753:
2676:
2497:
808:. Kiessling sees in the Lazoi a section of the Kerketai, who in the first centuries of the Christian era had to migrate southwards under pressure from the Zygoi. The same author regards the Kerketai as a "Georgian" tribe. The fact is that at the time of Arrian (2nd century A.D.), the Lazoi were already living to the south of Um. The order of the peoples living along the coast to the east of Trebizond was as follows: Colchi (and Sanni); Machelones; Heniochi; Zydritae; Lazai, subjects of King Malassus, who owned the suzerainty of Rome;
204:
4164:
550:
4592:
3824:
3474:
2454:
216:
3969:
4152:
825:
837:
277:
876:
is better suited to the sounds of Laz, but the fact that most of the language's speakers live in Turkey, where the Latin alphabet is used, has rendered the adoption of the former impossible. Nonetheless, 1991 saw the publication of a textbook called Nana-nena ('Mother tongue'), which was aimed at all
2717:
Laz data are written in the
Lazoglu & Feurstein-alphabet introduced to the Laz community in Turkey in 1984. It deviates from the Caucasianists' transcription in the following graphemes (<Laz = Caucasianist>): <ç = č>, <c = j >, <ǩ = kʼ>, <p̌ = p'>, <ş = š>, ,
772:
is estimated to have been around 2500–2000 B.C., with the divergence of Svan from Proto-Kartvelian (Nichols, 1998). Assyrian, Urartian, Greek, and Roman documents reveal that in early historical times (2nd–1st millennia B.C.), the numerous
Kartvelian tribes were in the process of migrating into the
880:
Speaking Laz was forbidden in Turkey between 1980 and 1991 because this was seen as a political threat to unity of the country. During this era, some of the academicians regret the existence of the Laz ethnic group. Because speaking Laz was banned in public areas, many children lost their mother
864:
Between 1930 and 1938, Zan (Laz and
Mingrelian) enjoyed cultural autonomy in Georgia and was used as a literary language, but an official standard form of the language was never established. Since then, all attempts to create a written tradition in Zan have failed, despite the fact that most
2794:
Tuite, Kevin. (1996). Highland
Georgian paganism — archaism or innovation?: Review of Zurab K’ik’nadze. 1996. Kartuli mitologia, I. ǰvari da saq’mo. (Georgian mythology, I. The cross and his people .). Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia 7:
856:
rather than
Georgia. While the differences between the various dialects are minor, their speakers feel that their level of mutual intelligibility is low. Given that there is no common standard form of Laz, speakers of its different dialects use
689:
era and still so in
Georgia today. In general, however, Mingrelian and Laz are considered as separate languages, due both to the long-standing separation of their communities of speakers (500 years) and to a lack of mutual intelligibility.
844:
Laz has no official status in either Turkey or
Georgia, and no written standard. It is presently used only for familiar and casual interaction; for literary, business, and other purposes, Laz speakers use their country's official language
785:(dated by Eratosthenes to 1183 B.C.). It thus appears that the Kartvelians represent an intrusion into the Georgian plain from northeastern Anatolia, displacing their predecessors, the unrelated Northwest Caucasian and
2770:
Nichols, Johanna (1998). The origin and dispersal of languages: Linguistic evidence. In N. G. Jablonski & L. C. Aiello (Eds.), The origin and diversification of language. San
Francisco: California Academy of
1896:. Up to 50 verbal prefixes are used to indicate spatial orientation/direction. Person and number suffixes provided for the subject as well as for one or two objects involved in the action, e.g.
872:
was created. Since then, this system has been used in most of the handful of publications that have appeared in Laz. Developed specifically for the
Kartvelian languages, the
2541:
Zaal
Kikvidze and Levan Pachulia, "A Spotlight on the 'Lazian' Lexis: Evidence from a 19th-Century Lexicographica Resource", in Züleyha Ünlü and Brian George Hewitt (eds.),
494:
698:
Although the Laz people are recorded in written sources repeatedly from antiquity onwards, the earliest written evidence of their language is from 1787. There is a poem in
741:
3812:
3790:
2837:
2774:
Nichols, Johanna (2004). The origin of the Chechen and Ingush: A study in Alpine linguistic and ethnic geography. Anthropological Linguistics 46(2): 129–155.
1073:
881:
tongue as a result of not communicating with their parents. Most Laz people have a heavy Turkish accent because they can not practice their mother tongue.
2989:
679:. The two languages are very closely related, to the extent that some linguists refer to Mingrelian and Laz as dialects or regional variants of a single
4202:
1069:
1068:. For the Laz letters written in the Latin script, the first is a letter from the writing system introduced in Turkey in 1984 that was developed by
2693:
4825:
2890:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4448:
3957:
4672:
3805:
5209:
4215:
3009:
226:
3935:
2780:
Understanding the problems of the support of an endangered language in typography: Proposal of a typeface that supports the Laz language
5117:
4728:
4637:
5269:
4632:
4560:
2527:
Benninghaus, Rüdiger (1989). "The Laz: Example of Multiple Identification". In Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger (eds.).
5259:
5054:
4896:
4688:
3798:
2982:
3820:
5084:
4871:
4682:
4570:
4504:
4195:
1880:(singular or plural), but not by gender. The Laz verb is inflected with suffixes according to person and number, and also for
5060:
4912:
4576:
2857:
5039:
4810:
4662:
4550:
574:
4677:
4667:
2751:
A Star in the East: Materials for a Comprehensive History of the Caucasus, with an Emphasis on Greco-Roman sources (2012)
2284:
1428:
744:
included Laz among five languages of the western Caucasus in a paper designed for the use of English-speaking diplomats.
248:
4652:
4627:
4617:
4494:
2975:
2883:
2750:
2749:
Grove, Timothy (2012). Materials for a Comprehensive History of the Caucasus, with an Emphasis on Greco-Roman Sources.
2555:
2143:
1199:
5149:
5071:
4944:
4798:
4778:
4463:
4344:
4188:
3950:
2764:
2648:
2593:
877:
Laz speakers and used both the Latin and Georgian alphabets. The first Laz–Turkish dictionary was published in 1999.
5254:
4861:
4803:
2182:
2081:
1614:
1173:
2554:
Grove, T. (2012). Materials for a Comprehensive History of the Caucasus, with an Emphasis on Greco-Roman Sources.
5279:
5106:
5019:
4820:
4793:
4739:
4514:
4401:
4391:
2915:
2168:
1259:
434:
238:
5079:
4906:
4783:
4600:
4479:
3828:
3774:
2374:
1239:
5274:
5044:
4766:
3719:
3413:
3085:
2876:
2228:
2112:
1362:
1153:
501:
5264:
5202:
4927:
4901:
4849:
4788:
4489:
4223:
4119:
3943:
2214:
2175:
2074:
1812:
1700:
1594:
725:
338:
190:
4886:
4876:
4612:
4555:
4386:
4364:
4243:
3965:
3249:
2568:
2381:
2353:
2198:
2136:
1841:
1488:
1342:
1322:
733:
345:
5218:
5111:
5049:
5024:
4545:
4298:
2291:
1963:
1956:
1740:
1634:
1508:
5154:
4835:
4815:
4453:
4426:
2998:
2910:
2395:
2221:
2189:
2105:
1857:
1839:
1810:
1786:
1784:
1760:
1758:
1738:
1720:
1718:
1698:
1678:
1658:
1632:
1612:
1592:
1572:
1552:
1532:
1506:
1486:
1466:
1446:
1426:
1406:
1380:
1360:
1340:
1320:
1300:
1277:
1257:
1237:
1217:
1197:
1171:
1151:
1131:
1113:
1111:
769:
350:
2675:
2496:
5223:
4866:
4565:
4411:
4369:
4354:
4288:
3709:
3096:
2360:
1680:
567:
333:
2816:
5169:
4891:
4416:
4339:
4248:
3769:
3537:
3482:
2614:
1999:
1992:
1972:
1382:
1219:
1133:
655:. As of 1989, Benninghaus could write that the Laz themselves had no interest in writing in Laz.
4314:
3924:
3142:
2576:
2235:
2035:
2028:
1660:
1534:
1302:
752:
5249:
4421:
4135:
4109:
3752:
2510:
2313:
2276:
2260:
2253:
1574:
1468:
1448:
484:
308:
298:
716:. It was largely ignored because Hervás conflated the name of the language with that of the
4830:
4324:
4114:
3863:
3764:
3669:
3440:
3022:
2899:
2746:. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation, Austin: University of Texas at Austin; vi+127pp.)
2051:
2008:
1877:
1869:
1554:
1279:
676:
664:
514:
303:
95:
8:
5244:
5004:
4981:
4642:
4484:
4458:
4381:
4334:
4238:
3973:
3883:
3779:
3066:
3032:
2947:
2920:
2157:
2061:
2044:
1408:
668:
609:
560:
479:
100:
5029:
4524:
4509:
4438:
4406:
4396:
4359:
4329:
4319:
4017:
3567:
3450:
3238:
2127:
2021:
1918:
1885:
1873:
712:. The first definite record of Laz in 1787 was produced by the Spanish Jesuit linguist
449:
182:
5099:
5094:
4990:
4959:
4591:
4433:
4374:
4349:
4278:
4211:
4053:
4043:
4003:
3888:
3842:
3823:
3704:
3628:
3583:
3513:
3493:
3394:
3369:
3316:
3137:
3132:
3119:
3037:
2925:
2760:
2694:"The language of the Laz in Turkey: Contact-induced change or gradual language loss?"
2644:
2589:
2207:
2096:
1985:
1938:
1923:
1881:
873:
868:
In Turkey, Laz has been a written language since 1984, when an alphabet based on the
761:
652:
637:
454:
55:
2556:
http://timothygrove.blogspot.com/2012/07/materials-for-comprehensive-history-of.html
713:
708:(17th century) that has been interpreted as Laz, but it is more likely to represent
244:
5159:
4964:
4939:
4647:
4540:
4258:
4253:
4078:
4058:
4011:
4007:
3987:
3898:
3868:
3679:
3674:
3619:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3562:
3554:
3518:
3501:
3423:
3352:
3328:
3289:
3233:
3209:
3194:
3159:
3128:
3114:
2852:
2783:
2611:
The development of a bilingual education cirriculum in Turkey: A mixed method study
2585:
2581:
2444:
2426:
1933:
1913:
1889:
1065:
1061:
869:
858:
846:
792:
The oldest known settlement of the Lazoi is the town of Lazos or "old Lazik" which
717:
648:
469:
429:
2833:
Laz Cultur – Information about Lazs, Laz Language, Culture, Music and Laz Diaspora
2663:
852:
Laz is unique among the Kartvelian languages in that most of its speakers live in
699:
5181:
4657:
4519:
4499:
4443:
4293:
4168:
4088:
4048:
4027:
3858:
3727:
3661:
3636:
3523:
3445:
3433:
3365:
3361:
3340:
3262:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3172:
3167:
3104:
3042:
2459:
2305:
2247:
1928:
489:
364:
360:
356:
143:
87:
321:
195:
4976:
4068:
4022:
3746:
3646:
3641:
3458:
3428:
3374:
3303:
3284:
3267:
3228:
3217:
3123:
1945:
422:
409:
404:
377:
126:
1860:, Laz has a rich consonantal system but only five vowels (a, e, i, o, u). The
704:
444:
5238:
5139:
5034:
5011:
4969:
4881:
4752:
4156:
4093:
3908:
3903:
3873:
3651:
3529:
3378:
3311:
3177:
3149:
3109:
3075:
3056:
2956:
2937:
2848:
2484:
1893:
1865:
765:
672:
620:. In 2007, it was estimated that there were around 20,000 native speakers in
536:
459:
399:
105:
2967:
2849:
Samples of Laz Language in English, Dutch and Turkish, Arzu Barské – Erdogan
5164:
4949:
4083:
3893:
3699:
3605:
3399:
3333:
3272:
3243:
3048:
2930:
2609:
Ozfidan, Burhan (2017). "Historical Background of Laz Language in Turkey".
2515:
829:
797:
709:
686:
681:
137:
2787:
166:
5134:
2863:
2410:
2347:
2335:
773:
Caucasus from the southwest. The northern coast and coastal mountains of
521:
389:
328:
5176:
2868:
2668:
2489:
2389:
2340:
782:
613:
268:
203:
68:
5089:
4622:
3542:
3473:
2808:
2368:
617:
531:
175:
159:
824:
215:
5144:
4747:
4180:
4062:
3506:
3001:
2453:
801:
774:
629:
394:
292:
256:
2560:
1076:
and the second is the transcription system used by Caucasianists.
768:, comprise the Kartvelian language family. The initial breakup of
4717:
4273:
4268:
3322:
2825:
Laz Cultur – Information about Lazs, Laz Language, Culture, Music
2817:
Laz Cultur – Information about Lazs, Laz Language, Culture, Music
2439:
836:
813:
809:
786:
728:
published a list of 67 Laz words with German translations in his
641:
474:
439:
252:
4954:
4722:
4283:
4263:
3968:
853:
805:
793:
778:
633:
625:
621:
464:
223:
50:
2511:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 5
781:. Their eastward migration may have been set in motion by the
756:
Laz-speaking population in Turkey according to the 1965 census
3714:
2843:
789:, into the Caucasian highlands (Tuite, 1996; Nichols, 2004).
777:
were dominated by Kartvelian peoples at least as far west as
526:
2422:
More extensive verb inflection, using directional prefixes.
1907:
1861:
796:
puts 680 stadia (about 80 miles) south of the Sacred Port (
276:
255:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2824:
640:. There are also around 1,000 native speakers of Laz in
2415:
Some distinctive features of Laz among its family are:
2832:
2643:(in Turkish) (2 ed.). Civiyazilari. p. 117.
632:
until 1925), and around 1,000 native speakers around
2449:
667:
also known as South Caucasian languages. Along with
884:
2782:. Escola Superior de Arte e Design de Matosinhos.
222:Laz is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
2543:Lazuri: An Endangered Language from the Black Sea
603:
5236:
2858:Laz history and language, Lazlar, Yilmaz Erdogan
2687:
2685:
764:, along with its relatives Mingrelian, Laz, and
736:published in German the first monograph on Laz,
2864:Laz Georgian-Latin and Latin-Georgian converter
4196:
3951:
3806:
2997:
2983:
2884:
2682:
865:intellectuals use it as a literary language.
819:
568:
747:
2526:
4203:
4189:
3958:
3944:
3813:
3799:
2990:
2976:
2891:
2877:
2844:Laz-Turkish full dictionary in word format
628:to the Georgian border (officially called
575:
561:
214:
202:
732:. He identified three dialects. In 1844,
35:
29:
16:Kartvelian language of Turkey and Georgia
2898:
2691:
835:
823:
800:) and 1,020 stadia (100 miles) north of
751:
722:lingua Lasga, detta ancora Laza, e Lassa
227:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2777:
2608:
2566:
2529:Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey
2425:Some lexical borrowings from Greek and
804:, i.e.somewhere in the neighborhood of
249:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5237:
1851:
4184:
3939:
3794:
2971:
2872:
2838:Lazuri Nena – The Language of the Laz
2641:Türkiye Nüfus Sayımlarında Azınlıklar
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2480:
2478:
2476:
4210:
2638:
624:, in a strip of land extending from
13:
4495:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
3751:Languages between parentheses are
2759:Chiviyazıları, Kadıköy, İstanbul,
2621:
2473:
14:
5291:
4345:Unification of the Georgian realm
2799:
2520:
2394:
2380:
2373:
2359:
2352:
2312:
2290:
2283:
2259:
2252:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2142:
2135:
2111:
2104:
2080:
2073:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1055:
658:
616:on the southeastern shore of the
4590:
4464:Absorption by the Russian Empire
4163:
4162:
4150:
3967:
3822:
3472:
2742:Anderson, Ralph Dewitt. (1963).
2674:
2545:(Vernon Press, 2023), pp. 63–84.
2495:
2452:
1876:, depending on the dialect) and
885:Statistics in Turkey (1935–2007)
861:to communicate with each other.
740:. In 1887, the British diplomat
685:, a view held officially in the
549:
548:
275:
5270:Definitely endangered languages
2736:
2723:
5260:Languages of Georgia (country)
4480:Democratic Republic of Georgia
3755:of the language on their left.
2767:(notes in English and Turkish)
2657:
2602:
2586:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3337
2548:
2535:
2503:
1:
3997:Recognized minority languages
2718:<ʒ = c>, <ǯ =c'>.
2466:
816:; Sanigae near Sebastopolis.
4740:Russian-occupied territories
4571:Timeline of Georgian history
4120:Central Taurus Sign Language
1903:
726:Julius Heinrich von Klaproth
604:
339:Eparchy of Batumi and Lazeti
30:
7:
4089:Syriac/Assyrian/Neo-Aramaic
2433:
2419:All nouns end with a vowel.
1064:and in an extension of the
346:The Seven Brothers of Lazia
10:
5296:
4299:Christianization of Iberia
2408:
2404:
820:Social and cultural status
738:Über die Sprache der Lazen
693:
677:Kartvelian language family
647:Laz is not historically a
596:
410:Agani Murutsxi (Newspaper)
36:
5196:
5127:
5070:
4935:
4926:
4857:
4848:
4774:
4765:
4738:
4698:
4608:
4599:
4588:
4533:
4472:
4454:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
4427:Principality of Mingrelia
4307:
4231:
4222:
4144:
4128:
4102:
4036:
3996:
3980:
3917:
3851:
3835:
3737:
3692:
3660:
3627:
3618:
3576:
3553:
3492:
3481:
3470:
3412:
3387:
3351:
3302:
3208:
3158:
3095:
3084:
3021:
3008:
2906:
2692:Kutscher, Silvia (2008).
2393:
2304:
2275:
2246:
2156:
2060:
1944:
1910:
1892:, and (in some dialects)
1858:languages of the Caucasus
1794:
1774:
1748:
1728:
1708:
1688:
1668:
1648:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1562:
1542:
1522:
1496:
1476:
1456:
1436:
1416:
1396:
1370:
1350:
1330:
1310:
1290:
1267:
1247:
1227:
1207:
1187:
1161:
1141:
1121:
1101:
1081:
1034:
923:
748:Geographical distribution
742:Demetrius Rudolph Peacock
532:other groups of Georgians
502:Laz rebellion (1832–1834)
235:
213:
201:
189:
173:
157:
152:
123:
84:
74:
64:
43:
28:
23:
4708:Administrative divisions
4449:Shah Abbas I's invasions
4412:Principality of Abkhazia
4355:First Kingdom of Kakheti
4037:Other minority languages
3710:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
2778:Özüm Ak, Zeynep (2018).
2615:Texas A&M University
1900:= "I hide it from you".
5255:Agglutinative languages
4417:Principality of Svaneti
4340:Kingdom of the Iberians
4244:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
3770:Languages of Azerbaijan
2809:Lazkulturdernegi.org.tr
840:A Laz newspaper in 1928
663:Laz is one of the four
435:ancient Colchian tribes
5280:Georgian-Zan languages
4315:Principality of Iberia
3925:Georgian Sign Language
2755:Kojima, Gôichi (2003)
2577:Encyclopaedia of Islam
841:
833:
757:
237:This article contains
4459:1795 Persian Invasion
4422:Principality of Guria
4136:Turkish bird language
4110:Turkish Sign Language
2639:Fuat, Dündar (2000).
1868:suffixes to indicate
839:
827:
755:
286:Place of distribution
5275:Kartvelian languages
5055:World Heritage Sites
4638:Environmental issues
4115:Mardin Sign Language
3829:Languages of Georgia
3775:Languages of Georgia
3765:Languages of Armenia
2900:Kartvelian languages
1870:grammatical function
665:Kartvelian languages
208:Kartvelian Languages
96:Kartvelian languages
5265:Languages of Turkey
4505:Independent Georgia
4335:Kingdom of Abkhazia
4249:Kura–Araxes culture
4239:Prehistoric Georgia
3974:Languages of Turkey
3780:Languages of Russia
2860:on Yahoo! GeoCities
2840:by Silvia Kutscher.
1864:are inflected with
1852:Linguistic features
610:Kartvelian language
4897:Telecommunications
4525:Russo-Georgian War
4439:Kingdom of Kakheti
4407:Kingdom of Imereti
4402:Turkmen incursions
4397:Samtskhe atabegate
4360:Kingdom of Georgia
4330:Emirate of Tbilisi
4320:Bagrationi dynasty
3852:Minority languages
3250:Caucasian Albanian
2916:Proto-Georgian–Zan
1089:(Used in Georgia)
1074:Wolfgang Feurstein
1060:Laz is written in
842:
834:
758:
485:Kingdom of Imereti
450:Greek colonisation
80:22,000 (2007)
5232:
5231:
5192:
5191:
5085:Ethnic minorities
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4922:
4921:
4844:
4843:
4826:Political parties
4789:Foreign relations
4761:
4760:
4586:
4585:
4490:Red Army invasion
4434:Kingdom of Kartli
4392:Timur's invasions
4375:Battle of Didgori
4350:Kingdom of Hereti
4279:Kingdom of Iberia
4178:
4177:
4157:Turkey portal
4129:Whistle languages
3981:Official language
3933:
3932:
3836:Official language
3788:
3787:
3747:extinct languages
3688:
3687:
3614:
3613:
3468:
3467:
3408:
3407:
2965:
2964:
2672:(16th ed., 2009)
2617:. pp. 49–55.
2493:(25th ed., 2022)
2402:
2401:
2328:
2327:
1882:grammatical tense
1849:
1848:
1084:(Used in Turkey)
1053:
1052:
1046:
1029:
1014:
1013:(second language)
1009:
994:
993:(second language)
989:
974:
973:(second language)
969:
955:
940:
939:(second language)
935:
917:
916:(second language)
912:
874:Georgian alphabet
762:Georgian language
653:literary language
602:
585:
584:
465:Kingdom of Lazica
445:Satrapy of Persia
263:
262:
245:rendering support
241:phonetic symbols.
5287:
5212:
5205:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4933:
4932:
4855:
4854:
4772:
4771:
4713:Cities and towns
4648:Greater Caucasus
4606:
4605:
4594:
4556:Military history
4541:Names of Georgia
4387:Mongol invasions
4259:Colchian culture
4254:Trialeti culture
4229:
4228:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4079:Levantine Arabic
3972:
3971:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3869:Western Armenian
3827:
3826:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3625:
3624:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3093:
3092:
3019:
3018:
2999:Languages of the
2992:
2985:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2911:Proto-Kartvelian
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2853:Yahoo! GeoCities
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2791:
2744:A Grammar of Laz
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2701:Turkic Languages
2698:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2636:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2580:(1st ed.).
2573:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2482:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2445:Kaskian language
2427:Turkic languages
2398:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2356:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2294:
2287:
2263:
2256:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1908:
1845:
1816:
1790:
1764:
1744:
1724:
1704:
1684:
1664:
1638:
1618:
1598:
1578:
1558:
1538:
1512:
1492:
1472:
1452:
1432:
1412:
1386:
1366:
1346:
1326:
1306:
1283:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1203:
1177:
1157:
1137:
1117:
1079:
1078:
1066:Turkish alphabet
1062:Mkhedruli script
1044:
1028:(first language)
1027:
1012:
1008:(first language)
1007:
992:
988:(first language)
987:
972:
968:(first language)
967:
953:
938:
934:(first language)
933:
915:
911:(first language)
910:
889:
888:
870:Turkish alphabet
770:Proto-Kartvelian
718:Lezgian language
649:written language
607:
601:romanized:
600:
598:
577:
570:
563:
552:
551:
480:Trebizond Empire
470:Christianization
430:Colchian culture
279:
265:
264:
229:
218:
206:
185:
169:
162:
129:
90:
39:
38:
33:
21:
20:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5188:
5123:
5066:
5040:Public holidays
4918:
4882:Lari (currency)
4840:
4811:Law enforcement
4757:
4734:
4694:
4673:Protected areas
4658:Lesser Caucasus
4595:
4582:
4529:
4520:Rose Revolution
4515:War in Abkhazia
4500:April 9 tragedy
4468:
4444:Safavid Georgia
4303:
4294:Sasanian Iberia
4218:
4209:
4179:
4174:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4124:
4098:
4032:
3992:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3934:
3929:
3913:
3847:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3789:
3784:
3758:
3733:
3728:Shirvani Arabic
3684:
3656:
3637:Karachay-Balkar
3610:
3572:
3549:
3484:
3477:
3464:
3416:
3404:
3383:
3347:
3298:
3204:
3154:
3088:
3080:
3043:Judaeo-Georgian
3025:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2966:
2961:
2902:
2897:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2802:
2739:
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2536:
2525:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2483:
2474:
2469:
2460:Language portal
2458:
2451:
2436:
2413:
2407:
2206:
2162:
2126:
2095:
2066:
2020:
1984:
1950:
1906:
1872:(four to seven
1854:
1093:
1092:Transliteration
1088:
1083:
1058:
887:
822:
787:Vainakh peoples
750:
730:Asia Polyglotta
696:
671:, it forms the
661:
581:
543:
542:
517:
515:Related peoples
507:
506:
425:
415:
414:
380:
370:
369:
324:
314:
313:
287:
243:Without proper
231:
230:
221:
209:
181:
165:
158:
148:
144:Georgian script
130:
125:
119:
91:
88:Language family
86:
77:
76:Native speakers
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5293:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
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5230:
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5097:
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5068:
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5022:
5017:
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5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4984:
4979:
4974:
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4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4923:
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4919:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:Stock Exchange
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4836:Prime Minister
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
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4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:National parks
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
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4573:
4568:
4563:
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4528:
4527:
4522:
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4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4365:Byzantine wars
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4160:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4103:Sign languages
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3918:Sign languages
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3112:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3079:
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3073:
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3054:
3053:
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3045:
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3027:
3016:
3006:
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2987:
2980:
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2918:
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2907:
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2896:
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2881:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2801:
2800:External links
2798:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2788:10400.26/22318
2775:
2772:
2768:
2757:Lazuri grameri
2753:
2747:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2681:
2656:
2649:
2620:
2601:
2594:
2559:
2547:
2534:
2531:. p. 498.
2519:
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2465:
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2430:
2423:
2420:
2409:Main article:
2406:
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2058:
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2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1980:
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1948:
1942:
1941:
1936:
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1056:Writing system
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919:
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
886:
883:
849:or Georgian).
821:
818:
749:
746:
714:Lorenzo Hervás
695:
692:
660:
659:Classification
657:
612:spoken by the
583:
582:
580:
579:
572:
565:
557:
554:
553:
545:
544:
541:
540:
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529:
524:
518:
513:
512:
509:
508:
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504:
499:
498:
497:
487:
482:
477:
475:Byzantine rule
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
376:
375:
372:
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368:
367:
353:
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343:
342:
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331:
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319:
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312:
311:
306:
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296:
288:
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284:
281:
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272:
271:
261:
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247:, you may see
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153:Language codes
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127:Writing system
124:
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85:
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81:
78:
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59:
58:
53:
47:
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44:Native to
41:
40:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5292:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
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5268:
5266:
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5258:
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5222:
5220:
5217:
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5207:
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5140:Bolnisi cross
5138:
5136:
5133:
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5130:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
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5018:
5013:
5009:
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4908:
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4753:South Ossetia
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2591:
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2567:V. Minorsky.
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2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
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1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
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1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
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1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
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1912:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:evidentiality
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
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1866:agglutinative
1863:
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1135:
1130:
1127:
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1120:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:of Mkhedruli
1091:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Fahri Lazoğlu
1067:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
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1015:
1005:
1002:
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943:
941:
931:
928:
927:
920:
918:
908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
895:Laz speakers
894:
891:
890:
882:
878:
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871:
866:
862:
860:
855:
850:
848:
838:
831:
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780:
776:
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754:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:, calling it
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
700:Evliya Çelebi
691:
688:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
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623:
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594:
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571:
566:
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559:
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556:
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547:
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537:Pontic Greeks
535:
533:
530:
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516:
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495:Hellenization
493:
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366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
318:
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310:
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297:
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258:
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145:
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128:
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102:
99:
98:
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83:
79:
73:
70:
67:
63:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
46:
42:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5250:Laz language
5165:Saint George
5150:Coat of arms
5116:
5072:Demographics
5059:
4997:
4945:Architecture
4911:
4867:Central bank
4799:Human rights
4779:Constitution
4727:
4700:Subdivisions
4687:
4575:
4485:Armenian War
4167:
4148:
4073:
3894:Pontic Greek
3878:
3742:
3726:
3700:Kalmyk Oirat
3606:Pontic Greek
3528:
3457:
3321:
3248:
3061:
3049:Old Georgian
3047:
3026:(Kartvelian)
3013:
2942:
2931:Old Georgian
2830:(in Turkish)
2822:(in Turkish)
2814:(in Turkish)
2806:(in Turkish)
2779:
2756:
2743:
2737:Bibliography
2729:Özüm Ak 2018
2725:
2716:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2700:
2667:
2664:Laz language
2659:
2640:
2610:
2604:
2575:
2562:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2516:Google Books
2514:, p. 21, at
2509:
2505:
2488:
2414:
1897:
1855:
1059:
1010:
990:
970:
936:
913:
879:
867:
863:
851:
843:
830:Mothertongue
828:A Laz book "
798:Novorossiisk
791:
783:fall of Troy
759:
737:
729:
721:
710:Pontic Greek
703:
697:
682:Zan language
680:
662:
646:
592:
589:Laz language
588:
586:
490:Ottoman rule
385:Laz language
384:
334:Christianity
291:
236:
174:
142:In Georgia:
138:Latin script
110:
18:
5107:Health care
4862:Agriculture
4633:Earthquakes
4370:Seljuk wars
3864:Azerbaijani
3670:Azerbaijani
2411:Laz grammar
2277:Approximant
734:Georg Rosen
724:. In 1823,
705:Seyahatnâme
605:lazuri nena
597:ლაზური ნენა
522:Mingrelians
390:Laz grammar
351:Laz Martyrs
329:Sunni Islam
251:instead of
136:In Turkey:
5245:Laz people
5239:Categories
5177:Saint Nino
5005:Mingrelian
4986:Languages
4821:Parliament
4794:Government
4382:Golden Age
3884:Mingrelian
3441:Circassian
3097:Avar–Andic
3067:Mingrelian
2948:Mingrelian
2669:Ethnologue
2490:Ethnologue
2467:References
1856:Like many
775:Asia Minor
673:Zan branch
669:Mingrelian
614:Laz people
539:(possibly)
460:Roman rule
395:Barchkhali
355:Churches:
269:Laz people
5090:Georgians
5080:Education
5030:Mythology
4907:Transport
4872:Companies
4831:President
4784:Elections
4683:Volcanoes
4623:Black Sea
4601:Geography
4510:Civil War
4325:Arab rule
4289:Roman era
4018:Bulgarian
3859:Abkhazian
3753:varieties
3745:indicate
3568:Ukrainian
3543:Judeo-Tat
3451:Kabardian
3414:Northwest
3259:Southern
3239:Tabasaran
3089:(Caspian)
3086:Northeast
3033:Karto-Zan
3010:Caucasian
2921:Karto-Zan
2771:Sciences.
2711:10 August
2158:Fricative
2062:Affricate
1904:Phonology
1087:Mkhedruli
1035:Estimate
618:Black Sea
357:Jibistasi
176:Glottolog
160:ISO 639-3
101:Karto-Zan
65:Ethnicity
5219:Category
5145:Borjgali
5100:Diaspora
5045:Religion
4991:Georgian
4982:Gambling
4940:Alphabet
4816:Military
4767:Politics
4748:Abkhazia
4643:Glaciers
4546:Monarchs
4534:By topic
4216:articles
4169:Category
4094:Zaza(ki)
4063:Kurmanji
4054:Georgian
4044:Albanian
4004:Armenian
3889:Ossetian
3843:Georgian
3761:See also
3715:Assyrian
3705:Lomavren
3584:Armenian
3514:Ossetian
3507:Kurmanji
3485:European
3417:(Pontic)
3395:Khinalug
3370:Khwarshi
3355:(Didoic)
3281:Western
3225:Eastern
3138:Chamalal
3133:Godoberi
3120:Bagvalal
3038:Georgian
3002:Caucasus
2926:Georgian
2434:See also
2128:ejective
2022:ejective
1919:Alveolar
1898:gimpulam
675:of this
630:Lazistan
365:Pironity
322:Religion
293:Lazistan
257:Help:IPA
183:lazz1240
5203:Outline
5128:Symbols
4965:Cuisine
4928:Culture
4902:Tourism
4850:Economy
4723:Regions
4718:Tbilisi
4663:Mammals
4628:Climate
4613:Borders
4566:Battles
4274:Colchis
4269:Diauehi
4224:History
4212:Georgia
4084:Romeika
4059:Kurdish
4012:Western
4008:Eastern
3988:Turkish
3899:Russian
3743:Italics
3680:Turkmen
3675:Turkish
3629:Kipchak
3594:Western
3589:Eastern
3563:Russian
3519:Persian
3502:Kurdish
3494:Iranian
3329:Chechen
3323:Arshtin
3317:Vainakh
3290:Tsakhur
3195:Kubachi
3129:Botlikh
3115:Akhvakh
3014:(areal)
2613:(PhD).
2440:Colchis
2405:Grammar
1939:Glottal
1924:Palatal
1830:Ts' ts'
1045:(total)
1043:20,000
1026:30,000
1011:55,158
1006:26,007
991:38,275
986:21,703
971:19,144
966:30,566
954:(total)
952:70,423
932:39,232
924:Census
909:63,253
859:Turkish
847:Turkish
810:Apsilae
694:History
642:Germany
638:Georgia
608:) is a
440:Colchis
423:History
405:Cuisine
378:Culture
361:Noghedi
309:Germany
299:Georgia
253:Unicode
56:Georgia
5224:Portal
5135:Anthem
5050:Sports
4960:Cinema
4955:Chokha
4887:Mining
4877:Energy
4678:Rivers
4551:States
4473:Modern
4308:Middle
4284:Lazica
4264:Mushki
4214:
4069:Ladino
4049:Domari
4028:Hebrew
3720:Bohtan
3693:Others
3620:Turkic
3601:German
3577:Others
3555:Slavic
3524:Talysh
3446:Adyghe
3434:Abkhaz
3424:Abazgi
3388:Others
3375:Hinukh
3366:Hunzib
3362:Bezhta
3353:Tsezic
3341:Ingush
3263:Budukh
3234:Lezgin
3222:Samur
3210:Lezgic
3200:Mehweb
3190:Kaitag
3185:Itsari
3173:Dargwa
3168:Chirag
3160:Dargin
3143:Karata
2795:79–91.
2763:
2647:
2592:
2208:voiced
2097:voiced
1986:voiced
1934:Uvular
1914:Labial
1886:aspect
1878:number
1049:0.03%
1032:0.07%
1018:0.26%
998:0.22%
978:0.21%
958:0.34%
944:0.24%
937:4,956
921:0.42%
914:5,061
901:notes
854:Turkey
814:Abacsi
806:Tuapse
802:Pityus
794:Arrian
779:Samsun
687:Soviet
634:Adjara
626:Melyat
622:Turkey
595:(Laz:
593:Lazuri
455:Pontus
304:Turkey
224:UNESCO
51:Turkey
37:ლაზური
31:Lazuri
5210:Index
5182:cross
5170:cross
5160:Motto
5112:Women
5035:Names
5025:Music
5020:Media
4977:Dance
4653:Lakes
4618:Birds
4232:Early
4023:Greek
3662:Oghuz
3647:Nogai
3642:Kumyk
3530:Kilit
3483:Indo-
3459:Ubykh
3429:Abaza
3285:Rutul
3268:Kryts
3229:Aghul
3218:Archi
3178:Kadar
3124:Tindi
3105:Andic
3023:South
2697:(PDF)
2572:(PDF)
2569:"Laz"
2348:Close
2336:Front
2306:Trill
2248:Nasal
2163:plain
2067:plain
1951:plain
1929:Velar
1874:cases
1862:nouns
1824:Ʒ̆ ʒ̆
1801:Ts ts
1775:Z' z'
1772:Z̆ z̆
1649:T' t'
1646:T̆ t̆
1643:Ť ť
1523:P' p'
1520:P̆ p̆
1517:P̌ p̌
1397:K' k'
1394:K̆ k̆
1188:Ç' ç'
1185:Ç̆ ç̆
1182:Ç̌ ç̌
1082:Latin
1040:2007
1023:1980
1003:1965
983:1960
963:1955
949:1950
929:1945
906:1935
892:Year
527:Svans
400:Dance
5155:Flag
5118:more
5095:List
5061:more
5012:Svan
4970:Wine
4913:more
4804:LGBT
4729:more
4689:more
4577:more
4561:Wars
3909:Urum
3904:Svan
3874:Bats
3652:Urum
3379:Tsez
3334:Aukh
3312:Bats
3304:Nakh
3150:Avar
3110:Andi
3076:Svan
2957:Svan
2761:ISBN
2713:2020
2707:: 83
2645:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2390:Open
2341:Back
2144:t͡ʃʼ
2137:t͡sʼ
1946:Stop
1890:mood
1842:t͡sʼ
1200:t͡ʃʼ
1097:IPA
1072:and
766:Svan
760:The
587:The
4998:Laz
4950:Art
4074:Laz
3879:Laz
3538:Tat
3400:Lak
3273:Jek
3244:Udi
3062:Laz
3057:Zan
2943:Laz
2938:Zan
2851:on
2784:hdl
2666:at
2582:doi
2487:at
2485:Laz
2369:Mid
2113:d͡ʒ
2106:d͡z
2082:t͡ʃ
2075:t͡s
1836:tsʼ
1821:Ǯ ǯ
1813:t͡s
1795:Ʒ ʒ
1787:d͡z
1769:Ž ž
1749:Z z
1729:Y y
1709:X x
1689:V v
1669:U u
1623:T t
1603:Ş ş
1583:S s
1563:R r
1543:Q q
1497:P p
1477:O o
1457:N n
1437:M m
1417:L l
1391:Ǩ ǩ
1371:K k
1351:J j
1331:I i
1311:H h
1291:Ğ ğ
1288:Ǧ ǧ
1268:G g
1248:F f
1228:E e
1208:D d
1194:chʼ
1174:t͡ʃ
1162:Ç ç
1154:d͡ʒ
1142:C c
1122:B b
1102:A a
702:'s
651:or
636:in
591:or
239:IPA
196:Laz
191:ELP
167:lzz
111:Laz
106:Zan
69:Laz
24:Laz
5241::
4010:,
2715:.
2705:12
2703:.
2699:.
2684:^
2623:^
2588:.
2574:.
2475:^
2052:qʼ
2045:kʼ
2036:tʼ
2029:pʼ
1888:,
1884:,
1827:3'
1807:ts
1781:dz
1715:kh
1661:tʼ
1655:tʼ
1609:sh
1555:qʼ
1549:qʼ
1535:pʼ
1529:pʼ
1409:kʼ
1403:kʼ
1357:zh
1297:gh
1168:ch
898:%
812:;
644:.
599:,
363:,
359:,
34:,
4204:e
4197:t
4190:v
4065:)
4061:(
4014:)
4006:(
3959:e
3952:t
3945:v
3814:e
3807:t
3800:v
3377:–
3368:–
3364:–
3131:–
3122:–
2991:e
2984:t
2977:v
2892:e
2885:t
2878:v
2790:.
2786::
2653:.
2598:.
2584::
2429:.
2396:ɑ
2382:ɔ
2375:ɛ
2361:u
2354:i
2314:r
2292:j
2285:l
2261:n
2254:m
2236:ɣ
2229:ʒ
2222:z
2215:v
2199:h
2190:x
2183:ʃ
2176:s
2169:f
2009:ɡ
2000:d
1993:b
1973:k
1964:t
1957:p
1844:/
1840:/
1833:წ
1815:/
1811:/
1804:ც
1798:3
1789:/
1785:/
1778:ძ
1763:/
1761:z
1759:/
1755:z
1752:ზ
1743:/
1741:j
1739:/
1735:y
1732:ჲ
1723:/
1721:x
1719:/
1712:ხ
1703:/
1701:v
1699:/
1695:v
1692:ვ
1683:/
1681:u
1679:/
1675:u
1672:უ
1663:/
1659:/
1652:ტ
1637:/
1635:t
1633:/
1629:t
1626:თ
1617:/
1615:ʃ
1613:/
1606:შ
1597:/
1595:s
1593:/
1589:s
1586:ს
1577:/
1575:r
1573:/
1569:r
1566:რ
1557:/
1553:/
1546:ყ
1537:/
1533:/
1526:პ
1511:/
1509:p
1507:/
1503:p
1500:ფ
1491:/
1489:ɔ
1487:/
1483:o
1480:ო
1471:/
1469:n
1467:/
1463:n
1460:ნ
1451:/
1449:m
1447:/
1443:m
1440:მ
1431:/
1429:l
1427:/
1423:l
1420:ლ
1411:/
1407:/
1400:კ
1385:/
1383:k
1381:/
1377:k
1374:ქ
1365:/
1363:ʒ
1361:/
1354:ჟ
1345:/
1343:i
1341:/
1337:i
1334:ი
1325:/
1323:h
1321:/
1317:h
1314:ჰ
1305:/
1303:ɣ
1301:/
1294:ღ
1282:/
1280:ɡ
1278:/
1274:g
1271:გ
1262:/
1260:f
1258:/
1254:f
1251:ჶ
1242:/
1240:ɛ
1238:/
1234:e
1231:ე
1222:/
1220:d
1218:/
1214:d
1211:დ
1202:/
1198:/
1191:ჭ
1176:/
1172:/
1165:ჩ
1156:/
1152:/
1148:j
1145:ჯ
1136:/
1134:b
1132:/
1128:b
1125:ბ
1116:/
1114:ɑ
1112:/
1108:a
1105:ა
845:(
832:"
576:e
569:t
562:v
259:.
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