 4354:" principle until the 4335: 4239: 4219: 4147:Independent candidates 4116:Main Opposition Leader 4063: 4027:democratic backsliding 3883:Constitution of Turkey 3863: 3341:. On 15 July 2016, an 3328:accession negotiations 3279: 3206:tribes leading to the 3180:parliamentary republic 3159: 3068:occupation of Istanbul 3063: 2999:refused to acknowledge 2804:reforms, initiated by 2736: 2680:Turkish principalities 2607: 2604:Turkish principalities 2504:Çifte Minareli Medrese 2323:fall of Constantinople 2298: 2148:Christianity in Turkey 2110:the kingdom of Armenia 2047: 1944: 1807:Troy's Late Bronze Age 1572:Prehistory of Anatolia 1494:Treaty of Alexandropol 1476:. The modern spelling 1274:a high central plateau 1105:its territory declined 1097:a major transformation 1065:Turkish principalities 1013:earliest farming areas 982:largest city in Europe 936:to the south; and the 724:$ 1.114 trillion ( 672:$ 3.832 trillion ( 88: 47: 23:. For other uses, see 28575:Member states of NATO 28565:Eastern Mediterranean 26391:Islamabad Declaration 25712:Court of Human Rights 25439:Bailiwick of Guernsey 25410:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 24912:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 24024:Free trade agreements 23906:Intelligence Services 23703:North Anatolian Fault 22708:10.4324/9780203943373 22681:10.4324/9781003256496 22671:Lee, Joo-Yup (2023). 22606:10.4324/9781315036649 22506:Karpat, K.H. (2001). 22402:The History of Turkey 22361:10.1057/9780230593602 22055:10.4324/9781315644936 21882:10.1515/9780691236339 21346:Burak Sansal (2006). 21117:Burak Sansal (2006). 20207:"Education in Turkey" 19116:Özlem, Kader (2019). 19038:Bayır, Derya (2013). 16598:Associated Press News 16395:"Geography of Turkey" 15068:hurriyetdailynews.com 15005:Chaillot Paper no. 97 14372:Turkish General Staff 14227:. BBC. 27 June 2016. 13369:. BBC. 31 July 2001. 12381:. Harold B. Library, 12169:The Armenian genocide 11742:Imagining the Balkans 11524:, pp. 71–73, 225 10081:Cevdet Küçük (2012). 9654:Berg, Miriam (2023). 9171:, pp. 5, 16, 617 8869:. Anayasa Mahkemesi. 8332:Greco-Roman wrestling 8231: 8147: 8023:as a word comes from 7967: 7919:, including works of 7901:Ottoman baroque style 7793:settlements, such as 7596: 7585:Turkish music (style) 7555:paper marbling (ebru) 7421:is an example of the 7382: 7363: 7259:withstand earthquakes 7249: 7242:Health care in Turkey 7145: 7125: 7057:. Based on a survey, 7017:Mor Hananyo Monastery 6926:Immigration to Turkey 6544:. There are multiple 6484: 6393:; a near majority in 6300: 6247: 6143:Turkey's spending on 6107: 6012:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge 5963:The main terminal of 5962: 5888: 5800: 5718: 5662: 5467:Mediterranean climate 5454: 5239:biodiversity hotspots 5220: 5151:North Anatolian Fault 5085:North Anatolian Fault 5078: 5038:Southeastern Anatolia 4960: 4897: 4890:LGBT rights in Turkey 4806:military coup of 1980 4765: 4613:Baykar MIUS Kızılelma 4596: 4590:to military service. 4586:and does not offer a 4580:serve in the military 4521: 4447:. There are disputes 4396: 4325: 4272:Italian Criminal Code 4233: 4198:Democratic Left Party 4058: 4037:Parties and elections 3989:branch, which is the 3971:municipal governments 3947:presidential republic 3862: 3375:Further information: 3339:presidential election 3284:multi-party democracy 3270: 3208:Sheikh Said rebellion 3157:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3147: 3052:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3050: 2932:in the Russian Empire 2727: 2602:A map of independent 2601: 2539:. Early and medieval 2526:Proto-Turkic language 2496:İnce Minareli Medrese 2449:Further information: 2276: 2187:Constantine the Great 2033: 1932:, a city named after 1923: 1753:was used in northern 1731:Assyrian trade colony 1696:origin of agriculture 1643:, the capital of the 1621:, predating those of 1512:Ottoman Empire's name 1284:, Turkey is prone to 1282:biodiversity hotspots 1180:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1138:, the Ottoman Empire 1116:in the Russian Empire 595:• Water (%) 374:presidential republic 242:Predominantly Turkish 28615:West Asian countries 27942:Eurasian Land Bridge 27783:United Arab Emirates 27200:OIC Resolution 10/11 27153:Non-Aligned Movement 27030:United Arab Emirates 24780:United Arab Emirates 24408:World heritage sites 23933:Turkish Armed Forces 23818:Constitutional Court 23732:Flora and vegetation 23710:Environmental issues 23698:East Anatolian Fault 23645:Mediterranean Region 22955:Somel, S.A. (2010). 22548:Kaser, Karl (2011). 21413:Gegner, Christiane. 21350:. allaboutturkey.com 21121:. allaboutturkey.com 20937:, Turkey, since 1918 20494:10.1056/NEJMp1410433 19604:. www.aljazeera.com. 19483:on 9 September 2015. 18172:Atlı, Altay (2018). 17439:10.2139/ssrn.1274804 16877:Üstay, A.H. (1990). 16601:. 14 February 2023. 15452:White, Paul (2015). 15100:. 22 November 2014. 14782:Hans M. Kristensen. 14713:The Military Balance 14598:. 15 December 2022. 14317:. 25 November 2022. 14059:. Atlantic Council. 13343:. BBC. 28 May 2023. 13317:. CNN. 28 May 2023. 12337:10.1093/hgs/12.3.393 11880:dolmabahcepalace.com 11422:Wink, Andre (1990). 10869:Rovelli, C. (2023). 10253:Archaeology magazine 10033:, pp. 2759–2798 9591:, pp. 1575–1576 9455:, pp. 1, 55, 57 9011:. World Bank. 2019. 8160:association football 8005:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 7873:Ottoman architecture 7827:conquest of Istanbul 7753:, an example of the 7701:Ottoman architecture 7458:Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil 7427:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 7419:Tales of Dede Korkut 7230:Türkiye Scholarships 7222:Hacettepe University 7212:, the top ones were 7183:Yükseköğretim Kurulu 7151:technical university 6420:minorities in Turkey 6311:Turkish Constitution 6285:Minorities in Turkey 6265:total fertility rate 6191:particle accelerator 6127:, while state-owned 5749:, ship building (by 5689:11th-largest economy 5596:Mediterranean Region 5456:Köppen climate types 5354:lesser spotted eagle 5342:Eurasian sparrowhawk 5322:Ölüdeniz Nature Park 5155:East Anatolian Fault 5089:East Anatolian Fault 4688:since the Korean War 4588:civilian alternative 4540:Turkish Armed Forces 4510:Turkish Naval Forces 4500:Turkish Armed Forces 4358:'s start. Following 4100:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 3999:Constitutional Court 3955:current constitution 3933:Presidential Complex 3875:Government of Turkey 3326:in 1995 and started 3322:in 1987, joined the 3184:secular constitution 3115:Armistice of Mudanya 2631:and established the 2629:Battle of Dandanaqan 2613:originated from the 2425:Council of Chalcedon 2240:Acts of the Apostles 2081:in Ephesus, and the 1519:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1286:frequent earthquakes 1055:process. The Seljuk 1003:. Home to important 559:Current constitution 393:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 95:"Independence March" 28635:Countries in Europe 27279:Arab–Islamic (2023) 26728:Hissein Brahim Taha 26381:Secretaries-General 25532:unincorporated area 25461:Bailiwick of Jersey 25323:States with limited 24815:States with limited 23977:Banking and Finance 23595:History of Anatolia 23492:War of Independence 23484:Republic of Türkiye 23381:Battle of Manzikert 23143:10.34667/tind.48220 23075:on 15 February 2017 22849:10.1787/5ea7657e-en 22821:. Clarendon Press. 22800:. Merriam-Webster. 22579:10.2307/j.ctt5vjm76 21702:Hürriyet Daily News 21560:on 19 December 2015 21501:Library of Congress 20790:. 28 February 2018. 20742:"Theatre in Turkey" 20729:. 27 February 2021. 20727:Hürriyet Daily News 20618:2020AtmPR..11.2350A 20460:. 14 February 2023. 20293:. 25 September 2023 20260:. 27 November 2023. 20195:on 15 January 2008. 19862:Axel Tschentscher. 19797:. 14 November 2014. 19795:Hürriyet Daily News 19559:on 10 December 2015 18593:. 27 December 2023. 18573:. 10 November 2021. 18450:2012JPhCS.347a2008Y 18419:Hürriyet Daily News 18223:10.1787/d8b068b4-en 18155:Hürriyet Daily News 18058:"Yüksek Hızlı Tren" 18042:. 25 October 2023. 18024:. 19 December 2016. 17942:2023Heliy...921535N 17696:on 21 January 2024. 17616:10.2908/ILC_PEPS01N 17505:on 14 January 2024. 17316:on 20 December 2022 16994:"Climate of Turkey" 16939:2018NatSD...580214B 16790:on 17 December 2015 16784:milliparklar.gov.tr 16434:2020BuEE...18.2523S 15844:. 25 January 2022. 15712:. 12 October 2016. 15680:. 1 February 2022. 15413:Balci, Ali (2016). 15186:Annual report, 2014 15044:on 19 February 2015 14882:Hürriyet Daily News 14418:on 22 November 2006 14382:on 18 February 2009 13657:European Parliament 13624:European Commission 13291:. 5 December 2019. 13288:Hürriyet Daily News 13107:"Duties and Powers" 13077:"Duties and Powers" 12918:The Washington Post 12508:. Scarecrow Press. 12264:The Daily Telegraph 12111:"Armenian Genocide" 11876:"Dolmabahce Palace" 11242:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 11184:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 10847:, pp. 505, 753 10574:, pp. 233, 327 10497:10.1038/nature24476 10489:2017Natur.551..368L 10431:2016CBio...26.2659K 10284:National Geographic 10124:. 4 December 2021. 9970:(Online ed.). 9889:) "Patzinakia, the 9482:on 10 February 2014 9105:, pp. 3–11, 37 8946:. 6 February 2024. 8620:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 8328:freestyle wrestling 8239:four times and the 8180:2002 FIFA World Cup 7855:Seljuk architecture 7620:lost popularity to 7512:Karagöz and Hacivat 7384:Süreyya Opera House 7318:Festivals in Turkey 7214:Istanbul University 7127:Istanbul University 7118:Education in Turkey 7049:. According to the 7043:freedom of religion 6510:Caucasian languages 6444:Assyrians in Turkey 6320:1965 Turkish census 6289:Languages of Turkey 6173:plans to develop a 6082:the Middle Corridor 5997:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan 5871:Transport in Turkey 5801:Gulf of Antalya in 5730:which manufactures 5508: 5480:continental climate 5183:developmental level 5165:to the west. After 5153:zone to the north; 5014:seven major regions 4982:Southeastern Europe 4947:Geography of Turkey 4841:widespread protests 4812:(PKK, designated a 4740:Somali Armed Forces 4734:forces in northern 4631:in NATO, after the 4572:Coast Guard Command 4506:Turkish Land Forces 4362:, Turkey sought to 4332:Allied Land Command 4306:Coast Guard Command 4156:, parties like the 4143:electoral threshold 4072:municipality mayors 4043:Elections in Turkey 3993:; and third is the 3991:President of Turkey 3937:President of Turkey 3912:legislative chamber 3276:European Commission 3135:Lausanne Convention 3088:Battle of Gallipoli 3084:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 3037:Republic of Türkiye 3019:Armistice of Mudros 3007:Genocidal campaigns 2981:on the side of the 2914:) were lost in the 2845:Circassian genocide 2672:Battle of Manzikert 2516:Seljuk architecture 2397:ecumenical councils 2386:Anatolian languages 2331:Mediterranean world 2295:Justinian the Great 2289:) was built by the 2195:Justinian the Great 2061:. In the east, the 1941:World Heritage Site 1759:Anatolian sub-group 1716:migrate into Europe 1639:The Sphinx Gate of 1553:History of Anatolia 1298:access to education 1203:upper-middle-income 1140:entered World War I 1037:Alexander the Great 974:second-largest city 886:Republic of Türkiye 516:Sultanate abolished 490:War of Independence 204: / 163: / 48:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 43:Republic of Türkiye 26047:Russia (1996–2022) 25431:Crown Dependencies 24034:Telecommunications 23823:Court of Cassation 23524:Multi-party period 23433:Ottoman Old Regime 23354:Byzantine Anatolia 23349:Classical Anatolia 23043:. Academic Press. 22351:Heper, M. (2007). 21961:. Reaktion Books. 21683:The Economic Times 21629:on 17 January 2013 21119:"Sports in Turkey" 20433:Turkey Scholarship 20342:The European Union 20258:The European Union 20112:Independent Türkçe 19902:on 28 October 2008 19751:pulitzercenter.org 19652:on 27 October 2023 19622:. 15 December 2020 19411:on 7 November 2017 19046:Ashgate Publishing 18870:, pp. 119–121 18703:on 22 January 2016 18502:on 1 November 2023 18432:Yavaş, Ö. (2012). 18385:. pp. 71–74. 18364:The European Union 18124:The World Factbook 18119:"Turkey (Turkiye)" 17910:. 1 February 2023. 17641:data.worldbank.org 17553:. 11 December 2023 17275:. 30 October 2022. 17188:CIA World Factbook 16859:on 23 October 2016 16836:Can, O.E. (2004). 16667:. 29 August 2023. 16643:Independent Türkçe 16539:"Türkiye Overview" 16237:The World Factbook 16042:gazeteduvar.com.tr 15966:on 25 October 2015 15070:. 3 October 2016. 14884:. 8 October 2016. 13998:. 4 September 2024 13972:. 9 September 2024 13755:, pp. 234–235 13738:, pp. 56, 228 13693:on 3 December 2019 13137:www.anayasa.gov.tr 13081:global.tbmm.gov.tr 13045:on 10 January 2021 12889:. 10 August 2014. 12773:The New York Times 12714:on 17 January 2016 12437:Robert H. Hewsen. 12089:Roderic H. Davison 11905:Isa Blumi (2013). 11849:The New York Times 11708:(2 January 2008). 11695:, pp. 19, 194 11632:, pp. 313–314 11620:, pp. 309–310 11608:, pp. 308–310 10859:, pp. 753–754 10835:, pp. 753–755 10676:, pp. 724–725 9935:Everett-Heath 2020 9887: 950 AD 9810:, pp. 542–543 9786:, Türkiye (Turkey) 9784:Everett-Heath 2020 9507:The World Factbook 9273:, pp. 115–116 8838:The World Factbook 8833:"Turkey (Turkiye)" 8770:"Mevzuat: Anayasa" 8685:(Ladino) or other 8604:[ˈtyɾcije] 8245: 8156: 8140:Football in Turkey 8104:tradition. Honey, 7985: 7893:Süleymaniye Mosque 7747:Tayyare Apartments 7685:and Kerem Görsev. 7606: 7581:Turkish folk music 7567:Turkish folk dance 7415:Turkish literature 7412: 7377: 7373:Turkish Angora cat 7348:Turkish literature 7267:Ministry of Health 7263: 7202:Sabancı University 7155: 7131: 6984:Religion in Turkey 6490: 6424:Treaty of Lausanne 6324:the World Factbook 6309:Article 66 of the 6307: 6253: 6222:quantum technology 6141: 6052:lines include the 6030:tunnels under the 5973: 5954:net zero emissions 5906: 5811: 5735: 5665: 5501: 5495:net zero emissions 5460: 5421:Anatolian Shepherd 5231: 5199:Wildlife of Turkey 5093: 5060:to the south. The 4994:Gulf of Iskenderun 4966: 4903: 4802:political violence 4775: 4651:are hosted at the 4625: 4536: 4484:Gaza flotilla raid 4460:operation in Syria 4402: 4340:internal terrorist 4336: 4280:Administrative law 4240: 4236:Court of Cassation 4154:political spectrum 4137:or having ties to 4108:head of government 4092:Universal suffrage 4064: 4003:Court of Cassation 3951:multi-party system 3879:Politics of Turkey 3864: 3391:central government 3347:referendum in 2017 3280: 3192:Turkish Parliament 3160: 3126:Treaty of Lausanne 3064: 2857:Hamidian massacres 2773:, on 29 May 1453. 2737: 2708:Battle of Köse Dağ 2608: 2421:Council of Ephesus 2299: 2262:was also present. 2256:Assumption of Mary 2134:Byzantine Anatolia 2130:Classical Anatolia 2067:Greco-Persian Wars 2048: 2025:Western philosophy 1951:. Around 1000 BC, 1945: 1916:Hellenistic period 1886:Classical Anatolia 1482:bird called turkey 1441:Dawlat-at-Turkiyya 1316:inscriptions, and 1304:. It is a leading 1168:Treaty of Lausanne 1029:Classical Anatolia 709:2024 estimate 657:2024 estimate 530:Treaty of Lausanne 315:Ethnic groups 28620:Countries in Asia 28547: 28546: 28541: 28540: 28267: 28266: 27967: 27966: 27947:Working languages 27599:Dialogue partners 27355: 27354: 27287: 27286: 27215: 27214: 27170: 27169: 27166: 27165: 26678: 26677: 26420: 26419: 26318: 26317: 26065: 26064: 25732:Venice Commission 25692:Secretary General 25678:Council of Europe 25644: 25643: 25585: 25584: 25507:autonomous region 25478: 25477: 25474: 25473: 25004: 25003: 24931: 24930: 24488: 24487: 24416: 24415: 23958: 23957: 23901:Foreign relations 23875:Political parties 23775: 23774: 23608: 23607: 23600:History of Thrace 23502:Atatürk's reforms 23393:Anatolian beyliks 23122:978-0-415-97334-2 23101:978-0-521-13300-5 23050:978-0-08-091908-9 23029:978-90-04-47018-7 22995:978-0-19-537614-2 22968:978-1-4617-3176-4 22947:978-1-134-44027-6 22876:978-0-7486-3827-7 22828:978-0-19-815029-9 22807:978-0-87779-546-9 22757:978-605-4701-41-4 22738:978-1-349-95821-4 22690:978-1-000-90421-5 22663:978-3-030-03513-6 22615:978-0-7146-4304-5 22588:978-1-78138-845-7 22561:978-3-643-50190-5 22519:978-0-19-513618-0 22482:978-0-19-925246-6 22433:978-1-78076-274-6 22412:978-1-4408-3466-0 22391:978-1-138-11010-6 22370:978-0-230-59360-2 22324:978-0-19-811765-0 22297:978-0-19-860568-3 22249:978-0-19-517726-8 22228:978-3-031-17460-5 22118:978-0-19-967733-7 22064:978-0-19-506511-4 22029:978-0-231-14554-1 22010:978-0-19-864112-4 21989:978-1-84353-551-5 21968:978-1-86189-979-8 21918:978-0-19-530991-1 21891:978-0-691-19757-9 21864:978-0-19-929905-8 21821:978-1-315-51024-8 21800:978-1-84966-661-9 21704:. 27 October 2014 21657:. 9 February 2016 21348:"Oiled Wrestling" 21309:on 29 August 2014 21107:, Turkish delight 20971:Filho et al. 2023 20959:Filho et al. 2023 20612:(12): 2350–2360. 20488:(14): 1285–1289. 20093:978-3-030-03906-6 19866:. Servat.unibe.ch 19841:978-1-4349-1486-6 19727:. 9 November 2023 19707:multeciler.org.tr 19512:. Milliyet.com.tr 19477:"Turkey Overview" 19462:978-0-415-25004-7 19382:978-1-4408-3232-1 19217:978-1-85359-510-3 19055:978-1-4094-7254-4 18976:978-0-7190-6370-1 18949:978-0-295-99050-7 18920:978-1-139-85169-5 18893:978-1-139-45236-6 18795:978-1-85359-509-7 18733:978-1-317-09579-8 18629:. Turkstat.gov.tr 18400:978-1-4673-7760-7 18002:. 22 March 2022. 17985:, pp. 12, 14 17892:. 21 April 2023. 17736:"Blue Flag sites" 17602:Eurostat (2022). 17583:. 30 January 2024 17376:. 8 November 2023 16879:Hunting in Turkey 16820:978-0-520-25932-4 16727:978-3-030-03515-0 15504:978-1-107-06910-7 15465:978-1-78360-040-3 15458:. Zed Books Ltd. 15426:978-3-319-42219-0 15387:978-0-7391-8403-5 15266:978-1-85043-399-6 15198:978-92-871-9919-5 14976:978-0-7146-4877-4 14914:. 28 April 2016. 14860:978-0-8330-3404-5 14796:on 1 January 2011 14759:. 30 March 2009. 14726:978-1-032-27900-8 14568:. 23 April 2023. 14534:. 23 April 2023. 14504:. 23 April 2023. 13797:, Emerging Powers 13784:. 29 August 2024. 13659:. 14 April 2016. 13633:on 18 August 2016 13576:978-1-84980-415-8 13535:978-1-84980-415-8 13494:978-0-521-62096-3 12953:. 16 April 2017. 12750:978-0-415-02455-6 12646:978-1-4008-8371-4 12608:978-1-4008-3855-4 12569:978-0-521-00479-4 12515:978-0-8108-6281-4 12424:978-1-58567-011-6 12361:978-0-14-311239-6 12302:978-0-19-927356-0 12214:978-0-313-34642-2 12179:978-1-4042-1825-3 12147:on 18 August 2010 12061:Cicero Foundation 11918:978-1-4725-1536-0 11786:978-0-521-53854-1 11752:978-0-19-972838-1 11433:978-90-04-09249-5 11135:978-1-107-02175-4 11110:van den Hout 2011 11052:Irenaeus of Lyons 10915:Mark Cartwright. 10882:978-0-593-54237-8 10483:(7680): 368–372. 10425:(19): 2659–2666. 10100:978-975-389-713-6 9978:(Subscription or 9857:978-0-88402-021-9 9665:978-1-80413-043-8 9355:978-1-4408-3161-4 8573:Outline of Turkey 8505:Nuri Bilge Ceylan 8468:Nuri Bilge Ceylan 8320:Kızılcıklı Mahmut 8247:The final of the 8241:CEV Champions Cup 8203:Anadolu Efes S.K. 7913:Dolmabahçe Palace 7807:2nd layer of Troy 7728:is an example of 7539:Istanbul Biennial 7462:Fatma Aliye Topuz 7352:Theatre of Turkey 7304:Culture of Turkey 7037:with no official 6916: 6915: 6518:linguistic rights 6494:official language 6255:According to the 6036:Osman Gazi Bridge 5985:Sakarya gas field 5839:Blue Flag beaches 5732:electric vehicles 5655:Tourism in Turkey 5649:Economy of Turkey 5640: 5639: 5441:Climate of Turkey 5373:Anatolian leopard 5362:red-fronted serin 5306:40 national parks 5266:forests of Turkey 5137:Upper Mesopotamia 5046:Anatolian Plateau 5006:Mediterranean Sea 4911:Geneva Convention 4653:Incirlik Air Base 4649:B61 nuclear bombs 4643:, Italy, and the 4615:is a jet-engined 4532:Turkish Air Force 4514:Turkish Air Force 4430:Council of Europe 4312:Foreign relations 4276:German Penal Code 4131:political parties 3981:branch, which is 3377:Regions of Turkey 3246:Council of Europe 3222:Republic of Hatay 3029:through the 1920 2991:Armenian genocide 2987:deported to Syria 2924:Second Balkan War 2893:Dolmabahçe Palace 2692:Islamic mysticism 2649:the Islamic world 2645:Abbasid Caliphate 2445:Anatolian beyliks 2098:Macedonian Empire 2079:Temple of Artemis 2063:Armenian province 2055:Achaemenid Empire 2042:was built by the 2036:Library of Celsus 1912:Achaemenid Empire 1557:History of Thrace 1547:History of Turkey 1025:Anatolian peoples 966:a Muslim-majority 934:Mediterranean Sea 904:. It borders the 884:, officially the 879: 878: 770:medium inequality 734:• Per capita 682:• Per capita 545:Republic declared 208:41.017°N 28.950°E 167:39.917°N 32.850°E 125: 28662: 28610:Balkan countries 28399: 28397: 28396: 28386: 28384: 28383: 28373: 28371: 28370: 28360: 28358: 28357: 28347: 28345: 28344: 28334: 28332: 28331: 28321: 28319: 28318: 28294: 28287: 28280: 28271: 28270: 28239: 28235: 28233: 28232: 28224: 28220: 28218: 28217: 28209: 28205: 28203: 28202: 28194: 28190: 28188: 28187: 28176: 28175: 28174: 28167: 28163: 28161: 28160: 28152: 28148: 28146: 28145: 28137: 28133: 28131: 28130: 28113: 28102: 28098: 28096: 28095: 28087: 28083: 28081: 28080: 28072: 28068: 28066: 28065: 28057: 28053: 28051: 28050: 28042: 28038: 28036: 28035: 28027: 28023: 28021: 28020: 27994: 27987: 27980: 27971: 27970: 27909: 27907: 27906: 27896: 27894: 27893: 27883: 27881: 27880: 27870: 27868: 27867: 27857: 27855: 27854: 27844: 27842: 27841: 27815: 27813: 27812: 27781: 27779: 27778: 27768: 27766: 27765: 27755: 27753: 27752: 27742: 27740: 27739: 27729: 27727: 27726: 27716: 27714: 27713: 27703: 27701: 27700: 27690: 27688: 27687: 27677: 27675: 27674: 27664: 27662: 27661: 27651: 27649: 27648: 27638: 27636: 27635: 27625: 27623: 27622: 27612: 27610: 27609: 27588: 27586: 27585: 27564: 27562: 27561: 27551: 27549: 27548: 27538: 27536: 27535: 27525: 27523: 27522: 27512: 27510: 27509: 27499: 27497: 27496: 27486: 27484: 27483: 27473: 27471: 27470: 27460: 27458: 27457: 27447: 27445: 27444: 27382: 27375: 27368: 27359: 27358: 27224: 27223: 27179: 27178: 27064: 27063: 26743: 26742: 26705: 26698: 26691: 26682: 26681: 26671: 26665: 26663: 26662: 26641: 26639: 26638: 26627: 26625: 26624: 26613: 26611: 26610: 26599: 26597: 26596: 26585: 26583: 26582: 26571: 26569: 26568: 26557: 26555: 26554: 26543: 26541: 26540: 26529: 26527: 26526: 26515: 26513: 26512: 26364: 26363: 26345: 26338: 26331: 26322: 26321: 26268:2022 (Samarkand) 26238: 26236: 26235: 26225: 26223: 26222: 26212: 26210: 26209: 26193: 26179: 26177: 26176: 26166: 26164: 26163: 26153: 26151: 26150: 26140: 26138: 26137: 26127: 26125: 26124: 26105: 26103: 26102: 26092: 26085: 26078: 26069: 26068: 25671: 25664: 25657: 25648: 25647: 25632: 25620: 25619: 25606:Governed by the 25568:Northern Ireland 25511:Åland convention 25493: 25492: 25403: 25402: 25373: 25372: 25315: 25050:Sovereign states 25031: 25024: 25017: 25008: 25007: 24992: 24980: 24979: 24940:regions of China 24875:Christmas Island 24865: 24864: 24807: 24547:Sovereign states 24528: 24521: 24514: 24505: 24504: 24492: 24491: 24476: 24475: 24464: 24463: 24452: 24451: 24440: 24439: 24428: 24233: 24232: 24118:Cities and towns 24099:Turkish language 24054:Turkish Airlines 23870:Electoral system 23833:Council of State 23786: 23785: 23720:Waste management 23650:Black Sea Region 23628: 23619: 23618: 23573:Turkic migration 23519:One-party period 23388:Sultanate of Rum 23334: 23333: 23319: 23318: 23307: 23300: 23293: 23284: 23283: 23235: 23234: 23213: 23212: 23188: 23186: 23184: 23178: 23163: 23153: 23151: 23136: 23126: 23105: 23084: 23082: 23080: 23074: 23063: 23054: 23040:Rivers of Europe 23033: 23012: 22999: 22972: 22951: 22930: 22928: 22926: 22920: 22911: 22909: 22907: 22880: 22859: 22857: 22842: 22832: 22811: 22790: 22769: 22742: 22721: 22694: 22667: 22640: 22619: 22592: 22565: 22544: 22523: 22502: 22496: 22486: 22459: 22457: 22450: 22437: 22416: 22395: 22374: 22347: 22346:on 7 March 2022. 22345: 22338: 22328: 22301: 22274: 22253: 22232: 22205: 22176: 22149: 22122: 22095: 22068: 22041: 22014: 21993: 21972: 21951: 21922: 21895: 21868: 21841: 21839: 21825: 21804: 21783: 21752: 21751: 21739: 21733: 21732: 21720: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21709: 21694: 21688: 21687: 21673: 21667: 21666: 21664: 21662: 21645: 21639: 21638: 21636: 21634: 21618: 21612: 21611: 21609: 21607: 21602:on 19 March 2015 21598:. Archived from 21588: 21582: 21576: 21570: 21569: 21567: 21565: 21556:. Archived from 21546: 21540: 21539: 21537: 21535: 21530:on 6 August 2020 21520: 21514: 21506:(January 2006). 21494: 21485: 21484: 21481:data.tuik.gov.tr 21473: 21467: 21466: 21464: 21462: 21456: 21450:. Archived from 21445: 21437: 21431: 21430: 21428: 21426: 21421:on 13 March 2009 21410: 21404: 21403: 21401: 21399: 21394:on 1 August 2008 21384: 21378: 21377: 21366: 21360: 21359: 21357: 21355: 21343: 21337: 21336: 21325: 21319: 21318: 21316: 21314: 21305:. Archived from 21295: 21289: 21288: 21286: 21284: 21270: 21264: 21263: 21261: 21259: 21254:on 24 March 2012 21250:. Archived from 21244: 21238: 21237: 21235: 21233: 21218: 21212: 21211: 21209: 21207: 21202:Sports Media Ltd 21187: 21181: 21180: 21178: 21176: 21162: 21156: 21155: 21153: 21151: 21141:"Galatasaray AŞ" 21137: 21131: 21130: 21128: 21126: 21114: 21108: 21102: 21096: 21090: 21084: 21078: 21072: 21066: 21060: 21054: 21048: 21042: 21023: 21022: 21020: 21018: 21002: 20996: 20995: 20993: 20991: 20980: 20974: 20968: 20962: 20956: 20950: 20944: 20938: 20932: 20926: 20920: 20914: 20908: 20899: 20893: 20884: 20878: 20872: 20866: 20860: 20854: 20848: 20842: 20836: 20830: 20824: 20818: 20812: 20811: 20810:. 13 April 2012. 20798: 20792: 20791: 20784: 20778: 20772: 20766: 20765:, pp. 94–95 20760: 20754: 20753: 20740:And, M. (1983). 20737: 20731: 20730: 20719: 20713: 20712:, pp. 76–85 20707: 20694: 20688: 20682: 20676: 20670: 20664: 20658: 20657:, pp. 57–59 20652: 20646: 20645: 20597: 20591: 20590: 20588: 20586: 20575: 20569: 20568: 20566: 20564: 20550: 20544: 20543: 20515: 20506: 20505: 20477: 20462: 20461: 20450: 20444: 20443: 20441: 20439: 20425: 20419: 20418: 20416: 20414: 20404: 20398: 20397: 20395: 20393: 20388: 20380: 20374: 20373: 20371: 20369: 20359: 20353: 20352: 20350: 20348: 20334: 20328: 20327: 20325: 20323: 20317:Shanghai Ranking 20309: 20303: 20302: 20300: 20298: 20283: 20277: 20276: 20268: 20262: 20261: 20250: 20244: 20243: 20241: 20239: 20233:Study in Türkiye 20225: 20219: 20218: 20216: 20214: 20203: 20197: 20196: 20191:. Archived from 20185: 20179: 20173: 20164: 20158: 20152: 20151: 20148:gercekgundem.com 20140: 20134: 20133: 20122: 20116: 20115: 20104: 20098: 20097: 20079: 20070: 20064: 20063: 20061: 20059: 20053: 20046: 20038: 20032: 20031: 20029: 20027: 20013: 20007: 20001: 19995: 19994: 19962: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19951: 19937: 19931: 19925: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19907: 19901: 19895:. Archived from 19890: 19882: 19876: 19875: 19873: 19871: 19859: 19853: 19852: 19850: 19848: 19825: 19819: 19818: 19817:. 15 April 2021. 19805: 19799: 19798: 19787: 19781: 19780: 19768: 19762: 19761: 19759: 19757: 19743: 19737: 19736: 19734: 19732: 19717: 19711: 19710: 19699: 19693: 19692: 19690: 19688: 19679:. Archived from 19668: 19662: 19661: 19659: 19657: 19638: 19632: 19631: 19629: 19627: 19612: 19606: 19605: 19597: 19591: 19590: 19588: 19586: 19575: 19569: 19568: 19566: 19564: 19545: 19539: 19533: 19522: 19521: 19519: 19517: 19506: 19500: 19494: 19485: 19484: 19473: 19467: 19466: 19449:Katzner, Kenneth 19445: 19439: 19438: 19427: 19421: 19420: 19418: 19416: 19407:. Archived from 19396: 19390: 19389: 19366: 19360: 19359: 19335: 19326: 19325: 19285: 19276: 19273: 19267: 19266: 19252: 19243: 19232: 19231: 19226: 19224: 19199: 19188: 19187: 19147: 19138: 19137: 19113: 19107: 19106: 19066: 19060: 19059: 19035: 19024: 19018: 19012: 19006: 19000: 18994: 18988: 18987: 18985: 18983: 18960: 18954: 18953: 18931: 18925: 18924: 18904: 18898: 18897: 18877: 18871: 18865: 18856: 18855: 18853: 18851: 18830: 18815: 18809: 18800: 18799: 18779: 18773: 18772: 18744: 18738: 18737: 18719: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18708: 18702: 18695: 18687: 18681: 18675: 18669: 18668: 18666: 18664: 18645: 18639: 18638: 18636: 18634: 18623: 18617: 18616: 18614: 18612: 18601: 18595: 18594: 18581: 18575: 18574: 18563: 18557: 18556: 18555:. 7 August 2023. 18545: 18539: 18538: 18518: 18512: 18511: 18509: 18507: 18498:. Archived from 18492: 18486: 18485: 18470: 18464: 18463: 18461: 18429: 18423: 18422: 18421:. 29 April 2024. 18411: 18405: 18404: 18378: 18372: 18371: 18356: 18345: 18344: 18342: 18340: 18329: 18323: 18317: 18311: 18310: 18308: 18301: 18292: 18286: 18285: 18283: 18281: 18265: 18259: 18258: 18256: 18254: 18240: 18234: 18233: 18231: 18229: 18210: 18204: 18203: 18202:. 22 April 2024. 18192: 18186: 18185: 18169: 18160: 18159: 18158:. 13 April 2022. 18146: 18140: 18139: 18137: 18135: 18115: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18104: 18098: 18087: 18079: 18073: 18072: 18070: 18068: 18062:TCDD Taşımacılık 18054: 18048: 18047: 18032: 18026: 18025: 18014: 18008: 18007: 17992: 17986: 17980: 17974: 17973: 17963: 17953: 17921: 17912: 17911: 17904: 17898: 17897: 17886: 17880: 17874: 17868: 17862: 17856: 17855:, pp. 18–19 17850: 17844: 17838: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17824: 17808: 17802: 17796: 17790: 17784: 17778: 17777: 17772:. Archived from 17762: 17756: 17750: 17744: 17743: 17732: 17726: 17725: 17723: 17721: 17712: 17704: 17698: 17697: 17692:. Archived from 17680: 17674: 17673: 17671: 17669: 17658: 17652: 17651: 17649: 17647: 17633: 17627: 17626: 17624: 17622: 17599: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17588: 17569: 17563: 17562: 17560: 17558: 17541: 17530: 17529: 17521: 17513: 17507: 17506: 17504: 17498:. Archived from 17493: 17485: 17479: 17478: 17476: 17474: 17459: 17453: 17452: 17450: 17426: 17420: 17417: 17401: 17399: 17397: 17385: 17383: 17381: 17365: 17363: 17361: 17345: 17344:. 22 March 2024. 17332: 17326: 17325: 17323: 17321: 17312:. Archived from 17302: 17296: 17295: 17283: 17277: 17276: 17265: 17259: 17258: 17250: 17244: 17243: 17241: 17239: 17228: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17217: 17212:. The World Bank 17206: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17195: 17180: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17164: 17142: 17136: 17135: 17133: 17131: 17121: 17115: 17109: 17103: 17097: 17091: 17085: 17079: 17073: 17067: 17061: 17055: 17054:, pp. 9, 51 17049: 17043: 17037: 17028: 17022: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17011: 17006:on 28 March 2014 17005: 16998: 16990: 16969: 16968: 16958: 16918: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16907: 16898:. Archived from 16896:gateofturkey.com 16888: 16882: 16881:. BBA, Istanbul. 16875: 16869: 16868: 16866: 16864: 16849: 16843: 16834: 16825: 16824: 16806: 16800: 16799: 16797: 16795: 16776: 16770: 16760: 16754: 16753: 16748:Blunt, Wilfrid. 16745: 16739: 16738: 16705: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16694: 16679: 16673: 16672: 16657: 16651: 16650: 16635: 16629: 16628: 16613: 16607: 16606: 16589: 16583: 16577: 16571: 16565: 16559: 16558: 16556: 16554: 16535: 16522: 16516: 16510: 16509: 16507: 16505: 16491: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16480: 16466: 16460: 16454: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16428:(6): 2523–2555. 16413: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16402: 16391: 16385: 16384: 16382: 16380: 16368: 16362: 16356: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16338: 16326: 16320: 16314: 16308: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16274: 16272: 16270: 16252: 16250: 16248: 16208: 16202: 16196: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16185: 16180: 16172: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16161: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16128: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16117: 16107: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16096: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16060: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16049: 16034: 16028: 16027: 16025: 16023: 16008: 16002: 16001: 15999: 15997: 15982: 15976: 15975: 15973: 15971: 15956: 15950: 15949: 15947: 15945: 15930: 15924: 15923: 15912: 15901: 15900: 15898: 15896: 15882: 15876: 15875: 15864: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15853: 15832: 15826: 15825: 15823: 15821: 15807: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15796: 15780: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15750: 15744: 15743: 15732: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15721: 15700: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15689: 15668: 15662: 15644: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15613: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15602: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15578: 15576: 15557: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15527: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15516: 15488: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15477: 15449: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15438: 15410: 15404: 15403: 15401: 15399: 15371: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15360: 15341: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15330: 15315: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15304: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15250: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15239: 15224: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15213: 15207: 15190: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15170: 15151: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15140: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15090: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15079: 15060: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15049: 15030: 15024: 15023: 15021: 15019: 15013: 15002: 14994: 14988: 14987: 14985: 14983: 14960: 14954: 14953: 14951: 14949: 14934: 14928: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14904: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14874: 14868: 14867: 14848: 14838: 14832: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14812: 14806: 14805: 14803: 14801: 14795: 14788: 14779: 14773: 14772: 14770: 14768: 14753:(10 April 2009)" 14745: 14739: 14738: 14705: 14699: 14698: 14696: 14694: 14675: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14664: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14638: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14588: 14582: 14581: 14579: 14577: 14554: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14524: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14513: 14494: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14463: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14449: 14440:. Ebco-beoc.eu. 14434: 14428: 14427: 14425: 14423: 14417: 14410: 14398: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14368: 14362: 14361: 14359: 14357: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14315:overtdefense.com 14307: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14276: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14265: 14250: 14241: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14217: 14211: 14205: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14191: 14169: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14139: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14128: 14109: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14079: 14073: 14072: 14070: 14068: 14052: 14046: 14040: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14024:. 25 August 2024 14014: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14003: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13962: 13956: 13955: 13953: 13951: 13936: 13927: 13926: 13924: 13922: 13908: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13897: 13881: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13870: 13854: 13848: 13842: 13833: 13827: 13821: 13820: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13786: 13785: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13721: 13715: 13709: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13698: 13679: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13668: 13649: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13638: 13632: 13621: 13613: 13607: 13606: 13599: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13588: 13558: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13547: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13478: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13461: 13450: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13389: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13337: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13254: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13205: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13129: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13073: 13067: 13061: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13024: 13009: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12993:on 21 March 2015 12992: 12981: 12973: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12962: 12943: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12929: 12909: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12898: 12879: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12862: 12855: 12846: 12840: 12834: 12828: 12827:, pp. 59–63 12822: 12816: 12815: 12813: 12811: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12769: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12730: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12719: 12704: 12698: 12697: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12617: 12615: 12592: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12455: 12449: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12410: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12375: 12366: 12365: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12320: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12261: 12253: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12223: 12217: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12107: 12098: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12069: 12058: 12049: 12043: 12037: 12031: 12025: 12019: 12013: 12007: 11980: 11974: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11947: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11817:nzhistory.net.nz 11809: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11702: 11696: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11666: 11660: 11659:, pp. 40–41 11654: 11648: 11642: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11615: 11609: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11584:, pp. 37–39 11579: 11573: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11536:, pp. 36–38 11531: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11501: 11495: 11489: 11488:, pp. 34–36 11483: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11437: 11419: 11413: 11407: 11394: 11391: 11386: 11384: 11371: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11254: 11244: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11196: 11186: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11119: 11113: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11017: 11016:, pp. 35–37 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10917:"Celsus Library" 10912: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10805: 10803: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10751: 10745: 10739: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10664:, pp. 26–27 10659: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10608: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10548: 10542: 10527: 10526: 10516: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10450: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10349: 10343:. Archived from 10318: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10288: 10287: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10130: 10119: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10078: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10045: 10043:Internet Archive 10040: 10038: 10021:Hertslet, Edward 10016: 10014: 10012: 10007:. Harrison. 1856 10000: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9975: 9963: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9841: 9835: 9834:, pp. 9, 16 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9709: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9630: 9624: 9611: 9605: 9592: 9586: 9577: 9576: 9563: 9539: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9475:. Archived from 9470: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9443:, pp. 54–55 9438: 9432: 9431: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9341: 9332: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9261:, pp. 15–28 9256: 9250: 9244: 9235: 9229: 9218: 9217:, pp. 38–39 9212: 9203: 9202:, pp. 33–44 9197: 9191: 9185: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9145: 9139: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8975: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8932: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8863: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8829: 8812: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8776:. Archived from 8766: 8760: 8759: 8753: 8751: 8742:. Archived from 8732: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8707: 8690: 8687:Jewish languages 8671: 8665: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8630: 8625: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8589: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8545:Central American 8526: 8525: 8461: 8452: 8443: 8388:satellite dishes 8350:Cinema of Turkey 8338:Media and cinema 8091: 8059: 7925:Mimar Kemaleddin 7767: 7743: 7713: 7679:Atlantic Records 7531:Sotheby's London 7524: 7515: 7455: 7433:, influenced by 7314:Turkish folklore 7294:of early death. 7274: 7005: 6996: 6944:Syrian civil war 6692: 6682: 6649: 6639: 6586: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6552: 6551: 6487:Turkic languages 6403:Kurdish diaspora 6293:Turkish language 6199:Horseshoe Island 6074:Istanbul Airport 6008:divided highways 5965:Istanbul Airport 5930:geothermal power 5902:hydroelectricity 5863:Energy in Turkey 5788:Turkish Airlines 5615: 5600:Butterfly Valley 5592: 5573: 5562:Pontic Mountains 5550:Black Sea Region 5546: 5531:Denizli Province 5519: 5509: 5500: 5381:European wildcat 5268:are home to the 5097:Armenian plateau 5058:Taurus Mountains 5034:Eastern Anatolia 5026:Central Anatolia 4921:When the annual 4879: 4822:Marxist–Leninist 4708:coalition forces 4647:. A total of 90 4445:Syrian civil war 4262:of 1907 and the 4260:Swiss Civil Code 4166:Motherland Party 3985:; second is the 3967:local government 3928: 3901: 3452: 3411:belediye meclisi 3407:belediye başkanı 3304:Süleyman Demirel 3256:, Turkey joined 3238:23 February 1945 3226:remained neutral 3212:Dersim rebellion 3210:in 1925 and the 3096:Treaty of Sèvres 3031:Treaty of Sèvres 3017:. Following the 2971:1913 coup d'état 2916:First Balkan War 2885: 2874: 2843:died during the 2833:Russian conquest 2734:Battle of Vienna 2694:orders, such as 2661:medieval Armenia 2637:Greater Khorasan 2489: 2480: 2471: 2451:Turkic migration 2441:Sultanate of Rum 2423:in 431, and the 2363:Byzantine Empire 2335:Byzantine Empire 2319:fall of the West 2221:Mithridatic Wars 2213:province of Asia 2175: 2164: 2152:Byzantine Empire 2071:Odrysian kingdom 1751:Hurrian language 1692:Fertile Crescent 1676:late Paleolithic 1657: 1636: 1606: 1509: 1465: 1459: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1424:Mamluk Sultanate 1405: 1404: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1341:Turkic languages 1320:, Turkey is the 1255:EU Customs Union 1207:emerging country 1162:resulted in the 1081:Istanbul in 1453 1057:Sultanate of Rum 1011:and some of the 1001:Late Paleolithic 902:Southeast Europe 834: 797: 796: 790: 789: 783: 772: 771: 765: 764: 758: 742: 741: 723: 722: 706: 690: 689: 671: 670: 654: 621:85,372,377 ( 620: 619: 547: 532: 481: 455: 417:Assembly Speaker 235:Spoken languages 219: 218: 216: 215: 214: 209: 205: 202: 201: 200: 197: 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 168: 164: 161: 160: 159: 156: 137: 127: 126: 93: 70: 58: 50: 39: 38: 28670: 28669: 28665: 28664: 28663: 28661: 28660: 28659: 28550: 28549: 28548: 28543: 28542: 28537: 28526: 28405: 28394: 28392: 28381: 28379: 28368: 28366: 28355: 28353: 28342: 28340: 28329: 28327: 28316: 28314: 28303: 28298: 28268: 28263: 28242: 28230: 28228: 28215: 28213: 28200: 28198: 28192:Northern Cyprus 28185: 28183: 28172: 28170: 28158: 28156: 28143: 28141: 28128: 28126: 28114: 28105: 28093: 28091: 28078: 28076: 28063: 28061: 28048: 28046: 28033: 28031: 28018: 28016: 28004: 27998: 27968: 27963: 27915: 27904: 27902: 27891: 27889: 27878: 27876: 27865: 27863: 27852: 27850: 27839: 27837: 27826: 27810: 27808: 27787: 27776: 27774: 27763: 27761: 27750: 27748: 27737: 27735: 27724: 27722: 27711: 27709: 27698: 27696: 27685: 27683: 27672: 27670: 27659: 27657: 27646: 27644: 27633: 27631: 27620: 27618: 27607: 27605: 27594: 27583: 27581: 27575:Observer states 27570: 27559: 27557: 27546: 27544: 27533: 27531: 27520: 27518: 27507: 27505: 27494: 27492: 27481: 27479: 27468: 27466: 27455: 27453: 27442: 27440: 27427: 27391: 27386: 27356: 27351: 27340: 27283: 27211: 27162: 27131: 27129: 27122: 27111: 27109: 27102: 27088:Northern Cyprus 27071: 27070:and territories 27069: 27055: 27039: 26732: 26715: 26709: 26679: 26674: 26669: 26667:Northern Cyprus 26660: 26658: 26647: 26636: 26634: 26622: 26620: 26608: 26606: 26594: 26592: 26580: 26578: 26566: 26564: 26552: 26550: 26538: 26536: 26524: 26522: 26510: 26508: 26496: 26416: 26395: 26386:Treaty of Izmir 26355: 26349: 26319: 26314: 26298: 26277: 26244: 26233: 26231: 26227:Northern Cyprus 26220: 26218: 26207: 26205: 26194: 26185: 26174: 26172: 26161: 26159: 26148: 26146: 26135: 26133: 26122: 26120: 26109: 26100: 26098: 26096: 26066: 26061: 26030: 25984: 25910:North Macedonia 25741: 25680: 25675: 25645: 25640: 25613: 25601:Oceanic islands 25581: 25574:subject to the 25541: 25536:Svalbard Treaty 25534:subject to the 25516: 25509:subject to the 25489: 25487: 25485: 25470: 25425: 25394: 25369: 25366: 25358: 25344:Northern Cyprus 25327: 25324: 25316: 25307: 25223:North Macedonia 25044: 25035: 25005: 25000: 24973: 24958: 24942: 24939: 24927: 24900: 24884: 24861: 24858: 24850: 24831:Northern Cyprus 24819: 24816: 24808: 24799: 24541: 24532: 24497: 24489: 24484: 24412: 24231: 24227:Women in Turkey 24195:Law enforcement 24149: 24145:Life expectancy 24111:Islam in Turkey 24065: 23954: 23916:National Police 23884: 23839: 23771: 23762:Turkish Riviera 23669: 23626: 23625: 23604: 23561: 23528: 23507:Language reform 23478: 23397: 23358: 23323: 23313: 23311: 23232: 23210: 23196: 23191: 23182: 23180: 23176: 23161: 23149: 23134: 23123: 23102: 23078: 23076: 23072: 23061: 23051: 23030: 22996: 22969: 22948: 22924: 22922: 22918: 22905: 22903: 22877: 22855: 22840: 22829: 22808: 22787: 22758: 22739: 22718: 22691: 22664: 22637: 22616: 22589: 22562: 22541: 22520: 22494: 22483: 22455: 22448: 22434: 22413: 22392: 22371: 22343: 22336: 22325: 22298: 22271: 22250: 22229: 22202: 22173: 22146: 22119: 22092: 22065: 22030: 22011: 21990: 21969: 21948: 21919: 21892: 21865: 21837: 21822: 21801: 21780: 21761: 21756: 21755: 21740: 21736: 21721: 21717: 21707: 21705: 21696: 21695: 21691: 21674: 21670: 21660: 21658: 21647: 21646: 21642: 21632: 21630: 21619: 21615: 21605: 21603: 21590: 21589: 21585: 21577: 21573: 21563: 21561: 21554:Gazeteciler.com 21548: 21547: 21543: 21533: 21531: 21522: 21521: 21517: 21495: 21488: 21475: 21474: 21470: 21460: 21458: 21457:on 16 July 2012 21454: 21443: 21439: 21438: 21434: 21424: 21422: 21411: 21407: 21397: 21395: 21386: 21385: 21381: 21376:. 13 July 2018. 21368: 21367: 21363: 21353: 21351: 21344: 21340: 21327: 21326: 21322: 21312: 21310: 21297: 21296: 21292: 21282: 21280: 21272: 21271: 21267: 21257: 21255: 21246: 21245: 21241: 21231: 21229: 21220: 21219: 21215: 21205: 21203: 21188: 21184: 21174: 21172: 21164: 21163: 21159: 21149: 21147: 21139: 21138: 21134: 21124: 21122: 21115: 21111: 21103: 21099: 21091: 21087: 21079: 21075: 21067: 21063: 21055: 21051: 21043: 21026: 21016: 21014: 21003: 20999: 20989: 20987: 20982: 20981: 20977: 20969: 20965: 20957: 20953: 20945: 20941: 20933: 20929: 20921: 20917: 20909: 20902: 20894: 20887: 20879: 20875: 20867: 20863: 20855: 20851: 20843: 20839: 20835:, pp. 9–13 20831: 20827: 20819: 20815: 20800: 20799: 20795: 20786: 20785: 20781: 20773: 20769: 20761: 20757: 20738: 20734: 20721: 20720: 20716: 20708: 20697: 20689: 20685: 20677: 20673: 20665: 20661: 20653: 20649: 20598: 20594: 20584: 20582: 20577: 20576: 20572: 20562: 20560: 20552: 20551: 20547: 20516: 20509: 20478: 20465: 20452: 20451: 20447: 20437: 20435: 20427: 20426: 20422: 20412: 20410: 20406: 20405: 20401: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20382: 20381: 20377: 20367: 20365: 20361: 20360: 20356: 20346: 20344: 20336: 20335: 20331: 20321: 20319: 20311: 20310: 20306: 20296: 20294: 20285: 20284: 20280: 20269: 20265: 20252: 20251: 20247: 20237: 20235: 20227: 20226: 20222: 20212: 20210: 20205: 20204: 20200: 20187: 20186: 20182: 20174: 20167: 20159: 20155: 20150:. 11 June 2020. 20142: 20141: 20137: 20132:. 11 June 2020. 20124: 20123: 20119: 20106: 20105: 20101: 20094: 20077: 20071: 20067: 20057: 20055: 20051: 20044: 20040: 20039: 20035: 20025: 20023: 20015: 20014: 20010: 20002: 19998: 19963: 19959: 19949: 19947: 19939: 19938: 19934: 19926: 19915: 19905: 19903: 19899: 19888: 19884: 19883: 19879: 19869: 19867: 19860: 19856: 19846: 19844: 19842: 19826: 19822: 19807: 19806: 19802: 19789: 19788: 19784: 19769: 19765: 19755: 19753: 19745: 19744: 19740: 19730: 19728: 19719: 19718: 19714: 19701: 19700: 19696: 19686: 19684: 19683:on 15 July 2023 19669: 19665: 19655: 19653: 19640: 19639: 19635: 19625: 19623: 19614: 19613: 19609: 19598: 19594: 19584: 19582: 19577: 19576: 19572: 19562: 19560: 19547: 19546: 19542: 19534: 19525: 19515: 19513: 19508: 19507: 19503: 19495: 19488: 19475: 19474: 19470: 19463: 19446: 19442: 19437:. 18 July 2019. 19429: 19428: 19424: 19414: 19412: 19397: 19393: 19383: 19367: 19363: 19336: 19329: 19286: 19279: 19274: 19270: 19250: 19244: 19235: 19222: 19220: 19218: 19200: 19191: 19148: 19141: 19128:(43): 387–393. 19114: 19110: 19067: 19063: 19056: 19036: 19027: 19019: 19015: 19007: 19003: 18995: 18991: 18981: 18979: 18977: 18961: 18957: 18950: 18932: 18928: 18921: 18905: 18901: 18894: 18878: 18874: 18866: 18859: 18849: 18847: 18832: 18831: 18818: 18810: 18803: 18796: 18780: 18776: 18745: 18741: 18734: 18720: 18716: 18706: 18704: 18700: 18693: 18689: 18688: 18684: 18676: 18672: 18662: 18660: 18653:www.tuik.gov.tr 18647: 18646: 18642: 18632: 18630: 18625: 18624: 18620: 18610: 18608: 18603: 18602: 18598: 18583: 18582: 18578: 18565: 18564: 18560: 18547: 18546: 18542: 18519: 18515: 18505: 18503: 18494: 18493: 18489: 18484:on 11 May 2024. 18472: 18471: 18467: 18430: 18426: 18413: 18412: 18408: 18401: 18379: 18375: 18366:. 4 July 2023. 18358: 18357: 18348: 18338: 18336: 18331: 18330: 18326: 18318: 18314: 18306: 18299: 18293: 18289: 18279: 18277: 18267: 18266: 18262: 18252: 18250: 18242: 18241: 18237: 18227: 18225: 18211: 18207: 18194: 18193: 18189: 18170: 18163: 18148: 18147: 18143: 18133: 18131: 18117: 18116: 18112: 18102: 18100: 18099:on 27 July 2020 18096: 18085: 18081: 18080: 18076: 18066: 18064: 18056: 18055: 18051: 18034: 18033: 18029: 18016: 18015: 18011: 17994: 17993: 17989: 17981: 17977: 17922: 17915: 17906: 17905: 17901: 17888: 17887: 17883: 17875: 17871: 17863: 17859: 17851: 17847: 17839: 17832: 17822: 17820: 17809: 17805: 17797: 17793: 17785: 17781: 17764: 17763: 17759: 17751: 17747: 17734: 17733: 17729: 17719: 17717: 17710: 17706: 17705: 17701: 17682: 17681: 17677: 17667: 17665: 17660: 17659: 17655: 17645: 17643: 17635: 17634: 17630: 17620: 17618: 17600: 17596: 17586: 17584: 17577:www.tuik.gov.tr 17571: 17570: 17566: 17556: 17554: 17543: 17542: 17533: 17519: 17515: 17514: 17510: 17502: 17491: 17487: 17486: 17482: 17472: 17470: 17461: 17460: 17456: 17427: 17423: 17404: 17395: 17393: 17388: 17379: 17377: 17368: 17359: 17357: 17348: 17336: 17333: 17329: 17319: 17317: 17304: 17303: 17299: 17284: 17280: 17267: 17266: 17262: 17257:. autoweek.com. 17251: 17247: 17237: 17235: 17230: 17229: 17225: 17215: 17213: 17208: 17207: 17203: 17193: 17191: 17182: 17181: 17172: 17162: 17160: 17143: 17139: 17129: 17127: 17123: 17122: 17118: 17110: 17106: 17098: 17094: 17086: 17082: 17074: 17070: 17062: 17058: 17050: 17046: 17038: 17031: 17023: 17019: 17009: 17007: 17003: 16996: 16992: 16991: 16972: 16927:Scientific Data 16919: 16915: 16905: 16903: 16902:on 5 March 2016 16890: 16889: 16885: 16876: 16872: 16862: 16860: 16851: 16850: 16846: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16807: 16803: 16793: 16791: 16778: 16777: 16773: 16769:(Oxford, 1927). 16761: 16757: 16746: 16742: 16728: 16706: 16702: 16692: 16690: 16689:on 7 April 2016 16681: 16680: 16676: 16665:BBC News Türkçe 16659: 16658: 16654: 16637: 16636: 16632: 16615: 16614: 16610: 16591: 16590: 16586: 16578: 16574: 16566: 16562: 16552: 16550: 16537: 16536: 16525: 16517: 16513: 16503: 16501: 16493: 16492: 16488: 16478: 16476: 16468: 16467: 16463: 16455: 16451: 16414: 16410: 16400: 16398: 16393: 16392: 16388: 16378: 16376: 16369: 16365: 16357: 16346: 16336: 16334: 16327: 16323: 16315: 16311: 16298: 16296: 16268: 16266: 16256: 16246: 16244: 16230: 16209: 16205: 16197: 16193: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16174: 16173: 16169: 16159: 16157: 16148: 16147: 16143: 16138:on 3 June 2015. 16130: 16129: 16125: 16115: 16113: 16109: 16108: 16104: 16094: 16092: 16088: 16087: 16083: 16073: 16071: 16068:BBC News Türkçe 16062: 16061: 16057: 16047: 16045: 16036: 16035: 16031: 16021: 16019: 16016:BBC News Türkçe 16010: 16009: 16005: 15995: 15993: 15983: 15979: 15969: 15967: 15958: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15941: 15931: 15927: 15914: 15913: 15904: 15894: 15892: 15884: 15883: 15879: 15874:. 16 June 2022. 15866: 15865: 15861: 15851: 15849: 15834: 15833: 15829: 15819: 15817: 15809: 15808: 15804: 15794: 15792: 15781: 15777: 15767: 15765: 15752: 15751: 15747: 15734: 15733: 15729: 15719: 15717: 15702: 15701: 15697: 15687: 15685: 15670: 15669: 15665: 15655:Wayback Machine 15645: 15641: 15631: 15629: 15614: 15610: 15600: 15598: 15589: 15588: 15584: 15574: 15572: 15559: 15558: 15554: 15544: 15542: 15529: 15528: 15524: 15514: 15512: 15505: 15489: 15485: 15475: 15473: 15466: 15450: 15446: 15436: 15434: 15427: 15411: 15407: 15397: 15395: 15388: 15372: 15368: 15358: 15356: 15343: 15342: 15338: 15328: 15326: 15317: 15316: 15312: 15302: 15300: 15291: 15290: 15286: 15276: 15274: 15267: 15251: 15247: 15237: 15235: 15234:on 15 June 2011 15226: 15225: 15221: 15211: 15209: 15205: 15199: 15188: 15182: 15178: 15168: 15166: 15153: 15152: 15148: 15138: 15136: 15121: 15117: 15107: 15105: 15092: 15091: 15087: 15077: 15075: 15062: 15061: 15057: 15047: 15045: 15032: 15031: 15027: 15017: 15015: 15014:on 4 March 2016 15011: 15000: 14996: 14995: 14991: 14981: 14979: 14977: 14961: 14957: 14947: 14945: 14936: 14935: 14931: 14921: 14919: 14906: 14905: 14901: 14891: 14889: 14876: 14875: 14871: 14861: 14839: 14835: 14825: 14823: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14799: 14797: 14793: 14786: 14780: 14776: 14766: 14764: 14747: 14746: 14742: 14727: 14706: 14702: 14692: 14690: 14685:. 7 June 2023. 14677: 14676: 14672: 14662: 14660: 14651: 14650: 14646: 14636: 14634: 14619: 14615: 14605: 14603: 14590: 14589: 14585: 14575: 14573: 14556: 14555: 14551: 14541: 14539: 14526: 14525: 14521: 14511: 14509: 14496: 14495: 14491: 14481: 14479: 14464: 14457: 14447: 14445: 14436: 14435: 14431: 14421: 14419: 14415: 14408: 14399: 14395: 14385: 14383: 14369: 14365: 14355: 14353: 14338: 14334: 14324: 14322: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14294: 14292: 14277: 14273: 14263: 14261: 14252: 14251: 14244: 14234: 14232: 14219: 14218: 14214: 14206: 14202: 14189: 14187: 14179:Middle East Eye 14170: 14166: 14156: 14154: 14141: 14140: 14136: 14126: 14124: 14111: 14110: 14106: 14096: 14094: 14081: 14080: 14076: 14066: 14064: 14053: 14049: 14041: 14037: 14027: 14025: 14016: 14015: 14011: 14001: 13999: 13990: 13989: 13985: 13975: 13973: 13964: 13963: 13959: 13949: 13947: 13938: 13937: 13930: 13920: 13918: 13910: 13909: 13905: 13895: 13893: 13883: 13882: 13878: 13868: 13866: 13858:"About TURKSOY" 13856: 13855: 13851: 13843: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13805: 13801: 13793: 13789: 13776: 13775: 13771: 13763: 13759: 13751: 13742: 13734: 13730: 13722: 13718: 13710: 13706: 13696: 13694: 13681: 13680: 13676: 13666: 13664: 13651: 13650: 13646: 13636: 13634: 13630: 13619: 13615: 13614: 13610: 13601: 13600: 13596: 13586: 13584: 13577: 13559: 13555: 13545: 13543: 13536: 13518: 13514: 13504: 13502: 13495: 13479: 13475: 13465: 13463: 13459: 13448: 13444:Yılmaz, Hakan. 13442: 13438: 13428: 13426: 13417: 13416: 13412: 13402: 13400: 13391: 13390: 13386: 13376: 13374: 13365: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13324: 13322: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13298: 13296: 13281: 13280: 13276: 13231: 13227: 13178: 13174: 13164: 13162: 13149: 13148: 13144: 13131: 13130: 13126: 13116: 13114: 13105: 13104: 13100: 13090: 13088: 13075: 13074: 13070: 13062: 13058: 13048: 13046: 13037: 13036: 13032: 13022: 13020: 13011: 13010: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12990: 12984:justice.gov.tr/ 12979: 12975: 12974: 12970: 12960: 12958: 12951:Washington Post 12945: 12944: 12937: 12927: 12925: 12910: 12906: 12896: 12894: 12881: 12880: 12876: 12866: 12864: 12863:on 14 June 2007 12860: 12853: 12847: 12843: 12835: 12831: 12823: 12819: 12809: 12807: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12783: 12781: 12762: 12758: 12751: 12731: 12727: 12717: 12715: 12706: 12705: 12701: 12670: 12666: 12656: 12654: 12647: 12631: 12627: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12593: 12589: 12579: 12577: 12570: 12554: 12550: 12539: 12535: 12525: 12523: 12516: 12500: 12496: 12481: 12477: 12470: 12456: 12452: 12436: 12432: 12425: 12411: 12402: 12392: 12390: 12377: 12376: 12369: 12362: 12348: 12344: 12321: 12317: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12287: 12283: 12273: 12271: 12254: 12250: 12240: 12238: 12225: 12224: 12220: 12203: 12199: 12189: 12187: 12180: 12164: 12160: 12150: 12148: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12124: 12122: 12109: 12108: 12101: 12087: 12083: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12056: 12050: 12046: 12038: 12034: 12026: 12022: 12014: 12010: 11981: 11977: 11969: 11965: 11957: 11950: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11919: 11903: 11899: 11889: 11887: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11859: 11857: 11840: 11836: 11826: 11824: 11811: 11810: 11806: 11796: 11794: 11787: 11771: 11767: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11737: 11733: 11723: 11721: 11714:Financial Times 11703: 11699: 11691: 11687: 11679: 11675: 11667: 11663: 11655: 11651: 11643: 11636: 11628: 11624: 11616: 11612: 11604: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11504: 11496: 11492: 11484: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11460: 11453: 11445: 11441: 11434: 11420: 11416: 11408: 11397: 11382: 11380: 11335: 11333: 11276: 11272: 11217: 11213: 11159: 11155: 11145: 11143: 11136: 11120: 11116: 11108: 11104: 11096: 11089: 11079: 11077: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11048: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11024: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10974: 10972: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10930: 10928: 10913: 10909: 10901: 10897: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10867: 10863: 10855: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10819: 10815: 10801: 10799: 10784: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10767: 10752: 10748: 10740: 10725: 10717: 10713: 10705: 10692: 10684: 10680: 10672: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10648: 10644: 10636: 10632: 10609: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10578: 10570: 10566: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10530: 10468: 10464: 10419:Current Biology 10410: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10386: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10347: 10333:10.2307/3258667 10316: 10314:"The Thracians" 10310: 10306: 10298: 10291: 10276: 10272: 10262: 10260: 10247: 10246: 10242: 10232: 10230: 10222:BBC News Online 10213: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10192:. 2 June 2022. 10182: 10181: 10177: 10167: 10165: 10157:Middle East Eye 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10101: 10079: 10075: 10063: 10061: 10048: 10036: 10034: 10010: 10008: 10003: 9991: 9987: 9977: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9921: 9917: 9909: 9905: 9886: 9867: 9865: 9858: 9842: 9838: 9830: 9826: 9818: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9782: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9739: 9737: 9710: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9652: 9648: 9640: 9633: 9625: 9614: 9606: 9595: 9587: 9580: 9540: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9500: 9499: 9495: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9473:giga-hamburg.de 9468: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9410: 9406: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9342: 9335: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9249:, p. xcvii 9245: 9238: 9230: 9221: 9213: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9186: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9155: 9148: 9140: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9101: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9048: 9046: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9018: 9016: 9007: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8990: 8989:. 16 April 2024 8977: 8976: 8963: 8953: 8951: 8940:www.tuik.gov.tr 8934: 8933: 8916: 8906: 8904: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8876: 8874: 8865: 8864: 8857: 8847: 8845: 8831: 8830: 8815: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8780:on 21 June 2020 8768: 8767: 8763: 8749: 8747: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8719: 8717: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8672: 8668: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8631: 8623: 8614: 8610: 8599: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8563: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8513:Zeki Demirkubuz 8482: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8454: 8453: 8445: 8444: 8384:broadcast media 8356:national cinema 8352: 8346: 8344:Media in Turkey 8340: 8142: 8136: 8134:Sport in Turkey 8130: 8122:Turkish delight 7973:Turkish delight 7962: 7960:Ottoman cuisine 7956: 7954:Turkish cuisine 7950: 7897:Selimiye Mosque 7787: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7744: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7722:Selimiye Mosque 7714: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7591: 7573: 7571:Music of Turkey 7565:Main articles: 7563: 7561:Music and dance 7535:Istanbul Modern 7474:alphabet reform 7470:language reform 7358: 7346:Main articles: 7344: 7320: 7306: 7300: 7288:body mass index 7244: 7238: 7208:. According to 7120: 7114: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7008: 7007: 7006: 6998: 6997: 6986: 6980: 6967:Syrian Turkmens 6955:Syrian refugees 6948:Arabs in Turkey 6928: 6922: 6917: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6594: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6557: 6502:Turkic language 6448:Syriac language 6322:. According to 6295: 6277: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6054:Ankara-Istanbul 6050:High-speed rail 5922:its electricity 5894:Elazığ Province 5883: 5873: 5861:Main articles: 5859: 5803:Turkish Riviera 5741:. Turkey ranks 5720:Togg T10S sedan 5673:emerging market 5657: 5651: 5645: 5634: 5616: 5607: 5593: 5584: 5574: 5565: 5547: 5538: 5520: 5471:oceanic climate 5449: 5443: 5437: 5255:desertification 5247:Irano-Anatolian 5215: 5209: 5203:Fauna of Turkey 5197:Main articles: 5195: 5149:is bordered by 5147:Anatolian plate 4970:Turkish straits 4962:Topographic map 4955: 4949: 4943: 4931:İstiklal Avenue 4892: 4886: 4818:Abdullah Öcalan 4760: 4754: 4748: 4728:EU Battlegroups 4706:. It supported 4681:Northern Cyprus 4637:nuclear sharing 4627:Turkey has the 4542:consist of the 4516: 4502: 4496: 4476:Iraqi Kurdistan 4320: 4314: 4228: 4222: 4059:Results of the 4053: 4041:Main articles: 4039: 3959:adopted in 1982 3943: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3909: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3873:Main articles: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3383: 3373: 3367: 3228:during most of 3166:and introduced 3060:first President 3045: 3039: 2989:as part of the 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2897:Ottoman sultans 2886: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2747:was founded by 2722: 2716: 2621:Yabgu Khaganate 2530:Turkic speakers 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2472: 2461: 2447: 2435:Main articles: 2433: 2250:. According to 2217:Asiatic Vespers 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2185:at the time of 2181:Top image: The 2178: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2136: 2128:Main articles: 2126: 1918: 1888: 1882: 1824:and modern-day 1816:Around 750 BC, 1769:or non-native. 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1607: 1596: 1594:Pala (Anatolia) 1578: 1570:Main articles: 1568: 1563: 1549: 1543: 1435:Dawlat al-Atrāk 1420:Eastern Tourkia 1412:Western Tourkia 1330: 1308:exporter. With 1251:An EU candidate 1213:is the world's 1170:. The Republic 1061:Mongol invasion 962:a secular state 952:, while ethnic 829: 794: 793: 792: 781: 769: 768: 767: 756: 735: 716: 704: 683: 664: 648: 632: 613: 596: 582: 564:9 November 1982 561: 551:29 October 1923 548: 543: 533: 528: 521:1 November 1922 518: 505: 492: 476: 451: 434: 423:Numan Kurtulmuş 419: 404: 389: 362: 343: 319: 309: 305:Other languages 251: 250: 245: 212: 210: 206: 203: 198: 195: 193: 191: 190: 189: 171: 169: 165: 162: 157: 154: 152: 150: 149: 148: 128: 98: 94: 86: 77: 72: 71: 59: 52: 44: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 28668: 28658: 28657: 28652: 28647: 28642: 28637: 28632: 28627: 28622: 28617: 28612: 28607: 28602: 28597: 28592: 28587: 28582: 28577: 28572: 28567: 28562: 28545: 28544: 28539: 28538: 28531: 28528: 28527: 28525: 28524: 28519: 28514: 28509: 28504: 28499: 28494: 28489: 28484: 28479: 28474: 28469: 28464: 28459: 28454: 28449: 28444: 28439: 28434: 28429: 28424: 28419: 28413: 28411: 28407: 28406: 28404: 28403: 28390: 28377: 28364: 28351: 28338: 28325: 28311: 28309: 28305: 28304: 28297: 28296: 28289: 28282: 28274: 28265: 28264: 28262: 28261: 28256: 28250: 28248: 28244: 28243: 28241: 28240: 28225: 28210: 28195: 28180: 28168: 28153: 28138: 28122: 28120: 28116: 28115: 28108: 28106: 28104: 28103: 28088: 28073: 28058: 28043: 28028: 28012: 28010: 28006: 28005: 27997: 27996: 27989: 27982: 27974: 27965: 27964: 27962: 27961: 27960: 27959: 27954: 27944: 27939: 27934: 27929: 27923: 27921: 27917: 27916: 27914: 27913: 27900: 27887: 27874: 27861: 27848: 27834: 27832: 27828: 27827: 27825: 27824: 27822:United Nations 27819: 27806: 27801: 27795: 27793: 27789: 27788: 27786: 27785: 27772: 27759: 27746: 27733: 27720: 27707: 27694: 27681: 27668: 27655: 27642: 27629: 27616: 27602: 27600: 27596: 27595: 27593: 27592: 27578: 27576: 27572: 27571: 27569: 27568: 27555: 27542: 27529: 27516: 27503: 27490: 27477: 27464: 27451: 27437: 27435: 27429: 27428: 27426: 27425: 27420: 27418:Samarkand 2022 27415: 27410: 27405: 27399: 27397: 27393: 27392: 27385: 27384: 27377: 27370: 27362: 27353: 27352: 27350: 27349: 27345: 27342: 27341: 27339: 27338: 27333: 27331:Largest cities 27328: 27323: 27322: 27321: 27316: 27311: 27309:GDP per capita 27306: 27295: 27293: 27289: 27288: 27285: 27284: 27282: 27281: 27276: 27271: 27266: 27261: 27256: 27251: 27246: 27241: 27236: 27230: 27228: 27221: 27217: 27216: 27213: 27212: 27210: 27209: 27203: 27197: 27191: 27185: 27183: 27176: 27172: 27171: 27168: 27167: 27164: 27163: 27161: 27160: 27158:United Nations 27155: 27150: 27145: 27140: 27134: 27132: 27127: 27124: 27123: 27121: 27120: 27114: 27112: 27107: 27104: 27103: 27101: 27100: 27095: 27090: 27085: 27080: 27074: 27072: 27067: 27061: 27057: 27056: 27054: 27053: 27047: 27045: 27041: 27040: 27038: 27037: 27032: 27027: 27022: 27017: 27012: 27007: 27002: 26997: 26992: 26987: 26982: 26977: 26972: 26967: 26962: 26957: 26952: 26951: 26950: 26940: 26935: 26930: 26925: 26920: 26915: 26910: 26905: 26900: 26895: 26890: 26885: 26880: 26875: 26870: 26865: 26860: 26855: 26850: 26845: 26840: 26835: 26830: 26825: 26820: 26815: 26810: 26805: 26800: 26795: 26790: 26785: 26780: 26775: 26770: 26765: 26760: 26755: 26749: 26747: 26740: 26734: 26733: 26731: 26730: 26720: 26717: 26716: 26708: 26707: 26700: 26693: 26685: 26676: 26675: 26673: 26672: 26655: 26653: 26649: 26648: 26646: 26645: 26631: 26617: 26603: 26589: 26575: 26561: 26547: 26533: 26519: 26504: 26502: 26498: 26497: 26495: 26494: 26492:Islamabad 2017 26489: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26469: 26464: 26459: 26454: 26449: 26444: 26442:Islamabad 1995 26439: 26434: 26428: 26426: 26422: 26421: 26418: 26417: 26415: 26414: 26409: 26403: 26401: 26397: 26396: 26394: 26393: 26388: 26383: 26378: 26373: 26367: 26361: 26357: 26356: 26348: 26347: 26340: 26333: 26325: 26316: 26315: 26313: 26312: 26306: 26304: 26300: 26299: 26297: 26296: 26291: 26285: 26283: 26279: 26278: 26276: 26275: 26270: 26265: 26259: 26252: 26250: 26246: 26245: 26243: 26242: 26229: 26216: 26202: 26200: 26196: 26195: 26188: 26186: 26184: 26183: 26170: 26157: 26144: 26131: 26117: 26115: 26111: 26110: 26095: 26094: 26087: 26080: 26072: 26063: 26062: 26060: 26059: 26054: 26049: 26044: 26038: 26036: 26035:Former members 26032: 26031: 26029: 26028: 26023: 26018: 26013: 26008: 26003: 25998: 25992: 25990: 25986: 25985: 25983: 25982: 25980:United Kingdom 25977: 25972: 25967: 25962: 25957: 25952: 25947: 25942: 25937: 25932: 25927: 25922: 25917: 25912: 25907: 25902: 25897: 25892: 25887: 25882: 25877: 25872: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25852: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25832: 25827: 25822: 25817: 25812: 25807: 25805:Czech Republic 25802: 25797: 25792: 25787: 25782: 25777: 25772: 25767: 25762: 25757: 25751: 25749: 25743: 25742: 25740: 25739: 25737:Pompidou Group 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25714: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25688: 25686: 25682: 25681: 25674: 25673: 25666: 25659: 25651: 25642: 25641: 25639: 25638: 25626: 25612: 25611: 25604: 25598: 25595: 25591: 25590: 25587: 25586: 25583: 25582: 25580: 25579: 25565: 25560: 25555: 25549: 25547: 25546:United Kingdom 25543: 25542: 25540: 25539: 25524: 25522: 25518: 25517: 25515: 25514: 25499: 25497: 25490: 25483: 25480: 25479: 25476: 25475: 25472: 25471: 25469: 25468: 25463: 25458: 25457: 25456: 25451: 25446: 25435: 25433: 25427: 25426: 25424: 25423: 25413: 25406: 25400: 25399:United Kingdom 25396: 25395: 25393: 25392: 25391: 25390: 25379: 25377: 25370: 25363: 25360: 25359: 25357: 25356: 25351: 25346: 25341: 25336: 25330: 25328: 25321: 25318: 25317: 25310: 25308: 25306: 25305: 25300: 25298:United Kingdom 25295: 25290: 25285: 25280: 25275: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25210: 25205: 25200: 25195: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25175: 25170: 25165: 25160: 25155: 25150: 25145: 25140: 25135: 25130: 25125: 25120: 25115: 25113:Czech Republic 25110: 25105: 25100: 25095: 25090: 25085: 25080: 25075: 25070: 25065: 25060: 25054: 25052: 25046: 25045: 25034: 25033: 25026: 25019: 25011: 25002: 25001: 24999: 24998: 24986: 24972: 24971: 24968: 24964: 24963: 24960: 24959: 24957: 24956: 24951: 24945: 24943: 24936: 24933: 24932: 24929: 24928: 24926: 24925: 24915: 24908: 24906: 24905:United Kingdom 24902: 24901: 24899: 24898: 24892: 24890: 24886: 24885: 24883: 24882: 24877: 24871: 24869: 24862: 24855: 24852: 24851: 24849: 24848: 24843: 24838: 24833: 24828: 24822: 24820: 24813: 24810: 24809: 24802: 24800: 24798: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24777: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24757: 24752: 24747: 24742: 24737: 24732: 24727: 24722: 24717: 24712: 24707: 24702: 24697: 24692: 24687: 24682: 24677: 24672: 24667: 24662: 24657: 24652: 24647: 24642: 24637: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24592: 24587: 24582: 24577: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24551: 24549: 24543: 24542: 24531: 24530: 24523: 24516: 24508: 24502: 24499: 24498: 24486: 24485: 24483: 24482: 24470: 24458: 24446: 24434: 24421: 24418: 24417: 24414: 24413: 24411: 24410: 24405: 24400: 24395: 24390: 24385: 24384: 24383: 24373: 24368: 24363: 24358: 24353: 24348: 24347: 24346: 24344:Radio stations 24341: 24336: 24326: 24321: 24316: 24311: 24306: 24301: 24296: 24291: 24290: 24289: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24264: 24263: 24262: 24257: 24247: 24241: 24239: 24230: 24229: 24224: 24219: 24214: 24213: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24192: 24187: 24186: 24185: 24175: 24170: 24169: 24168: 24157: 24155: 24151: 24150: 24148: 24147: 24142: 24137: 24136: 24135: 24130: 24125: 24115: 24114: 24113: 24103: 24102: 24101: 24091: 24086: 24081: 24079:Turkish people 24075: 24073: 24067: 24066: 24064: 24063: 24062: 24061: 24056: 24051: 24044:Transportation 24041: 24036: 24031: 24026: 24021: 24020: 24019: 24014: 24009: 24004: 23994: 23989: 23984: 23979: 23974: 23968: 23966: 23960: 23959: 23956: 23955: 23953: 23952: 23951: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23930: 23925: 23924: 23923: 23918: 23908: 23903: 23898: 23892: 23890: 23886: 23885: 23883: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23867: 23866: 23865: 23860: 23849: 23847: 23841: 23840: 23838: 23837: 23836: 23835: 23830: 23825: 23820: 23810: 23809: 23808: 23798: 23792: 23790: 23783: 23777: 23776: 23773: 23772: 23770: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23752:National parks 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23723: 23722: 23717: 23707: 23706: 23705: 23700: 23690: 23689: 23688: 23686:Climate change 23677: 23675: 23671: 23670: 23668: 23667: 23662: 23657: 23652: 23647: 23642: 23637: 23635:Marmara Region 23631: 23629: 23627:(west to east) 23616: 23610: 23609: 23606: 23605: 23603: 23602: 23597: 23592: 23587: 23582: 23581: 23580: 23569: 23567: 23563: 23562: 23560: 23559: 23554: 23553: 23552: 23542: 23540:Constitutional 23536: 23534: 23530: 23529: 23527: 23526: 23521: 23516: 23515: 23514: 23509: 23499: 23494: 23488: 23486: 23480: 23479: 23477: 23476: 23475: 23474: 23464: 23463: 23462: 23457: 23452: 23442: 23441: 23440: 23430: 23428:Transformation 23425: 23424: 23423: 23413: 23407: 23405: 23403:Ottoman Empire 23399: 23398: 23396: 23395: 23390: 23385: 23384: 23383: 23372: 23370: 23360: 23359: 23357: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23340: 23338: 23331: 23325: 23324: 23310: 23309: 23302: 23295: 23287: 23281: 23280: 23269: 23268: 23263: 23252: 23251: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23223: 23222: 23207: 23195: 23194:External links 23192: 23190: 23189: 23154: 23127: 23121: 23106: 23100: 23085: 23055: 23049: 23034: 23028: 23013: 23000: 22994: 22973: 22967: 22952: 22946: 22937:Ancient Turkey 22931: 22912: 22881: 22875: 22860: 22833: 22827: 22812: 22806: 22791: 22785: 22770: 22756: 22743: 22737: 22722: 22716: 22695: 22689: 22668: 22662: 22641: 22635: 22620: 22614: 22593: 22587: 22566: 22560: 22545: 22540:978-9004133228 22539: 22524: 22518: 22503: 22487: 22481: 22460: 22438: 22432: 22417: 22411: 22396: 22390: 22375: 22369: 22348: 22329: 22323: 22302: 22296: 22275: 22269: 22254: 22248: 22233: 22227: 22206: 22200: 22177: 22171: 22150: 22144: 22136:10.7560/720640 22123: 22117: 22096: 22090: 22069: 22063: 22042: 22028: 22015: 22009: 21994: 21988: 21973: 21967: 21952: 21947:978-0857453273 21946: 21923: 21917: 21896: 21890: 21869: 21863: 21842: 21826: 21820: 21805: 21799: 21784: 21778: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21754: 21753: 21734: 21729:dailysabah.com 21715: 21689: 21668: 21640: 21613: 21583: 21571: 21541: 21515: 21486: 21468: 21432: 21405: 21379: 21361: 21338: 21335:. 20 May 2023. 21320: 21290: 21278:fibaeurope.com 21265: 21239: 21213: 21190:Ian Whittell. 21182: 21157: 21132: 21109: 21097: 21085: 21073: 21061: 21049: 21024: 20997: 20975: 20973:, p. 1465 20963: 20961:, p. 1469 20951: 20939: 20927: 20915: 20900: 20885: 20873: 20861: 20849: 20837: 20825: 20813: 20793: 20779: 20767: 20755: 20732: 20714: 20695: 20683: 20671: 20659: 20647: 20592: 20570: 20545: 20526:(6): 456–472. 20507: 20463: 20445: 20429:"Scholarships" 20420: 20399: 20375: 20354: 20329: 20304: 20278: 20263: 20245: 20220: 20198: 20180: 20165: 20163:, p. 1713 20153: 20135: 20117: 20099: 20092: 20065: 20033: 20008: 19996: 19977:(2): 358–389. 19957: 19932: 19913: 19877: 19854: 19840: 19820: 19800: 19782: 19777:al-monitor.com 19763: 19738: 19712: 19694: 19663: 19633: 19607: 19592: 19570: 19540: 19523: 19501: 19486: 19468: 19461: 19440: 19422: 19391: 19381: 19361: 19346:(in Turkish). 19327: 19277: 19268: 19233: 19216: 19189: 19162:(4): 697–720. 19139: 19108: 19081:(4): 501–521. 19061: 19054: 19025: 19013: 19001: 18989: 18975: 18955: 18948: 18926: 18919: 18899: 18892: 18872: 18857: 18816: 18801: 18794: 18774: 18755:(4): 517–541. 18739: 18732: 18714: 18682: 18670: 18640: 18618: 18596: 18590:Anadolu Agency 18576: 18571:Anadolu Ajansı 18558: 18553:Anadolu Ajansı 18540: 18529:(2): 210–229. 18513: 18487: 18465: 18424: 18406: 18399: 18373: 18346: 18324: 18312: 18287: 18260: 18248:The World Bank 18235: 18205: 18187: 18161: 18141: 18110: 18090:Istanbul Metro 18074: 18049: 18027: 18022:Anadolu Agency 18009: 17987: 17975: 17936:(11): e21535. 17913: 17899: 17881: 17869: 17857: 17845: 17830: 17803: 17791: 17779: 17776:on 8 May 2023. 17757: 17745: 17727: 17699: 17675: 17653: 17628: 17594: 17564: 17531: 17508: 17480: 17454: 17421: 17419: 17418: 17402: 17392:. 15 June 2022 17386: 17366: 17346: 17327: 17297: 17278: 17260: 17245: 17223: 17201: 17170: 17137: 17116: 17104: 17092: 17080: 17068: 17056: 17044: 17029: 17017: 16970: 16913: 16883: 16870: 16844: 16826: 16819: 16801: 16771: 16755: 16740: 16726: 16700: 16674: 16652: 16630: 16608: 16584: 16572: 16560: 16543:The World Bank 16523: 16511: 16499:britannica.com 16486: 16474:britannica.com 16470:"Mount Ararat" 16461: 16449: 16408: 16386: 16363: 16344: 16321: 16309: 16307: 16306: 16288: 16282: 16276: 16254: 16228: 16222: 16216: 16203: 16191: 16167: 16156:. 17 June 2016 16141: 16123: 16102: 16081: 16055: 16029: 16003: 15977: 15951: 15925: 15902: 15877: 15859: 15841:Balkan Insight 15827: 15802: 15775: 15745: 15742:. 8 July 2018. 15727: 15709:Deutsche Welle 15695: 15677:Balkan Insight 15663: 15661:. 20 May 2016. 15659:Deutsche Welle 15639: 15608: 15582: 15552: 15522: 15503: 15483: 15464: 15444: 15425: 15405: 15386: 15366: 15336: 15310: 15284: 15265: 15245: 15219: 15197: 15176: 15146: 15115: 15085: 15055: 15025: 14989: 14975: 14955: 14929: 14899: 14869: 14859: 14833: 14822:. 7 March 2019 14807: 14774: 14749:"Der Spiegel: 14740: 14725: 14700: 14670: 14644: 14629:. Naval News. 14613: 14596:baykartech.com 14583: 14549: 14532:Anadolu Agency 14519: 14489: 14455: 14429: 14393: 14363: 14332: 14302: 14271: 14242: 14212: 14200: 14164: 14134: 14104: 14074: 14047: 14035: 14009: 13983: 13957: 13928: 13903: 13876: 13849: 13834: 13822: 13799: 13787: 13769: 13757: 13740: 13728: 13716: 13704: 13674: 13644: 13608: 13594: 13575: 13553: 13534: 13512: 13493: 13473: 13436: 13410: 13384: 13358: 13332: 13306: 13274: 13225: 13182:Party Politics 13172: 13155:anayasa.gov.tr 13142: 13124: 13098: 13068: 13056: 13030: 13004: 12968: 12935: 12904: 12874: 12841: 12829: 12817: 12806:on 15 May 2007 12791: 12756: 12749: 12725: 12699: 12664: 12645: 12625: 12607: 12587: 12568: 12548: 12533: 12514: 12494: 12485:Balkan Studies 12475: 12468: 12450: 12430: 12423: 12400: 12367: 12360: 12342: 12331:(3): 393–433. 12315: 12301: 12281: 12248: 12231:Deutsche Welle 12218: 12197: 12178: 12158: 12132: 12099: 12081: 12044: 12032: 12020: 12008: 12006: 12005: 12004:, pp. 5–6 11999: 11993: 11987: 11975: 11963: 11948: 11936: 11917: 11897: 11867: 11834: 11804: 11785: 11765: 11751: 11731: 11706:Niall Ferguson 11697: 11685: 11673: 11661: 11649: 11634: 11622: 11610: 11598: 11586: 11574: 11562: 11550: 11538: 11526: 11514: 11512:, p. 1576 11502: 11490: 11478: 11466: 11451: 11439: 11432: 11414: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11343: 11304:(2): 291–327. 11289: 11283: 11270: 11211: 11153: 11134: 11114: 11102: 11087: 11066:"Hagia Sophia" 11057: 11042: 11030: 11018: 11006: 10994: 10992:, pp. 3–4 10982: 10950: 10938: 10907: 10895: 10881: 10861: 10849: 10837: 10825: 10813: 10777: 10746: 10723: 10711: 10690: 10678: 10666: 10654: 10642: 10630: 10603: 10591: 10576: 10564: 10549: 10528: 10462: 10404: 10392: 10373: 10361: 10304: 10289: 10270: 10240: 10207: 10175: 10142: 10106: 10099: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10046: 10017: 10001: 9985: 9951: 9939: 9927: 9925:, pp. 2–3 9915: 9903: 9891:Pecheneg realm 9856: 9836: 9824: 9822:, pp. 6–7 9812: 9800: 9788: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9701: 9671: 9664: 9646: 9631: 9612: 9593: 9578: 9554:(4): 424–438. 9529: 9493: 9457: 9445: 9433: 9426: 9404: 9361: 9354: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9236: 9219: 9204: 9192: 9173: 9161: 9146: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9026: 9000: 8961: 8914: 8884: 8855: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8804: 8791: 8772:(in Turkish). 8761: 8746:on 2 July 2020 8738:(in Turkish). 8727: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8683:Judaeo-Spanish 8666: 8649: 8640: 8608: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8552: 8549: 8517:Ferzan Özpetek 8493:Hülya Koçyiğit 8474:(middle), and 8466: 8465: 8456: 8455: 8447: 8446: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8342:Main article: 8339: 8336: 8316:Nurullah Hasan 8280:VakıfBank S.K. 8233:VakıfBank S.K. 8188:UEFA Euro 2008 8172:UEFA Super Cup 8153:UEFA Euro 2016 8132:Main article: 8129: 8126: 8084:varieties and 7969:Turkish coffee 7952:Main article: 7949: 7946: 7889:Şehzade Mosque 7769: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7745: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7715: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7693:Main article: 7690: 7687: 7602:Anatolian rock 7562: 7559: 7522:güzel sanatlar 7478:Memed, My Hawk 7443:Sufi mysticism 7423:oral narrative 7343: 7340: 7324:Ottoman Empire 7310:Arts in Turkey 7302:Main article: 7299: 7296: 7277:health tourism 7240:Main article: 7237: 7234: 7194:Koç University 7116:Main article: 7113: 7110: 7051:World Factbook 7039:state religion 7013:Çamlıca Mosque 7010: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6982:Main article: 6979: 6976: 6924:Main article: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6676: 6673: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6654: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6555: 6550: 6506:first language 6301:Percentage of 6281:Turkish people 6276: 6273: 6240:Turkish people 6232:Main article: 6229: 6226: 6197:is planned on 6133:Türksat series 6092:Main article: 6089: 6086: 6076:is one of the 6066:Istanbul Metro 6018:strait is the 5981:Gas production 5912:in the world. 5908:Turkey is the 5858: 5857:Infrastructure 5855: 5790:is one of the 5647:Main article: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5623:Hevsel Gardens 5617: 5610: 5608: 5594: 5587: 5585: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5548: 5541: 5539: 5521: 5514: 5439:Main article: 5436: 5433: 5287:Turkish pine ( 5223:Turkish Angora 5194: 5191: 4998:Eastern Thrace 4974:Sea of Marmara 4945:Main article: 4942: 4939: 4923:Istanbul Pride 4899:Istanbul Pride 4888:Main article: 4885: 4882: 4787:women's rights 4783:Kurdish rights 4750:Main article: 4747: 4744: 4712:First Gulf War 4704:Horn of Africa 4657:military bases 4498:Main article: 4495: 4492: 4439:Following the 4410:regional power 4378:, Russia, the 4350:followed the " 4316:Main article: 4313: 4310: 4284:procedural law 4224:Main article: 4221: 4218: 4158:Democrat Party 4133:that it deems 4038: 4035: 3975:plurality vote 3930: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3903: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3870: 3867: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3575:Afyonkarahisar 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3381:NUTS of Turkey 3369:Main article: 3366: 3363: 3332:European Union 3252:forces in the 3242:charter member 3121:Ottoman rule. 3074:(1919) by the 3041:Main article: 3038: 3035: 2983:Central Powers 2969:Following the 2960:Crimean Tatars 2889:Topkapı Palace 2887: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2849:Ottoman Empire 2790:Sephardic Jews 2745:Ottoman Beylik 2730:Ottoman Empire 2720:Ottoman Empire 2718:Main article: 2715: 2714:Ottoman Empire 2712: 2494: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2432: 2429: 2361:and the later 2327:Ottoman Empire 2311:Late Antiquity 2307:Constantinople 2283:Constantinople 2219:massacre, and 2180: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2140:Roman Republic 2125: 2122: 1884:Main article: 1881: 1878: 1659: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1608: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1567: 1564: 1545:Main article: 1542: 1539: 1531:United Nations 1525:, saying that 1474:Ottoman Empire 1452:Middle English 1429:Dawlat at-Turk 1329: 1326: 1324:in the world. 1302:innovativeness 1243:regional power 1172:was proclaimed 908:to the north; 877: 876: 871: 865: 864: 859: 853: 852: 847: 841: 840: 827: 823: 822: 808: 804: 803: 784: 774: 773: 759: 749: 748: 743:$ 12,765 ( 736: 733: 730: 729: 717: 714: 711: 710: 707: 697: 696: 691:$ 43,921 ( 684: 681: 678: 677: 665: 662: 659: 658: 655: 641: 640: 633: 631:• Density 630: 627: 626: 614: 611: 608: 607: 601: 600: 597: 594: 591: 590: 583: 580: 577: 576: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 556: 553: 552: 549: 541: 538: 537: 534: 526: 523: 522: 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 500: 497: 496: 493: 487: 484: 483: 477: 474:Ottoman Empire 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 449: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 429: 426: 425: 420: 414: 411: 410: 405: 402:Vice President 399: 396: 395: 390: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 370: 364: 363: 361: 360: 357: 353: 351: 345: 344: 342: 341: 335: 329: 322: 320: 317: 311: 310: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 248: 247: 246: 244: 243: 239: 237: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 213:41.017; 28.950 184: 180: 179: 172:39.917; 32.850 143: 139: 138: 130: 129: 96: 90:İstiklal Marşı 79: 78: 73: 65: 64: 61: 60: 45: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28667: 28656: 28653: 28651: 28648: 28646: 28643: 28641: 28638: 28636: 28633: 28631: 28628: 28626: 28623: 28621: 28618: 28616: 28613: 28611: 28608: 28606: 28603: 28601: 28598: 28596: 28593: 28591: 28588: 28586: 28583: 28581: 28578: 28576: 28573: 28571: 28568: 28566: 28563: 28561: 28558: 28557: 28555: 28535: 28529: 28523: 28520: 28518: 28515: 28513: 28510: 28508: 28505: 28503: 28500: 28498: 28495: 28493: 28490: 28488: 28485: 28483: 28480: 28478: 28475: 28473: 28470: 28468: 28465: 28463: 28460: 28458: 28455: 28453: 28450: 28448: 28445: 28443: 28440: 28438: 28435: 28433: 28430: 28428: 28425: 28423: 28420: 28418: 28415: 28414: 28412: 28408: 28402: 28391: 28389: 28378: 28376: 28365: 28363: 28352: 28350: 28339: 28337: 28326: 28324: 28313: 28312: 28310: 28306: 28302: 28295: 28290: 28288: 28283: 28281: 28276: 28275: 28272: 28260: 28257: 28255: 28252: 28251: 28249: 28245: 28238: 28226: 28223: 28211: 28208: 28196: 28193: 28181: 28179: 28169: 28166: 28154: 28151: 28150:Bashkortostan 28139: 28136: 28124: 28123: 28121: 28117: 28112: 28101: 28089: 28086: 28074: 28071: 28059: 28056: 28044: 28041: 28029: 28026: 28014: 28013: 28011: 28007: 28002: 27995: 27990: 27988: 27983: 27981: 27976: 27975: 27972: 27958: 27955: 27953: 27950: 27949: 27948: 27945: 27943: 27940: 27938: 27935: 27933: 27930: 27928: 27927:Member states 27925: 27924: 27922: 27918: 27912: 27901: 27899: 27888: 27886: 27875: 27873: 27862: 27860: 27849: 27847: 27836: 27835: 27833: 27829: 27823: 27820: 27818: 27807: 27805: 27802: 27800: 27797: 27796: 27794: 27790: 27784: 27773: 27771: 27760: 27758: 27747: 27745: 27734: 27732: 27721: 27719: 27708: 27706: 27695: 27693: 27682: 27680: 27669: 27667: 27656: 27654: 27643: 27641: 27630: 27628: 27617: 27615: 27604: 27603: 27601: 27597: 27591: 27580: 27579: 27577: 27573: 27567: 27556: 27554: 27543: 27541: 27530: 27528: 27517: 27515: 27504: 27502: 27491: 27489: 27478: 27476: 27465: 27463: 27452: 27450: 27439: 27438: 27436: 27434: 27433:Member states 27430: 27424: 27421: 27419: 27416: 27414: 27411: 27409: 27408:Dushanbe 2014 27406: 27404: 27401: 27400: 27398: 27394: 27390: 27383: 27378: 27376: 27371: 27369: 27364: 27363: 27360: 27347: 27346: 27343: 27337: 27334: 27332: 27329: 27327: 27324: 27320: 27317: 27315: 27312: 27310: 27307: 27305: 27302: 27301: 27300: 27297: 27296: 27294: 27290: 27280: 27277: 27275: 27272: 27270: 27267: 27265: 27262: 27260: 27257: 27255: 27252: 27250: 27247: 27245: 27242: 27240: 27237: 27235: 27232: 27231: 27229: 27227:Extraordinary 27225: 27222: 27218: 27207: 27204: 27201: 27198: 27195: 27192: 27190: 27187: 27186: 27184: 27180: 27177: 27173: 27159: 27156: 27154: 27151: 27149: 27146: 27144: 27143:African Union 27141: 27139: 27136: 27135: 27133: 27130:organizations 27128:International 27125: 27119: 27116: 27115: 27113: 27105: 27099: 27096: 27094: 27091: 27089: 27086: 27084: 27081: 27079: 27076: 27075: 27073: 27065: 27062: 27058: 27052: 27049: 27048: 27046: 27042: 27036: 27033: 27031: 27028: 27026: 27023: 27021: 27018: 27016: 27013: 27011: 27008: 27006: 27003: 27001: 26998: 26996: 26993: 26991: 26988: 26986: 26983: 26981: 26978: 26976: 26973: 26971: 26968: 26966: 26963: 26961: 26958: 26956: 26953: 26949: 26946: 26945: 26944: 26941: 26939: 26936: 26934: 26931: 26929: 26926: 26924: 26921: 26919: 26916: 26914: 26911: 26909: 26906: 26904: 26901: 26899: 26896: 26894: 26891: 26889: 26886: 26884: 26881: 26879: 26876: 26874: 26871: 26869: 26866: 26864: 26861: 26859: 26856: 26854: 26851: 26849: 26846: 26844: 26841: 26839: 26838:Guinea-Bissau 26836: 26834: 26831: 26829: 26826: 26824: 26821: 26819: 26816: 26814: 26811: 26809: 26806: 26804: 26801: 26799: 26796: 26794: 26791: 26789: 26786: 26784: 26781: 26779: 26776: 26774: 26771: 26769: 26766: 26764: 26761: 26759: 26756: 26754: 26751: 26750: 26748: 26744: 26741: 26739: 26738:Member states 26735: 26729: 26725: 26722: 26721: 26718: 26713: 26706: 26701: 26699: 26694: 26692: 26687: 26686: 26683: 26668: 26657: 26656: 26654: 26650: 26644: 26632: 26630: 26618: 26616: 26604: 26602: 26590: 26588: 26576: 26574: 26562: 26560: 26548: 26546: 26534: 26532: 26520: 26518: 26506: 26505: 26503: 26499: 26493: 26490: 26488: 26485: 26483: 26482:Istanbul 2010 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26470: 26468: 26467:Dushanbe 2004 26465: 26463: 26462:Istanbul 2002 26460: 26458: 26455: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26447:Ashgabat 1996 26445: 26443: 26440: 26438: 26437:Istanbul 1993 26435: 26433: 26430: 26429: 26427: 26423: 26413: 26410: 26408: 26405: 26404: 26402: 26398: 26392: 26389: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26377: 26374: 26372: 26369: 26368: 26365: 26362: 26358: 26353: 26346: 26341: 26339: 26334: 26332: 26327: 26326: 26323: 26311: 26308: 26307: 26305: 26301: 26295: 26292: 26290: 26287: 26286: 26284: 26280: 26274: 26273:2023 (Astana) 26271: 26269: 26266: 26263: 26260: 26257: 26254: 26253: 26251: 26247: 26241: 26230: 26228: 26217: 26215: 26204: 26203: 26201: 26197: 26192: 26182: 26171: 26169: 26158: 26156: 26145: 26143: 26132: 26130: 26119: 26118: 26116: 26112: 26108: 26093: 26088: 26086: 26081: 26079: 26074: 26073: 26070: 26058: 26055: 26053: 26050: 26048: 26045: 26043: 26040: 26039: 26037: 26033: 26027: 26024: 26022: 26021:United States 26019: 26017: 26014: 26012: 26009: 26007: 26004: 26002: 25999: 25997: 25994: 25993: 25991: 25987: 25981: 25978: 25976: 25973: 25971: 25968: 25966: 25963: 25961: 25958: 25956: 25953: 25951: 25948: 25946: 25943: 25941: 25938: 25936: 25933: 25931: 25928: 25926: 25923: 25921: 25918: 25916: 25913: 25911: 25908: 25906: 25903: 25901: 25898: 25896: 25893: 25891: 25888: 25886: 25883: 25881: 25878: 25876: 25873: 25871: 25870:Liechtenstein 25868: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25851: 25848: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25838: 25836: 25833: 25831: 25828: 25826: 25823: 25821: 25818: 25816: 25813: 25811: 25808: 25806: 25803: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25788: 25786: 25783: 25781: 25778: 25776: 25773: 25771: 25768: 25766: 25763: 25761: 25758: 25756: 25753: 25752: 25750: 25748: 25744: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25689: 25687: 25683: 25679: 25672: 25667: 25665: 25660: 25658: 25653: 25652: 25649: 25637: 25636: 25635:Europe portal 25631: 25627: 25625: 25624: 25615: 25614: 25609: 25605: 25602: 25599: 25596: 25593: 25592: 25588: 25577: 25573: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25550: 25548: 25544: 25537: 25533: 25529: 25526: 25525: 25523: 25519: 25512: 25508: 25504: 25501: 25500: 25498: 25494: 25491: 25484:Special areas 25481: 25467: 25464: 25462: 25459: 25455: 25452: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25441: 25440: 25437: 25436: 25434: 25432: 25428: 25421: 25417: 25414: 25411: 25408: 25407: 25404: 25401: 25397: 25389: 25386: 25385: 25384: 25383:Faroe Islands 25381: 25380: 25378: 25374: 25371: 25368: 25361: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25349:South Ossetia 25347: 25345: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25319: 25314: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25183:Liechtenstein 25181: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25164: 25161: 25159: 25156: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25141: 25139: 25136: 25134: 25131: 25129: 25126: 25124: 25121: 25119: 25116: 25114: 25111: 25109: 25106: 25104: 25101: 25099: 25096: 25094: 25091: 25089: 25086: 25084: 25081: 25079: 25076: 25074: 25071: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25059: 25056: 25055: 25053: 25051: 25047: 25043: 25039: 25032: 25027: 25025: 25020: 25018: 25013: 25012: 25009: 24997: 24996: 24991: 24987: 24985: 24984: 24975: 24974: 24969: 24966: 24965: 24961: 24955: 24952: 24950: 24947: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24934: 24923: 24919: 24916: 24913: 24910: 24909: 24907: 24903: 24897: 24894: 24893: 24891: 24887: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24872: 24870: 24866: 24863: 24860: 24853: 24847: 24844: 24842: 24841:South Ossetia 24839: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24811: 24806: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24773: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24761: 24758: 24756: 24753: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24741: 24738: 24736: 24733: 24731: 24728: 24726: 24723: 24721: 24718: 24716: 24713: 24711: 24708: 24706: 24703: 24701: 24698: 24696: 24693: 24691: 24688: 24686: 24683: 24681: 24678: 24676: 24673: 24671: 24668: 24666: 24663: 24661: 24658: 24656: 24653: 24651: 24648: 24646: 24643: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24633: 24631: 24628: 24626: 24623: 24621: 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24552: 24550: 24548: 24544: 24540: 24536: 24529: 24524: 24522: 24517: 24515: 24510: 24509: 24506: 24500: 24493: 24481: 24480: 24471: 24469: 24468: 24459: 24457: 24456: 24447: 24445: 24444: 24435: 24433: 24432: 24427: 24423: 24422: 24419: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24382: 24379: 24378: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24345: 24342: 24340: 24337: 24335: 24332: 24331: 24330: 24327: 24325: 24322: 24320: 24317: 24315: 24312: 24310: 24307: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24288: 24285: 24284: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24252: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24242: 24240: 24238: 24234: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24218: 24215: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24197: 24196: 24193: 24191: 24188: 24184: 24181: 24180: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24167: 24164: 24163: 24162: 24159: 24158: 24156: 24152: 24146: 24143: 24141: 24138: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24120: 24119: 24116: 24112: 24109: 24108: 24107: 24104: 24100: 24097: 24096: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24076: 24074: 24072: 24068: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24046: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24005: 24003: 24000: 23999: 23998: 23995: 23993: 23990: 23988: 23985: 23983: 23980: 23978: 23975: 23973: 23970: 23969: 23967: 23965: 23961: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23935: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23914: 23913: 23912: 23909: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23893: 23891: 23887: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23856: 23855: 23854: 23851: 23850: 23848: 23846: 23842: 23834: 23831: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23815: 23814: 23811: 23807: 23804: 23803: 23802: 23799: 23797: 23794: 23793: 23791: 23787: 23784: 23782: 23778: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23721: 23718: 23716: 23715:Air pollution 23713: 23712: 23711: 23708: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23695: 23694: 23691: 23687: 23684: 23683: 23682: 23679: 23678: 23676: 23672: 23666: 23663: 23661: 23658: 23656: 23653: 23651: 23648: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23640:Aegean Region 23638: 23636: 23633: 23632: 23630: 23624: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23611: 23601: 23598: 23596: 23593: 23591: 23588: 23586: 23585:Turkification 23583: 23579: 23576: 23575: 23574: 23571: 23570: 23568: 23564: 23558: 23555: 23551: 23548: 23547: 23546: 23543: 23541: 23538: 23537: 23535: 23531: 23525: 23522: 23520: 23517: 23513: 23510: 23508: 23505: 23504: 23503: 23500: 23498: 23495: 23493: 23490: 23489: 23487: 23485: 23481: 23473: 23470: 23469: 23468: 23465: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23447: 23446: 23443: 23439: 23436: 23435: 23434: 23431: 23429: 23426: 23422: 23419: 23418: 23417: 23416:Classical Age 23414: 23412: 23409: 23408: 23406: 23404: 23400: 23394: 23391: 23389: 23386: 23382: 23379: 23378: 23377: 23376:Seljuk Empire 23374: 23373: 23371: 23369: 23365: 23361: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23341: 23339: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23326: 23322: 23317: 23308: 23303: 23301: 23296: 23294: 23289: 23288: 23285: 23279: 23276: 23275: 23274: 23273: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23258: 23257: 23256: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23230: 23229: 23228: 23227: 23221: 23220:OpenStreetMap 23217: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23202: 23201: 23200: 23175: 23171: 23167: 23160: 23155: 23148: 23144: 23140: 23133: 23128: 23124: 23118: 23115:. Routledge. 23114: 23113: 23107: 23103: 23097: 23093: 23092: 23086: 23071: 23067: 23060: 23056: 23052: 23046: 23042: 23041: 23035: 23031: 23025: 23021: 23020: 23014: 23010: 23006: 23001: 22997: 22991: 22987: 22983: 22979: 22974: 22970: 22964: 22960: 22959: 22953: 22949: 22943: 22940:. Routledge. 22939: 22938: 22932: 22917: 22913: 22901: 22897: 22893: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22878: 22872: 22868: 22867: 22861: 22854: 22850: 22846: 22839: 22836:OECD (2023). 22834: 22830: 22824: 22820: 22819: 22813: 22809: 22803: 22799: 22798: 22792: 22788: 22786:9780816057863 22782: 22778: 22777: 22771: 22767: 22763: 22759: 22753: 22749: 22744: 22740: 22734: 22730: 22729: 22723: 22719: 22717:9781579583880 22713: 22709: 22705: 22702:. Routledge. 22701: 22696: 22692: 22686: 22682: 22678: 22675:. Routledge. 22674: 22669: 22665: 22659: 22655: 22651: 22647: 22642: 22638: 22636:9780199738878 22632: 22628: 22627: 22621: 22617: 22611: 22607: 22603: 22600:. Routledge. 22599: 22594: 22590: 22584: 22580: 22576: 22572: 22567: 22563: 22557: 22553: 22552: 22546: 22542: 22536: 22532: 22531: 22525: 22521: 22515: 22511: 22510: 22504: 22500: 22493: 22488: 22484: 22478: 22474: 22470: 22466: 22461: 22454: 22447: 22443: 22439: 22435: 22429: 22425: 22424: 22418: 22414: 22408: 22404: 22403: 22397: 22393: 22387: 22384:. Routledge. 22383: 22382: 22376: 22372: 22366: 22362: 22358: 22354: 22349: 22342: 22335: 22330: 22326: 22320: 22316: 22312: 22308: 22303: 22299: 22293: 22289: 22285: 22281: 22276: 22272: 22270:9781576077962 22266: 22262: 22261: 22255: 22251: 22245: 22241: 22240: 22234: 22230: 22224: 22220: 22216: 22212: 22207: 22203: 22201:9781139056151 22197: 22193: 22189: 22185: 22184: 22178: 22174: 22172:9780191905636 22168: 22164: 22160: 22156: 22151: 22147: 22145:9780292720640 22141: 22137: 22133: 22129: 22124: 22120: 22114: 22110: 22106: 22102: 22097: 22093: 22091:9780191918742 22087: 22083: 22079: 22075: 22070: 22066: 22060: 22056: 22052: 22048: 22043: 22039: 22035: 22031: 22025: 22021: 22016: 22012: 22006: 22002: 22001: 21995: 21991: 21985: 21981: 21980: 21974: 21970: 21964: 21960: 21959: 21953: 21949: 21943: 21939: 21935: 21931: 21930: 21924: 21920: 21914: 21910: 21906: 21902: 21897: 21893: 21887: 21883: 21879: 21875: 21870: 21866: 21860: 21856: 21852: 21848: 21843: 21836: 21832: 21827: 21823: 21817: 21814:. Routledge. 21813: 21812: 21806: 21802: 21796: 21792: 21791: 21785: 21781: 21779:9780816062591 21775: 21771: 21770: 21764: 21763: 21749: 21745: 21738: 21730: 21726: 21719: 21703: 21699: 21693: 21685: 21684: 21679: 21672: 21656: 21655: 21650: 21644: 21628: 21624: 21617: 21601: 21597: 21593: 21587: 21581:, p. 156 21580: 21575: 21559: 21555: 21551: 21545: 21529: 21525: 21519: 21513: 21511: 21510:public domain 21505: 21502: 21498: 21493: 21491: 21482: 21478: 21472: 21453: 21449: 21442: 21436: 21420: 21416: 21409: 21393: 21389: 21383: 21375: 21371: 21365: 21349: 21342: 21334: 21330: 21324: 21308: 21304: 21300: 21294: 21279: 21275: 21269: 21253: 21249: 21243: 21228:on 3 May 2008 21227: 21223: 21217: 21201: 21197: 21193: 21186: 21171: 21167: 21161: 21146: 21142: 21136: 21120: 21113: 21106: 21101: 21094: 21089: 21082: 21077: 21070: 21065: 21059:, doner kebab 21058: 21053: 21046: 21041: 21039: 21037: 21035: 21033: 21031: 21029: 21012: 21008: 21001: 20985: 20979: 20972: 20967: 20960: 20955: 20949:, p. 284 20948: 20943: 20936: 20931: 20924: 20919: 20912: 20907: 20905: 20897: 20892: 20890: 20882: 20877: 20870: 20865: 20858: 20853: 20846: 20841: 20834: 20833:Matthews 2014 20829: 20822: 20817: 20809: 20808: 20803: 20797: 20789: 20783: 20777:, p. 596 20776: 20771: 20764: 20759: 20751: 20747: 20743: 20736: 20728: 20724: 20718: 20711: 20706: 20704: 20702: 20700: 20692: 20687: 20680: 20675: 20668: 20663: 20656: 20651: 20643: 20639: 20635: 20631: 20627: 20623: 20619: 20615: 20611: 20607: 20603: 20596: 20580: 20574: 20559: 20555: 20549: 20541: 20537: 20533: 20529: 20525: 20521: 20514: 20512: 20503: 20499: 20495: 20491: 20487: 20483: 20476: 20474: 20472: 20470: 20468: 20459: 20455: 20449: 20434: 20430: 20424: 20409: 20403: 20385: 20379: 20364: 20358: 20343: 20339: 20333: 20318: 20314: 20308: 20292: 20288: 20282: 20275:. Al-Monitor. 20274: 20267: 20259: 20255: 20249: 20234: 20230: 20224: 20208: 20202: 20194: 20190: 20184: 20177: 20172: 20170: 20162: 20157: 20149: 20145: 20139: 20131: 20127: 20121: 20113: 20109: 20103: 20095: 20089: 20085: 20084: 20076: 20069: 20050: 20043: 20037: 20022: 20021:www.aa.com.tr 20018: 20012: 20006:, p. 290 20005: 20000: 19992: 19988: 19984: 19980: 19976: 19972: 19968: 19961: 19946: 19942: 19936: 19929: 19924: 19922: 19920: 19918: 19898: 19894: 19887: 19881: 19865: 19858: 19843: 19837: 19833: 19832: 19824: 19816: 19815: 19810: 19804: 19796: 19792: 19786: 19778: 19774: 19767: 19752: 19748: 19742: 19726: 19722: 19716: 19708: 19704: 19698: 19682: 19678: 19674: 19667: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19637: 19621: 19617: 19611: 19603: 19596: 19580: 19574: 19558: 19554: 19550: 19544: 19538:, p. 537 19537: 19532: 19530: 19528: 19511: 19505: 19498: 19493: 19491: 19482: 19478: 19472: 19464: 19458: 19455:. Routledge. 19454: 19450: 19444: 19436: 19432: 19426: 19410: 19406: 19402: 19395: 19388: 19384: 19378: 19374: 19373: 19365: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19334: 19332: 19323: 19319: 19315: 19311: 19307: 19303: 19300:(aop): 1–24. 19299: 19295: 19291: 19284: 19282: 19272: 19264: 19260: 19256: 19249: 19242: 19240: 19238: 19230: 19219: 19213: 19209: 19205: 19198: 19196: 19194: 19185: 19181: 19177: 19173: 19169: 19165: 19161: 19157: 19153: 19146: 19144: 19135: 19131: 19127: 19123: 19119: 19112: 19104: 19100: 19096: 19092: 19088: 19084: 19080: 19076: 19072: 19065: 19057: 19051: 19047: 19043: 19042: 19034: 19032: 19030: 19022: 19017: 19010: 19005: 18998: 18993: 18978: 18972: 18968: 18967: 18959: 18951: 18945: 18941: 18937: 18930: 18922: 18916: 18912: 18911: 18903: 18895: 18889: 18885: 18884: 18876: 18869: 18864: 18862: 18845: 18841: 18840: 18835: 18829: 18827: 18825: 18823: 18821: 18813: 18808: 18806: 18797: 18791: 18787: 18786: 18778: 18770: 18766: 18762: 18758: 18754: 18750: 18743: 18735: 18729: 18725: 18718: 18699: 18692: 18686: 18679: 18674: 18659:. 15 May 2024 18658: 18654: 18650: 18644: 18628: 18622: 18606: 18600: 18592: 18591: 18586: 18580: 18572: 18568: 18562: 18554: 18550: 18544: 18536: 18532: 18528: 18524: 18517: 18501: 18497: 18491: 18483: 18479: 18475: 18469: 18460: 18455: 18451: 18447: 18444:(1): 012008. 18443: 18439: 18435: 18428: 18420: 18416: 18410: 18402: 18396: 18392: 18388: 18384: 18377: 18369: 18365: 18361: 18355: 18353: 18351: 18334: 18328: 18321: 18316: 18305: 18298: 18291: 18276: 18275: 18270: 18264: 18249: 18245: 18239: 18224: 18220: 18216: 18213:OECD (2024). 18209: 18201: 18197: 18191: 18184:(2): 117–134. 18183: 18179: 18175: 18168: 18166: 18157: 18156: 18151: 18145: 18130: 18126: 18125: 18120: 18114: 18095: 18091: 18084: 18078: 18063: 18059: 18053: 18045: 18041: 18037: 18031: 18023: 18019: 18013: 18005: 18001: 18000:BBC Newsround 17997: 17991: 17984: 17979: 17971: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17943: 17939: 17935: 17931: 17927: 17920: 17918: 17909: 17903: 17895: 17891: 17885: 17878: 17873: 17867:, p. 172 17866: 17861: 17854: 17849: 17842: 17837: 17835: 17818: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17795: 17788: 17783: 17775: 17771: 17767: 17761: 17755:, p. 187 17754: 17749: 17741: 17737: 17731: 17716: 17709: 17703: 17695: 17691: 17690: 17685: 17679: 17663: 17657: 17642: 17638: 17632: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17598: 17582: 17578: 17574: 17568: 17552: 17551: 17546: 17540: 17538: 17536: 17527: 17526: 17518: 17512: 17501: 17497: 17490: 17484: 17468: 17464: 17458: 17449: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17425: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17391: 17387: 17375: 17371: 17367: 17355: 17351: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17335: 17334: 17331: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17301: 17293: 17292:insideevs.com 17289: 17282: 17274: 17270: 17264: 17256: 17249: 17234:. togg.com.tr 17233: 17227: 17211: 17205: 17189: 17185: 17179: 17177: 17175: 17158: 17154: 17153: 17148: 17141: 17126: 17120: 17114:, p. 138 17113: 17108: 17102:, p. 238 17101: 17096: 17090:, p. 535 17089: 17084: 17077: 17072: 17066:, p. 219 17065: 17060: 17053: 17048: 17041: 17036: 17034: 17026: 17021: 17002: 16995: 16989: 16987: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16979: 16977: 16975: 16966: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16948: 16944: 16940: 16936: 16932: 16928: 16924: 16917: 16901: 16897: 16893: 16887: 16880: 16874: 16858: 16854: 16848: 16841: 16840: 16833: 16831: 16822: 16816: 16812: 16805: 16789: 16785: 16781: 16775: 16768: 16767: 16759: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16704: 16688: 16684: 16678: 16670: 16666: 16662: 16656: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16634: 16626: 16622: 16618: 16612: 16604: 16600: 16599: 16594: 16588: 16581: 16576: 16569: 16564: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16534: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16520: 16515: 16500: 16496: 16490: 16475: 16471: 16465: 16459:, p. 466 16458: 16453: 16444: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16427: 16423: 16419: 16412: 16396: 16390: 16374: 16367: 16361:, p. 922 16360: 16355: 16353: 16351: 16349: 16332: 16325: 16318: 16313: 16294: 16289: 16286: 16283: 16281:, p. 466 16280: 16277: 16265: 16264: 16259: 16255: 16243: 16239: 16238: 16233: 16229: 16226: 16223: 16220: 16217: 16214: 16211: 16210: 16207: 16200: 16195: 16177: 16171: 16155: 16151: 16145: 16137: 16133: 16127: 16112: 16106: 16091: 16085: 16069: 16065: 16059: 16043: 16039: 16033: 16017: 16013: 16007: 15992: 15988: 15981: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15940: 15936: 15929: 15921: 15917: 15911: 15909: 15907: 15891: 15887: 15881: 15873: 15869: 15863: 15847: 15843: 15842: 15837: 15831: 15816: 15812: 15806: 15790: 15786: 15779: 15763: 15759: 15755: 15749: 15741: 15737: 15731: 15715: 15711: 15710: 15705: 15699: 15683: 15679: 15678: 15673: 15667: 15660: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15643: 15627: 15623: 15619: 15612: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15570: 15566: 15565:The Economist 15562: 15556: 15540: 15536: 15532: 15526: 15510: 15506: 15500: 15496: 15495: 15487: 15471: 15467: 15461: 15457: 15456: 15448: 15432: 15428: 15422: 15418: 15417: 15409: 15393: 15389: 15383: 15379: 15378: 15370: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15340: 15324: 15320: 15314: 15298: 15294: 15288: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15258: 15257: 15249: 15233: 15229: 15223: 15204: 15200: 15194: 15187: 15180: 15164: 15160: 15156: 15150: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15119: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15089: 15073: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15010: 15006: 14999: 14993: 14978: 14972: 14968: 14967: 14959: 14943: 14939: 14933: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14903: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14873: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14852: 14847: 14846: 14837: 14821: 14817: 14811: 14792: 14785: 14778: 14762: 14758: 14754: 14752: 14744: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14704: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14674: 14658: 14654: 14648: 14632: 14628: 14627:navalnews.com 14624: 14617: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14562:haberturk.com 14559: 14553: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14523: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14493: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14462: 14460: 14443: 14439: 14433: 14414: 14407: 14404:(July 2001). 14403: 14397: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14367: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14336: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14306: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14275: 14260:. 28 May 2024 14259: 14255: 14249: 14247: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14216: 14210:, p. 234 14209: 14204: 14197: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14175: 14168: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14108: 14092: 14088: 14084: 14078: 14062: 14058: 14051: 14045:, p. 235 14044: 14039: 14023: 14019: 14013: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13946:. 19 May 2023 13945: 13941: 13935: 13933: 13917: 13913: 13907: 13892: 13891: 13886: 13880: 13865: 13864: 13859: 13853: 13847:, p. 230 13846: 13841: 13839: 13831: 13826: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13791: 13783: 13779: 13773: 13767:, p. 229 13766: 13761: 13754: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13737: 13732: 13726:, p. 228 13725: 13720: 13714:, p. 227 13713: 13708: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13678: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13629: 13625: 13618: 13612: 13604: 13598: 13582: 13578: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13557: 13541: 13537: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13500: 13496: 13490: 13486: 13485: 13477: 13458: 13454: 13447: 13440: 13424: 13420: 13414: 13398: 13394: 13388: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13294: 13290: 13289: 13284: 13278: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13229: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13176: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13146: 13138: 13134: 13128: 13112: 13108: 13102: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13072: 13066:, p. 194 13065: 13060: 13044: 13040: 13034: 13018: 13014: 13008: 12989: 12985: 12978: 12972: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12908: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12859: 12852: 12845: 12839:, p. 360 12838: 12833: 12826: 12821: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12768: 12760: 12752: 12746: 12742: 12741:161, 215, 246 12738: 12737: 12729: 12713: 12709: 12703: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12668: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12629: 12622: 12610: 12604: 12600: 12599: 12591: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12552: 12544: 12537: 12521: 12517: 12511: 12507: 12506: 12498: 12490: 12486: 12479: 12471: 12469:0-918618-79-7 12465: 12461: 12454: 12448: 12447:0-226-33228-4 12444: 12440: 12434: 12426: 12420: 12416: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12374: 12372: 12363: 12357: 12353: 12346: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12319: 12304: 12298: 12294: 12293: 12285: 12269: 12265: 12260: 12252: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12185: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12170: 12162: 12146: 12142: 12136: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12096: 12095: 12094:Slavic Review 12090: 12085: 12066: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12042:, p. 213 12041: 12036: 12030:, p. 343 12029: 12024: 12017: 12012: 12003: 12000: 11998:, p. 343 11997: 11994: 11992:, p. 336 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11979: 11972: 11971:Biondich 2011 11967: 11961:, p. 437 11960: 11955: 11953: 11946:, p. 336 11945: 11940: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11901: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11838: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11778: 11777: 11769: 11754: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11735: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11694: 11689: 11683:, p. 302 11682: 11677: 11670: 11665: 11658: 11653: 11646: 11641: 11639: 11631: 11626: 11619: 11614: 11607: 11602: 11595: 11590: 11583: 11578: 11571: 11566: 11560:, p. 303 11559: 11554: 11547: 11542: 11535: 11530: 11523: 11518: 11511: 11506: 11499: 11494: 11487: 11482: 11475: 11470: 11463: 11458: 11456: 11448: 11443: 11435: 11429: 11425: 11418: 11411: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11390: 11379: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11344: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11274: 11267: 11262: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11157: 11141: 11137: 11131: 11127: 11126: 11118: 11111: 11106: 11099: 11094: 11092: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11034: 11027: 11022: 11015: 11010: 11003: 10998: 10991: 10990:Mitchell 1995 10986: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10954: 10948:, p. 702 10947: 10942: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10899: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10865: 10858: 10853: 10846: 10841: 10834: 10829: 10822: 10817: 10810: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10781: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10721:, p. 738 10720: 10715: 10708: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10688:, pp. 17 10687: 10682: 10675: 10670: 10663: 10658: 10652:, p. 713 10651: 10646: 10640:, p. 242 10639: 10638:Bellwood 2022 10634: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10607: 10600: 10595: 10589:, p. 522 10588: 10583: 10581: 10573: 10568: 10562:, p. 233 10561: 10556: 10554: 10546: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10466: 10458: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10408: 10402:, p. 229 10401: 10400:Bellwood 2022 10396: 10389: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10371:, p. 224 10370: 10369:Bellwood 2022 10365: 10350:on 3 May 2019 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10308: 10301: 10296: 10294: 10285: 10281: 10274: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10211: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10179: 10163: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10146: 10127: 10123: 10116: 10110: 10102: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10018: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9981: 9973: 9969: 9968: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9943: 9936: 9931: 9924: 9919: 9912: 9907: 9900: 9897:(or even the 9896: 9892: 9880: 9879: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9840: 9833: 9828: 9821: 9816: 9809: 9804: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9768: 9763: 9757:, p. 574 9756: 9751: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9706: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9667: 9661: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9638: 9636: 9628: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9609: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9590: 9585: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9429: 9427:9780674251434 9423: 9419: 9415: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9365: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9338: 9328: 9325: 9322: 9319: 9316: 9315:Biondich 2011 9313: 9310: 9307: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9241: 9233: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9216: 9211: 9209: 9201: 9196: 9189: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9170: 9165: 9158: 9153: 9151: 9143: 9138: 9136: 9128: 9123: 9117:, p. 327 9116: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9097: 9089: 9084: 9077: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8860: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8809:, p. 537 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8758: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8644: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8584: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8565:Turkey portal 8555: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8460: 8451: 8442: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8174:in 2000. The 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8037:Evliya Çelebi 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7997:Central Asian 7994: 7990: 7989:Mediterranean 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7945: 7942: 7941:urban renewal 7937: 7933: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7905:Balyan family 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7859:caravanserais 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7815:Ancient Roman 7812: 7811:Ancient Greek 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7702: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7683:Nükhet Ruacan 7680: 7676: 7675:Ahmet Ertegun 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7659:Levent Yüksel 7656: 7652: 7648: 7647:Sertab Erener 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7533:was in 2009. 7532: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7456:, written by 7454: 7453: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081:, Chaldeans, 7080: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7035:secular state 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7004: 6995: 6985: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6579: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6131:operates the 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6040:Gulf of İzmit 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5667:Turkey is an 5661: 5656: 5650: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5523:Aegean Region 5518: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5401:Angora rabbit 5398: 5394: 5393:Caspian tiger 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5377:Eurasian lynx 5374: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5243:Mediterranean 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066:Lake Beyşehir 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5042:Mediterranean 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4927:Taksim Square 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4866:media freedom 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4795:media freedom 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677:36,000 troops 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633:United States 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544:General Staff 4541: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4386:in 1995, but 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334:headquarters. 4333: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268:Criminal Code 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4162:Justice Party 4159: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120:parliamentary 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104:head of state 4101: 4097: 4096:turnout rates 4093: 4089: 4088:right to vote 4085: 4081: 4078:(local), and 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385:Turkey has a 3382: 3378: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:Bülent Ecevit 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3263: 3262:Mediterranean 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3190:of 1934, the 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3137:stipulated a 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111:23 April 1920 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:Allied Powers 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952:Mediterranean 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757:tribe of the 2756: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2739:Based around 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:Mevlevi Order 2693: 2689: 2688:Turkification 2685: 2684:Danishmendids 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:Seljuk Empire 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:Turkic groups 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2513: 2510:(center) and 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2460: 2459:Turkification 2456: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:Seljuk Empire 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411:, called the 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2392:of Anatolia. 2391: 2390:Hellenization 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2291:Eastern Roman 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238:According to 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2193:in 555 under 2192: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2163: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:Hellenization 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969:Halicarnassus 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1712:Jordan Valley 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672:modern humans 1662: 1656: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1365: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292:. Turkey has 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225:presidential 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201:Turkey is an 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Turkification 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Hellenization 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 964:, Turkey has 963: 960:. Officially 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:to the east; 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 875: 872: 870: 866: 863: 860: 858: 857:ISO 3166 code 854: 851: 848: 846: 842: 838: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 809: 805: 801: 785: 779: 775: 760: 754: 750: 746: 737: 731: 727: 718: 712: 708: 702: 698: 694: 685: 679: 675: 666: 660: 656: 652: 646: 642: 638: 634: 628: 624: 615: 609: 606: 602: 598: 592: 588: 584: 578: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560: 554: 550: 546: 539: 535: 531: 524: 520: 517: 511: 508:23 April 1920 507: 504: 498: 494: 491: 485: 478: 475: 469: 465: 462: 461:Establishment 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432:Chief Justice 427: 424: 421: 418: 412: 409: 408:Cevdet Yılmaz 406: 403: 397: 394: 391: 388: 382: 378: 375: 371: 369: 365: 358: 355: 354: 352: 350: 346: 340: 336: 334: 330: 328: 324: 323: 321: 316: 312: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 241: 240: 238: 236: 232: 229: 226: 222: 217: 188: 185: 181: 176: 147: 144: 140: 136: 131: 92: 91: 84: 80: 76: 69: 62: 56: 49: 40: 37: 33: 26: 22: 21:Turkey (bird) 28462:Novorossiysk 28387: 28085:Turkmenistan 28069: 27817:Turkmenistan 27769: 27744:Saudi Arabia 27403:Beijing 2012 27292:Demographics 27182:Declarations 27015:Turkmenistan 27009: 26975:Sierra Leone 26965:Saudi Arabia 26788:Burkina Faso 26629:Turkmenistan 26614: 26240:Turkmenistan 26167: 26026:EU relations 25969: 25685:Institutions 25633: 25621: 25354:Transnistria 25303:Vatican City 25287: 24993: 24981: 24896:Kastellorizo 24775:Turkmenistan 24769: 24740:Saudi Arabia 24477: 24465: 24453: 24441: 24429: 24314:Illumination 24250:Architecture 24178:Human rights 24166:Universities 24084:Ethnic Kurds 24071:Demographics 23982:Construction 23320: 23271: 23270: 23254: 23253: 23225: 23224: 23198: 23197: 23181:. 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Retrieved 9846: 9839: 9827: 9815: 9808:Clauson 1972 9803: 9798:, p. 30 9791: 9769:, p. 31 9762: 9750: 9738:. Retrieved 9721: 9717: 9692:. Retrieved 9683: 9674: 9655: 9649: 9629:, p. 35 9589:Leonard 2006 9573: 9551: 9547: 9520:. Retrieved 9505: 9496: 9484:. Retrieved 9477:the original 9472: 9460: 9448: 9436: 9413: 9407: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9348:. ABC-CLIO. 9345: 9309:Pekesen 2012 9278: 9271:Davison 1990 9266: 9254: 9234:, p. 45 9195: 9188:Davison 1990 9164: 9157:Leonard 2006 9122: 9110: 9083: 9076:Leonard 2006 9071: 9066:, p. 24 9059: 9047:. Retrieved 9029: 9017:. Retrieved 9003: 8991:. Retrieved 8982: 8952:. Retrieved 8939: 8905:. Retrieved 8887: 8875:. Retrieved 8846:. Retrieved 8836: 8803:, p. 19 8794: 8782:. Retrieved 8778:the original 8764: 8755: 8748:. Retrieved 8744:the original 8730: 8718:. 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From the 7718:Mimar Sinan 7663:Hande Yener 7627:Ajda Pekkan 7598:Barış Manço 7551:calligraphy 7504:plays, and 7490:Orhan Pamuk 7482:Yaşar Kemal 7452:Aşk-ı Memnu 7425:tradition. 7396:opera house 7369:Orhan Pamuk 7356:Turkish art 7087:Protestants 7073:Armenians, 6920:Immigration 6460:Circassians 6016:Dardanelles 5999:pipelines. 5989:Blue Stream 5625:around the 5407:; and from 5405:Angora goat 5366:wallcreeper 5143:Earthquakes 4935:ideological 4884:LGBT rights 4791:LGBT rights 4645:Netherlands 4609:Golden Horn 4548:Land Forces 4524:TAI TF Kaan 4453:with Cyprus 4441:Arab Spring 4380:Middle East 4366:and joined 4252:Ottoman law 4182:nationalism 4118:. The last 4084:Referendums 4022:direct vote 3979:legislative 3312:Turgut Özal 3218:İsmet İnönü 3196:Father Turk 3188:Surname Law 3186:. With the 3119:monarchical 3070:(1918) and 3025:sought the 2979:World War I 2964:Paul Mojzes 2956:Circassians 2841:Circassians 2829:Circassians 2814:short-lived 2759:Oghuz Turks 2611:The Seljuks 2585:Transoxiana 2455:Oghuz Turks 2353:instead of 2333:. The term 2315:Middle Ages 2297:in 532–537. 2057:eventually 2046:in 114–117. 2021:rationalism 2013:Anaximander 1930:Aphrodisias 1704:Alaca Höyük 1502:Afghanistan 1496:, the name 1278:its climate 1211:its economy 1176:the reforms 1007:sites like 898:East Thrace 791: 0.855 495:19 May 1919 448:Legislature 211: / 170: / 28554:Categories 28492:Sevastopol 28100:Uzbekistan 28055:Kyrgyzstan 28040:Kazakhstan 28025:Azerbaijan 27859:Bangladesh 27831:Applicants 27627:Azerbaijan 27566:Uzbekistan 27553:Tajikistan 27514:Kyrgyzstan 27501:Kazakhstan 27326:Population 27025:Uzbekistan 26995:Tajikistan 26923:Mozambique 26913:Mauritania 26883:Kyrgyzstan 26873:Kazakhstan 26778:Bangladesh 26768:Azerbaijan 26643:Uzbekistan 26601:Tajikistan 26573:Kyrgyzstan 26559:Kazakhstan 26531:Azerbaijan 26181:Uzbekistan 26155:Kyrgyzstan 26142:Kazakhstan 26129:Azerbaijan 25935:San Marino 25900:Montenegro 25880:Luxembourg 25775:Azerbaijan 25253:San Marino 25213:Montenegro 25193:Luxembourg 25173:Kazakhstan 25078:Azerbaijan 24785:Uzbekistan 24760:Tajikistan 24675:Kyrgyzstan 24655:Kazakhstan 24605:East Timor 24575:Bangladesh 24565:Azerbaijan 24339:Newspapers 24324:Literature 24304:Folk dance 24205:Corruption 24089:Minorities 24017:Renewables 23972:Automotive 23781:Government 23512:Secularism 23255:Government 23064:(Report). 21938:1887/31832 21708:14 October 21633:15 January 21425:1 November 21398:1 November 21303:tvf.org.tr 21232:9 February 21196:espn.co.uk 20935:Goode 2009 20585:5 February 20161:Cohen 2008 19928:KONDA 2006 19906:19 October 19870:1 November 19847:25 October 19553:esa.un.org 19516:4 November 19497:KONDA 2006 19435:WorldAtlas 19415:3 November 19257:(23): 26. 19021:KONDA 2006 19009:Heper 2007 18812:KONDA 2006 18103:16 January 17770:World Bank 17190:. May 2024 17010:24 January 16495:"Lake Van" 16258:"Anatolia" 16219:Cohen 2008 16184:1 November 16160:27 January 16154:Al Monitor 15970:2 November 15895:15 October 15820:17 January 15795:9 February 15601:19 October 15437:31 October 15398:31 October 15238:9 February 14982:9 February 14800:1 November 14767:1 November 14637:4 December 14356:12 January 14325:4 December 14295:4 December 14087:mfa.gov.tr 12810:30 October 12718:30 October 12580:9 February 12526:13 October 12441:, p. 237. 12308:9 February 12241:7 February 11990:Kaser 2011 11944:Kaser 2011 11352:Inner Asia 11080:2 February 11026:Hoyos 2019 11014:Hoyos 2019 10931:2 February 10903:Baird 2016 10802:2 February 10327:(1): 2–6. 9982:required.) 9285:Kaser 2011 9247:Somel 2010 8954:6 February 8907:11 October 8801:KONDA 2006 8697:References 8523:Palme d'Or 8485:Filiz Akın 8472:Beren Saat 8348:See also: 8312:Koca Yusuf 8288:Eczacıbaşı 8284:Fenerbahçe 8257:Fenerbahçe 8243:six times. 8211:EuroLeague 8207:Fenerbahçe 8138:See also: 8001:East Asian 7958:See also: 7867:mausoleums 7829:, such as 7799:Bronze Age 7795:Çatalhöyük 7772:Odunpazarı 7699:See also: 7635:Erol Evgin 7631:Sezen Aksu 7575:See also: 7431:Yunus Emre 7332:folk dance 7308:See also: 7047:conscience 6961:, such as 6912:1,127,612 6888:1,161,702 6864:1,167,059 6840:1,273,519 6816:1,377,546 6792:1,445,683 6768:1,475,716 6744:1,544,640 6720:1,818,133 6716:Diyarbakır 6675:1,938,389 6664:15,655,924 6440:Bulgarians 6438:) and the 6359:Diyarbakır 6313:defines a 6279:See also: 6238:See also: 6187:Türksat 6A 6098:See also: 5993:TurkStream 5875:See also: 5653:See also: 5631:Diyarbakır 5581:Cappadocia 5535:travertine 5445:See also: 5397:Angora cat 5387:are other 5304:There are 5282:orientalis 5270:Turkey oak 5211:See also: 5171:1999 Düzce 5167:1999 İzmit 5083:, such as 5002:Aegean Sea 4951:See also: 4876:Cumhuriyet 4756:See also: 4700:Yugoslavia 4504:See also: 4256:Civil Code 4214:secularism 4174:right-wing 4112:Özgür Özel 3887:See also: 3810:Diyarbakır 3460:Kırklareli 3254:Korean War 3003:"relocated 2665:Hellenized 2625:Ghaznavids 2138:See also: 1926:Sebasteion 1890:See also: 1862:Cimmerians 1813:'s story. 1803:Trojan war 1700:Çatalhöyük 1674:since the 1661:Lycian Way 1623:Stonehenge 1580:See also: 1551:See also: 1486:guineafowl 1312:sites, 30 1306:TV content 1296:, growing 1221:. It is a 1188:Korean War 1079:conquered 1047:eras. The 938:Aegean Sea 932:, and the 918:Azerbaijan 766: 41.9 605:Population 368:Government 349:Demonym(s) 270:Circassian 28600:Republics 28522:Zonguldak 28427:Constanța 28301:Black Sea 28237:Khakassia 28207:Tatarstan 28119:Observers 28003:(TÜRKSOY) 27757:Sri Lanka 27336:Education 27068:Countries 27060:Observers 27044:Suspended 26955:Palestine 26848:Indonesia 26652:Observers 26487:Baku 2012 26472:Baku 2006 26199:Observers 25989:Observers 25875:Lithuania 25416:Gibraltar 25365:Dependent 25188:Lithuania 24949:Hong Kong 24868:Australia 24857:Dependent 24836:Palestine 24750:Sri Lanka 24745:Singapore 24625:Indonesia 24393:TV series 24351:Miniature 24294:Festivals 24210:Terrorism 24161:Education 24094:Languages 23938:Air Force 23853:Elections 23801:Executive 23747:Mountains 23614:Geography 23533:Overviews 23472:Partition 23438:Tulip era 23022:. BRILL. 22766:885231214 22501:(Report). 22038:212893637 21661:1 October 21313:10 August 21283:10 August 21175:10 August 21150:10 August 21017:18 August 20990:18 August 20679:Kaya 2004 20667:Kaya 2004 20655:Kaya 2004 20642:225477420 20634:1309-1042 20558:TRT World 20438:7 January 20413:30 August 20392:30 August 20368:5 January 20026:23 August 19991:143541451 19563:14 August 19356:1300-2929 19322:264412993 19314:1385-4879 19263:865002828 19223:6 October 19176:0032-3195 19134:1308-8041 19122:Turan-Sam 19103:153761516 19095:1468-3857 18769:154212694 18478:TRT Haber 18335:. TÜBİTAK 18040:TRT Haber 17740:Blue Flag 17720:25 August 17668:6 January 17557:2 January 17273:TRT World 17216:10 August 16736:134498356 15944:23 August 14820:Bloomberg 14735:0459-7222 14717:Routledge 14566:Habertürk 14502:TRT Haber 14285:janes.com 14157:7 January 14127:7 January 13269:233594832 13261:1468-3857 13220:219458590 13212:1354-0688 13049:29 August 12997:14 August 12784:11 August 12694:143855822 12614:14 August 12125:4 January 11378:2210-5018 11326:166026934 11318:0971-9458 11146:16 August 10809:Colophon. 10505:0028-0836 10189:TRT World 10083:"Türkiye" 9947:Gray 2003 9868:28 August 9680:"Türkiye" 9570:0104-7760 9391:1462-3528 8429:Habertürk 8360:broadband 8308:Kırkpınar 8303:wrestling 8271:seasons. 8223:2017–2018 8219:2016–2017 8215:2015–2016 8070:olive oil 7921:Vedat Tek 7847:West Asia 7833:. During 7791:Neolithic 7776:Eskişehir 7716:Built by 7622:arabesque 7614:pop music 7400:Zorlu PSM 7257:units to 7112:Education 7079:Catholics 7075:Assyrians 6934:in 1991. 6901:2,102,907 6877:2,164,134 6873:Gaziantep 6853:2,213,964 6849:Şanlıurfa 6836:Balıkesir 6829:2,270,298 6805:2,320,241 6781:2,696,249 6757:3,214,571 6733:4,479,525 6709:5,803,482 6530:Bulgarian 6464:Georgians 6452:Albanians 6428:Armenians 6395:Şanlıurfa 6305:by region 6181:Program, 6117:Göktürk-3 6113:Göktürk-2 6109:Göktürk-1 5898:Euphrates 5890:Keban Dam 5786:exports. 5537:buildup. 5527:Pamukkale 5464:temperate 5334:ecoregion 5235:Old World 5225:cat with 5121:Euphrates 5111:contains 5030:Black Sea 4990:Black Sea 4964:of Turkey 4941:Geography 4918:instead. 4845:Gezi Park 4839:In 2013, 4732:Peshmerga 4724:Eurocorps 4556:Air Force 4250:-derived 4244:civil law 4206:socialism 4202:Left-wing 4139:terrorism 4082:(local). 3987:executive 3949:within a 3750:Gümüşhane 3740:Şanlıurfa 3730:Gaziantep 3635:Kastamonu 3615:Kırıkkale 3530:Eskişehir 3515:Zonguldak 3480:Balıkesir 3475:Çanakkale 3430:districts 3418:provinces 3330:with the 3214:in 1937. 3164:president 3149:Anıtkabir 3011:Assyrians 2995:Armenians 2922:, in the 2861:Armenians 2806:Mahmud II 2794:expulsion 2767:Mehmed II 2653:Khurasani 2565:the Oghuz 2561:Yeniseian 2553:Tocharian 2343:Byzantium 2244:St Paul's 2118:Galatians 2106:Seleucids 1981:Byzantium 1959:included 1934:Aphrodite 1858:Scythians 1830:Phrygians 1680:Neolithic 1454:usage of 1388:Byzantine 1376:türk/tẄrk 1328:Etymology 1182:. Turkey 1144:genocides 1122:from the 1077:Mehmed II 1045:Byzantine 1005:Neolithic 906:Black Sea 894:West Asia 826:Time zone 795:very high 705:(nominal) 387:President 300:Bulgarian 28457:Năvodari 28452:Mangalia 28442:Istanbul 28336:Bulgaria 28323:Abkhazia 28165:Găgăuzia 27920:See also 27692:Maldives 27653:Cambodia 27590:Mongolia 27527:Pakistan 27220:Sessions 27098:Thailand 26990:Suriname 26943:Pakistan 26903:Maldives 26898:Malaysia 26813:Djibouti 26798:Cameroon 26587:Pakistan 26360:Politics 26001:Holy See 25950:Slovenia 25945:Slovakia 25925:Portugal 25790:Bulgaria 25707:Congress 25623:Category 25608:Holy See 25558:Scotland 25528:Svalbard 25513:of 1921) 25449:Guernsey 25444:Alderney 25334:Abkhazia 25268:Slovenia 25263:Slovakia 25238:Portugal 25098:Bulgaria 24983:Category 24826:Abkhazia 24765:Thailand 24720:Pakistan 24700:Mongolia 24695:Maldives 24690:Malaysia 24590:Cambodia 24443:Category 24381:Football 24366:Painting 24309:Folklore 24217:Marriage 24123:Istanbul 24106:Religion 24059:Railways 24049:Aviation 23987:Currency 23845:Politics 23813:Judicial 23789:Branches 23767:Wildlife 23557:Military 23545:Economic 23450:Tanzimat 23174:Archived 23147:Archived 23009:Archived 22925:23 April 22900:Archived 22853:Archived 22453:Archived 22444:(2021). 21835:Archived 21564:1 August 21534:18 April 21258:9 August 21145:uefa.com 21047:, Turkey 21011:Hürriyet 20540:32811368 20502:26422719 20049:Archived 19950:22 April 19731:10 March 19687:10 March 19656:10 March 19626:10 March 19585:21 April 19451:(2002). 19184:25655744 18844:Archived 18368:Archived 18304:Archived 18044:Archived 18004:Archived 17983:KGM 2023 17970:38027852 17961:10660518 17894:Archived 17865:IEA 2021 17853:IEA 2021 17841:IEA 2021 17817:Archived 17799:IEA 2021 17787:IEA 2021 17753:IEA 2021 17646:14 April 17608:Eurostat 17467:Archived 17414:Archived 17360:18 April 17354:oica.net 17157:Archived 16965:30375988 16693:9 August 16669:Archived 16647:Archived 16625:Archived 16603:Archived 16547:Archived 15846:Archived 15789:Archived 15762:Archived 15714:Archived 15682:Archived 15651:Archived 15626:Archived 15595:Archived 15593:. 2000. 15569:Archived 15539:Archived 15509:Archived 15470:Archived 15431:Archived 15392:Archived 15353:Archived 15329:18 April 15323:Archived 15303:18 April 15297:Archived 15277:23 April 15271:Archived 15203:Archived 15163:Archived 15133:Archived 15129:Hürriyet 15102:Archived 15072:Archived 15048:3 August 14942:Archived 14916:Archived 14886:Archived 14865:albania. 14826:17 March 14761:Archived 14711:(2022). 14687:Archived 14657:Archived 14631:Archived 14600:Archived 14570:Archived 14536:Archived 14506:Archived 14482:12 April 14476:Archived 14442:Archived 14374:(2006). 14350:Archived 14319:Archived 14289:Archived 14229:Archived 14225:BBC News 14190:18 March 14184:Archived 14151:Archived 14121:Archived 14091:Archived 14061:Archived 13661:Archived 13587:20 March 13581:Archived 13563:"Turkey" 13546:20 March 13540:Archived 13522:"Turkey" 13499:Archived 13466:12 April 13457:Archived 13429:22 March 13423:Archived 13397:Archived 13371:Archived 13345:Archived 13319:Archived 13299:12 April 13293:Archived 13165:12 April 13159:Archived 13117:11 April 13111:Archived 13091:12 April 13085:Archived 13023:17 April 13017:Archived 12961:17 April 12955:Archived 12922:Archived 12891:Archived 12887:BBC News 12778:Archived 12657:23 April 12651:Archived 12574:Archived 12520:Archived 12393:18 April 12387:Archived 12268:Archived 12235:Archived 12184:Archived 12119:Archived 12065:Archived 11929:23 April 11923:Archived 11890:4 August 11884:Archived 11854:Archived 11827:9 August 11821:Archived 11791:Archived 11718:Archived 11645:Lee 2023 11447:Lee 2023 11410:Lee 2023 11336:12 March 11330:Archived 11280:Lee 2023 11261:37588381 11252:10427466 11203:37588381 11194:10427466 11140:Archived 11074:Archived 10969:Archived 10925:Archived 10796:Archived 10764:Archived 10523:29144465 10457:27498567 10257:Archived 10227:Archived 10194:Archived 10168:11 April 10162:Archived 10135:11 April 10126:Archived 10058:Archived 9961:"Turkey" 9862:Archived 9734:Archived 9688:Archived 9516:Archived 9502:"Turkey" 9399:71515470 9049:18 March 9043:Archived 9013:Archived 8993:16 April 8948:Archived 8901:Archived 8899:(OECD). 8877:12 April 8871:Archived 8720:4 August 8662:de facto 8624:Turkish: 8600:Turkish: 8551:See also 8470:(left), 8411:Hürriyet 8326:such as 8168:UEFA Cup 8166:won the 8064:bread). 7907:such as 7863:madrasas 7843:Armenian 7805:and the 7751:Istanbul 7543:ceramics 7537:and the 7527:painting 7492:won the 7388:Istanbul 7371:and his 7328:Kemalism 7226:Erasmus+ 6978:Religion 6932:Gulf War 6860:Tekirdağ 6660:Istanbul 6642:Istanbul 6526:Armenian 6456:Bosniaks 6446:and the 6249:Istanbul 6218:Roketsan 6119:are the 6064:routes. 6032:Bosporus 6024:Marmaray 5851:New York 5819:Eurostat 5757:include 5701:Services 5687:and the 5383:and the 5275:Platanus 5251:Caucasus 5221:A white 5159:Hellenic 5117:Lake Van 5105:Eurasian 5040:and the 4986:Anatolia 4834:immunity 4772:Istanbul 4738:and the 4702:and the 4570:and the 4554:and the 4530:for the 4494:Military 4408:, and a 4376:Caucasus 4356:Cold War 4304:and the 4210:Kemalism 4186:Islamism 4033:system. 3995:judicial 3745:Adıyaman 3720:Erzincan 3680:K. Maraş 3675:Osmaniye 3655:Nevşehir 3610:Kırşehir 3495:Istanbul 3470:Tekirdağ 3403:kaymakam 3182:under a 3131:Istanbul 3098:(1920). 3058:and the 2944:Caucasus 2936:refugees 2901:Istanbul 2837:Caucasus 2802:Tanzimat 2682:such as 2593:Turkoman 2577:Kipchaks 2549:Mongolic 2502:(left), 2427:in 451. 2409:doctrine 2395:Several 2378:Persians 2313:and the 2293:emperor 2287:Istanbul 2264:Irenaeus 2205:Pergamon 1985:Istanbul 1846:Lake Van 1785:Palaians 1688:Anatolia 1645:Hittites 1586:Hittites 1582:Hattians 1416:Khazaria 1370:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚 1358:𐱅𐰇𐰺𐰜 1349:ethnonym 1337:Anatolia 1227:republic 1190:. Coups 1156:Assyrian 1148:Armenian 1128:Caucasus 1073:expanded 1069:Ottomans 1021:Hattians 978:Istanbul 976:, while 956:are the 946:Bulgaria 890:Anatolia 807:Currency 372:Unitary 290:Albanian 285:Armenian 187:Istanbul 28507:Trabzon 28502:Sukhumi 28432:Giresun 28401:Ukraine 28362:Romania 28349:Georgia 28247:Related 28009:Members 27957:Russian 27952:Chinese 27846:Algeria 27705:Myanmar 27640:Bahrain 27614:Armenia 27449:Belarus 27396:Summits 27319:Imports 27314:Exports 27299:Economy 27264:Seventh 27175:History 27005:Tunisia 26980:Somalia 26970:Senegal 26933:Nigeria 26918:Morocco 26888:Lebanon 26808:Comoros 26773:Bahrain 26763:Algeria 26758:Albania 26746:Members 26425:Summits 26400:Symbols 26282:Symbols 26249:Summits 26214:Hungary 26114:Members 25975:Ukraine 25930:Romania 25890:Moldova 25855:Ireland 25850:Iceland 25845:Hungary 25835:Germany 25830:Georgia 25820:Finland 25815:Estonia 25810:Denmark 25795:Croatia 25780:Belgium 25770:Austria 25765:Armenia 25760:Andorra 25755:Albania 25747:Members 25553:England 25496:Finland 25376:Denmark 25293:Ukraine 25243:Romania 25203:Moldova 25163:Ireland 25158:Iceland 25153:Hungary 25143:Germany 25138:Georgia 25128:Finland 25123:Estonia 25118:Denmark 25103:Croatia 25088:Belgium 25083:Belarus 25073:Austria 25068:Armenia 25063:Andorra 25058:Albania 24790:Vietnam 24705:Myanmar 24685:Lebanon 24615:Georgia 24570:Bahrain 24560:Armenia 24479:Outline 24455:Commons 24388:Theater 24371:Pottery 24287:Ottoman 24282:Cuisine 24260:Ottoman 24237:Culture 24222:Poverty 24154:Society 24039:Tourism 23992:Defense 23964:Economy 23806:Cabinet 23737:Geology 23681:Climate 23623:Regions 23550:Ottoman 23368:Beyliks 23364:Seljuks 23329:History 23272:Economy 23226:Tourism 23199:General 21759:Sources 21170:tff.org 21083:, mezze 21071:, dolma 20614:Bibcode 20213:12 June 19677:Reuters 19405:alaraby 18850:7 March 18707:11 June 18633:24 July 18446:Bibcode 18200:Reuters 17938:Bibcode 17930:Heliyon 17528:. 2020. 17238:3 April 16956:6207062 16935:Bibcode 16906:12 June 16863:21 July 16794:12 June 16430:Bibcode 15890:cpj.org 15872:Reuters 15815:cpj.org 15740:Reuters 15575:24 July 15545:24 July 15515:24 July 15476:24 July 15359:19 June 15349:bbc.com 15139:23 June 15108:5 April 15098:Reuters 15078:5 April 14948:21 June 14912:Reuters 14892:5 April 14258:Reuters 14235:27 June 14022:Reuters 13996:Reuters 13970:Reuters 13944:Reuters 13782:Reuters 13505:13 June 12928:17 July 12190:3 April 12151:15 July 11758:15 June 11383:20 June 11235:: e16. 11177:: e16. 10514:5973800 10485:Bibcode 10448:5069350 10427:Bibcode 10354:3 April 10341:3258667 10263:25 July 9740:2 March 9694:2 March 8616:Turkish 8596:Türkiye 8592:Turkish 8478:(right) 8380:Star TV 8372:Show TV 8368:Kanal D 8269:2023–24 8265:2022–23 8118:baklava 8078:anchovy 8025:Persian 7993:Iranian 7948:Cuisine 7547:carpets 7298:Culture 7284:obesity 7179:Turkish 6897:Kocaeli 6788:Kayseri 6777:Antalya 6522:de jure 6498:Turkish 6387:Tunceli 6363:Hakkari 6210:Aselsan 6179:Göktürk 6167:TÜBİTAK 6129:Türksat 6123:of the 6028:Eurasia 6014:on the 5944:is the 5896:on the 5807:Antalya 5775:Arçelik 5751:tonnage 5643:Economy 5604:Fethiye 5558:Trabzon 5554:Uzungöl 5435:Climate 5425:Malaklı 5413:Van cat 5385:caracal 5279:is the 5277:(plane) 5101:Arabian 5050:Köroğlu 5018:Marmara 4868:. Many 4830:in 1984 4768:Kadıköy 4710:in the 4696:Somalia 4673:Somalia 4661:Albania 4641:Germany 4621:Anadolu 4607:at the 4602:(L-400) 4600:Anadolu 4344:Atatürk 4114:is the 4080:muhtars 4018:elected 4001:, the 3855:Hakkâri 3800:Tunceli 3780:Ardahan 3770:Erzurum 3765:Bayburt 3755:Trabzon 3725:Malatya 3715:Giresun 3685:Kayseri 3625:Karabük 3620:Çankırı 3605:Aksaray 3600:Karaman 3585:Antalya 3580:Isparta 3560:Denizli 3535:Kütahya 3525:Bilecik 3505:Sakarya 3500:Kocaeli 3438:regions 3426:vilayet 3387:unitary 3200:Kurdish 3056:founder 2940:Balkans 2912:Rumelia 2835:of the 2782:Selim I 2775:Selim I 2763:Balkans 2749:Osman I 2641:Baghdad 2627:at the 2569:Caspian 2534:nomadic 2508:Erzurum 2415:), the 2325:to the 2309:during 2040:Ephesus 1965:Ephesus 1961:Miletus 1949:Miletus 1892:Phrygia 1874:Lydians 1870:Lycians 1866:Carians 1850:Assyria 1826:Kayseri 1822:Gordium 1818:Phrygia 1789:Luwians 1781:Hattusa 1777:Hittite 1773:Hattian 1747:Hattian 1735:Hittite 1727:Kültepe 1682:sites. 1641:Hattusa 1619:9600 BC 1590:Luwians 1541:History 1535:Türkiye 1527:Türkiye 1523:Türkiye 1498:Türkiye 1463:Turkeye 1422:). The 1414:); and 1408:Hungary 1403:Τουρκία 1393:Tourkia 1364:türü̲k̲ 1333:Turchia 1267:TURKSOY 1223:unitary 1192:in 1960 1124:Balkans 1101:reforms 1085:Selim I 994:Antalya 914:Armenia 910:Georgia 798: ( 557:• 542:• 527:• 514:• 501:• 488:• 472:• 430:• 415:• 400:• 385:• 356:Turkish 325:70–75% 295:Bosnian 255:Kurdish 228:Turkish 199:28°57′E 158:32°51′E 155:39°55′N 142:Capital 83:Anthem: 55:Turkish 28560:Turkey 28487:Samsun 28422:Burgas 28417:Batumi 28410:Cities 28398: 28388:Turkey 28385: 28375:Russia 28372: 28359: 28346: 28333: 28320: 28234: 28219: 28204: 28189: 28162: 28147: 28132: 28097: 28082: 28070:Turkey 28067: 28052: 28037: 28022: 27908: 27895: 27885:Israel 27882: 27869: 27856: 27843: 27814: 27792:Guests 27780: 27770:Turkey 27767: 27754: 27741: 27728: 27715: 27702: 27689: 27679:Kuwait 27676: 27663: 27650: 27637: 27624: 27611: 27587: 27563: 27550: 27540:Russia 27537: 27524: 27511: 27498: 27485: 27472: 27459: 27446: 27269:Eighth 27249:Fourth 27239:Second 27208:(2010) 27202:(2008) 27196:(1990) 27108:Muslim 27093:Russia 27020:Uganda 27010:Turkey 26878:Kuwait 26868:Jordan 26843:Guyana 26833:Guinea 26828:Gambia 26793:Brunei 26664: 26640: 26633: 26626: 26619: 26615:Turkey 26612: 26605: 26598: 26591: 26584: 26577: 26570: 26563: 26556: 26549: 26542: 26535: 26528: 26521: 26514: 26507: 26501:Member 26407:Emblem 26237: 26224: 26211: 26178: 26168:Turkey 26165: 26152: 26139: 26126: 26104: 26016:Mexico 26006:Israel 25996:Canada 25970:Turkey 25960:Sweden 25940:Serbia 25920:Poland 25915:Norway 25895:Monaco 25865:Latvia 25840:Greece 25825:France 25800:Cyprus 25521:Norway 25339:Kosovo 25288:Turkey 25278:Sweden 25258:Serbia 25248:Russia 25233:Poland 25228:Norway 25208:Monaco 25178:Latvia 25148:Greece 25133:France 25108:Cyprus 25042:Europe 24889:Greece 24846:Taiwan 24770:Turkey 24735:Russia 24670:Kuwait 24650:Jordan 24640:Israel 24600:Cyprus 24585:Brunei 24580:Bhutan 24431:Portal 24376:Sports 24277:Cinema 24272:Carpet 24255:Seljuk 24245:Anthem 24128:Ankara 23997:Energy 23889:Topics 23757:Rivers 23674:Topics 23566:Topics 23321:Turkey 23216:Turkey 23119: 23098: 23047: 23026: 22992: 22965: 22944: 22873: 22825: 22804: 22783: 22764: 22754: 22735: 22714: 22687: 22660: 22633: 22612: 22585: 22558: 22537: 22516: 22479: 22430: 22409: 22388: 22367: 22321: 22294: 22267: 22246: 22225: 22198: 22169: 22142: 22115: 22088: 22061: 22036: 22026: 22007: 21986: 21965: 21944: 21915: 21888: 21861: 21818: 21797: 21776: 20807:UNESCO 20640: 20632: 20563:22 May 20538: 20500: 20347:22 May 20322:22 May 20297:22 May 20238:21 May 20090: 20058:2 June 19989: 19838: 19814:UNESCO 19756:11 May 19459: 19379: 19354: 19320: 19312: 19261: 19214: 19182: 19174: 19132: 19101: 19093: 19052: 18973: 18946: 18917: 18890: 18792: 18767: 18730: 18663:19 May 18611:22 May 18397: 18339:15 May 18280:15 May 18274:Nature 18253:15 May 18228:16 May 18134:14 May 18067:14 May 17968: 17958: 17473:10 May 17356:. OICA 17320:17 May 16963: 16953: 16817: 16734: 16724: 16379:31 May 16337:31 May 16299:31 May 16247:31 May 16116:11 May 16095:11 May 15632:6 June 15501: 15462: 15423: 15384: 15263: 15195: 15038:tsk.tr 14973: 14922:2 July 14857: 14733: 14723: 14693:7 June 14576:16 May 14542:16 May 14512:16 May 13697:6 July 13667:6 July 13637:6 July 13573: 13532: 13491: 13351:28 May 13325:28 May 13267: 13259: 13218: 13210: 12747: 12692: 12643: 12605: 12566: 12512: 12466: 12445: 12421: 12358: 12299: 12274:28 May 12212: 12176: 11915: 11860:4 June 11783: 11749: 11430: 11376: 11324: 11316: 11259: 11249: 11201: 11191: 11132: 10888:1 June 10879: 10521: 10511: 10503: 10477:Nature 10455: 10445: 10339: 10233:2 June 10200:3 June 10097: 9854: 9684:UNESCO 9662: 9568: 9424: 9397: 9389: 9352: 8848:19 May 8784:1 July 8750:1 July 8679:Hebrew 8495:, and 8382:. The 8182:, the 8149:Turkey 8128:Sports 8106:pekmez 8052:lavash 8048:yogurt 8015:, and 8013:Bulgur 7999:, and 7911:style 7895:, and 7726:Edirne 7651:Teoman 7643:Tarkan 7604:genre. 7587:, and 7502:shadow 7354:, and 7316:, and 7236:Health 7220:, and 7204:, and 7083:Greeks 7021:Mardin 7011:Left: 6812:Samsun 6764:Manisa 6705:Ankara 6671:Mersin 6652:Ankara 6556: 6542:Syriac 6540:, and 6538:Hebrew 6516:. The 6514:Gagauz 6512:, and 6474:, and 6472:Pomaks 6434:, and 6432:Greeks 6383:Şırnak 6371:Mardin 6355:Bitlis 6351:Bingöl 6347:Batman 6291:, and 6060:, and 5995:, and 5977:Russia 5934:Akkuyu 5869:, and 5781:, and 5779:Vestel 5763:Otokar 5745:, and 5627:Tigris 5417:Kangal 5379:, the 5364:, and 5332:is an 5328:. The 5285:. The 5249:, and 5205:, and 5131:. The 5125:Tigris 5081:faults 5054:Pontic 5022:Aegean 4860:, the 4828:began 4808:. The 4793:, and 4671:, and 4558:. The 4550:, the 4546:, the 4512:, and 4432:, and 4374:, the 4300:, the 4254:. The 4248:Sharia 4168:, and 4049:, and 3953:. The 3916:Ankara 3881:, and 3840:Bingöl 3835:Bitlis 3830:Şırnak 3820:Batman 3815:Mardin 3805:Elazığ 3775:Artvin 3705:Samsun 3700:Amasya 3650:Yozgat 3630:Bartın 3595:Mersin 3565:Burdur 3540:Manisa 3490:Yalova 3465:Edirne 3455:Ankara 3395:Ankara 3234:Allies 3153:Ankara 3107:Ankara 3090:, the 3076:Allies 3054:, the 3015:Greeks 2973:, the 2950:, and 2948:Crimea 2920:Edirne 2800:. The 2704:Mongol 2643:, the 2559:, and 2557:Uralic 2545:Iranic 2457:, and 2443:, and 2345:, the 2339:Romans 2268:Trajan 2254:, the 2225:Pontus 2150:, and 2094:333 BC 2090:334 BC 2077:, the 2044:Romans 2009:Thales 2005:Megara 1999:, and 1993:Aeolis 1989:Megara 1979:) and 1973:Smyrna 1957:cities 1938:UNESCO 1914:, and 1908:Urartu 1842:Urartu 1795:Troy's 1743:Palaic 1741:, and 1739:Luwian 1611:henges 1592:, and 1559:, and 1490:Turkey 1478:Turkey 1457:Turkye 1265:, and 1237:, and 1154:, and 1132:Crimea 1130:, and 992:, and 970:Ankara 944:, and 942:Greece 920:, and 882:Turkey 782:(2022) 780: 757:(2019) 755: 703: 647: 339:others 337:6–11% 318:(2016) 265:Arabic 196:41°1′N 146:Ankara 85: 51: 28517:Yalta 28512:Varna 28497:Sochi 28467:Odesa 28447:Kerch 28178:Sakha 28135:Altai 27911:Syria 27799:ASEAN 27731:Qatar 27718:Nepal 27666:Egypt 27475:India 27462:China 27274:Ninth 27259:Sixth 27254:Fifth 27244:Third 27234:First 27051:Syria 27035:Yemen 26985:Sudan 26960:Qatar 26928:Niger 26893:Libya 26823:Gabon 26818:Egypt 26783:Benin 26714:(OIC) 26371:ECOTA 26354:(ECO) 26303:Award 26011:Japan 25955:Spain 25885:Malta 25860:Italy 25563:Wales 25503:Åland 25273:Spain 25198:Malta 25168:Italy 24954:Macau 24795:Yemen 24755:Syria 24730:Qatar 24710:Nepal 24645:Japan 24620:India 24610:Egypt 24595:China 24361:Names 24356:Music 24329:Media 24200:Crime 24133:İzmir 23742:Lakes 23727:Fauna 23183:5 May 23177:(PDF) 23162:(PDF) 23150:(PDF) 23135:(PDF) 23073:(PDF) 23062:(PDF) 22919:(PDF) 22856:(PDF) 22841:(PDF) 22495:(PDF) 22456:(PDF) 22449:(PDF) 22344:(PDF) 22337:(PDF) 21838:(PDF) 21455:(PDF) 21444:(PDF) 20638:S2CID 20387:(PDF) 20078:(PDF) 20052:(PDF) 20045:(PDF) 19987:S2CID 19900:(PDF) 19889:(PDF) 19646:UNHCR 19620:UNHCR 19318:S2CID 19251:(PDF) 19180:JSTOR 19099:S2CID 18982:5 May 18839:KONDA 18765:S2CID 18701:(PDF) 18694:(PDF) 18506:3 May 18307:(PDF) 18300:(PDF) 18097:(PDF) 18086:(PDF) 17715:UNWTO 17711:(PDF) 17621:5 May 17587:5 May 17520:(PDF) 17503:(PDF) 17492:(PDF) 17396:9 May 17380:9 May 17194:9 May 17163:5 May 17004:(PDF) 16997:(PDF) 16732:S2CID 16553:3 May 16179:(PDF) 16074:8 May 16048:8 May 16022:8 May 15996:8 May 15206:(PDF) 15189:(PDF) 15012:(PDF) 15001:(PDF) 14794:(PDF) 14787:(PDF) 14663:3 May 14416:(PDF) 14409:(PDF) 14083:"PKK" 13631:(PDF) 13620:(PDF) 13460:(PDF) 13449:(PDF) 13265:S2CID 13216:S2CID 12991:(PDF) 12980:(PDF) 12861:(PDF) 12854:(PDF) 12690:S2CID 12068:(PDF) 12057:(PDF) 11360:Brill 11358:(2). 11322:S2CID 10348:(PDF) 10337:JSTOR 10317:(PDF) 10129:(PDF) 10118:(PDF) 10064:9 May 10037:9 May 10011:9 May 9976: 9548:CERNE 9480:(PDF) 9469:(PDF) 9395:S2CID 8579:Notes 8541:South 8423:Sabah 8417:Sözcü 8405:Posta 8392:cable 8114:dough 8112:is a 8098:Yahni 8094:Sarma 8088:mantı 8082:Dolma 8066:Ayran 8044:bread 8029:pilaf 8021:kebab 8017:Börek 8009:Güveç 7981:Turks 7971:with 7778:is a 7671:blues 7618:kanto 7439:Divan 7365:Nobel 7336:kebap 7334:, or 7067:Alevi 7059:KONDA 7055:Sunni 7019:near 6884:Aydın 6825:Adana 6801:Konya 6753:Bursa 6740:Hatay 6729:İzmir 6695:Bursa 6685:İzmir 6534:Greek 6416:Arabs 6379:Siirt 6367:Iğdır 6338:Kurds 6328:KONDA 5847:Paris 5759:TEMSA 5429:Akbaş 5389:felid 5295:tulip 5257:from 5179:Chile 4669:Qatar 4472:Afrin 4348:İnönü 3825:Siirt 3795:Iğdır 3735:Kilis 3695:Tokat 3690:Sivas 3670:Hatay 3665:Adana 3660:Niğde 3645:Çorum 3640:Sinop 3590:Konya 3555:Muğla 3550:Aydın 3545:İzmir 3510:Düzce 3485:Bursa 3442:bölge 3072:İzmir 2741:Söğüt 2616:Kınık 2589:Islam 2500:Konya 2405:Iznik 2374:Celts 2370:Goths 2355:Latin 2351:Greek 2285:(now 2223:with 2203:When 2114:Celts 2051:Cyrus 2001:Doris 1997:Ionia 1983:(now 1977:İzmir 1975:(now 1943:list. 1904:Caria 1900:Lycia 1896:Lydia 1854:Medes 1834:Greek 1811:Iliad 1755:Syria 1694:, an 1609:Some 1438:, or 1432:, or 1398:Greek 1367:; or 1152:Greek 1041:Roman 990:Bursa 986:İzmir 954:Kurds 950:Turks 930:Syria 574:Area 333:Kurds 327:Turks 280:Greek 28482:Rize 28477:Poti 28472:Ordu 28437:Hopa 28222:Tuva 27898:Laos 27872:Iraq 27488:Iran 27000:Togo 26938:Oman 26908:Mali 26858:Iraq 26853:Iran 26803:Chad 26545:Iran 26412:Flag 26289:Flag 25454:Sark 24715:Oman 24680:Laos 24635:Iraq 24630:Iran 24539:Asia 24403:Wine 24299:Flag 24002:Coal 23948:Navy 23943:Land 23411:Rise 23366:and 23185:2024 23117:ISBN 23096:ISBN 23081:2015 23045:ISBN 23024:ISBN 22990:ISBN 22963:ISBN 22942:ISBN 22927:2024 22908:2024 22871:ISBN 22823:ISBN 22802:ISBN 22781:ISBN 22762:OCLC 22752:ISBN 22733:ISBN 22712:ISBN 22685:ISBN 22658:ISBN 22631:ISBN 22610:ISBN 22583:ISBN 22556:ISBN 22535:ISBN 22514:ISBN 22477:ISBN 22428:ISBN 22407:ISBN 22386:ISBN 22365:ISBN 22319:ISBN 22292:ISBN 22265:ISBN 22244:ISBN 22223:ISBN 22196:ISBN 22167:ISBN 22140:ISBN 22113:ISBN 22086:ISBN 22059:ISBN 22034:OCLC 22024:ISBN 22005:ISBN 21984:ISBN 21963:ISBN 21942:ISBN 21913:ISBN 21886:ISBN 21859:ISBN 21816:ISBN 21795:ISBN 21774:ISBN 21710:2017 21663:2016 21635:2013 21608:2010 21566:2016 21536:2020 21463:2015 21427:2010 21400:2010 21356:2006 21315:2014 21285:2014 21260:2014 21234:2013 21208:2022 21200:ESPN 21177:2014 21152:2014 21127:2006 21019:2014 20992:2014 20630:ISSN 20587:2019 20565:2024 20536:PMID 20498:PMID 20440:2019 20415:2013 20394:2013 20370:2022 20349:2024 20324:2024 20299:2024 20240:2024 20215:2013 20088:ISBN 20060:2022 20028:2024 19952:2015 19908:2008 19872:2010 19849:2019 19836:ISBN 19758:2023 19733:2024 19689:2024 19658:2024 19628:2024 19587:2020 19565:2014 19518:2012 19457:ISBN 19417:2017 19377:ISBN 19352:ISSN 19310:ISSN 19259:OCLC 19225:2023 19212:ISBN 19172:ISSN 19130:ISSN 19091:ISSN 19050:ISBN 18984:2013 18971:ISBN 18944:ISBN 18915:ISBN 18888:ISBN 18852:2024 18790:ISBN 18728:ISBN 18709:2013 18665:2024 18635:2023 18613:2023 18508:2022 18395:ISBN 18341:2024 18282:2024 18255:2024 18230:2024 18136:2024 18105:2020 18069:2024 17966:PMID 17825:2021 17722:2023 17670:2023 17648:2021 17623:2024 17589:2024 17559:2024 17475:2024 17431:SSRN 17398:2024 17382:2024 17362:2023 17322:2024 17240:2020 17218:2021 17196:2024 17165:2024 17132:2022 17012:2014 16961:PMID 16908:2014 16865:2015 16815:ISBN 16796:2014 16722:ISBN 16695:2014 16555:2024 16506:2015 16481:2015 16403:2006 16381:2024 16339:2024 16301:2024 16271:2024 16249:2024 16186:2010 16162:2022 16118:2010 16097:2010 16076:2021 16050:2021 16024:2021 15998:2021 15972:2015 15946:2015 15897:2022 15854:2022 15822:2017 15797:2013 15770:2022 15722:2022 15690:2022 15634:2013 15603:2022 15577:2017 15547:2017 15517:2017 15499:ISBN 15478:2017 15460:ISBN 15439:2018 15421:ISBN 15400:2018 15382:ISBN 15361:2021 15331:2020 15305:2020 15279:2020 15261:ISBN 15240:2013 15214:2015 15193:ISBN 15171:2015 15141:2024 15110:2017 15080:2017 15050:2014 15020:2012 14984:2013 14971:ISBN 14950:2018 14924:2017 14894:2017 14855:ISBN 14828:2022 14802:2010 14769:2010 14731:ISSN 14721:ISBN 14695:2023 14665:2023 14639:2022 14608:2022 14578:2023 14544:2023 14514:2023 14484:2023 14450:2010 14424:2006 14388:2006 14358:2023 14327:2022 14297:2022 14266:2024 14237:2016 14192:2024 14159:2023 14129:2023 14099:2022 14069:2022 14030:2024 14004:2024 13978:2024 13952:2024 13923:2024 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