14362:, p. 5: "Much has been written about the origin of the Albanian language. The most probable predecessor of Albanian was Illyrian, since much of the present-day Albania was inhabited by the Illyrians during the Antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible because almost nothing is known about Illyrian, despite the fact that two handbooks of that language have been published (by Hans Krahe and Anton Mayer)... examination of personal names and toponyms from Illyricum shows that several onomastic areas can be distinguished, and these onomastic areas just might correspond to different languages spoken in ancient Illyricum. If Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises -from which 'Illyrian' language did Albanian develop, and that question cannot be answered until new data are discovered.The single "Illyrian" gloss preserved in Greek (rhínon 'fog') may have the reflex in Alb. (Gheg) re͂ 'cloud' (Tosk re)< PAlb. *ren-."
2234:'raft', 'navigation', 'sea shelves' and a few names of fish kinds, but not the words for 'sail', 'row' and 'harbor'; objects pertaining to navigation itself and a large part of sea fauna. This rather shows that Proto-Albanians were pushed away from coastal areas in early times (probably after the Latin conquest of the region) and thus lost a large amount (or the majority) of their sea environment lexicon. A similar phenomenon could be observed with agricultural terms. While the words for 'arable land', 'wheat', 'cereals', 'vineyard', 'yoke', 'harvesting', 'cattle breeding', etc. are native, the words for 'ploughing', 'farm' and 'farmer', agricultural practices, and some harvesting tools are foreign. This, again, points to intense contact with other languages and people, rather than providing evidence of a possible
13909:"The most probable predecessor of Albanian was Illyrian since much of present-day Albania was inhabited by the Illyrians during the Antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible because almost nothing is known about Illyrian ... It is a-priori less probable to assume that a single language was spoken in the whole Illyricum, from the river Arsia in Istria, to Epirus in Greece, when such a linguistic uniformity is found nowhere else in Europe before the Roman conquest. Moreover, the examination of personal names and toponyms from Illyricum shows that several onomastic areas can be distinguished, and these onomastic areas just might correspond to different languages spoken in ancient Illyricum. If Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises: From which
14398:, p. 11: "Although there are some lexical items that appear to be shared between Romanian (and by extension Dacian) and Albanian, by far the strongest connections can be argued between Albanian and Illyrian. The latter was at least attested in what is historically regarded as Albanian territory and there is no evidence of any major migration into Albanian territory since our records of Illyrian occupation. The loan words from Greek and Latin date back to before the Christian era and suggest that the ancestors of the Albanians must have occupied Albania by then to have absorbed such loans from their histori-cal neighbors. As the Illyrians occupied Albanian territory at this time, they are the most likely recipients of such loans."
16317:, Eric Hamp, "The position of Albanian, Ancient IE dialects, Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963, ed. By Henrik Birnbaum and Jaan Puhvel. "It is clear that in the Middle Ages the Albanians extended farther north (Jokl, Albaner §2); that there are persuasive arguments which have been advanced against their having extended as far as the Adriatic coast—the fact that Scodra 'Scutari' (Shkodër) shows un-Albanian development (see §6 below), that there is no demonstrated old maritime vocabulary (see above), and that there are few ancient Greek loans (Jokl, Albaner §5; but see §5 below)
1559:
7837:
the former
Yugoslavia consolidated the 1917 standard twice in the 1950s, culminating with a thorough codification of orthographic rules in 1964. The rules already provided for a balanced variety that accounted for both Gheg and Tosk dialects, but only lasted through 1968. Viewing divergences with Albania as a threat to their identity, Kosovars arbitrarily adopted the Tosk project that Tirana had published the year before. Although it was never intended to serve outside of Albania, the project became the "unified literary language" in 1972, when approved by a rubberstamp
11373:. The presence of loanwords from more well-studied languages from time periods before Albanian was attested, reaching deep back into the Classical Era, has been of great use in phonological reconstructions for earlier ancient and medieval forms of Albanian. Some words in the core vocabulary of Albanian have no known etymology linking them to Proto-Indo-European or any known source language, and as of 2018 are thus tentatively attributed to an unknown, unattested, pre-Indo-European substrate language; some words among these include
601:
672:
64:
15745:, pp. 447–448: "But it is likely that there were earlier works which have vanished. The earliest preserved books both in Geg and in Tosk share features of spelling that point to some kind of common literary language having already developed, and a letter written by a Dominican friar named Gulielmus Adea in 1332 says that the inhabitants of Albania had a language very different from Latin but used the Latin alphabet in their writings, suggesting (if not proving) an already–existing written Albanian tradition."
2584:
24348:
14601:"It is the case of the evolution of stressed /a-/ and partly stressed /e-/ in front of a nasal consonant to /ë-/ in thee southern dialect. While the evolution /a-/ > /ë/ in front of a nasal consonant has involved the southern dialect, the evolution /e-/ > /-ë/ in the same phonetic conditions has not taken place in the northern part and partly in the eastern part of that dialect (...). This phonetic phenomenon has appeared earlier than rhotacism, as it is clearly evidenced in such examples as
22180:
21444:
947:
332:
2784:
1389:
24473:
22023:
21602:
21516:
21006:
348:
14386:, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records. This is one of the reasons why its origins are shrouded in mystery and controversy. The widespread assertion that it is the modern–day descendant of Illyrian, spoken in much the same region during classical times (), makes geographic and historical sense but is linguistically untestable since we know so little about Illyrian."
2576:
1215:
13938:
22823:
24788:
1437:). More specifically, the writers from northern Albania and under the influence of the Catholic Church used Latin letters, those in southern Albania and under the influence of the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while others throughout Albania and under the influence of Islam used Arabic letters. There were initial attempts to create an original Albanian alphabet during the 1750–1850 period. These attempts intensified after the
406:
24233:
22478:
419:
306:
393:
22361:
319:
2246:
22959:
23857:
380:
13514:. Because the Latin words common to only Romanian and Albanian are significantly fewer in number than those that are common to only Albanian and Western Romance, Mihaescu argues that the Albanian language evolved in a region with much greater contact with Western Romance regions than with Romanian-speaking regions, and located this region in present-day Albania, Kosovo and Western Macedonia, spanning east to
15492:, Holm, Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, 7–9 March 2007. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin
11286:
2467:
13882:"... in Figure 2.1 are listed three subfamilies which contain only one language each: the Albanian, Hellenic, and Armenian subfamilies. These three languages – Albanian, Greek, and Armenian – are isolates within the Indo-European family showing no closer connection to any other Indo-European languages or to each other." — Pereltsvaig (2012) pp. 30–31
13900:"So while linguists may debate about the ties between Albanian and older languages of the Balkans, and while most Albanians may take the genealogical connection to Illyrian as incontrovertible, the fact remains that there is simply insufficient evidence to connect Illyrian, Thracian, or Dacian with any language, including Albanian." — Curtis (2011) p. 18
1549:
was recorded, from the earliest documents to the beginning of the twentieth century ... consist of adaptations of the Latin, Greek, Arabic, and
Cyrillic alphabets and (what is even more interesting) a number of locally invented writing systems. Most of the latter alphabets have now been forgotten and are unknown, even to the Albanians themselves.
7902:
Gheg words should be included. Proponents of the
Elbasan dialect have been vocal, but have gathered little support in the public opinion. In general, those involved in the language debate come from diverse backgrounds and there is no significant correlation between one's political views, geographic origin, and position on Standard Albanian.
7897:
Elbasan dialect. Criticism of
Standard Albanian has centred on the exclusion of the 'me + participle' infinitive and the Gheg lexicon. Critics say that Standard Albanian disenfranchises and stigmatises Gheg speakers, affecting the quality of writing and impairing effective public communication. Supporters of the Tosk standard view the
13599:, though used for major claims by Huld in 1994, are now attributed to Latin, for example), or may instead be native to Albanian, inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Today, it is accepted that there are a few words from Gothic in Albanian, but for the most part they are scanty because the Goths had few contacts with Balkan peoples.
1370:. These settlements originated from the (Arvanites) communities probably of Peloponnese known as Morea in the Middle Ages. Among them the Arvanites call themselves Arbëror and sometime Arbëresh. The Arbëresh dialect is closely related to the Arvanites dialect with more Italian vocabulary absorbed during different periods of time.
14779:"...such sporadic analogical cases do not reverse the generally acknowledged conclusion that this dialectal peculiarity as a phonetic process has appeared in pre-Slavic period of Albanian and is relatively more ancient than the rhotacism. It has most probably appeared not later than the V-VI centuries A.D."
11365:. Of all the foreign influences in Albanian, the deepest reaching and most impactful was the absorption of loans from Latin in the Classical period and its Romance successors afterward. Scholars have estimated a great number of Latin loanwords in Albanian, some even claiming 60% of the Albanian vocabulary.
14809:"And, as it was pointed out in §3, since the dialectal differentiations have appeared in a certain geographical area, one is entitled to draw the conclusion that the speakers of the northern and southern dialects have been present in their actual areas in the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period of Albanian."
2725:, a specialist in Albanian studies, considers that "The Todericiu/Polena Romanian translation of the non-Latin lines, although it may offer some clues if the text is indeed Albanian, is fanciful and based, among other things, on a false reading of the manuscript, including the exclusion of a whole line."
2416:. As in other parts of Europe, these PreIE people joined the migratory Indo-European tribes that entered the Balkans and contributed to the formation of the historical Paleo-Balkan tribes. In terms of linguistics, the pre-Indo-European substrate language spoken in the southern Balkans probably influenced
15214:
In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world. There are upwards of 5 million ethnic
Albanians in the Turkish Republic; however, the vast majority of this population is assimilated and no longer possesses fluency in the language, though a vibrant Albanian
7918:
Albanian is the medium of instruction in most
Albanian schools. The literacy rate in Albania for the total population, age 9 or older, is about 99%. Elementary education is compulsory (grades 1–9), but most students continue at least until a secondary education. Students must pass graduation exams at
7896:
Since the fall of the communist regime, Albanian orthography has stirred heated debate among scholars, writers, and public opinion in
Albania and Kosovo, with hardliners opposed to any changes in the orthography, moderates supporting varying degrees of reform, and radicals calling for a return to the
2626:
texts. The grammar and the vocabulary are more archaic than those in the Gheg texts from the 17th century. The 188 pages of the book comprise about 154,000 words with a total vocabulary of c. 1,500 different words. The text is archaic yet easily interpreted because it is mainly a translation of known
2183:
techniques that appeared to obtain an
Albanian subgrouping with Germanic, a result which the authors had already reasonably downplayed. Indeed, the Albanian and Germanic branches share a relatively moderate number of lexical cognates. Many shared grammatical elements or features of these two branches
15111:
It is the official language of
Albania, the co-official language of Kosovo, and the co-official language of many western municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia. Albanian is also spoken widely in some areas in Greece, southern Montenegro, southern Serbia, and in some towns in southern Italy and
7901:
as a milestone achievement in
Albanian history and dismiss calls for reform as efforts to "divide the nation" or "create two languages." Moderates, who are especially prevalent in Kosovo, generally stress the need for a unified Albanian language, but believe that the 'me + participle' infinitive and
2032:
However, as Fortson notes, Albanian written works existed before this point; they have simply been lost. The existence of written Albanian is explicitly mentioned in a letter attested from 1332, and the first preserved books, including both those in Gheg and in Tosk, share orthographic features that
1892:
comprising Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, is considered as a possible scenario. In this light, due to the larger number of possible shared innovations between Greek and Armenian, it appears reasonable to assume, at least tentatively, that Albanian was the first Balkan IE language to branch off. This
17850:
Ancient Indo-European dialects: proceedings, Volume 1963 Ancient Indo-European Dialects: Proceedings, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Research in Languages and Linguistics Authors Henrik Birnbaum, Jaan Puhvel, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Research in Languages
14694:
The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited IE words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show these changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into the Balkans
13861:
The original kinship terminology of Indo-European was radically reshaped; changes included a shift from "mother" to "sister", and were so thorough that only three terms retained their original function, the words for "son-in-law", "mother-in-law" and "father-in-law". All the words for second-degree
13602:
Martin Huld defends the significance of the admittedly sparse Gothic loans for Albanian studies, however, arguing that Gothic is the only clearly post-Roman and "pre-Ottoman" language after Latin with a notable influence on the Albanian lexicon (the influence of Slavic languages is both pre-Ottoman
1548:
The hundred years between 1750 and 1850 were an age of astounding orthographic diversity in Albania. In this period, the Albanian language was put to writing in at least ten different alphabets – most certainly a record for European languages. ... the diverse forms in which this old Balkan language
15287:
The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.) Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report;
12174:
The period during which Proto-Albanian and Latin interacted was protracted, lasting from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. Over this period, the lexical borrowings can be roughly divided into three layers, the second of which is the largest. The first and smallest occurred at the
7836:
Until 1968, Kosovo and other Albanian-speaking areas in Yugoslavia followed the 1917 standard based on the Elbasan dialect, though it was gradually infused with Gheg elements in an effort to develop a Kosovan language separate from communist Albania's Tosk-based standard. Albanian intellectuals in
7789:
of Albanian writers held in 1908 recommended the use of the Elbasan subdialect for literary purposes and as a basis of a unified national language. While technically classified as a southern Gheg variety, the Elbasan speech is closer to Tosk in phonology and practically a hybrid between other Gheg
1400:
The Albanian language has been written using many alphabets since the earliest records from the 15th century. The history of Albanian language orthography is closely related to the cultural orientation and knowledge of certain foreign languages among Albanian writers. The earliest written Albanian
1842:
in Hyllested & Joseph (2022). Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. The hypothesis of the
13865:
The Proto-Albanians appear to have been cattle breeders given the vastness of preserved native vocabulary pertaining to cow breeding, milking and so forth, while words pertaining to dogs tend to be loaned. Many words concerning horses are preserved, but the word for horse itself is a Latin loan.
13493:
are the non-Romance languages today that have this sort of extensive Latin element dating from ancient Roman times, which has undergone the sound changes associated with the languages. Other languages in or near the former Roman area either came on the scene later (Turkish, the Slavic languages,
14792:
The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the
7905:
Many writers continue to write in the Elbasan dialect but other Gheg variants have found much more limited use in literature. Most publications adhere to a strict policy of not accepting submissions that are not written in Tosk. Some print media even translate direct speech, replacing the 'me +
9745:
in the late 16th and early 17th century. Within the borders of Albania, the phoneme is pronounced about the same in both the Tosk and the Gheg dialect due to the influence of standard Albanian. However, in the Gheg dialects spoken in the neighbouring Albanian-speaking areas of Kosovo and North
7805:
When the Congress of Lushnje met in the aftermath of World War I to form a new Albanian government, the 1917 decisions of the Literary Commission were upheld. The Elbasan subdialect remained in use for administrative purposes and many new writers embraced it for creative writing. Gheg and Tosk
7801:
with the purpose of establishing a unified orthography for the language. The commission, made up of representatives from the north and south of Albania, reaffirmed the Elbasan subdialect as the basis of a national tongue. The rules published in 1917 defined spelling for the Elbasan variety for
2233:
domination of the coastal and plain areas of the country, rather than evidence of the original environment in which the Albanian language was formed. For example, the word for 'fish' is borrowed from Latin, but not the word for 'gills' which is native. Indigenous are also the words for 'ship',
17805:
One other point that some scholars make is the fact that Albanian and Romanian share many lexical items; this has led some to believe that Albanian originated east of its present geographical spread (Georgiev 1957; Hamp 1994)...it does not necessarily determine the genealogical history of the
17340:
Colloquia Humanistica. No. 2. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2013. Page 97: "Even according to Albanian linguists, Albanian vocabulary is composed in 60 percent of Latin words from different periods... When albanological studies were just emerging, it happened that Albanian was
2221:
to the southwestern Balkans. Further analysis has suggested that it was in a mountainous region rather than on a plain or seacoast. The words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous regions are entirely original, but the names for fish and for agricultural activities (such as
15288:
no.25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication) Author George Nicholas Nasse Publisher National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964 page 24-25 link
12179:, also has a notably smaller number of borrowings. Each layer is characterised by a different treatment of most vowels: the first layer follows the evolution of Early Proto-Albanian into Albanian; while later layers reflect vowel changes endemic to Late Latin (and presumably
17341:
classified as a Romance language. Already there exists the idea of a common origin of both Albanian and Rumanian languages. The Rumanian grammar is almost identical to that of Albanian, but it may be as well the effect of later convergence within the Balkan Sprachbund.."
7820:
At the end of World War II, however, the new communist regime radically imposed the use of the Tosk dialect in all facets of life in Albania: administration, education, and literature. Most Communist leaders were Tosks from the south. Standardisation was directed by the
1879:
in Southern Italy. The common features of this group appear at the phonological, morphological, and lexical levels, presumably resulting from the contact between the various languages. The concept of this linguistic group is explained as a kind of language league of the
13538:
became an additional source of loanwords. Contact between Albanian with the Slavic languages lasted very intensively for almost four centuries, and continued even in the late Middle Ages. Slavic loanwords in Albanian constitute a less studied area in literature. Per
14642:
etc.), it has generally been acknowledged that it has taken place in the pre-Slavic period of Albanian. Its sporadic appearance in a very reduced number of Slavic loanwords is due to the action of analogy with similar cases of inherited or more ancient loans of
13891:"It is generally accepted that Albanians continue one of the ancient languages of the Balkans, although scholars disagree on which language they spoke and what area of the Balkans they occupied before the Slavs' migration to the Balkans." — Curtis (2011) p. 16
2063:
was preferred in the intellectual, literary, and clerical circles of the time, and used as a synonym for the Albanian language. Published in Rome in 1635, by the Albanian bishop and writer Frang Bardhi, the first dictionary of the Albanian language was titled
16092:
13543:(1998), there are about 556 Slavic loanwords in Albanian. Taking into account obsolete and restricted dialectalisms in areas that had more intensive and prolonged contacts with Slavic, their number is considerably larger; up to 1000 words in those dialects.
16729:
and the outcomes of the three dorsal series suggest that Albanian, like Luwian, may have origi- nally retained this three-way opposition intact and therefore is neither centum nor satem, despite the clear satem-like outcome of its palatal dorsals in most
14617:
etc., in which the evolution /a-/ > /ë-/ could not take place before /-r-/. Since this phonetic change has not appeared in the Slavic loanwords of Albanian, but has involved mainly the I.E. inherited words as well as the loans from Old Greek (compare
922:, with many having long assimilated in different cultures and communities. Consequently, Albanian-speakers do not correspond to the total ethnic Albanian population, as many ethnic Albanians may identify as Albanian but are unable to speak the language.
14664:"In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin."
15683:
Tibor Živković, Vladeta Petrović, Aleksandar Uzelac, Dragana Kunčer: Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis : Anonimov opis istočne Evrope. January 2013. Edition: Izvori za srpsku istoriju. Publisher: Istorijski institut. Editor: Srđan Rudić.
14551:"...these innovations, as those that are also evident in different varieties of Gheg, are not such as to impede communication between speakers of the two dialects. Furthermore, the major part of the Albanian lexicon is common to the two dialects."
2567:("The Song of the Easter Gospel, or "The Song of Saint Matthew's Gospel"). Although the codex is dated to during the 14th century, the song, written in Albanian by an anonymous writer, seems to be a 16th-century writing. The document was found by
12206:. Many of these reflect a dialect which voiced its aspirants, as did the Macedonian dialect. Other loanwords are Doric; these words mainly refer to commodity items and trade goods and probably came through trade with a now-extinct intermediary.
17429:"Cultural Treasure of Bosnia and Herzegovina edition-Prehistoric and Ancient Period- Book 2- Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an Overview of a Cultural Legacy/ Ancient Illyrians of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Ardian Adžanela Adzanela Axhanela"
13563:, are common. There are some loanwords from Modern Greek, especially in the south of Albania. Many borrowed words have been replaced by words with Albanian roots or modern Latinised (international) words. According to calculations mentioned by
11368:
Major work in reconstructing Proto-Albanian has been done with the help of knowledge of the original forms of loans from Ancient Greek, Latin and Slavic, while Ancient Greek loanwords are scarce the Latin loanwords are of extreme importance in
16596:
2140:. Although it is still uncertain which ancient mentioned language of the Balkans it continues, or where in the region its speakers lived. In general, there is insufficient evidence to connect Albanian with one of those languages, whether
13843:
is in fact a semantically shifted descendant of the old Greek word for "high sea", suggesting a change in location after Greek contact. Albanian has maintained since Proto-Indo-European a specific term referring to a riverside forest
2680:, but none yet have been discovered. We know of their existence by earlier references. For example, a French monk signed as "Broccardus" notes, in 1332, that "Although the Albanians have another language totally different from Latin,
4697:. Labiovelars are for the most part differentiated from all other Indo-European velar series before front vowels, but they merge with the "pure" (back) velars elsewhere. The palatal velar series, consisting of Proto-Indo-European
15005:
Gkaintartzi, Anastasia, Aspasia Chatzidaki, and Roula Tsokalidou. "Albanian parents and the Greek educational context: Who is willing to fight for the home language?." International Multilingual Research Journal 8, no. 4 (2014):
7909:
In 2013, a group of academics for Albania and Kosovo proposed minor changes to the orthography. Hardline academics boycotted the initiative, while other reformers have viewed it as well-intentioned but flawed and superficial.
17777:, p. 23: "Latin loanwords are of extreme importance for the history of Albanian phonology, especially its vocalism. The duration of the borrowing was so long that loanwords reflect several distinct chronological stages."
846:
of the region (4th century AD), and most likely not later than the 6th century AD, hence possibly occupying roughly their present area divided by the Shkumbin river since the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period, straddling the
13509:
Romanian scholars such as Vatasescu and Mihaescu, using lexical analysis of the Albanian language, have concluded that Albanian was heavily influenced by an extinct Romance language that was distinct from both Romanian and
14565:, p. 446: "The two dialects are mutually intelligible in their standard varieties, although numerous subdialects exist that show considerable variation, especially in the north and northeast of the Geg–speaking area."
1449:), which decided on which alphabet to use, and what the standardised spelling would be for standard Albanian. This is how the literary language remains. The alphabet is the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters
1114:
speakers. It is primarily spoken on the East Coast of the United States, in cities like New York City, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, as well as in parts of the states of New Jersey, Ohio, and Connecticut.
12396:
According to Huld (1986), the following come from a Greek dialect without any significant attestation called "Makedonian" because it was akin to the native idiom of the Greek-speaking population in the Argead kingdom:
10719:. In English, the expression of surprise can be rendered by 'oh, look!' or 'lookee there!'; the expression of doubt can be rendered by 'indeed!'; the expression of neutral reportedness can be rendered by 'apparently'.
12605:(1780–1844) was the first to note Latin's influence on Albanian and claimed "the Latin loanwords in the Albanian language had the pronunciation of the time of Emperor Augustus". Kopitar gave examples such as Albanian
15888:
supports the thesis that the Illyrian language belongs to the Northwestern group, that the Albanian language is descended from Illyrian, and that Albanian is related to Messapic which is an earlier Illyrian dialect
13815:
nevertheless remained more resistant. Terms pertaining to social organisation are often preserved, though not those pertaining to political organisation, while those pertaining to trade are all loaned or innovated.
814:, while a letter written by Dominican Friar Gulielmus Adea in 1332 mentions the Albanians using the Latin alphabet in their writings. The oldest surviving attestation of modern Albanian is from 1462. The two main
13857:
Regarding forests, words for most conifers and shrubs are native, as are the terms for "alder", "elm", "oak", "beech", and "linden", while "ash", "chestnut", "birch", "maple", "poplar", and "willow" are loans.
14584:"The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of Tosk."
14199:, p. 184: "And yet we know that it is the continuation of a language spoken in the Balkans already in ancient times. This has been proved by the fact that there are Ancient Greek loan words in Albanian".
14374:, p. 25: "It is often thought (for obvious geographic reasons) that Albanian descends from ancient Illyrian (see above), but this cannot be ascertained as we know next to nothing about Illyrian itself."
13825:) is native and an "Albano-Germanic" innovation referring to the concept of depth, but a large amount of maritime vocabulary is loaned. Words referring to large streams and their banks tend to be loans, but
13567:(1985), the total number of Turkish loanwords in Albanian is about two thousand. However, when taking into account obsolete and rare words, and restricted dialectalisms, their number is considerably larger.
17238:. Publications of the Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Series. Vol. 5. In collaboration with Victor Friedman, John Kolsti, Zymer U. Neziri. Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies.
1605:, while placing Germanic and Balto-Slavic in another branch of Indo-European. In current scholarship there is evidence that Albanian is closely related to Greek and Armenian, while the fact that it is a
15239:
The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of
11357:
Albanian is known within historical linguistics as a case of a language which, although surviving through many periods of foreign rule and multilingualism, saw a "disproportionately high" influx of
7906:
participle' infinitive with other verb forms and making other changes in grammar and word choice. Even authors who have published in the Elbasan dialect will frequently write in the Tosk standard.
14728:, p. 448: "The dialectal split into Geg and Tosk happened sometime after the region became Christianized in the fourth century AD: Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk
2315:
The linguists Stefan Schumacher and Joachim Matzinger (University of Vienna) assert that the first literary records of Albanian date from the 16th century. The oldest known Albanian printed book,
16915:
2288:
References to the existence of Albanian as a distinct language survive from the 14th century, but they failed to cite specific words. The oldest surviving documents written in Albanian are the "
17820:
The Field of Linguistics, Volume 2 Volume 1 of World of linguistics Authors Bernd Kortmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Editors Bernd Kortmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Publisher Walter de Gruyter, 2010
13615:. He argues that Albanian Gothicisms bear evidence for the ordering of developments within Proto-Albanian at this time: for example, he argues Proto-Albanian at this stage had already shifted
13603:
and Ottoman). He argues that Gothic words in Albanian are attributable to the late fourth and early fifth centuries during the invasions of various Gothic speaking groups of the Balkans under
1138:. There are other estimates, however, that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million. However, the vast majority of this population is
673:
65:
1099:. Some of the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States were the Arbëreshë. The Arbëreshë have a strong sense of identity and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of
15164:
12491:
Scholars have estimated a great number of Latin loanwords in Albanian, some even claiming 60% of the Albanian vocabulary. They include many frequently used core vocabulary items, including
16020:. 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Vol. 1 – General issues and non-Germanic Languages. Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins Publishing (published 2000). p. 400.
14317:
7829:. Two dictionaries were published in 1954: an Albanian language dictionary and a Russian–Albanian dictionary. New orthography rules were eventually published in 1967 and in 1973 with the
14711:) come from Latin and attest to a widespread intermingling of pre-Albanian and Balkan Latin speakers during the Roman period, roughly from the second century BC to the fifth century AD.
17011:
14159:
7802:
official purposes. The commission did not, however, discourage publications in one of the dialects, but rather laid a foundation for Gheg and Tosk to gradually converge into one.
4620:). In addition, voiced stops tend to disappear in between vowels. There is almost complete loss of final syllables and very widespread loss of other unstressed syllables (e.g.
16300:... for example, argues that from some indeterminate time a pre-Albanian (in Hamp's terms, Albanoid) population inhabited areas stretching from Poland to the current area
13850:), as well as its words for marshes. Albanian has maintained native terms for "whirlpool", "water pit" and (aquatic) "deep place", leading Orel to speculate that the Albanian
19479:. Sprachlicher Standard und Substandard in Südosteuropa und Osteuropa: Beiträge zum Symposium vom 12.-16. Oktober 1992 in Berlin. Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 184–194.
16358:
Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of Albanians through the testimonies of the Albanian language) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999
807:, on the basis of shared features and innovations, are grouped together in a common branch in the current phylogenetic classification of the Indo-European language family.
15089:
Trandafili, Evis; Meçe, Elinda Kajo; Duka, Enea (2020). Appice, Annalisa; Ceci, Michelangelo; Loglisci, Corrado; Manco, Giuseppe; Masciari, Elio; Ras, Zbigniew W. (eds.).
2017:(Namely, the above-mentioned Albanians have a language that is different from the languages of Latins, Greeks and Slavs, so that they do not understand each other at all.)
17488:
Ushaku, Ruzhdi, Hulumtime etnoliguistike, chapter: The continuation of Illyrian Bind in Albanian Mythology and Language, Fakulteti filologjise, Prishtine, 2000, p. 46-48
15215:
community maintains its distinct identity in Istanbul to this day. Egypt also lays claim to some 18,000 Albanians, supposedly lingering remnants of Mohammad Ali's army.
842:. Their characteristics in the treatment of both native words and loanwords provide evidence that the split into the northern and the southern dialects occurred after
19584:
Matzinger, Joachim (2009). "Die Albaner als Nachkommen der Illyrier aus der Sicht der historischen Sprachwissenschaft". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Frantz, Eva (eds.).
9292:
show variation. They may range between occurring as palatal affricates or as palatal stops among dialects. Some speakers merge them into the palatoalveolar sounds
24314:
1562:
Albanian within Indo-European language family tree based on "Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages" by Chang et al. (January 2015).
1060:. This is due to a substantial Albanian immigration to Italy. Italy has a historical Albanian minority of about 500,000, scattered across southern Italy, known as
18430:
Ajeti, Idriz (1968). "La présence de l'albanais dans les parlers des populations slaves de la Péninsule balkanique à la lumière de la langue et de la toponymie".
2277:. The characteristics of Tosk and Gheg in the treatment of the native words and loanwords from other languages are evidence that the dialectal split preceded the
1053:
regional units in Greece. It is also spoken by 450,000 Albanian immigrants in Greece, making it one of the commonly spoken languages in the country after Greek.
21983:
18759:
24336:
21762:
19999:
Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.).
19312:
18271:
18198:
18108:
2281:, which means that in that period (the 5th to 6th centuries AD), Albanians were occupying nearly the same area around the Shkumbin river, which straddled the
14987:
Mai, Nicola. "The Albanian diaspora-in-the-making: media, migration and social exclusion." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31, no. 3 (2005): 543–561.
7841:. Only about 1 in 9 participants were from Kosovo. The Congress, held at Tirana, authorized the orthography rules that came out the following year, in 1973.
7757:, standard Albanian used in Albania has been based on the Tosk dialect. Kosovo and other areas where Albanian is official adopted the Tosk standard in 1969.
11385:(iron). Some among these putative pre-IE words are thought to be related to putative pre-IE substrate words in neighboring Indo-European languages, such as
1346:. Tosk is spoken in southern Albania, southwestern North Macedonia and northern and southern Greece. Cham Albanian is spoken in North-western Greece, while
2420:, the ancestor idiom of Albanian. The extent of this linguistic impact cannot be determined with precision due to the uncertain position of Albanian among
2647:, and many illustrations. The uniformity of spelling seems to indicate an earlier tradition of writing. The only known copy of the Meshari is held by the
18880:
12879:'forest'. An analogous mutation occurred from Proto-Indo-European to Albanian. In contrast, in later Latin loanwords, the internal syllable is retained:
16876:
15511:
A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages And their Migrations in the Light of the Separation Level Recovery (SLRD) Method – Hans J. Holm
24915:
24461:
20840:
20119:
18001:
Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm. Rumanisch, romanisch, albanesisch. (Mitteilungen des Romanischen Instituts an der Universitet Wien. I. Heilderberg 1914), p. 32
11332:
2373:
799:
in reference to a specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group. Whether descendants or sisters of what was called '
24439:
16864:. "Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë" ( in "Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë", today "Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë").
17159:
Maxwell, Daniel Newhall. (1979). A Crosslinguistic Correlation between Word Order and Casemarking institution. Bloomington: Indiana University Pub.
16963:. "Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë" (in "Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë", today "Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë").
12183:). Other formative changes include the syncretism of several noun case endings, especially in the plural, as well as a large-scale palatalisation.
7822:
2752:
17182:
15171:
14348:
Though the origin of the language has been debated, the prevailing opinion in the literature is that it is a descendant of Illyrian (Hetzer 1995).
791:
for obvious geographic and historical reasons, or otherwise an unmentioned Balkan Indo-European language that was closely related to Illyrian and
21353:
20941:
14695:
in the fifth and sixth centuries AD The loan words from Greek and Latin date back to before the Christian era Even very common words such as
13811:
Although Albanian is characterised by the absorption of many loans, even, in the case of Latin, reaching deep into the core vocabulary, certain
13494:
Arabic) or borrowed little from Latin despite coexisting with it (Greek, German), although German does have a few such ancient Latin loanwords (
13264:
Some Albanian church terminology has phonetic features which demonstrate their very early borrowing from Latin. A few examples include Albanian
24980:
24591:
22811:
21650:
19926:
19824:
19576:
19454:
19359:
19105:
Domi, Mahir (1975). "Considérations sur les traits communs ou parallèles de l'albanais avec les autres langues balkaniques et sur leur étude".
18748:
10712:
4736:. Because the original Proto-Indo-European tripartite distinction between dorsals is preserved in such reflexes, Albanian is therefore neither
4569:
2360:
and includes a multilingual dictionary of hundreds of the most frequently used words in everyday life in Italian, Slavic, Greek, Albanian, and
1300:
is divided into four sub-dialects: Northwest Gheg, Northeast Gheg, Central Gheg and Southern Gheg. It is primarily spoken in northern Albania,
2217:
has said that during an unknown chronological period a pre-Albanian population (termed as "Albanoid" by Hamp) inhabited areas stretching from
24776:
24221:
21640:
19438:
12486:
12152:
19592:
Matzinger, Joachim. "Der lateinisch-albanische Sprachkontakt und seine Implikationen für Vorgeschichte des Albanischen und der Albaner", in
12159:
languages. However it does not necessarily define the genealogical history of Albanian language, and it does not exclude the possibility of
4533:
2587:
Possibly the oldest surviving Albanian text, highlighted in red, from the Bellifortis manuscript, written by Konrad Kyeser around 1402–1405.
2377:
23002:
22947:
22789:
21645:
14210:
19002:
16374:
Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen
13408:
Other authors have detected Latin loanwords in Albanian with an ancient sound pattern from the 1st century BC, for example, Albanian
20734:
3731:
24754:
24199:
14151:
2340:
24329:
21403:
18013:
Wir sind die Deinen. Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925–1992) gewidmet
17406:
19494:
18312:
18224:
17286:
Shkurtaj, Gjovalin (1972). "Vëzhgime rreth të folmëve të banorëve të Bregut të Matës, ishullit të Lezhës dhe ishullit të Shëngjinit".
23418:
22925:
22696:
22548:
21378:
14850:
8455:
24344:
17523:
9695:
The schwa in Albanian has a great degree of variability from extreme back to extreme front articulation. Although the Indo-European
21042:
19375:] (in Albanian). Prishtinë: Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts, special editions CLII, Section of Linguistics and Literature.
16958:
13749:; the "difficult" word having various otherwise been attributed (with phonological issues) to Celtic, Greek or native development.
4598:
Phonologically, Albanian is not so conservative. Like many IE stocks, it has merged the two series of voiced stops (e.g. both PIE
2529:; English: "I baptise you in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit"). It was discovered and published in 1915 by
1401:
records come from the Gheg area in makeshift spellings based on Italian or Greek. Originally, the Tosk dialect was written in the
22354:
22339:
22183:
22118:
21566:
17863:
postulates a Vulgar Latin intermediary for no good reason. Mallory & Adams (1997) erroneously give the word as native, from *
14125:
2013:
Habent enim Albani prefati linguam distinctam a Latinis, Grecis et Sclauis ita quod in nullo se intelligunt cum aliis nationibus.
1142:
and no longer possesses fluency in the Albanian language, though a vibrant Albanian community maintains its distinct identity in
19700:Ölberg, Hermann (1977). "Einige Uberlegungen zur Autochtonie der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel". In Ölberg, Hermann M. (ed.).
4693:
The palatals, velars, and labiovelars show distinct developments, with Albanian showing the three-way distinction also found in
1362:
people, descendants of 15th and 16th century migrants who settled in southeastern Italy, in small communities in the regions of
21978:
18725:. 7 vols. Tirana: Akademia et Shkencave e Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, 1976–2014.
9131:
8424:
444:
24950:
24454:
24322:
23664:
22076:
22016:
21988:
21922:
20112:
19868:
19611:
19136:
18988:
18965:
18611:
18514:
18020:
17833:
17457:
17270:
17197:
17144:
17084:
16774:
16755:
16722:
16331:
15827:
15727:
15689:
15652:
15444:, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records."
15426:
15259:
15104:
14687:
12151:. Some scholars argue that Albanian originated from an area located east of its present geographic spread due to the several
9304:. This is especially common in Northern Gheg, but is increasingly the case in Tosk as well. Other speakers reduced them into
4540:
4512:
23151:
17066:
2021:
The oldest attested document written in Albanian dates to 1462, while the first audio recording in the language was made by
22071:
21755:
21595:
21288:
19271:
15627:
13837:(the flow of water). Words for smaller streams and stagnant pools of water are more often native, but the word for "pond",
12438:(with the reflex of /ɡ/ for Greek <χ> indicating a dialectal voicing of the what came as an aspirate stop from Greek)
3391:
2545:
2180:
17108:
14107:
13559:
words; this also entailed the borrowing of Persian and Arabic words through Turkish. Some Turkish personal names, such as
24187:
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.
22649:
21715:
21700:
21693:
21635:
19533:
16859:
9842:
alongside dative morphemes). Some dialects also retain a locative case, which is not present in standard Albanian (e.g. "
8417:
4497:
871:
635:
23203:
20094:, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen
17094:
17012:"Emil Lafe: Këshilli Ndërakademik për Gjuhën Shqipe ecën pa busull, ende pa një platformë shkencore të miratuar njëzëri"
13862:
blood kinship, including "aunt", "uncle", "nephew", "niece", and terms for grandchildren, are ancient loans from Latin.
1893:
split and the following ones were perhaps very close in time, allowing only a narrow time frame for shared innovations.
24584:
22804:
21767:
19411:
19392:
17806:
language, nor does it rule out the possibility of Proto-Albanian being present in both Illyrian and Thracian territory.
17629:
17602:
16975:
15415:
Schumacher, Stefan (2020). "The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety)". In Robert Crellin; Thomas Jügel (eds.).
15146:
11501:, found in both the southern and the Dalmatian-Pannonian (including modern Bosnia and Herzegovina) onomastic provinces
4562:
4519:
3450:
22973:
15246:
By Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: illustrated Published by Elsevier, 2008
2517:. It was written in a pastoral letter for a synod at the Holy Trinity in Mat and read in Latin characters as follows:
1620:
24769:
24469:
24214:
22634:
22569:
22543:
22001:
21917:
21795:
21578:
21388:
21343:
21328:
21323:
21298:
21222:
20061:
20010:
19947:
19745:
19504:
19332:
19232:
Gjinari, Jorgji (1982). "Dëshmi të historisë së gjuhës shqipe për kohën dhe vendin e formimit të popullit shqiptar".
19165:
18944:
18890:
18554:
18506:
17825:
17798:
17709:
17666:
17639:
17612:
17552:
17243:
16766:
16507:
16439:
16408:
16293:
15949:
15916:
15869:
15788:
15573:
15348:
15309:
15251:
15207:
14419:
14243:
14135:
14050:
11410:
analysis by Ukrainian linguist Tyshchenko shows the following results (the lower figure, the higher similarity): 49%
2783:
2747:, the first known Latin-Albanian dictionary. Other scholars who studied the language during the 17th century include
1888:
phenomenon), although it also consisted of languages that were related to each other. A common prestage posterior to
1184:
was of Albanian origin. In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world.
19263:
Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963
16497:
13913:
language did Albanian develop? – and that question cannot be answered until new data are discovered." — Ranko (2012)
24960:
24920:
24560:
24447:
22940:
22604:
22268:
21730:
21348:
21176:
20105:
18268:
18195:
18105:
15362:
15299:
9002:
8782:
8343:
8258:
4526:
3290:
2644:
2278:
1989:) when a crime witness named Matthew testified: "I heard a voice crying on the mountain in the Albanian language" (
1081:
17134:
16713:
Bardhyl Demiraj (2018). "100. The evolution of Albanian". In Fritz, Matthias; Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared (eds.).
16372:. In Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen; Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead; Thomas Olander; Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.).
23517:
23093:
22349:
20727:
20132:
17699:
9564:
9451:
8876:
8320:
2801:
625:
22589:
22584:
22538:
22143:
21561:
21303:
19901:
19778:
Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1980). "I rapporti linguistici interadriatici e l'elemento latino dell'albanese".
18866:
17992:
Meyer, Gustav. Die lateinischen Elemente im Albanesischen. (In: Grцbers Grundriss, I; I.Auflage) (1888), p. 805
17473:
17037:
16981:
16673:
16155:
16025:
15565:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
10703:. These may express surprise on the part of the speaker, but may also have other functions, such as expressing
7826:
4382:
4157:
3561:
1034:
591:
440:
19600:
Matzinger, Joachim (2018). "The Lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
17682:
16786:
de Vaan, Michiel (2018). "The phonology of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
24955:
24930:
24577:
22797:
22574:
22425:
22083:
21901:
21790:
21383:
21217:
21156:
20086:
18848:
18807:
Cimochowski, Wacław (1973). "Pozicioni gjuhësor i ilirishtes ballkanike në rrethin e gjuhëve indoevropiane".
15047:
14948:
14911:
14342:
9023:
8803:
8393:
8293:
7898:
7838:
7815:
4555:
4127:
3396:
3333:
3134:
3020:
2002:
1567:
465:
22819:
19640:
18529:
18035:Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1) pp. 13-51
15923:
The modern Albanian language, it has been conjectured, is descendent directly from ancient Illyrian ...
14996:
de Rapper, Gilles. "Albanians facing the Ottoman past: the case of the Albanian diaspora in Turkey." (2005).
9836:), and the forms of the genitive and dative are identical (a genitive construction employs the prepositions
20:
24975:
24970:
24965:
24945:
24935:
24762:
24352:
24207:
22594:
22344:
21948:
21683:
21605:
21590:
21471:
21424:
21363:
21035:
20554:
20324:
17502:
15485:
11443:
10673:
9628:
9586:
9481:
9465:
9110:
8960:
8897:
8740:
8370:
8334:
8249:
7794:
3815:
3318:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3014:
2372:
Pre-Indo-European (PreIE) sites are found throughout the territory of Albania. Such PreIE sites existed in
1889:
496:
483:
117:
17569:
17344:
17337:
16531:
15562:
Thorsø, Rasmus (2019). "Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords". In Matilde Serangeli; Thomas Olander (eds.).
13652:
13648:
13644:
13640:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13616:
9683:
9645:
9623:
9602:
9581:
9559:
9533:
9511:
9379:
9336:
9305:
9205:
9198:
9147:
9126:
9105:
9083:
9061:
9040:
9018:
8997:
8976:
8955:
8934:
8913:
8892:
8871:
8845:
8819:
8798:
8777:
8756:
8735:
8714:
8692:
8671:
8649:
8628:
8606:
8585:
8563:
8542:
8521:
7948:
7936:
24940:
24925:
24862:
24784:
24229:
22933:
22579:
22553:
22292:
22201:
22156:
22138:
22046:
21958:
21841:
21429:
21358:
21308:
21232:
20635:
20582:
19986:
17851:
and Linguistics Editors Henrik Birnbaum, Jaan Puhvel Publisher University of California Press, 1966 p.102
17447:
16600:
14066:
13591:. Many words claimed as Gothic have now been attributed to other origins by later linguists of Albanian (
12186:
A brief period followed, between the 7th and the 9th centuries, that was marked by heavy borrowings from
11269:
10882:
10869:
10858:
10847:
10836:
10825:
10814:
9761:
9516:
9419:
9045:
8354:
4132:
3627:
3328:
3207:
3193:
3174:
2539:
1864:
1313:
435:
17542:
15453:
Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in The Indo-European Languages,
2333:
wrote the first Latin–Albanian dictionary. The first Albanian school is believed to have been opened by
1434:
24910:
23720:
23309:
22722:
22287:
22173:
22128:
22123:
22066:
22061:
22026:
21973:
21524:
21486:
21398:
21393:
21009:
20859:
20720:
19805:. Edizione rinnovata. Rende: Università degli studi della Calabria, Centro editoriale e librario, 1997.
19030:
17203:
16251:"Mythifying the Albanians: A Historiographical Discussion on Vasa Efendi's "Albania and the Albanians""
15819:
15568:. Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics. Vol. 19. Brill. pp. 251–262.
14152:"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
13658:
Notable words that continue to be attributed to Gothic in Albanian by multiple modern sources include:
10888:
The verb can optionally occur in sentence-initial position, especially with verbs in the passive form (
8918:
8654:
8611:
8433:
8327:
8159:
8150:
3470:
3428:
3028:
1847:" continuum posits a common period of prehistoric coexistence of several Indo-European dialects in the
22955:
20182:
19852:
Akten der internationalen albanologischen Kolloquiums, Innsbruck, 1972, zum Gedächtnis an Norbert Jokl
19702:
Akten der internationalen albanologischen Kolloquiums, Innsbruck, 1972, zum Gedächtnis an Norbert Jokl
18603:
17388:
9848:" loc.sg.def). The cases apply to both definite and indefinite nouns, and there are numerous cases of
24397:
23533:
23042:
22316:
22161:
22133:
22056:
21710:
21585:
21519:
21476:
21187:
20642:
20412:
16663:
16326:
Kazhdan, Alexander (Ed.) (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53.
16214:
Lindstedt, Jouko (2000). "Linguistic balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement".
9538:
9424:
8981:
8824:
8761:
8384:
8284:
8170:
4172:
4137:
3810:
3114:
19837:
Pisani, Vittore (1964). "Les origines de la langue albanaise, questions de principe et de méthode".
7860:) (1980). Prior to World War II, dictionaries consulted by developers of the standard have included
24867:
24428:
23799:
23790:
23195:
22732:
22051:
21481:
21368:
21227:
20674:
20568:
20355:
20330:
19645:
Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften
19219:
Gjinari, Jorgji (1976). "Struktura dialektore e shqipes e parë në lidhje me historinë e popullit".
15504:
14825:
11311:
9849:
9650:
9433:
8014:
4588:
4432:
4322:
4142:
3673:
3505:
3456:
3352:
3154:
3109:
3104:
3024:
2189:
1410:
1077:
1069:
1046:
784:
585:
22364:
19709:Ölberg, Hermann (1982). "Kontributi i gjuhësisë për çështjen e atdheut ballkanik të shqiptarëve".
18467:
Der Gebrauch von Infinitiv nagger und Konjunktiv im Altalbanischen mit Ausblick auf das Rumänische
17656:
16056:
Vermeer, Willem (2008). "The prehistory of the Albanian vowel system: A preliminary exploration".
15473:
and Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
14975:
14658:
14578:
14545:
2213:
The place and the time that the Albanian language was formed are uncertain. The American linguist
1095:
There are large numbers of Albanian speakers in the United States, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and
24697:
24477:
23959:
23944:
23730:
23638:
23495:
23372:
23175:
22769:
22674:
22599:
22390:
22277:
22221:
21896:
21777:
21663:
21509:
21419:
21373:
21313:
21262:
21247:
21207:
21151:
21140:
21028:
20802:
20786:
20769:
20612:
20575:
20561:
20360:
20349:
20128:
14316:
Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (16 August 2022).
14124:
Franceschini, Rita (2014). "Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions". In Fäcke, Christiane (ed.).
12203:
12160:
10926:
10689:
8939:
8697:
8676:
8633:
8377:
8204:
8195:
8177:
7873:
7774:
4327:
4054:
3164:
3159:
3149:
2793:
2417:
2208:
2126:
1959:
1575:
1571:
1305:
1050:
1042:
701:
190:
162:
112:
17235:
Wild Songs, Sweet Songs: The Albanian Epic in the Collections of Milman Parry and Albert B. Lord
14793:
Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line.
13067:
151 Albanian words of Latin origin were not inherited in Romanian. A few examples include Latin
11175:
In certain dialects, numerals with an extra syllable may undergo metrical syncope. For example,
7919:
the end of the 9th grade and at the end of the 12th grade in order to continue their education.
2188:
linguistic affinity with Latin and Romance languages. Sharing linguistic features unique to the
2118:. The only other languages that are the sole surviving members of a branch of Indo-European are
2114:
within the Indo-European language family; no other language has been conclusively linked to its
1570:, within which it occupies an independent position. In 1854, Albanian was demonstrated to be an
24883:
24743:
24712:
24548:
24303:
24085:
24002:
23917:
23725:
23435:
22914:
22691:
22667:
22282:
21938:
21826:
21800:
21610:
21496:
21318:
20807:
20776:
20665:
20649:
20425:
20370:
20296:
20242:
20033:. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat & Paolo Ramat. London-NY: Routledge, 1998, pp. 25–73.
19118:
18485:
Storia linguistica del sud-est europeo: Crisi della Romània balcanica tra alto e basso medioevo
16431:
14040:
12187:
12180:
11621:
11563:"vine-branch, grape-vine", with a sense development similar to Germanic *stamniz, meaning both
11328:
8850:
8215:
8054:
4317:
4289:
4073:
3975:
3741:
3587:
3211:
3049:
2941:
2880:
2835:
2775:
2767:
2421:
2229:
A deeper analysis of the vocabulary, however, shows that could be a consequence of a prolonged
2168:
2137:
1967:
1844:
1586:
1309:
961:
The language is spoken by approximately 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in Albania,
838:
in their standard varieties, with Gheg spoken to the north and Tosk spoken to the south of the
835:
776:
709:
19723:
19475:
Lloshi, Xhevat (1994). Reiter, Norbert; Hinrichs, Uwe; van Leeuwen-Turnovcova, Jirina (eds.).
16697:
15717:
14096:
12662:
12292:; "to smear, to oil"< Proto-Albanian *elaiwanja < *elaiwa (olive oil) < Greek elaion
11744:"ace", which might represent a borrowing and adaptation from Illyrian or even Proto-Albanian.
10991:
Subjunctive, imperative, optative, or non-finite forms of verbs are negated with the particle
2607:
2493:
2291:
24148:
23997:
23501:
23344:
23141:
22686:
22629:
22400:
22385:
21943:
21821:
21750:
21668:
20891:
20658:
20605:
20596:
20589:
20301:
20291:
20272:
20266:
19380:
17354:
17333:
15811:
15243:
15197:
14937:"Morphological and phonological origins of Albanian nasals and its parallels with other laws"
14677:
14235:
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact: Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change
13729:"fence, garden" is either considered a native Albanian word that was loaned into Romanian as
12700:
11609:
11231:
8483:
8407:
8107:
8098:
8044:
4464:
4293:
3201:
3197:
3182:
3178:
2568:
2115:
1474:
1359:
1335:
1242:
1161:
1061:
903:
887:
819:
243:
223:
23467:
20699:
18976:
18778:
18445:
Ajeti, Idriz (1972). "Për historinë e marrëdhënieve të hershme gjuhësore shqiptare-sllave".
13587:, though such loans had been claimed earlier in the 19th century by early linguists such as
10936:
In indicative, conditional, or admirative sentences, negation is expressed by the particles
7765:
Until the early 20th century, Albanian writing developed in three main literary traditions:
1906:
Glottolog and Ethnologue recognize four Albanian languages. They are classified as follows:
1330:
is divided into five sub-dialects, including Northern Tosk (the most numerous in speakers),
24600:
24491:
23992:
23969:
23740:
23600:
23554:
23295:
22827:
22415:
22302:
22093:
21745:
21620:
21573:
21452:
21242:
20886:
20628:
20619:
20384:
17756:
Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian".
17290:(in Albanian) (2). Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë: 96.
15454:
12804:'time, instance'. An analogous mutation occurred from Proto-Indo-European to Albanian; PIE
12661:
are retained as palatal and velar stops in the Albanian loanwords. Gustav Meyer (1888) and
12190:, some of which predate the "o-a" shift common to the modern forms of this language group.
10810:' in Albanian, one may use any of the following orders, with slight pragmatic differences:
10523:
The definite article can be in the form of noun suffixes, which vary with gender and case.
8719:
8222:
8118:
7786:
4740:, despite having a "satem-like" realization of the palatal dorsals in most cases. Thus PIE
4410:
4375:
3688:
3371:
3323:
3260:
3230:
3188:
3168:
3032:
2886:
2045:
1558:
1442:
1177:
1065:
899:
891:
247:
92:
23894:
23886:
23407:
22994:
22978:
22511:
22477:
20896:
20091:
15972:
Matasovic, Ranko (2012). "A grammatical sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European".
14854:
13957:
3556:
2667:
1355:
1343:
1252:
1104:
911:
532:
235:
8:
24847:
24792:
24677:
24366:
24237:
23939:
23900:
23644:
23290:
23123:
23098:
22888:
22679:
22405:
22334:
22041:
21891:
21785:
21725:
21720:
21705:
21542:
21338:
21277:
20901:
20764:
20437:
20394:
20142:
19854:. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 345–366.
19513:
19258:
18977:
18492:
18447:
17527:
16747:
16314:
16184:
15421:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 352. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
15363:"Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis"
15067:
14829:
14070:
11427:
10793:
10792:
For more information on verb conjugation and on inflection of other parts of speech, see
10512:
9773:
9755:
9152:
8307:
8232:
3683:
3678:
3574:
3498:
3463:
3386:
3376:
3235:
2936:
2931:
2900:
2606:
with some Slavic letters adapted for Albanian vowels. The book was discovered in 1740 by
2393:
2305:
2235:
1347:
895:
122:
102:
97:
24074:
23621:
23399:
20002:
Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia
16648:
15199:
Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity
15073:
Article 5 1. The official languages in the Republic of Kosovo are Albanian and Serbian.
14285:
14260:
13635:
as seen in most Latin and ancient Greek loans, but had not yet experienced the shift of
24842:
24832:
24722:
24667:
24642:
24387:
23926:
23735:
23685:
23282:
23273:
23259:
23077:
23022:
22963:
22871:
22866:
22762:
22755:
22727:
22103:
21878:
21859:
21836:
21805:
21504:
21252:
21212:
21166:
21063:
21055:
20926:
20812:
20340:
19920:
19893:
A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
19818:
19570:
19448:
19353:
18820:
Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (2022).
18591:. Der türkische Einfluss auf das Albanische. Vol. 2. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
18582:. Der türkische Einfluss auf das Albanische. Vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
16905:
16231:
16196:
16128:
16073:
16016:(August 1995). Written at Manchester, UK. Smith, John Charles; Bentley, Delia (eds.).
15539:
15522:
15385:
15019:
Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (2022).
14298:
14232:
Friedman, Victor (2022). "The Balkans". In Salikoko Mufwene, Anna Maria Escobar (ed.).
13511:
11431:
11411:
11337:
10516:
9777:
9769:
9734:
8126:
8049:
4389:
4340:
4274:
4258:
3883:
3536:
3275:
2961:
2866:
2861:
2692:
In 1967 two scholars claimed to have found a Letter text in Albanian inserted into the
2164:
1978:
1818:
Albanian in the Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (
1582:
1135:
1111:
1096:
811:
788:
656:
219:
107:
21192:
18975:
Demiraj, B.; Esposito, A. (2009). "Albanian". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
12665:(1914) later corroborated this. Meyer noted the similarity between the Albanian verbs
7991:
is lost at the end of the word. The stress is fixed mainly on the last syllable. Gheg
577:
24837:
24647:
24637:
24614:
24522:
24496:
24079:
24069:
24061:
23987:
23807:
23776:
23763:
23754:
23699:
23693:
23678:
23524:
23462:
23444:
23350:
23326:
23249:
23222:
23208:
23180:
23131:
23108:
22998:
22986:
22982:
22881:
22701:
22657:
22639:
22410:
22310:
22241:
22236:
22226:
21237:
21161:
20986:
20971:
20961:
20931:
20881:
20845:
20822:
20534:
20527:
20520:
20499:
20474:
20417:
20389:
20220:
20057:
20006:
19943:
19897:
19864:
19741:
19607:
19557:
19500:
19407:
19388:
19343:
19328:
19161:
19132:
18984:
18961:
18940:
18923:
18886:
18862:
18607:
18550:
18533:
18510:
18016:
17829:
17821:
17794:
17705:
17662:
17635:
17608:
17548:
17453:
17316:
17266:
17239:
17193:
17140:
17033:
16770:
16762:
16751:
16718:
16669:
16566:
16542:(1). Academia Republicii Socialiste România, Academia Republicii Populare Romîne: 102
16503:
16435:
16404:
16327:
16289:
16223:
16188:
16151:
16132:
16120:
16065:
16021:
15945:
15912:
15905:
15865:
15823:
15784:
15723:
15685:
15648:
15623:
15590:
15569:
15544:
15422:
15389:
15344:
15305:
15255:
15247:
15203:
15100:
14683:
14415:
14302:
14290:
14239:
14131:
14113:. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. 11 June 2013. pp. 4–5, 9.
14046:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13564:
13443:
12750:
12156:
11415:
10716:
10681:
10508:
9718:
9714:
9458:
9188:
8363:
8273:
8188:
8071:
8061:
4403:
4369:
4361:
4305:
4299:
4281:
4252:
4231:
4217:
4209:
3979:
3840:
3780:
3762:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3660:
3655:
3484:
3347:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2968:
2954:
2914:
2893:
2830:
2193:
2145:
2141:
2119:
2105:
2093:
1897:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1835:
1721:
1683:
1633:
1602:
1445:
held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Manastir (present day
1438:
1426:
1379:
1209:
986:
951:
925:
867:
815:
804:
800:
792:
757:
733:
713:
696:
685:
666:
274:
78:
72:
58:
23547:
23508:
23358:
21202:
18922:. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise, Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise.
17030:
Palatalisation in Albanian : an acoustic investigation of stops and affricates.
16910:
12749:'laurel'. Latin /au/ is retained in later loans, but is altered in a way similar to
9861:(mountain), a noun in the masculine class which takes "i" in the definite singular:
9764:(subject–verb–object) like English and many other Indo-European languages. Albanian
9742:
2405:
2357:
2308:") recorded by Pal Engjelli, Bishop of Durrës in 1462 in the Gheg dialect, and some
631:
24827:
24806:
24727:
24717:
24702:
24692:
24672:
24527:
24517:
24412:
24407:
24392:
24287:
24272:
24256:
23818:
23672:
23614:
23593:
23577:
23570:
23561:
23487:
23336:
23318:
23228:
23162:
23156:
23146:
23059:
23051:
23026:
23014:
22778:
22624:
22481:
22468:
22255:
22246:
22166:
21293:
21267:
20976:
20966:
20936:
20452:
20404:
20315:
20283:
20251:
20227:
20156:
19850:
Pisani, Vittore (1977). "Sulla genesi dell'albanese". In Ölberg, Hermann M. (ed.).
19731:
19544:
19320:
19272:"The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View"
19147:
18843:
18833:
18643:
16895:
16887:
16396:
16262:
16180:
16112:
15807:
15534:
15377:
15274:
The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area
15042:
15032:
14952:
14915:
14337:
14329:
14280:
14272:
13943:
13556:
13535:
13482:
12981:
12176:
11407:
10685:
10677:
10504:
9781:
8039:
4816:
4397:
4347:
4164:
3970:
3858:
3798:
3775:
3718:
3713:
3650:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3295:
2908:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2640:
2424:
and their scarce attestation. Some loanwords, however, have been proposed, such as
2361:
2349:
2111:
2037:
1977:
The first attested written mention of the Albanian language was on 14 July 1284 in
1422:
1383:
1321:
1316:, which is however classified as Central Gheg. There is also a diaspora dialect in
915:
843:
600:
280:
212:
208:
20081:
by Brian Joseph, Angelo Costanzo, and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
2708:
That thunder. It did not fall. It did not fall for you, the one which would do it.
1838:
is considered the closest language to Albanian, grouped in a common branch titled
810:
The first written mention of Albanian was in 1284 in a witness testimony from the
24857:
24852:
24707:
24687:
24682:
24657:
24532:
24402:
24347:
24282:
24153:
24134:
24104:
24052:
24033:
23949:
23825:
23651:
23540:
23457:
23452:
23412:
23381:
23018:
22893:
22662:
22501:
22448:
22231:
22088:
21197:
21090:
20991:
20981:
20817:
20513:
20485:
20213:
20206:
20199:
20192:
20170:
20163:
20097:
20026:
20000:
19935:
19891:
19794:
3 (1982); (in Italian) "Alcune osservazioni sull'elemento latino dell'albanese",
19650:
19601:
19434:
19155:
19128:
19122:
19077:
19055:
Desnickaja, Agnija (1973). "Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology".
18998:
18955:
18794:
Cimochowski, Wacław (1960). "Des recherches sur la toponomastique de l'Albanie".
18597:
18568:
18500:
18496:
18432:
18275:
18202:
18112:
17260:
17233:
17229:
16425:
16387:
Müller, Peter O.; Ohnheiser, Ingeborg; Olsen, Susan; Rainer, Franz, eds. (2016).
15859:
15668:
15642:
15563:
15508:
15489:
15466:
15416:
15096:
15090:
15062:
14409:
14233:
13987:
13576:
13486:
13478:
12216:
11423:
9729:
in the 16th century, various vowel letters and digraphs were employed, including
9441:
8473:
8092:
8066:
4694:
4478:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4418:
4354:
4333:
4311:
3896:
3785:
3708:
3617:
3550:
3491:
3357:
3089:
3074:
3064:
3059:
2975:
2947:
2700:"A star has fallen in a place in the woods, distinguish the star, distinguish it.
2651:. In 1968 the book was published with transliterations and comments by linguists.
2648:
2583:
2149:
2129:
2085:
1655:
1645:
1430:
1418:
1393:
1010:
990:
966:
879:
863:
725:
337:
154:
19596:. Edited by Wolfgang Dahmen et al. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012, pp. 75–103.
18135:
Festschrift der 57. Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulmänner in Salzberg
15612:
14261:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
12464:; with the Albanian simplification of -dri̯- to -j- reflecting that of earlier *
10077:(bird), a noun in the masculine class which takes "u" in the definite singular:
7806:
continued to develop freely and interaction between the two dialects increased.
2499:
2282:
848:
24662:
24652:
24140:
24016:
23979:
23964:
23812:
23771:
23607:
23113:
23103:
23069:
23010:
22898:
22876:
21831:
21257:
20690:
20545:
20479:
19496:
Rreth alfabetit të shqipes: me rastin e 100-vjetorit të Kongresit të Manastirit
18876:
17171:
Breu, W. (2021) Italo-Albanian: Balkan Inheritance and Romance Influence p. 154
16921:
from the original on 6 January 2024 – via St Andrews Research Repository.
14238:. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
13812:
13552:
13490:
12602:
12175:
time of less significant interaction. The final period, probably preceding the
11419:
10930:
10925:
Verbal negation in Albanian is mood-dependent, a trait shared with some fellow
9066:
8547:
8526:
8445:
8137:
7798:
6295:
4223:
4090:
3965:
3523:
3477:
3445:
3381:
2872:
2748:
2636:
2326:
2261:
River. In 1079, the Albanians were recorded farther south in the valley of the
2160:
2065:
1990:
1668:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1402:
1291:
1139:
1119:
854:
Centuries-old communities speaking Albanian dialects can be found scattered in
260:
19790:
Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. "Disa vëzhgime mbi elementin Latin të shqipes" ,
19736:
19594:
Südosteuropäische Romania: Siedlungs-/Migrationsgeschichte und Sprachtypologie
19421:
Kopitar, Jernej K. (1829). "Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache".
19324:
19245:
Gjinari, Jorgji; Beci, Bahri; Shkurtaj, Gjovalin; Gosturani, Xheladin (2007).
18838:
18821:
18621:
16267:
16116:
15037:
15020:
14333:
12706:
9812:), although the vocative only occurs with a limited number of words (such as '
2269:, is approximately the boundary of the primary dialect division for Albanian,
24904:
24109:
24038:
24025:
23954:
23832:
23389:
23006:
22990:
22849:
22845:
22506:
22395:
22179:
20918:
20876:
20868:
20260:
19878:
19809:
Pisani, Vittore (1950). "L'albanais et les autres langues indo-européennes".
19540:
16227:
16192:
16124:
16069:
15548:
15470:
14259:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022).
13992:
13967:
13584:
13540:
12199:
11301:
9401:
9191:. However, in most of the dialects, as also in standard Albanian, the single
8568:
8313:
8238:
8143:
7982:
7970:
4483:
3947:
3863:
3580:
3438:
3300:
3054:
2663:
2530:
2455:
2309:
2274:
2270:
1852:
1765:
1750:
1414:
1327:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1259:
1229:
1100:
929:
827:
823:
562:
552:
230:
203:
19959:
Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie
18927:
18659:Çabej, Eqrem (1974). "Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe".
18178:
18133:
Jokl, Norbert (1929). "Balkangermanisches und Germanisches in Albanischen".
17259:
Hamp, Eric Pratt (3 June 2011). "Albanian". In Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.).
16570:
15272:
14276:
12980:
Some 85 Latin words have survived in Albanian but not (as inherited) in any
11196:
Beside the Indo-European decimal numeration, there are also remnants of the
4732:, but were depalatalised to merge with the back velars when in contact with
3270:
1087:
Albanian became an official language in North Macedonia on 15 January 2019.
1076:. These are mainly immigrants from Kosovo who migrated during the 1990s. In
24277:
24159:
23934:
23862:
23136:
22264:
21883:
19669:
Mihăescu, Haralambie (1966). "Les éléments latins de la langue albanaise".
19636:
19290:
19254:
19151:
18624:(1962). "Disa probleme themelore të historisë së vjetër të gjuhës shqipe".
18537:
16932:
16891:
16171:
Friedman, Victor A. (2011). "The Balkan languages and Balkan linguistics".
16013:
16009:
15713:
14957:
14936:
14920:
14899:
14294:
13588:
13580:
12864:
11321:
9088:
8084:
7754:
4737:
4102:
3940:
3414:
3285:
3084:
3079:
3069:
2734:
2722:
2603:
2413:
2330:
2214:
2176:
2172:
2022:
1541:
1406:
1388:
1056:
Albanian is the third most common mother tongue among foreign residents in
946:
270:
22486:
19197:
Gjinari, Jorgji (1969). "Mbi vazhdimësinë e ilirishtes në gjuhën shqipe".
17475:
Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity : Řada klasická
16400:
15381:
14081:
Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
12709:
also noticed, among other things, the archaic Latin elements in Albanian:
2348:
One of the earliest Albanian dictionaries was written in 1693; it was the
1331:
1237:
557:
547:
537:
527:
518:
24167:
23030:
19624:. 2 vols. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1957/1959.
18675:
Buletin i Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës. Seria e Shkencave Shoqërore
17338:"A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient–The Case of Albanian Culture."
17232:(2021). "The Epic Admirative in Albanian". In Scaldaferri, Nicola (ed.).
12833:
Latin unstressed internal and initial syllables become lost in Albanian:
12144:
9801:
9726:
9413:
9396:
8590:
7978:
4078:
4064:
4028:
3736:
2693:
2674:
Albanian scripts were produced earlier than the first attested document,
2595:
2474:
2431:
2334:
2322:
2266:
2258:
1290:
spoken in the north. Standard Albanian is based on the Tosk dialect. The
1197:
1181:
1064:. Approximately 1 million Albanians from Kosovo are dispersed throughout
501:
488:
20078:
18781:(1950). "Recherches sur l'histoire du sandhi dans la langue albanaise".
17846:
17844:
17842:
16973:
16652:
in "Zeitschrift für Balkanologie", Berlin, 22 February 1986, p. 158-162.
16235:
16200:
16077:
15983:
15124:
9713:) was preserved in Albanian, in some cases it was lost, possibly when a
3265:
772:. Albanian is estimated to have as many as 7.5 million native speakers.
24569:
24472:
23477:
23214:
22438:
22369:
21110:
20908:
19704:. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
19184:
Gjinari, Jorgji (1968). "Për historinë e dialekteve të gjuhës shqipe".
19089:
18709:Çabej, Eqrem (1972). "Problemi i vendit të formimit të gjuhës shqipe".
18564:
17654:
17132:
16900:
16250:
15618:
15599:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
13962:
11516:(southern Albanian dialect or Tosk) "appetite, pleasure, desire, wish"
11362:
10700:
10362:
10323:
10146:
10107:
9930:
9891:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9473:
9406:
7974:
4041:
3955:
3833:
3598:
2611:
2514:
1885:
1881:
1581:. Albanian was formerly compared by a few Indo-European linguists with
1578:
1339:
1247:
1038:
1014:
974:
956:(The map does not indicate where the language is majority or minority.)
907:
729:
542:
353:
239:
15610:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022).
15589:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
2598:
between 20 March 1554 and 5 January 1555. The book was written in the
2575:
2389:
1180:
that he established, a large part of the former Egyptian and Sudanese
787:
in the region. Albanian in antiquity is often thought to have been an
23254:
22214:
21333:
21130:
21105:
21072:
20082:
19755:
Pedersen, Holger (1894). "Bidrag til den albanesiske Sproghistorie".
18688:
2 (1970): 77–95 (In German "Über einige Lautregeln des Albanischen",
18684:Çabej, Eqrem. "Mbi disa rregulla të fonetikës historike të shqipes",
17839:
15885:
15595:
13612:
13464:
12168:
12164:
11370:
11235:
11197:
10696:
9445:
7932:
4244:
4021:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3985:
3853:
2712:
Like the ears, you should not believe ... that the moon fell when ...
2623:
2265:
River. The Shkumbin, a 181 km long river that lies near the old
1986:
1351:
1193:
1192:
Albanian is also spoken by Albanian diaspora communities residing in
1157:
941:
859:
831:
570:
511:
475:
457:
135:
20712:
19641:
Albanesische Studien I. Die Pluralbildungen der albanesischen Nomina
19404:
Dokumente historiko-gjuhësore: vëndi i shqipes ndër gjuhët evropiane
19249:. Vol. 1. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientali.
18859:
Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz
18761:
Appendice al saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese
18673:Çabej, Eqrem. "Rreth disa çështjeve të historisë së gjuhës shqipe",
16393:
Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe
16388:
16369:
14900:"Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect"
2548:), a short list of Albanian phrases with German glosses, dated 1496.
2510:
1214:
914:
in southern Italy, have preserved archaic elements of the language.
592:
to 55-AAA-ahe (25 varieties) 55-AAA-aaa to 55-AAA-ahe (25 varieties)
23584:
22458:
22443:
21673:
21125:
21120:
21100:
21095:
21020:
20781:
19984:
Thumb, Albert (1909). "Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen".
19728:
The Indo-European Language Family : A Phylogenetic Perspective
19160:. Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics. Routledge. pp. 385–403.
18879:(1998). "Albanian". In Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo (eds.).
17788:
17631:
Homeric whispers: intimations of orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey
17428:
16283:
16150:(1st ed.). United States of America: Anchor Books. p. 3.
15939:
15640:
14876:
13937:
13851:
13604:
13519:
12140:
11361:
from other languages augmenting and replacing much of its original
11358:
10684:(three simple and five complex constructions) is distinctive among
10672:
structure in place of the earlier synthetic system, inherited from
10467:
10397:
10251:
10181:
10035:
9965:
9809:
9805:
9797:
9495:
8505:
5475:
5454:
4733:
4187:
4178:
4069:
3870:
3845:
3749:
3240:
2816:
2441:
2409:
2262:
2156:
2133:
2041:
2033:
indicate that some form of common literary language had developed.
1963:
1708:
1590:
1367:
1143:
919:
839:
796:
795:. The Indo-European subfamily that gave rise to Albanian is called
761:
705:
643:
167:
19462:
Kretschmer, Paul (1935). "Sprachliche Vorgeschichte des Balkans".
18819:
17183:"Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian"
16877:"The idea of a Kosovan language in Yugoslavia's language politics"
16097:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, xvi + 376 pp.
15018:
14315:
12972:'husband', etc. In turn, Latin /s/ was altered to /ʃ/ in Albanian.
12703:, an Austrian linguist, had proposed the same hypothesis in 1854.
11617:
9679:
can also range to an open-mid sound in the Northern Tosk dialect.
2666:. It was published in 1592 and is written in an early form of the
2498:(Baptismal Formula), which dates back to 1462 and was authored by
2253:, the most important Albanian periodical of the early 20th century
2245:
2092:, the language was not officially recognised until 1909, when the
1134:, with more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and
24114:
23630:
23185:
23170:
22822:
22433:
22324:
21443:
21115:
21085:
21080:
21051:
20378:
19092:(1974). "Prapashtesa ilire dhe shqipe, përkime dhe paralelizma".
17043:
16427:
Književnost na tlu Crne Gore i Boke Kotorske od XVI do XVIII veka
16039:
16037:
15063:"Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo (with amendments I-XXVI)"
14513:
14511:
14509:
14507:
13952:
13608:
7778:
4237:
4201:
4194:
3992:
3612:
3245:
2619:
2591:
2526:
Unë të pagëzoj në emër të Atit, të Birit e të Shpirtit të Shenjtë
2470:
2466:
2401:
2381:
2317:
2185:
2171:, the vocabulary of Albanian is quite distinct. In 1995, Taylor,
2089:
1982:
1848:
1593:
with Albanian. Other linguists linked the Albanian language with
1317:
1169:
1110:
In the United States and Canada, there are approximately 250,000
1073:
1026:
1018:
1002:
875:
780:
769:
745:
741:
717:
639:
424:
411:
311:
19938:. In Kapović, Mate; Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo (eds.).
19686:. Bucharest and Paris: Editura Academiei and Les Belles Lettres.
19603:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
19082:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
18773:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 50–57.
18570:Über das Albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen
18459:
Gjurmime albanologjike – Seria e shkencave filologjike II – 1972
16788:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
16715:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
15482:
15092:
Complex Pattern Mining: New Challenges, Methods and Applications
14042:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
9746:
Macedonia, the phoneme is still pronounced as back and rounded.
2385:
2184:
do not corroborate the lexical isoglosses. Albanian also shares
1165:
24787:
24232:
23472:
22491:
22453:
20506:
19175:
Genesin, Monica (1998). "Albanian". In Price, Glanville (ed.).
19017:
Demiraj, Bardhyl (2012). "La Maledizione dell'Epirota (1483)".
18644:"Zur Charakteristik der lateinischen Lehnwörter im Albanischen"
13515:
10503:
The definite article is placed after the noun as in many other
10432:
10216:
10000:
9247:
due to technical limitations, in analogy to the other digraphs
9228:
3960:
3914:
3433:
3250:
2706:
Do you see where the great voice has resounded? Stand beside it
2615:
2397:
2223:
2218:
2026:
1446:
1363:
1301:
1131:
1030:
1006:
978:
970:
962:
855:
765:
753:
749:
721:
398:
324:
19:"Arbënisht" and "Arbërisht" redirect here. For other uses, see
19559:
A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European
18937:
Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe
18269:
Slavic-Albanian language contact, convergence, and coexistence
18196:
Slavic-Albanian language contact, convergence, and coexistence
18179:
A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo-European
18124:
Banfi, Emanuele (1985). "Linguistica balcanica". Bologna: 162.
18106:
Slavic-Albanian language contact, convergence, and coexistence
17790:
Slavic-Albanian language contact, convergence, and coexistence
17318:
A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European
16285:
Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence
16034:
15941:
Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence
14504:
12906:
Latin /tj/, /dj/, /kj/ palatalized to Albanian /s/, /z/, /c/:
11268:. Albanian is the only Balkan language that has preserved the
9686:
can also be heard as more open-mid sounds , in free variation.
7850:(1976) (Orthographic Dictionary of the Albanian Language) and
2751:(1600–1685), author of the first Latin-Albanian grammar book,
2704:
Distinguish the star from the others, they are ours, they are.
2551:
a song, recorded in the Greek alphabet, retrieved from an old
1130:
Approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian ancestry live in
22958:
22496:
20704:
20492:
19977:
La stratificazione del lessico albanese: Elementi indoeuropei
19084:. Vol. 3. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1732–1749.
18153:
18089:
17870:
17864:
17567:
16741:
16635:
An Albanian text older than the "Christening Formula" of 1462
16342:
16340:
13819:
Hydronyms present a complicated picture; the term for "sea" (
13531:
12683:(meaning "to welcome"). Therefore, he believed that the word
12465:
12459:
12447:
12433:
12420:
12407:
12387:
12374:
12368:
12355:
12342:
12329:
12315:
12301:
12280:
12266:
12253:
12239:
12233:
12220:
12148:
10708:
10704:
9696:
9607:
7928:
4059:
3933:
3927:
3909:
3280:
3255:
2632:
2628:
2552:
2300:
Un'te paghesont' pr'emenit t'Atit e t'Birit e t'Spertit Senit
2230:
1566:
Albanian constitutes one of the eleven major branches of the
1173:
1149:
1057:
1022:
982:
883:
737:
385:
19244:
19033:(1986). "Gli illiri del Sud. Tentativo di una definizione".
19010:
Scritti in onore di Eric Pratt Hamp per il suo 90 compleanno
17072:. Institute of Acoustics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
16496:
Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982).
16455:
16453:
16451:
15661:
14258:
13575:
Albanian is also known to possess a small set of loans from
7785:
among the Albanians, but was less prevalent in writing. The
2718:
Call the light when the moon falls and no longer exists ..."
21678:
20029:. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in
19586:
Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung
19484:
Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). "Albanian". In Hinrichs, Uwe (ed.).
18742:. Translated by Fox, Leonard. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
18696:Çabej, Eqrem (1972). "L'ancien nom national des albanais".
18239:
18237:
15343:. London, UK: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
14076:
12780:
Latin /oː/ becomes Albanian /e/ in the oldest Latin loans:
12713:
Latin /au/ becomes Albanian /a/ in the earliest loanwords:
10669:
9765:
7770:
7766:
4451:
2738:
2599:
2152:.Among these possibilities, Illyrian is the most probable.
1153:
19477:
Substandard Albanian and Its Relation to Standard Albanian
18050:
18038:
17655:
Eggebrecht, Arne; Roemer-Museum; Pelizaeus-Museum (1988).
17133:
Elsie, Robert; London Centre for Albanian Studies (2005).
16956:
16386:
16337:
15748:
15304:. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council.
14435:
14433:
14431:
14389:
9218:. It is pronounced as one sound, not a nasal plus a glide.
7844:
More recent dictionaries from the Albanian government are
1466:
1454:
642:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
22706:
19833:. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier, 1959, pp. 96–114.
19691:
Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter (1982).
17881:"bee", which is a natural derivative of Proto-Albanian *
16708:
16706:
16477:
16465:
16448:
16395:. Vol. 5. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. p. 3124.
15014:
15012:
14494:
14492:
14490:
14477:
14475:
14445:
13854:
likely had an excess of dangerous whirlpools and depths.
13709:
12818:
12805:
10526:
For example, in singular nominative, masculine nouns add
9707:
9700:
7718:
7683:
7648:
7592:
7560:
7527:
7490:
7457:
7422:
7387:
7351:
7318:
7282:
7246:
7210:
7179:
7124:
7090:
7056:
7022:
6920:
6877:
6844:
6809:
6773:
6743:
6711:
6677:
6637:
6595:
6533:
6503:
6465:
6434:
6405:
6375:
6340:
6238:
6202:
6171:
6137:
6105:
6072:
6040:
6010:
5980:
5952:
5921:
5892:
5861:
5830:
5800:
5770:
5733:
5677:
5647:
5611:
5575:
5540:
5510:
5403:
5373:
5342:
5311:
5279:
5249:
5215:
5141:
5111:
5072:
5014:
4982:
4929:
4898:
4857:
has arisen elsewhere idiosyncratically (for example Alb.
4845:
4838:
4819:
4800:
4793:
4780:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4678:
4665:
4658:
4633:
4606:
4599:
1995:
Audivi unam vocem, clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca
989:, the worldwide total of speakers is much higher than in
19373:
Studies on the History of Albanian in the Balkan context
18957:
The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated
18406:
18382:
18370:
18334:
18322:
18234:
18092:
The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins
18062:
17684:
Ancient Indo-European dialects: proceedings, Volume 1963
17604:
Diokletian und die Tetrarchie: Aspekte einer Zeitenwende
16841:
16839:
16837:
16822:
16637:, in "Magazin Istoric", nr. 8, Bucharest, November 1967.
16620:
Demiraj, Shaban. "Albanian". In Ramat and Ramat (2006),
16565:(in Albanian). Vol. I. Botimet Toena. p. 311.
16532:"Di nuovo sulle biografie scanderbegiane del XVI secolo"
15501:
14462:
14460:
14015:
14013:
14011:
14009:
10715:. The Albanian use of admirative forms is unique in the
7777:. Throughout this time, a Gheg subdialect spoken around
2306:
the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit
2096:
decided that Albanian schools would finally be allowed.
18750:
Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese
18083:
17974:
16993:
16991:
15836:
15760:
15323:
15321:
14523:
14428:
2555:
that was written in Greek. The document is also called
1851:
prior to 2000 BC. To this group would belong Albanian,
605:
Map of countries where Albanian holds official status:
18502:
Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
17901:
17899:
17294:
16703:
15277:(Ph.D). University of California Berkeley. p. 87.
15125:"Linguistic diversity among foreign citizens in Italy"
15009:
14755:
14487:
14472:
11738:"ram", corresponding contextually with south Slavonic
2571:
people who had emigrated to Italy in the 15th century.
2520:
Unte paghesont premenit Atit et Birit et Spertit Senit
704:
language and the only surviving representative of the
19440:
Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache
19369:
Studime për historinë e shqipes në kontekst ballkanik
17816:
17814:
16834:
16577:
15644:
Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas
14457:
14414:(in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos. pp. 313–314, 316.
14039:
Klein, Jared; Brian, Joseph; Fritz, Matthias (2018).
14006:
11406:
Lexical distance of Albanian to other languages in a
11391:(flower), which has been tentatively linked to Latin
10287:
The following table shows the declension of the noun
9717:
preceded it. Until the standardisation of the modern
1896:
Albanian represents one of the core languages of the
1294:
is the rough dividing line between the two dialects.
23852:
20092:
glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
19861:
Barleti i hershëm sipas një dorëshkrimi të panjohur
19690:
19008:. In Belluscio, Gianni; Mendicino, Antonino (eds.).
19003:"Gli insediamenti degli albanesi nell'alto medioevo"
18580:
Phonologie und Morphologie der albanischen Turzismen
18394:
18358:
18346:
18281:
18249:
18080:
A. Rosetti, Istoria limbii române, 1986, pp. 195–197
17962:
17950:
17923:
17911:
17585:
17583:
17581:
17422:
17420:
17369:
17190:
Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology
17032:
PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
16988:
16495:
15609:
15318:
13933:
4851:), but this is generally not followed elsewhere, as
215:
21628:
20841:
Linguistic parallels with Eastern Romance languages
19956:
19693:
Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students
19124:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
19012:. Rende: Università della Calabria. pp. 73–83.
17896:
17595:
16499:
Standard Albanian: a reference grammar for students
15264:
9339:in final position, otherwise it is an allophone of
8018:
8008:
7998:
7992:
7861:
6658:
6618:
6568:
6559:
4593:
2696:text, a book written in Latin dating to 1402–1405.
2202:
928:is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on
20127:
18317:Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics
18229:Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics
17811:
16884:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
15904:
15611:
15088:
14823:
14721:
14719:
2622:. There are also texts of prayers and rituals and
1152:also lays claim to about 18,000 Albanians, mostly
1001:The Albanian language is the official language of
19488:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 277–299.
18849:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f
18826:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
17578:
17417:
17188:. In Chafe, Wallace L.; Nichols, Johanna (eds.).
17126:
16974:Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë (1980).
16857:
16007:
15410:
15408:
15406:
15048:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f
15025:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
14934:
14343:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f
14322:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
14086:
11327:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
8036:
1282:The Albanian language has two distinct dialects,
24902:
23885:
19730:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–222.
19319:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–245.
19297:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 65–67.
18148:Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprafche
17407:"How much does language change when it travels?"
16790:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1757.
16255:Balkanologie. Revue d'Études Pluridisciplinaires
16148:The Romance Languages: A linguistic introduction
15864:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 10–11.
15147:"Macedonia's Albanian-Language Bill Becomes Law"
14941:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America
14904:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America
14675:
14252:
12693:, which in turn was derived from the Latin word
10804:Albanian word order is relatively free. To say '
7823:Albanian Institute of Linguistics and Literature
5708:Reflexes of PIE labiovelar plosives in Albanian
2513:. Engjëlli was a close friend and counsellor of
1017:. Albanian is a recognised minority language in
19979:. Bologna: Casa editrice Prof. Riccardo Pàtron.
19957:Schumacher, Stefan; Matzinger, Joachim (2013).
19310:
19259:"The Position of Albanian, Ancient IE dialects"
18974:
18913:. Tirana: Shtëpia botuese e librit universitar.
18595:
18010:
17755:
17496:
17494:
17049:
16712:
16376:. Wiesbaden: Reichert – via Academia.edu.
16370:"The development of the PIE middle in Albanian"
16043:
15802:
15800:
15694:
15361:Chang, Will; Chundra, Cathcart (January 2015).
14971:
14716:
14654:
14574:
14541:
14517:
14208:
14038:
13771:
13040:'sunny place out of the wind, sunbathed area',
10071:The following shows the declension of the noun
9227:sound is a velarised lateral, close to English
7935:. Like English, Albanian has dental fricatives
2682:they still use Latin letters in all their books
2654:The first printed work in Tosk Albanian is the
2367:
2257:The centre of Albanian settlement remained the
2000:The Albanian language is also mentioned in the
1819:
19588:. Munich: R. Oldenburg Verlag. pp. 13–35.
19146:Friedman, Victor A. (2020). "The Balkans". In
18979:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
17888:
17882:
17876:
17311:
17309:
16689:
16687:
16685:
15933:
15931:
15457:and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998.
15418:Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond
15403:
15244:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
14117:
13845:
13838:
13832:
13826:
13820:
13797:
13785:
13779:
13758:
13752:
13737:
13730:
13724:
13716:
13696:
13668:
13662:
13469:
13457:
13431:
13424:
13410:
13393:
13381:
13369:
13357:
13345:
13333:
13315:
13302:
13289:
13277:
13265:
13256:
13238:
13232:
13225:
13212:
13200:
13188:
13176:
13164:
13152:
13140:
13128:
13122:
13110:
13098:
13086:
13074:
13059:
13047:
13034:
13021:
13009:
12997:
12991:
12967:
12961:
12949:
12937:
12925:
12913:
12898:
12886:
12874:
12852:
12840:
12825:
12812:
12799:
12787:
12772:
12760:
12744:
12732:
12720:
12688:
12677:"to pronounce, articulate" and the Latin word
12672:
12666:
12642:
12630:
12618:
12606:
12588:
12576:
12564:
12552:
12540:
12528:
12516:
12504:
12492:
12471:
12453:
12441:
12427:
12414:
12401:
12381:
12362:
12349:
12336:
12323:
12309:
12295:
12287:
12274:
12260:
12247:
12227:
12210:
12134:
12118:
12108:
12102:
12096:
12085:
12075:
12069:
12058:
12045:
12034:
12021:
12015:
12009:
12003:
11997:
11991:
11985:
11974:
11961:
11955:
11946:
11938:
11928:
11922:
11911:
11901:
11890:
11877:
11871:
11860:
11847:
11841:
11830:
11817:
11811:
11800:
11787:
11776:
11763:
11751:
11739:
11733:
11722:
11712:
11704:
11696:
11686:
11680:
11669:
11657:
11646:
11633:
11627:
11606:
11597:
11591:
11580:
11570:
11564:
11558:
11547:
11538:
11532:
11521:
11511:
11505:
11496:
11490:
11482:
11476:
11470:
11464:
11392:
11386:
11380:
11374:
11254:
11239:
11216:
11201:
11182:
11176:
11000:
10981:
10971:
10961:
10951:
10937:
10907:
10901:
10890:
10873:
10862:
10851:
10840:
10829:
10818:
10805:
10771:
10755:
10739:
10723:
10659:
10646:
10640:
10632:
10626:
10618:
10612:
10604:
10593:
10587:
10579:
10573:
10565:
10559:
10551:
10545:
10539:
10533:
10527:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10458:
10451:
10444:
10437:
10423:
10416:
10409:
10402:
10388:
10381:
10374:
10367:
10352:
10344:
10336:
10328:
10288:
10277:
10270:
10263:
10256:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10221:
10207:
10200:
10193:
10186:
10172:
10165:
10158:
10151:
10136:
10128:
10120:
10112:
10072:
10061:
10054:
10047:
10040:
10026:
10019:
10012:
10005:
9991:
9984:
9977:
9970:
9956:
9949:
9942:
9935:
9920:
9912:
9904:
9896:
9856:
9843:
9837:
9831:
9825:
9819:
9813:
9674:
9373:
9367:
9361:
9352:
9346:
9340:
9330:
9315:
9314:, which before standardisation was written as
9309:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9281:
9272:
9266:
9260:
9254:
9248:
9238:
9222:
9192:
9182:
9176:
7986:
7883:
7877:
7867:
7855:
7845:
7726:
7691:
7656:
7608:
7573:
7540:
7507:
7470:
7438:
7403:
7367:
7331:
7295:
7262:
7226:
7192:
7139:
7105:
7071:
7037:
6933:
6900:
6890:
6857:
6825:
6790:
6755:
6724:
6693:
6649:
6608:
6577:
6550:
6515:
6484:
6446:
6418:
6387:
6356:
6250:
6219:
6183:
6152:
6118:
6089:
5905:
5874:
5842:
5811:
5782:
5752:
5689:
5659:
5628:
5592:
5552:
5522:
5415:
5385:
5354:
5323:
5292:
5261:
5231:
5154:
5123:
5088:
4942:
4910:
4873:Reflexes of PIE bilabial plosives in Albanian
4858:
4852:
4832:
4826:
4807:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4685:
4672:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4621:
2675:
2562:
2556:
2537:
2524:
2518:
2491:
2435:
2425:
2338:
2298:
2289:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1464:
1452:
690:
679:
660:
45:
36:
24770:
24585:
24455:
24330:
24215:
23798:
22941:
22805:
21036:
20728:
20113:
19722:Olsen, Birgit Anette; Thorsø, Rasmus (2022).
18769:Campbell, George L., ed. (2000). "Albanian".
17758:Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung
17658:Albanien: Schätze aus dem Land der Skipetaren
17445:
17064:
16563:Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime
16529:
15301:The Italo-Albanian Villages of Southern Italy
14935:Dedvukaj, Lindon; Gehringer, Patrick (2023).
14897:
14819:
14817:
13579:, with early inquiry into the matter done by
11489:Personal Illyrian names based on a root-word
9382:but this is not reflected in the orthography.
9209:
8859:
8833:
5190:Reflexes of PIE palatal plosives in Albanian
4957:Reflexes of PIE coronal plosives in Albanian
4563:
2049:
1409:. Both dialects had also been written in the
954:of the Albanian language in Southern Europe.
24024:
19858:
19831:Saggi di linguistica storica: Scritti scelti
19684:La langue latine dans le sud-est de l'Europe
19539:
19261:. In Birnbaum, Henrik; Puhvel, Jaan (eds.).
18626:Buletin i Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës
18190:
18188:
17491:
16346:
16310:
16308:
16249:Bayraktar, Uğur Bahadır (15 December 2011).
16018:Historical Linguistics 1995: Selected papers
15853:
15851:
15797:
15712:
15641:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1976).
15360:
14395:
14211:"Albania Aims to Register its Huge Diaspora"
14123:
14092:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14028:
13791:
13764:
13743:
13702:
13688:
13681:
13674:
13501:
13495:
12147:, whereas the strongest influence came from
10603:Nouns in the feminine class take the suffix
4815:A minority of scholars reconstruct a fourth
2481:
20051:
19721:
19536:1954; Berlin 1955; Halle an der Saale 1959.
19464:Revue internationale des études balkaniques
19367:Ismajli, Rexhep (2015). Eqrem Basha (ed.).
19293:(1994). "Albanian". In Asher, R. E. (ed.).
18806:
18793:
18777:
18219:
18217:
18215:
18213:
18211:
17329:
17327:
17306:
16735:
16682:
15928:
15806:
15783:(in German). Michigan: Pustet. p. 86.
15781:Albanien: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart
15634:
15270:
13708:, perhaps via an intermediary in a Romance
13447:
13437:
13417:
13399:
13387:
13375:
13363:
13351:
13339:
13327:
13321:
13309:
13295:
13283:
13271:
13250:
13244:
13218:
13206:
13194:
13182:
13170:
13158:
13146:
13134:
13116:
13104:
13092:
13080:
13068:
13053:
13041:
13027:
13015:
13003:
12985:
12955:
12943:
12931:
12919:
12907:
12892:
12880:
12867:
12858:
12846:
12834:
12793:
12781:
12766:
12754:
12738:
12726:
12714:
12694:
12678:
12648:
12636:
12624:
12612:
12594:
12582:
12570:
12558:
12546:
12534:
12522:
12510:
12498:
11398:
9321:
9308:in consonant clusters, such as in the word
5485:Reflexes of PIE velar plosives in Albanian
4864:
4627:
4582:
2742:
2631:. The book also contains passages from the
2445:
2011:
1972:
1823:
24777:
24763:
24592:
24578:
24462:
24448:
24337:
24323:
24222:
24208:
22948:
22934:
22812:
22798:
21043:
21029:
20735:
20721:
20120:
20106:
19974:
19925:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
19823:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
19777:
19759:. Kopenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 246–257.
19575:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
19551:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 8–11.
19461:
19453:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
19433:
19358:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
19270:Hamp, Eric; Adams, Douglas (August 2013).
19157:The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact
19067:
19054:
19045:
18960:. Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania.
17787:Curtis, Matthew Cowan (30 November 2011).
16661:
16367:
16282:Curtis, Matthew Cowan (30 November 2011).
15938:Curtis, Matthew Cowan (30 November 2011).
15414:
15234:
15232:
15189:
14814:
4570:
4556:
4534:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
2714:Try to encompass that which spurts far ...
935:
599:
20705:Articles related to the Albanian language
20052:Ylli, Xhelal; Sobolev, Andrej N. (2003).
19735:
19599:
19583:
19555:
19269:
19029:
18847:
18837:
18753:. Livorno: Successore di Egisto Vignozzi.
18596:Buchholz, Oda; Fiedler, Wilfried (1987).
18185:
17540:
17439:
17060:
17058:
16909:
16899:
16874:
16828:
16305:
16266:
16248:
16216:Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics
16213:
16058:Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics
15971:
15848:
15722:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 216.
15706:
15588:
15538:
15341:Albanian Alphabets: Borrowed and Invented
15333:
15226:Gjinari, Jorgji. Dialektologjia shqiptare
15046:
15036:
14956:
14919:
14898:Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023).
14879:. The Albanian Language. 25 November 1972
14669:
14529:
14481:
14451:
14411:Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa
14359:
14341:
14284:
14188:
14184:
14025:
13446:inherited these words from Vulgar Latin:
12487:Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship
11510:(northern Albanian dialect, or Gheg) and
11437:
7760:
6982:
6980:
2758:
2687:
2132:and the only surviving representative of
1863:, fragmentary attested languages such as
760:, which is generally concentrated in the
24916:Languages attested from the 15th century
24599:
23281:
22111:
21966:
20048:. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1997/2000.
19764:Pedersen, Holger (1905). "Albanesisch".
19763:
19754:
19681:
19668:
19295:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
19145:
18768:
18723:Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes
18586:
18577:
18208:
18172:
18170:
18168:
18068:
18056:
18044:
17875:; however, this protoform gave Albanian
17751:
17749:
17747:
17745:
17743:
17741:
17739:
17737:
17735:
17733:
17697:
17426:
17324:
17285:
17228:
17180:
16796:has arisen secondarily in words such as
16742:J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams (1997).
16170:
15195:
14682:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 9, 11.
14439:
14231:
14225:
13667:"felt gaiters, white felt" (cf Romanian
11996:"to wet, soak, bathe, wash" ( < PA *
9187:is the almost the same as in Spanish or
7833:(Orthography of the Albanian Language).
5175:
5173:
2618:. It contains the liturgies of the main
2582:
2574:
2465:
2356:authored by the Montenegrin sea captain
2244:
2099:
1557:
1433:, Veso Bey, Jan Vellara and others, see
1405:and the Gheg dialect was written in the
1387:
1213:
1045:regional units and in a few villages in
945:
23762:
21374:Albanian resistance during World War II
19998:
19933:
19863:. Albanian Academy of Sciences/Onufri.
19663:Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen
19420:
19379:
19366:
19311:Hyllested, Adam; Joseph, Brian (2022).
19231:
19218:
19209:
19196:
19183:
19177:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe
19174:
19117:
19076:
19016:
18997:
18953:
18934:
18917:
18908:
18899:
18885:. London: Routledge. pp. 480–501.
18875:
18856:
18757:
18746:
18299:
17980:
17724:
17300:
16785:
16649:The Bellifortis text and early Albanian
16560:
16502:. Andrew Mellon Foundation. p. 3.
16471:
16459:
16090:
16055:
15902:
15816:Languages of the World: An introduction
15754:
15742:
15700:
15460:
15441:
15229:
15202:. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 98.
14803:
14773:
14761:
14749:
14725:
14595:
14562:
14498:
14466:
14383:
14196:
14130:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 546.
14019:
13416:'saddle girth; dwarf elder' from Latin
12976:Haralambie Mihăescu demonstrated that:
9760:Albanian has a canonical word order of
9277:with context resolving any ambiguities.
7967:, which are rare cross-linguistically.
7852:Dictionary of Today's Albanian language
7797:met in Shkodër under the leadership of
7623:Reflexes of PIE diphthongs in Albanian
6994:Reflexes of PIE laryngeals in Albanian
4779:, respectively (before back vowels PIE
993:and numbers approximately 7.5 million.
906:and two varieties of the Tosk dialect,
636:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
24903:
22360:
19849:
19836:
19808:
19708:
19699:
19695:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
19659:Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen
19492:
19483:
19474:
19401:
18544:
18523:
18491:
17941:
17786:
17568:Linguistic Society of America (1964).
17518:
17516:
17514:
17500:
17167:
17165:
17055:
16997:
16845:
16583:
16423:
16281:
16145:
15937:
15766:
15561:
15327:
14407:
14371:
14108:"Application of the Charter in Serbia"
13806:
13026:'forked peg, grapnel, forked hanger',
9855:The following shows the declension of
9132:Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
6977:
6315:Reflexes of PIE sonorants in Albanian
4844:(rather than the usual reconstruction
2486:The earliest known texts in Albanian:
2321:, or "missal", was written in 1555 by
2084:During the five-century period of the
1312:. One fairly divergent dialect is the
1156:speakers. Many are descendants of the
445:Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo
24758:
24573:
24443:
24318:
24203:
22929:
22793:
21024:
20742:
20716:
20703:
20101:
20005:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
19983:
19965:
19859:Plasari, Aurel; Nadin, Lucia (2022).
19549:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
19341:
19247:Atlasi dialektologjik i gjuhës shqipe
19080:(2018). "The Phonology of Albanian".
18737:
18728:
18708:
18695:
18658:
18641:
18620:
18482:
18473:
18464:
18444:
18429:
18231:, 107(1. H), pp.165–171. Pages 167–8.
18165:
18090:Madgearu, Alexandru; Gordon, Martin.
17730:
17627:
17065:Granser, Thedor; Moosmüller, Sylvia.
17009:
16960:Fjalori drejtshkrimor i gjuhës shqipe
16744:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
15778:
15772:
15495:
15354:
15297:
14679:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
13643:, since loans from Gothic words with
10875:I hëngri të gjithë portokallët Agimi.
10864:I hëngri Agimi të gjithë portokallët.
10853:Të gjithë portokallët Agimi i hëngri.
10842:Të gjithë portokallët i hëngri Agimi.
10831:Agimi të gjithë portokallët i hëngri.
10820:Agimi i hëngri të gjithë portokallët.
10668:Albanian has developed an analytical
9772:(masculine, feminine and neuter) and
8070:
8065:
8060:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
7847:Fjalori Drejtshkrimor i Gjuhës Shqipe
5170:
4541:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
4513:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2627:texts, in particular portions of the
2579:Perikopeja e Ungjillit të Shën Mateut
2564:Perikopeja e Ungjillit të Shën Mateut
2461:
2226:) are borrowed from other languages.
2125:The Albanian language is part of the
1218:The dialects of the Albanian language
981:. However, due to old communities in
803:' by classical sources, Albanian and
695:
684:
665:
77:
71:
57:
21050:
20038:Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen
19910:
19889:
19877:
19803:Avviamento alla linguistica albanese
19671:Révue des études sud-est européennes
19627:
19486:Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik
19301:
19289:
19253:
19104:
19088:
18920:Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe
18589:Wörterbuch der albanischen Turzismen
18563:
18412:
18400:
18388:
18376:
18364:
18352:
18340:
18328:
18287:
18255:
18243:
18159:
17968:
17956:
17929:
17917:
17905:
17860:
17774:
17589:
17389:"Excel File_Lexical-Distance-Matrix"
17375:
17350:
17258:
17136:Albanian literature: a short history
17090:
16693:
16536:Revue des études sud-est européennes
16483:
16185:10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145932
15857:
15842:
15520:
15476:
15031:(3). Illustration of the IPA: 1–23.
14192:
14180:
14162:from the original on 8 December 2015
13546:
12984:. A few examples include Late Latin
12193:
11632:"to convince" or "to make believe",
11279:
7748:
2192:, Albanian also forms a part of the
20054:Albanskii gegskii govor sela Muhurr
19968:Slavische Lehnwörter im Albanischen
19665:. Vienna: Karl Gerold's Sohn, 1870.
19534:Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften
19499:. Skopje–Pristina–Tirana: Logos-A.
19345:Origjina e fjalëve të gjuhës shqipe
19306:. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers.
18902:Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe
18771:Compendium of the World's Languages
17511:
17427:Adzanela, Ardian (1 January 1970).
17162:
17106:
16001:
15127:. Statistics of Italy. 25 July 2014
14045:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1800.
13525:
12687:"Albanian person" was derived from
12653:. The hard pronunciations of Latin
12265:; "cabbage, green vegetables" <
12128:Proto-Alb. wen-ta (Mod. Alb. vend)
11191:
10946:in front of the verb, for example:
9721:, in which the schwa is spelled as
7891:
7154:Reflexes of PIE vowels in Albanian
4498:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
2662:) by Lekë Matrënga or (in Italian)
1875:, and the relatively well-attested
13:
23124:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
19606:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter.
19179:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 4–8.
18461:. Pristina: 1974, pp. 33–44).
17946:. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 324.
17544:The Illyrians: history and culture
17265:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 869.
16819:Schumacher/Matzinger 2013, p. 267.
16105:Journal of French Language Studies
15630:from the original on 8 April 2022.
15540:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.377
14365:
14067:"Language and alphabet Article 13"
12671:"to speak clearly, enunciate" and
12480:
11317:for transliterated languages, and
11297:of its non-English content, using
10881:However, the most common order is
6968:
6275:
4520:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
2590:The first book in Albanian is the
2558:Perikopeja e Ungjillit të Pashkëve
1286:which is spoken in the south, and
1125:
616: Recognised minority language
14:
24992:
21314:Principality of Albania (1914–25)
21299:Provisional Government of Albania
20072:
19970:. Århus: Aarhus University Press.
19530:Grammatik der albanischen Sprache
19317:The Indo-European Language Family
18507:John Benjamins Publishing Company
17869:, the protoform underlying Greek
17366:Matasovic, Ranko (2018). Page 35.
15673:. R. Trofenik. 1990. p. 102.
14676:Douglas Q. Adams (January 1997).
13742:"nape, back of neck" < Gothic
13032:'nightshade', lit. 'sun plant' →
10688:. There are two general types of
9480:
9464:
9457:
9450:
9432:
9423:
9418:
8482:
8454:
8432:
8423:
8416:
8392:
8383:
8376:
8369:
8353:
8342:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8292:
8283:
8257:
8248:
8221:
8214:
8203:
8194:
8176:
8169:
8158:
8149:
8125:
8117:
8106:
8097:
5474:Syllable-initial and followed by
2728:
2546:Arnold Ritter von Harff's lexicon
2155:Although Albanian shares lexical
1828:The Indo-European Language Family
1589:, all of which share a number of
1553:
1354:in southern Greece. In addition,
830:, are primarily distinguished by
24786:
24561:Minority languages of Montenegro
24471:
24346:
24231:
24181:
23855:
22974:Historical linguistic minorities
22957:
22821:
22476:
22359:
22178:
22022:
22021:
21601:
21600:
21515:
21514:
21442:
21005:
21004:
20381:(unknown further classification)
19883:Albanian Etymological Dictionary
19385:Ancient Languages of the Balkans
19070:Osnovy balkanskogo jazykoznanija
18679:Studii și cercetări lingvistiche
18526:A history of Albanian literature
18313:Albanian zverk – Gothic *swairhs
18305:
18293:
18261:
18225:Albanian zverk – Gothic *swairhs
18140:
18127:
18118:
18098:
18074:
18029:
18004:
17995:
17986:
17935:
17854:
17780:
17768:
17718:
17691:
17675:
17648:
17621:
17574:. Linguistic Society of America.
17561:
17534:
17482:
17466:
17399:
17381:
17360:
17279:
17252:
17222:
17174:
17153:
17100:
17022:
17003:
16977:Fjalori i Gjuhës së Sotme Shqipe
16967:
16950:
16925:
16868:
16851:
16813:
16779:
16655:
16640:
16627:
16614:
16589:
16554:
16523:
16489:
16417:
16380:
16361:
16352:
16320:
16275:
15719:Historical Dictionary of Albania
13936:
13916:
11284:
9003:Voiceless postalveolar fricative
8783:Voiceless postalveolar affricate
7857:Fjalori i Gjuhës së Sotme Shqipe
7809:
6959:
6950:
6301:
6284:
6266:
5468:
5459:
5447:
5431:
4837:'testicles' presumably from PIE
4594:PIE phonological correspondences
4527:Journal of Indo-European Studies
3291:Bible translations into Armenian
2782:
2279:Slavic migrations to the Balkans
2203:Historical presence and location
779:had their formative core in the
724:, and a co-official language in
417:
404:
391:
378:
346:
330:
317:
304:
20023:. 3 vols. Jena: F. Mauko, 1854.
19961:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
19423:Jahrbücher der Literatur (Wien)
18911:Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj
18733:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
18677:3 (1963): 69–101. (In Romanian
18628:. Seria e Shkencave Shoqërore.
18422:
17628:Price, Roberto Salinas (2006).
16242:
16207:
16164:
16139:
16084:
16049:
15976:
15965:
15907:The Ancient Languages of Europe
15896:
15891:Comparative Studies on Albanian
15878:
15736:
15677:
15603:
15582:
15555:
15514:
15447:
15435:
15298:Nasse, George Nicholas (1964).
15291:
15281:
15220:
15157:
15151:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
15139:
15117:
15082:
15055:
14999:
14990:
14981:
14965:
14928:
14891:
14869:
14843:
14797:
14784:
14767:
14743:
14648:
14589:
14568:
14556:
14535:
14401:
14377:
14353:
14309:
13903:
13894:
13885:
13876:
12300:; "millstone" < (Northwest)
12155:found between the Albanian and
12143:attested in Albanian come from
11685:"lees, dregs; mash" ( < PA *
10658:Nouns in the neuter class take
9565:Close-mid front unrounded vowel
9265:. Usually it is written simply
8877:Voiceless labiodental fricative
7790:subdialects and literary Tosk.
2802:List of Indo-European languages
2670:(also known as Italo-Albanian).
1118:In Argentina, there are nearly
1080:, the Albanian language is the
1033:. Albanian is also spoken by a
22697:Orders, decorations and medals
21304:Albania during the Balkan Wars
19630:An Albanian Historical Grammar
19622:Die Sprache der alten Illyrier
19522:Albanisch-deutsches Wörterbuch
19048:Albanskij jazyk i ego dialekty
18648:Revue roumaine de linguistique
17701:An Albanian Historical Grammar
17541:Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977).
17449:An Albanian Historical Grammar
17010:Vrapi, Julia (27 April 2013).
16982:Academy of Sciences of Albania
15911:. Cambridge University Press.
14826:"L'arvanite/albanais en Grèce"
14630:etc.) and from Latin (compare
14209:Fatjona Mejdini (3 May 2013).
14202:
14174:
14144:
14127:Manual of Language Acquisition
14100:
14059:
13020:'used for packing, loading' →
12824:+ suffix -ti- became Albanian
11333:multilingual support templates
10957:"Tony does not speak English";
10293:(girl) in the feminine class:
9197:changes from an alveolar flap
7827:Academy of Sciences of Albania
6307:Dissimilation with following s
2744:Dictionarum latinum-epiroticum
2070:Dictionarium latino-epiroticum
1609:language is less significant.
1373:
1084:with 176,293 native speakers.
1009:and a co-official language in
441:Academy of Sciences of Albania
1:
24981:Subject–verb–object languages
21344:Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
21218:Massacre of the Albanian Beys
20087:University of Texas at Austin
19813:. Brussels. pp. 519–538.
19801:Pellegrini, Giovan Battista.
19757:Festskrift til Vilhelm Tomsen
19682:Mihăescu, Haralambie (1978).
19547:(1997). "Albanian language".
18547:Les mots latins de l'albanais
17944:Les mots latins de l'albanais
17526:. bizland.com. Archived from
16957:Kostallari, Androkli (1976).
16933:"Drejtshkrimi Prishtinë 1964"
16858:Kostallari, Androkli (1973).
16173:Annual Review of Anthropology
14949:Linguistic Society of America
14912:Linguistic Society of America
13999:
10967:"Tony doesn't speak English";
10799:
9175:The contrast between flapped
9024:Voiced postalveolar fricative
8804:Voiced postalveolar affricate
8026:
7863:Lexikon tis Alvanikis glossis
7816:Albanian Orthography Congress
6592:∅ (Tosk) ~ nasal vowel (Gheg)
4128:Proto-Indo-European mythology
3397:Paleolithic continuity theory
2509: – 1470), Archbishop of
2503:
2003:Descriptio Europae Orientalis
1568:Indo-European language family
24951:Languages of North Macedonia
24353:Languages of North Macedonia
21349:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
21324:Autonomous Province of Korçë
19726:. In Olander, Thomas (ed.).
17634:. Scylax Press. p. 72.
17607:. Millennium Studies. 2004.
17504:The Etruscans begin to speak
17181:Friedman, Victor A. (1986).
16861:Drejtshkrimi i gjuhës shqipe
16662:Marmullaku, Ramadan (1975).
15670:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
15196:Saunders, Robert A. (2011).
13869:
13534:arrived in the Balkans, the
13462:'girdle; saddle girth', and
12177:Slavic or Germanic invasions
12074:"berry, mulberry" (mod. Alb
11459:Corresponding Albanian term
11444:Proposed Illyrian vocabulary
9629:Close-mid back rounded vowel
9587:Open central unrounded vowel
9201:to an alveolar approximant .
9111:Alveolar lateral approximant
8961:Voiceless alveolar fricative
8898:Voiced labiodental fricative
8741:Voiceless alveolar affricate
7985:, and the mid-central vowel
7927:Standard Albanian has seven
7922:
7913:
7831:Drejtshkrimi i gjuhës shqipe
7795:Albanian Literary Commission
4825:allegedly surfacing as Alb.
3816:Northern Black Polished Ware
3015:Proto-Indo-European language
2368:Pre-Indo-European substratum
1421:, and some local alphabets (
904:Malsia e Madhe Gheg Albanian
7:
21384:Orthography Congress (1972)
21379:Communist Albania (1946–91)
21359:Italian invasion of Albania
21309:Republic of Central Albania
21289:Declaration of Independence
21233:Albanian National Awakening
20083:Linguistics Research Center
20031:The Indo-European Languages
19987:Indogermanische Forschungen
19940:The Indo-European Languages
19934:Rusakov, Alexander (2017).
19068:Desnickaja, Agnija (1990).
19046:Desnickaja, Agnija (1968).
18882:The Indo-European Languages
18493:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul
17687:. Millennium Studies. 1966.
17192:. Ablex. pp. 168–187.
17050:Buchholz & Fiedler 1987
17028:Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004).
16622:The Indo-European Languages
16601:National Library of Albania
16368:Schumacher, Stefan (2016).
16044:Hyllested & Joseph 2022
15647:. Noyes Press. p. 57.
14972:Demiraj & Esposito 2009
14824:Euromosaic project (2006).
14655:Demiraj & Esposito 2009
14575:Demiraj & Esposito 2009
14542:Demiraj & Esposito 2009
14518:Hyllested & Joseph 2022
13929:
13831:("river") is native, as is
13673:"top of boot") < Gothic
12367:; "thyme" < (Northwest)
12135:Early linguistic influences
11729:name of an Illyrian people
11554:name of an Illyrian people
11399:
11010:
10920:
10556:(to avoid palatalization):
9517:Close front unrounded vowel
9214:and the French and Italian
9208:corresponds to the Spanish
9046:Voiceless glottal fricative
7862:
7793:Between 1916 and 1918, the
4133:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
2594:("The Missal"), written by
2540:Fjalori i Arnold von Harfit
2249:1905 issue of the magazine
1820:Hyllested & Joseph 2022
1435:original Albanian alphabets
1203:
1090:
712:. Standard Albanian is the
10:
24997:
23721:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
23204:Central-Southern Calabrian
21354:Union with Italian kingdom
20056:. Munich: Biblion Verlag.
19975:Tagliavini, Carlo (1965).
19811:Mélanges Henri Grégoire II
19406:. Albania: Marin Barleti.
19304:Basic Albanian Etymologies
18758:Camarda, Demetrio (1866).
18747:Camarda, Demetrio (1864).
18587:Boretzky, Norbert (1975).
18578:Boretzky, Norbert (1975).
18573:. Berlin: J. A. Stargardt.
18545:Bonnet, Guillaume (1998).
18530:8 Nëntori Publishing House
18137:. Baden bei Wien: 105–137.
17139:. I.B.Tauris. p. 16.
16875:Kamusella, Tomasz (2016).
15984:"Introduction to Albanian"
15903:Woodard, Roger D. (2008).
15861:The Early Medieval Balkans
15820:Cambridge University Press
15271:Prendergast, Eric (2017).
14408:Villar, Francisco (1996).
14072:Constitution of Montenegro
13683:
13676:
12484:
12408:
12328:; "palm of the hand" <
11441:
11275:
11169:
11156:shtatëmbëdhjetë—seventeen
11017:
9818:' ("son"), vocative case:
9780:(singular and plural) and
9753:
9749:
8919:Voiceless dental fricative
8655:Voiceless alveolar plosive
8612:Voiceless bilabial plosive
7813:
5913:'to kindle, light a fire'
4831:word-initially, e.g. Alb.
4586:
3429:Domestication of the horse
2645:Letters to the Corinthians
2206:
2194:Balkan linguistic area or
2103:
1957:
1953:
1377:
1207:
1187:
1122:, mostly in Buenos Aires.
1082:sixth most spoken language
939:
732:, as well as a recognized
21:Arbërisht (disambiguation)
18:
24876:
24815:
24799:
24736:
24623:
24607:
24557:
24541:
24505:
24484:
24421:
24380:
24359:
24296:
24265:
24244:
24127:
24097:
24060:
24051:
24015:
23978:
23925:
23916:
23876:
23872:
23850:
23789:
23753:
23711:
23663:
23534:Comasco-Lecchese dialects
23486:
23443:
23434:
23398:
23380:
23371:
23335:
23317:
23308:
23272:
23240:
23194:
23122:
23086:
23068:
23050:
23041:
23037:
22970:
22907:
22859:
22834:
22749:
22715:
22648:
22617:
22562:
22531:
22524:
22467:
22424:
22378:
22301:
22263:
22254:
22213:
22209:
22200:
22102:
22034:
22010:
21957:
21931:
21910:
21871:
21867:
21858:
21814:
21776:
21738:
21692:
21619:
21554:
21550:
21541:
21495:
21464:
21460:
21451:
21440:
21412:
21276:
21175:
21139:
21071:
21062:
21000:
20954:
20917:
20867:
20858:
20833:
20795:
20757:
20750:
20710:
20684:
20544:
20462:
20435:
20403:
20369:
20339:
20314:
20282:
20250:
20241:
20180:
20151:
20140:
19737:10.1017/9781108758666.012
19556:Matasović, Ranko (2019).
19348:(in Albanian). Prishtinë.
19325:10.1017/9781108758666.013
19214:. Pristina: Universiteti.
19119:Fortson, Benjamin Wynn IV
18857:Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997).
18839:10.1017/S0025100322000044
18176:Matasovic, Ranko (2019).
17942:Bonnet, Guillaum (1998).
17501:Mayani, Zĕchariă (1962).
17315:Matasovic, Ranko (2018).
16665:Albania and the Albanians
16561:Anamali, Skënder (2002).
16424:Pantić, Miroslav (1990).
16268:10.4000/balkanologie.2272
16117:10.1017/S0959269500003793
15874:– via Google Books.
15812:"Indo-European languages"
15038:10.1017/S0025100322000044
14707:ʻI sing; readʼ (< Lat
14334:10.1017/S0025100322000044
13770:"adulterer, cf Old Norse
13757:"villain, scoundrel" and
13570:
13430:'old, aged; former' from
12232:; "hive, bee" < Attic
11148:gjashtëmbëdhjetë—sixteen
10695:Albanian has a series of
10303:
10300:
10298:
10087:
10084:
10082:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9539:Close front rounded vowel
9386:
9322:
8982:Voiced alveolar fricative
8825:Voiceless palatal plosive
8762:Voiced alveolar affricate
8472:
8444:
8406:
8306:
8231:
8136:
8091:
8082:
8077:
6365:'I gird; squeeze, knead'
4718:, usually developed into
4138:Historical Vedic religion
3415:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
2737:(1606–1643) published in
2482:Earliest undisputed texts
2446:
2312:verses from that period.
2167:, and to a lesser extent
2076:Latin-Epirotan dictionary
1763:
1748:
1741:
1719:
1712:
1681:
1666:
1659:
1649:
1631:
1624:
1164:, an Albanian who became
996:
622:
598:
584:
568:
509:
473:
455:
450:
434:
365:
296:Official language in
294:
289:
257:
197:
183:
151:
141:
131:
85:
53:
44:
35:
30:
24429:Macedonian Sign Language
21369:The Holocaust in Albania
21228:Uprising of Dervish Cara
20019:von Hahn, Johann Georg.
19632:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
19628:Mann, Stuart E. (1977).
19526:Albanische Chrestomathie
19518:Lehrgang des Albanischen
19302:Huld, Martin E. (1984).
19212:Dialektologjia shqiptare
19210:Gjinari, Jorgji (1970).
18954:Demiraj, Shaban (2006).
18935:Demiraj, Shaban (1999).
18918:Demiraj, Shaban (1996).
18909:Demiraj, Shaban (1988).
18900:Demiraj, Shaban (1986).
18822:"Northern Tosk Albanian"
18483:Banfi, Emanuele (1991).
18474:Banfi, Emanuele (1985).
18319:, 107(1. H), pp.165–171.
18162:, pp. 456–457, 468.
18011:Bardhyl Demiraj (2010).
16668:. C. Hurst. p. 17.
16347:Mallory & Adams 1997
16146:Posner, Rebecca (1966).
16091:Sampson, Rodney (1997).
15507:5 September 2019 at the
15021:"Northern Tosk Albanian"
14396:Mallory & Adams 1997
14318:"Northern Tosk Albanian"
13655:or another close sound.
13436:but influenced by Latin
13121:'ploughman, herdsman' →
12587:, meaning "thing"), and
11238:in Greece may still use
11159:një miliard—one billion
11132:katërmbëdhjetë—fourteen
11052:njëzet e një—twenty-one
11033:nëntëmbëdhjetë—nineteen
10807:Agim ate all the oranges
10676:. Its complex system of
9830:("bird") vocative case:
9690:
9668:
9651:Close back rounded vowel
9280:The sounds spelled with
5179:Between vowels or after
4589:Indo-European vocabulary
4583:Indo-European vocabulary
4143:Ancient Iranian religion
3506:Novotitarovskaya culture
3353:Indo-European migrations
2755:(1637–1694) and others.
2354:Pratichae Schrivaneschae
2190:languages of the Balkans
1973:Historical documentation
1441:and culminated with the
1120:40,000 Albanian speakers
862:and some communities in
785:Indo-European migrations
24961:Languages of Montenegro
24921:Indo-European languages
24478:Languages of Montenegro
23094:Central-Northern Latian
21208:Islamization of Albania
21198:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini
21152:Principality of Arbanon
20129:Indo-European languages
19890:Orel, Vladimir (2000).
19493:Lloshi, Xhevat (2008).
18604:VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie
18487:. Milan: Franco Angeli.
18274:7 February 2023 at the
18201:7 February 2023 at the
18146:Feist, Sigmund (1939).
18111:7 February 2023 at the
18015:. Harrassowitz Verlag.
17871:
17865:
17698:Suart E., Mann (1977).
17067:"The schwa in Albanian"
15521:Sowa, Wojciech (2020).
15488:11 October 2017 at the
15339:Elsie, Robert. (2017).
14828:(in French). Brussels:
14277:10.1126/science.abm4247
13792:
13784:"purse", diminutive of
13772:
13766:
13745:
13711:
13704:
12820:
12807:
12765:'thing; beast, brute';
12466:
12460:
12448:
12434:
12421:
12388:
12375:
12369:
12356:
12343:
12330:
12316:
12302:
12281:
12267:
12254:
12240:
12234:
12221:
12119:
12086:
12059:
12035:
11975:
11939:
11912:
11891:
11861:
11831:
11801:
11777:
11752:
11723:
11697:
11670:
11647:
11616:an Illyrian deity, cf.
11607:
11581:
11548:
11522:
11483:
11477:
11471:
11465:
11151:një milion—one million
11060:njëzet e dy—twenty-two
11025:tetëmbëdhjetë—eighteen
10927:Indo-European languages
10752:Albanian!" (admirative)
10736:Albanian." (indicative)
9709:
9702:
8940:Voiced dental fricative
8698:Voiceless velar plosive
8677:Voiced alveolar plosive
8634:Voiced bilabial plosive
8019:
8009:
7999:
7993:
7874:Kostandin Kristoforidhi
7869:Fjalori i Gjuhës Shqipe
7720:
7685:
7650:
7594:
7562:
7529:
7492:
7459:
7424:
7389:
7353:
7320:
7284:
7248:
7212:
7181:
7126:
7092:
7058:
7024:
6986:Before C clusters, i, j
6922:
6879:
6846:
6811:
6775:
6745:
6713:
6679:
6659:
6639:
6619:
6597:
6569:
6560:
6535:
6505:
6467:
6436:
6407:
6377:
6342:
6240:
6204:
6173:
6139:
6107:
6074:
6042:
6012:
5982:
5954:
5923:
5894:
5863:
5832:
5802:
5772:
5735:
5679:
5649:
5613:
5577:
5542:
5512:
5405:
5375:
5344:
5313:
5281:
5251:
5217:
5143:
5113:
5074:
5016:
4984:
4931:
4900:
4847:
4840:
4821:
4802:
4795:
4782:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4680:
4667:
4660:
4635:
4608:
4601:
3644:Northern/Eastern Steppe
2296:" (Baptismal formula),
2209:Origin of the Albanians
2181:quantitative linguistic
2136:, which belongs to the
2040:, during the period of
1968:Palaeo Balkan languages
1824:Olsen & Thorsø 2022
936:Geographic distribution
816:Albanian dialect groups
752:. It is also spoken in
708:, which belongs to the
610: Official language
147:7.5 million (2017)
24884:Yugoslav Sign Language
24744:Romanian Sign Language
24549:Yugoslav Sign Language
24304:Albanian Sign Language
23726:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
23518:Bustocco and Legnanese
22915:Albanian Sign Language
21389:Post-Communist Albania
21364:German Nazi occupation
21319:World War I in Albania
21188:Skanderbeg's rebellion
19966:Svane, Gunnar (1992).
19766:Kritischer Jahrbericht
19655:Albanische Forschungen
19402:Kocaqi, Altin (2013).
19342:Imami, Petrit (2011).
19025:(1). Palermo: 133–149.
18738:Camaj, Martin (1984).
18731:Albanische Wortbildung
18729:Camaj, Martin (1966).
18602:(in German). Leipzig:
18549:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
18478:. Bologna: Zanichelli.
17889:
17883:
17877:
17446:Suart E. Mann (1977).
17262:Indo-European Numerals
16892:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0040
16530:Francisc Pall (1971).
16432:Serbian Literary Guild
14958:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5508
14921:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501
14811:
14781:
14666:
14645:
14586:
14553:
13846:
13839:
13833:
13827:
13821:
13798:
13796:"purse" (cf. Romanian
13786:
13780:
13759:
13753:
13738:
13731:
13725:
13717:
13697:
13689:
13669:
13663:
13502:
13496:
13470:
13458:
13448:
13438:
13432:
13425:
13418:
13411:
13400:
13394:
13388:
13382:
13376:
13370:
13364:
13358:
13352:
13346:
13340:
13334:
13328:
13322:
13316:
13310:
13303:
13296:
13290:
13284:
13278:
13272:
13266:
13257:
13251:
13245:
13239:
13233:
13226:
13219:
13213:
13207:
13201:
13195:
13189:
13183:
13177:
13171:
13165:
13159:
13153:
13147:
13141:
13135:
13129:
13123:
13117:
13111:
13105:
13099:
13093:
13087:
13081:
13075:
13069:
13060:
13054:
13048:
13042:
13035:
13028:
13022:
13016:
13010:
13004:
12998:
12992:
12986:
12968:
12962:
12956:
12950:
12944:
12938:
12932:
12926:
12920:
12914:
12908:
12899:
12893:
12887:
12881:
12875:
12869:
12859:
12853:
12847:
12841:
12835:
12826:
12813:
12800:
12794:
12788:
12782:
12773:
12767:
12761:
12755:
12745:
12739:
12733:
12727:
12721:
12715:
12695:
12689:
12679:
12673:
12667:
12649:
12643:
12637:
12631:
12625:
12619:
12613:
12611:'chickpea' from Latin
12607:
12595:
12589:
12583:
12577:
12571:
12565:
12559:
12553:
12547:
12541:
12535:
12529:
12523:
12517:
12511:
12505:
12499:
12493:
12472:
12454:
12442:
12428:
12415:
12402:
12382:
12363:
12350:
12337:
12324:
12310:
12296:
12288:
12275:
12261:
12248:
12228:
12211:
12109:
12103:
12097:
12076:
12070:
12046:
12022:
12016:
12010:
12004:
11998:
11992:
11986:
11962:
11956:
11947:
11929:
11923:
11902:
11878:
11872:
11848:
11842:
11818:
11812:
11788:
11764:
11740:
11734:
11713:
11705:
11703:"swamp", toponym from
11687:
11681:
11658:
11634:
11628:
11622:Bosnia and Herzegovina
11598:
11592:
11571:
11565:
11559:
11539:
11533:
11512:
11506:
11497:
11491:
11438:Cognates with Illyrian
11393:
11387:
11381:
11375:
11255:
11240:
11217:
11202:
11183:
11177:
11143:një mijë—one thousand
11140:pesëmbëdhjetë—fifteen
11135:pesëqind—five hundred
11124:trembëdhjetë—thirteen
11001:
10982:
10972:
10962:
10953:Toni nuk flet anglisht
10952:
10938:
10908:
10902:
10891:
10874:
10863:
10852:
10841:
10830:
10819:
10806:
10772:
10756:
10740:
10724:
10660:
10647:
10641:
10633:
10627:
10619:
10613:
10605:
10594:
10588:
10580:
10574:
10566:
10560:
10552:
10546:
10540:
10534:
10528:
10494:
10487:
10480:
10473:
10459:
10452:
10445:
10438:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10368:
10353:
10345:
10337:
10329:
10289:
10278:
10271:
10264:
10257:
10243:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10208:
10201:
10194:
10187:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10137:
10129:
10121:
10113:
10073:
10062:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10027:
10020:
10013:
10006:
9992:
9985:
9978:
9971:
9957:
9950:
9943:
9936:
9921:
9913:
9905:
9897:
9857:
9844:
9838:
9832:
9826:
9820:
9814:
9675:
9506:English approximation
9374:
9368:
9362:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9331:
9320:( < Medieval Greek
9316:
9310:
9300:
9294:
9288:
9282:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9249:
9239:
9223:
9210:
9193:
9183:
9177:
8860:
8851:Voiced palatal plosive
8834:
8516:English approximation
7987:
7981:, which are absent in
7884:
7878:
7868:
7856:
7846:
7761:Elbasan-based standard
7727:
7692:
7657:
7609:
7574:
7541:
7508:
7471:
7439:
7404:
7368:
7332:
7296:
7263:
7227:
7193:
7140:
7106:
7072:
7038:
6934:
6901:
6891:
6858:
6826:
6791:
6756:
6725:
6694:
6650:
6609:
6578:
6551:
6516:
6485:
6447:
6419:
6388:
6357:
6251:
6220:
6184:
6153:
6119:
6090:
5906:
5875:
5843:
5812:
5783:
5753:
5690:
5660:
5629:
5593:
5560:'to weep, cry' (dial.
5553:
5523:
5416:
5386:
5355:
5324:
5293:
5262:
5232:
5155:
5124:
5089:
4943:
4911:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4833:
4827:
4808:
4788:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4686:
4673:
4653:
4651:if a high front vowel
4647:
4641:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4115:Religion and mythology
4074:Medieval Scandinavians
3365:Alternative and fringe
2759:Indo-European features
2743:
2720:
2688:Disputed earlier texts
2676:
2588:
2580:
2563:
2557:
2538:
2525:
2519:
2492:
2478:
2436:
2426:
2422:Paleo-Balkan languages
2339:
2304:. ("I baptize thee in
2299:
2290:
2254:
2069:
2050:
2019:
2012:
1994:
1921:Northern Tosk Albanian
1572:Indo-European language
1563:
1551:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1465:
1453:
1397:
1219:
1037:, specifically in the
958:
777:Paleo-Balkan languages
691:
680:
661:
624:This article contains
46:
37:
16:Indo-European language
24149:Italian Sign Language
24098:Other German dialects
23241:Other Italo-Dalmatian
22687:Epitaph of Gllavenica
19911:Riza, Selman (1979).
19565:. Zagreb. p. 39.
19387:. Walter de Gruyter.
18861:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
18642:Çabej, Eqrem (1962).
18524:Bihiku, Koço (1980).
18476:Linguistica balcanica
17571:Language, Volumes 1–3
17411:Alternative Transport
17393:Alternative Transport
16717:. De Gruyter Mouton.
16401:10.1515/9783110424942
16095:The Romance Languages
15779:Bartl, Peter (1995).
15382:10.1353/lan.2015.0005
14807:
14777:
14662:
14599:
14582:
14549:
14482:Hamp & Adams 2013
13687:, cf Old High German
13623:as Gothic words with
12701:Johann Georg von Hahn
12279:; "orach, dock" <
11103:shtatëdhjetë—seventy
10788:closed." (admirative)
10768:closed." (indicative)
10532:, or those ending in
9378:is always pronounced
9335:can be pronounced as
9243:is sometimes written
7814:Further information:
4465:Indo-European studies
3828:Peoples and societies
2698:
2586:
2578:
2502:(or Paulus Angelus) (
2469:
2444:'; compare Pre-Greek
2248:
2100:Linguistic affinities
2008:
1958:Further information:
1561:
1546:
1391:
1217:
1176:. In addition to the
949:
836:mutually intelligible
686:[ˈɟuhaˈʃcipɛ]
73:[ˈɟuhaˈʃcipɛ]
24956:Languages of Romania
24931:Languages of Albania
24624:Regional or minority
24601:Languages of Romania
23601:Southwestern Lombard
22828:Languages of Albania
22119:Archaeological sites
21629:Vetting Institutions
21329:Italian protectorate
21243:Congress of Manastir
21223:Revolts of 1833–1839
20021:Albanesische Studien
19647:104 (1883): 257–362.
19514:Lambertz, Maximilian
19279:Sino-Platonic Papers
18904:. Tirana: 8 Nëntori.
18599:Albanische Grammatik
18465:Arapi, Inna (2010).
18267:Curtis, M.C., 2012.
18194:Curtis, M.C., 2012.
18104:Curtis, M.C., 2012.
17109:"PIE *e in Albanian"
16748:Taylor & Francis
16486:, pp. 225, 409.
15884:In his latest book,
15455:Anna Giacalone Ramat
15177:on 16 September 2016
15165:"Albanian migration"
14851:"Albanians in Italy"
14776:, pp. 102–103:
13763:"whore" < Gothic
13481:, and the surviving
12497:("very", from Latin
12386:; "pond, pool" <
12306:"device, instrument"
12153:common lexical items
11295:specify the language
11293:This section should
11127:njëqind—one hundred
11108:njëmbëdhjetë—eleven
11095:gjashtëdhjetë—sixty
10963:Toni s'flet anglisht
10750:(surprisingly) speak
10699:called miratives or
9725:, as in the work of
8720:Voiced velar plosive
8032:Albanian consonants
7839:Orthography Congress
7787:Congress of Manastir
5697:'to find' (Old Alb.
4657:follows), while PIE
3372:Anatolian hypothesis
3324:Proto-Indo-Europeans
3231:Hittite inscriptions
2776:Indo-European topics
2523:(standard Albanian:
2046:European Renaissance
1845:Balkan Indo-European
1443:Congress of Manastir
1168:, and self-declared
834:differences and are
24976:Languages of Turkey
24971:Languages of Sicily
24966:Languages of Serbia
24946:Languages of Kosovo
24936:Languages of Greece
24793:Languages of Serbia
24238:Languages of Kosovo
23901:Vaccarizzo Albanian
22340:Research institutes
21902:State Supreme Audit
21339:Republic of Mirdita
20902:Vaccarizzo Albanian
20765:Proto-Indo-European
20555:Proto-Indo-European
20040:. 2 vols., vol. 1:
19913:Studime albanistike
19792:Studime Filologjike
19711:Studime Filologjike
19657:. 2 vols., vol. 1:
19520:. 3 vols., vol. 1:
19234:Studime Filologjike
19221:Studime Filologjike
19199:Studime Filologjike
19186:Studime Filologjike
19094:Studime Filologjike
19072:. Leningrad: Nauka.
19050:. Leningrad: Nauka.
18939:. Tirana: Shkenca.
18809:Studime Filologjike
18796:Lingua Posnaniensis
18783:Lingua Posnaniensis
18779:Cimochowski, Wacław
18711:Studime Filologjike
18686:Studime Filologjike
18661:Studime Filologjike
18448:Studime Filologjike
18415:, pp. 267–268.
18391:, pp. 266–267.
18379:, pp. 264–265.
18343:, pp. 150–151.
18331:, pp. 526–527.
18246:, pp. 456–457.
18094:. pp. 146–147.
17524:"Illyrian Glossary"
17395:. 19 November 2016.
17288:Studime Filologjike
16633:Dumitru Todericiu,
15858:Fine, J.A. (1991).
15845:, pp. 810–811.
15757:, pp. 132–133.
15068:Library of Congress
14830:European Commission
14790:See also Hamp 1963
14699:ʻfriendʼ (< Lat
14095:, pp. 533–534
14079:. 19 October 2007.
13807:Patterns in loaning
13701:"foam" < Gothic
13555:meant an influx of
13338:'altar' from Latin
12663:Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke
12593:("far away", Latin
12569:("straight", Latin
12419:; "tamarisk" < *
11966:(Northern Dialect)
11449:
11119:nëntëdhjetë—ninety
11116:dymbëdhjetë—twelve
11079:/katërdhjetë—forty
10883:subject–verb–object
10794:Albanian morphology
10674:Proto-Indo-European
10404:i/e/të/së një vajze
9909:(several mountains)
9768:are categorised by
9756:Albanian morphology
9153:Palatal approximant
8033:
7879:Fjalori i Bashkimit
7624:
7155:
6995:
6657:'winter' (vs. Gheg
6316:
6294:and another vowel (
5928:
5709:
5486:
5191:
5096:'long' (Tosk dial.
4958:
4874:
4626:'friend' from Lat.
3628:Multi-cordoned ware
3499:Mikhaylovka culture
3387:Indigenous Aryanism
3377:Armenian hypothesis
3236:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2677:formula e pagëzimit
2656:Mbsuame e krështerë
2608:Gjon Nikollë Kazazi
2494:formula e pagëzimit
2412:, and Nezir in the
2292:formula e pagëzimit
2236:linguistic homeland
2025:on 4 April 1914 in
1934:Arvanitika Albanian
1826:) in Olander (ed.)
918:constitute a large
775:Albanian and other
697:[aɾbəˈɾiʃt]
367:Recognised minority
79:[aɾbəˈɾiʃt]
24941:Languages of Italy
24926:Illyrian languages
24816:Minority languages
24506:Minority languages
24485:Official languages
24381:Minority languages
24266:Minority languages
24245:Official languages
23736:Judaeo-Piedmontese
23712:Other Gallo-Italic
22964:Languages of Italy
22860:Minority languages
22157:Adriatic Sea Coast
22084:Telecommunications
21791:Capital punishment
21684:Prosecutor General
21253:Malissori uprising
21213:Albanian Pashaliks
21167:House of Kastrioti
21157:Kingdom of Albania
20636:Proto-Indo-Iranian
20583:Proto-Balto-Slavic
20325:Continental Celtic
18692:18 (1972): 132–54)
18311:Huld, M.E., 1994.
18223:Huld, M.E., 1994.
17793:. pp. 17–18.
17704:. Hamburg: Buske.
17107:de Vaan, Michiel.
15822:. pp. 30–31.
15153:. 15 January 2019.
14857:on 21 January 2012
14271:(6609): eabm4247.
13261:'will; volunteer'.
13145:'drinking glass',
13014:'winter pasture',
12623:'city, town' from
12545:("to come", Latin
12271:"green; vegetable"
12198:There are some 30
12101:"cloud" (mod. Alb
12068:Old and dial. Alb
12008:"pool" ( < PA *
11448:
11272:vigesimal system.
11111:tetëdhjetë—eighty
10188:i/e/të/së një zogu
9972:i/e/të/së një mali
9731:⟨ae⟩
9204:The palatal nasal
8031:
8003:: compare English
7965:⟨dh⟩
7961:⟨th⟩
7885:Fjalori i Gazullit
7622:
7153:
6993:
6965:Before back vowels
6899:'wolf' (dialectal
6732:'to fetch, bring'
6314:
5919:
5790:'to fetch, bring'
5707:
5484:
5189:
4956:
4872:
3208:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3194:Proto-Balto-Slavic
3175:Proto-Italo-Celtic
2660:Dottrina cristiana
2589:
2581:
2479:
2462:Literary tradition
2418:pre-Proto-Albanian
2255:
2138:Paleo-Balkan group
1929:Arbëreshë Albanian
1822:) and "Armenian" (
1564:
1398:
1314:Upper Reka dialect
1220:
1162:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1035:minority in Greece
959:
812:Republic of Ragusa
710:Paleo-Balkan group
24911:Albanian language
24898:
24897:
24892:
24891:
24800:Official language
24752:
24751:
24608:Official language
24567:
24566:
24437:
24436:
24360:Official language
24312:
24311:
24197:
24196:
24176:
24175:
24123:
24122:
24080:Southern Bavarian
24047:
24046:
24011:
24010:
24003:Triestine Serbian
23912:
23911:
23887:Arbëresh language
23848:
23847:
23844:
23843:
23785:
23784:
23749:
23748:
23502:Brianzöö dialects
23430:
23429:
23367:
23366:
23304:
23303:
23268:
23267:
22923:
22922:
22835:Official language
22787:
22786:
22745:
22744:
22741:
22740:
22613:
22612:
22520:
22519:
22512:Cognac Skënderbeu
22319:
22271:
22196:
22195:
22192:
22191:
22184:Images of Albania
22152:
22151:
22011:Natural resources
22002:Hydropower plants
21997:
21996:
21854:
21853:
21850:
21849:
21659:
21658:
21596:Political parties
21591:Foreign relations
21537:
21536:
21533:
21532:
21438:
21437:
21394:1997 Civil Unrest
21238:League of Prizren
21162:Despotate of Arta
21018:
21017:
20950:
20949:
20854:
20853:
20846:Balkan sprachbund
20744:Albanian language
20697:
20696:
20691:extinct languages
20310:
20309:
20237:
20236:
19896:. Leiden: Brill.
19870:978-9928-354-88-4
19613:978-3-11-054243-1
19381:Katicic, Radoslav
19148:Adamou, Evangelia
19138:978-1-4443-5968-8
18990:978-0-08-087774-7
18967:978-99943-817-1-5
18613:978-3-324-00025-3
18516:978-90-272-1185-9
18469:. Hamburg: Kovač.
18182:. Zagreb. Page 39
18059:, pp. 1, 21.
18047:, pp. 1, 30.
18022:978-3-447-06221-3
17834:978-3-11-022025-4
17661:. P. von Zabern.
17507:. Souvenir Press.
17459:978-3-87118-262-4
17272:978-3-11-085846-4
17199:978-0-89391-203-1
17146:978-1-84511-031-4
16775:978-1-884964-98-5
16757:978-1-884964-98-5
16724:978-3-11-054036-9
16474:, pp. 44–45.
16462:, pp. 42–43.
16332:978-0-19-504652-6
16093:"Rebecca Posner,
15988:lrc.la.utexas.edu
15829:978-1-107-37791-2
15808:Pereltsvaig, Asya
15769:, pp. 14–15.
15729:978-0-8108-6188-6
15690:978-86-7743-102-0
15654:978-0-8155-5047-1
15624:SIL International
15622:(25th ed.).
15428:978-90-272-6090-1
15260:978-0-08-087774-7
15106:978-3-030-36617-9
14689:978-1-884964-98-5
14156:Council of Europe
14093:Franceschini 2014
13983:Messapic language
13973:Illyrian language
13958:Arbëresh language
13631:in Albanian, not
13547:Turkish influence
13444:Romance languages
13308:'Christian' from
12966:'mate, comrade',
12918:'vice; worries';
12659:⟨g⟩
12655:⟨c⟩
12521:("narrow", Latin
12432:; 'mallow' < *
12238:"bee" (vs. Ionic
12215:; "sickle" < (
12194:Early Greek loans
12163:presence in both
12132:
12131:
11822:"supper, dinner"
11676:"husk of grapes"
11408:lexicostatistical
11355:
11354:
11335:may also be used.
11270:Pre-Indo-European
11167:
11166:
11163:
11162:
11087:pesëdhjetë—fifty
11068:tridhjetë—thirty
11006:"Do not forget!".
10912:"An interruption
10501:
10500:
10425:i/e/të/së vajzave
10411:i/e/të/së vajzave
10285:
10284:
10069:
10068:
9784:. There are five
9739:⟨é⟩
9723:⟨ë⟩
9719:Albanian alphabet
9715:stressed syllable
9666:
9665:
9490:
9489:
9167:
9166:
8500:
8499:
7749:Standard Albanian
7746:
7745:
7620:
7619:
7151:
7150:
6946:
6945:
6617:'five' (vs. Gheg
6454:'to wear, dress'
6262:
6261:
5917:
5916:
5705:
5704:
5427:
5426:
5166:
5165:
5003:'you (singular)'
4954:
4953:
4580:
4579:
3841:Anatolian peoples
3811:Painted Grey Ware
3699:Nordic Bronze Age
3348:Kurgan hypothesis
3301:Old Irish glosses
3266:Gaulish epigraphy
2668:Arbëresh language
2649:Apostolic Library
2329:cleric. In 1635,
2238:(also known as a
2106:Illyrian language
2094:Congress of Dibra
2058:Epirotan language
1886:areal-linguistics
1833:
1832:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1727:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1439:League of Prizren
1380:Albanian alphabet
1358:is spoken by the
1350:is spoken by the
1308:and northwestern
1304:, and throughout
1210:Albanian dialects
987:Albanian diaspora
926:Standard Albanian
868:Western Macedonia
789:Illyrian language
758:Albanian diaspora
734:minority language
714:official language
650:
649:
632:rendering support
628:phonetic symbols.
524:Individual codes:
436:Regulated by
358:
342:
275:Albanian alphabet
250:
226:
24988:
24791:
24790:
24779:
24772:
24765:
24756:
24755:
24594:
24587:
24580:
24571:
24570:
24476:
24475:
24464:
24457:
24450:
24441:
24440:
24398:Megleno-Romanian
24351:
24350:
24339:
24332:
24325:
24316:
24315:
24236:
24235:
24224:
24217:
24210:
24201:
24200:
24188:
24185:
24162:
24143:
24088:
24058:
24057:
24022:
24021:
23923:
23922:
23903:
23883:
23882:
23874:
23873:
23865:
23860:
23859:
23858:
23835:
23828:
23821:
23796:
23795:
23760:
23759:
23702:
23688:
23681:
23665:Emilian–Romagnol
23654:
23647:
23633:
23624:
23617:
23610:
23603:
23596:
23587:
23580:
23573:
23564:
23557:
23550:
23543:
23536:
23527:
23520:
23511:
23504:
23441:
23440:
23421:
23400:Franco-Provençal
23378:
23377:
23353:
23315:
23314:
23310:Occitano-Romance
23279:
23278:
23231:
23217:
23196:Extreme Southern
23165:
23060:Regional Italian
23048:
23047:
23039:
23038:
22995:Franco-Provençal
22962:
22961:
22950:
22943:
22936:
22927:
22926:
22826:
22825:
22814:
22807:
22800:
22791:
22790:
22772:
22765:
22758:
22529:
22528:
22480:
22363:
22362:
22315:
22267:
22261:
22260:
22211:
22210:
22207:
22206:
22182:
22162:Ionian Sea Coast
22109:
22108:
22025:
22024:
21964:
21963:
21918:Shopping centers
21887:
21869:
21868:
21865:
21864:
21842:Border crossings
21716:Cities and towns
21626:
21625:
21604:
21603:
21552:
21551:
21548:
21547:
21518:
21517:
21462:
21461:
21458:
21457:
21446:
21268:Kimza Government
21069:
21068:
21045:
21038:
21031:
21022:
21021:
21008:
21007:
20865:
20864:
20755:
20754:
20737:
20730:
20723:
20714:
20713:
20701:
20700:
20643:Proto-Indo-Aryan
20248:
20247:
20149:
20148:
20122:
20115:
20108:
20099:
20098:
20067:
20027:Watkins, Calvert
20016:
19995:
19980:
19971:
19962:
19953:
19930:
19924:
19916:
19907:
19886:
19885:. Leiden: Brill.
19874:
19855:
19846:
19828:
19822:
19814:
19787:
19773:
19760:
19751:
19739:
19718:
19705:
19696:
19687:
19678:
19651:Miklosich, Franz
19633:
19617:
19589:
19580:
19574:
19566:
19564:
19552:
19510:
19489:
19480:
19471:
19458:
19452:
19444:
19435:Kretschmer, Paul
19430:
19417:
19398:
19376:
19363:
19357:
19349:
19338:
19307:
19298:
19286:
19276:
19266:
19250:
19241:
19228:
19215:
19206:
19193:
19180:
19171:
19142:
19127:(2nd ed.).
19114:
19101:
19085:
19078:de Vaan, Michiel
19073:
19064:
19051:
19042:
19031:De Simone, Carlo
19026:
19013:
19007:
18999:Demiraj, Bardhyl
18994:
18982:
18971:
18950:
18931:
18914:
18905:
18896:
18872:
18853:
18851:
18841:
18816:
18803:
18790:
18774:
18765:
18754:
18743:
18740:Albanian Grammar
18734:
18718:
18705:
18668:
18655:
18633:
18617:
18592:
18583:
18574:
18560:
18541:
18520:
18505:(2nd ed.).
18497:de Vaan, Michiel
18488:
18479:
18470:
18456:
18441:
18416:
18410:
18404:
18398:
18392:
18386:
18380:
18374:
18368:
18362:
18356:
18350:
18344:
18338:
18332:
18326:
18320:
18309:
18303:
18297:
18291:
18285:
18279:
18265:
18259:
18253:
18247:
18241:
18232:
18221:
18206:
18192:
18183:
18174:
18163:
18157:
18151:
18150:. Leiden: Brill.
18144:
18138:
18131:
18125:
18122:
18116:
18102:
18096:
18095:
18087:
18081:
18078:
18072:
18066:
18060:
18054:
18048:
18042:
18036:
18033:
18027:
18026:
18008:
18002:
17999:
17993:
17990:
17984:
17978:
17972:
17966:
17960:
17954:
17948:
17947:
17939:
17933:
17927:
17921:
17915:
17909:
17903:
17894:
17892:
17887:; "honey" (mod.
17886:
17880:
17874:
17868:
17858:
17852:
17848:
17837:
17818:
17809:
17808:
17784:
17778:
17772:
17766:
17765:
17753:
17728:
17722:
17716:
17715:
17695:
17689:
17688:
17679:
17673:
17672:
17652:
17646:
17645:
17625:
17619:
17618:
17599:
17593:
17587:
17576:
17575:
17565:
17559:
17558:
17538:
17532:
17531:
17530:on 17 June 2011.
17520:
17509:
17508:
17498:
17489:
17486:
17480:
17479:
17470:
17464:
17463:
17443:
17437:
17436:
17424:
17415:
17414:
17403:
17397:
17396:
17385:
17379:
17373:
17367:
17364:
17358:
17348:
17342:
17331:
17322:
17313:
17304:
17298:
17292:
17291:
17283:
17277:
17276:
17256:
17250:
17249:
17230:Friedman, Victor
17226:
17220:
17218:
17216:
17214:
17209:on 29 March 2018
17208:
17202:. Archived from
17187:
17178:
17172:
17169:
17160:
17157:
17151:
17150:
17130:
17124:
17123:
17121:
17119:
17113:
17104:
17098:
17088:
17082:
17081:
17079:
17077:
17071:
17062:
17053:
17052:, p. 28-31.
17047:
17041:
17026:
17020:
17019:
17007:
17001:
16995:
16986:
16985:
16971:
16965:
16964:
16954:
16948:
16947:
16945:
16943:
16929:
16923:
16922:
16920:
16913:
16903:
16886:(242): 217–237.
16881:
16872:
16866:
16865:
16855:
16849:
16843:
16832:
16826:
16820:
16817:
16811:
16810:
16804:, which renders
16800:'curve' ← Latin
16783:
16777:
16761:
16739:
16733:
16732:
16710:
16701:
16691:
16680:
16679:
16659:
16653:
16644:
16638:
16631:
16625:
16618:
16612:
16611:
16609:
16607:
16593:
16587:
16581:
16575:
16574:
16558:
16552:
16551:
16549:
16547:
16527:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16516:
16493:
16487:
16481:
16475:
16469:
16463:
16457:
16446:
16445:
16421:
16415:
16414:
16384:
16378:
16377:
16365:
16359:
16356:
16350:
16344:
16335:
16324:
16318:
16312:
16303:
16302:
16279:
16273:
16272:
16270:
16246:
16240:
16239:
16211:
16205:
16204:
16168:
16162:
16161:
16143:
16137:
16136:
16100:
16088:
16082:
16081:
16053:
16047:
16041:
16032:
16031:
16005:
15999:
15998:
15996:
15994:
15980:
15974:
15973:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15960:
15958:
15935:
15926:
15925:
15910:
15900:
15894:
15882:
15876:
15875:
15855:
15846:
15840:
15834:
15833:
15804:
15795:
15794:
15776:
15770:
15764:
15758:
15752:
15746:
15740:
15734:
15733:
15710:
15704:
15698:
15692:
15681:
15675:
15674:
15665:
15659:
15658:
15638:
15632:
15631:
15615:
15607:
15601:
15600:
15586:
15580:
15579:
15559:
15553:
15552:
15542:
15518:
15512:
15499:
15493:
15480:
15474:
15464:
15458:
15451:
15445:
15439:
15433:
15432:
15412:
15401:
15400:
15398:
15396:
15367:
15358:
15352:
15337:
15331:
15325:
15316:
15315:
15295:
15289:
15285:
15279:
15278:
15268:
15262:
15236:
15227:
15224:
15218:
15217:
15193:
15187:
15186:
15184:
15182:
15176:
15170:. Archived from
15169:
15161:
15155:
15154:
15143:
15137:
15136:
15134:
15132:
15121:
15115:
15114:
15086:
15080:
15079:
15076:
15059:
15053:
15052:
15050:
15040:
15016:
15007:
15003:
14997:
14994:
14988:
14985:
14979:
14969:
14963:
14962:
14960:
14932:
14926:
14925:
14923:
14895:
14889:
14888:
14886:
14884:
14873:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14862:
14853:. Archived from
14847:
14841:
14840:
14838:
14836:
14821:
14812:
14801:
14795:
14788:
14782:
14771:
14765:
14759:
14753:
14752:, pp. 77–78
14747:
14741:
14723:
14714:
14713:
14673:
14667:
14652:
14646:
14593:
14587:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14554:
14539:
14533:
14527:
14521:
14515:
14502:
14496:
14485:
14479:
14470:
14464:
14455:
14449:
14443:
14437:
14426:
14425:
14405:
14399:
14393:
14387:
14381:
14375:
14369:
14363:
14357:
14351:
14350:
14345:
14328:(3): 1122–1144.
14313:
14307:
14306:
14288:
14256:
14250:
14249:
14229:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14218:
14213:. Balkan Insight
14206:
14200:
14187:, p. 1790;
14178:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14167:
14148:
14142:
14141:
14121:
14115:
14114:
14112:
14104:
14098:
14090:
14084:
14083:
14063:
14057:
14056:
14036:
14023:
14017:
13946:
13944:Languages portal
13941:
13940:
13923:
13920:
13914:
13907:
13901:
13898:
13892:
13889:
13883:
13880:
13849:
13842:
13836:
13830:
13824:
13801:
13795:
13789:
13783:
13775:
13769:
13762:
13756:
13748:
13741:
13734:
13728:
13720:
13714:
13707:
13700:
13692:
13686:
13685:
13679:
13678:
13672:
13666:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13638:
13634:
13630:
13626:
13622:
13618:
13551:The rise of the
13536:Slavic languages
13526:Slavic influence
13505:
13499:
13483:Celtic languages
13473:
13468:became Romanian
13461:
13451:
13441:
13435:
13428:
13421:
13414:
13403:
13397:
13391:
13385:
13379:
13373:
13367:
13361:
13355:
13350:'to curse' from
13349:
13343:
13337:
13331:
13325:
13319:
13313:
13306:
13299:
13293:
13287:
13281:
13275:
13270:'to bless' from
13269:
13260:
13254:
13248:
13242:
13236:
13229:
13222:
13216:
13210:
13204:
13198:
13192:
13186:
13180:
13174:
13168:
13162:
13156:
13150:
13144:
13138:
13132:
13126:
13120:
13114:
13108:
13102:
13096:
13090:
13084:
13078:
13072:
13063:
13057:
13051:
13045:
13038:
13031:
13025:
13019:
13013:
13007:
13001:
12995:
12989:
12982:Romance language
12971:
12965:
12959:
12953:
12947:
12941:
12935:
12929:
12923:
12917:
12911:
12902:
12896:
12890:
12884:
12878:
12872:
12862:
12856:
12850:
12844:
12838:
12829:
12823:
12816:
12811:became Albanian
12810:
12803:
12797:
12791:
12785:
12776:
12770:
12764:
12758:
12748:
12742:
12736:
12730:
12724:
12718:
12698:
12692:
12682:
12676:
12670:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12646:
12640:
12634:
12628:
12622:
12616:
12610:
12598:
12592:
12586:
12581:("beast", Latin
12580:
12574:
12568:
12562:
12556:
12550:
12544:
12538:
12532:
12526:
12520:
12514:
12508:
12502:
12496:
12475:
12469:
12463:
12457:
12451:
12445:
12437:
12431:
12424:
12418:
12411:
12410:
12406:; "elbow" < *
12405:
12391:
12385:
12378:
12372:
12366:
12359:
12353:
12346:
12340:
12333:
12327:
12319:
12313:
12305:
12299:
12291:
12284:
12278:
12270:
12264:
12257:
12251:
12243:
12237:
12231:
12224:
12214:
12122:
12112:
12106:
12100:
12089:
12079:
12073:
12062:
12049:
12038:
12025:
12020:"dew" ( < PA
12019:
12013:
12007:
12001:
11995:
11989:
11978:
11965:
11959:
11950:
11942:
11932:
11926:
11915:
11905:
11894:
11881:
11875:
11864:
11851:
11845:
11834:
11821:
11815:
11804:
11791:
11780:
11767:
11755:
11743:
11737:
11726:
11716:
11708:
11700:
11690:
11684:
11673:
11661:
11650:
11637:
11631:
11613:
11601:
11595:
11584:
11574:
11568:
11566:stem, tree stalk
11562:
11551:
11549:Ardiaioi/Ardiaei
11542:
11536:
11525:
11515:
11509:
11500:
11494:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11468:
11450:
11447:
11402:
11396:
11390:
11384:
11378:
11350:
11347:
11341:
11326:
11320:
11316:
11310:
11306:
11300:
11288:
11287:
11280:
11267:
11264:
11261:
11258:
11252:
11249:
11246:
11243:
11229:
11226:
11223:
11220:
11214:
11211:
11208:
11205:
11198:vigesimal system
11192:Vigesimal system
11186:
11180:
11019:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11004:
10985:
10977:"I do not know";
10975:
10965:
10955:
10941:
10911:
10905:
10894:
10877:
10866:
10855:
10844:
10833:
10822:
10809:
10779:
10763:
10747:
10731:
10686:Balkan languages
10680:(six types) and
10663:
10650:
10644:
10636:
10630:
10622:
10616:
10608:
10597:
10591:
10583:
10577:
10569:
10563:
10555:
10549:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10505:Balkan languages
10497:
10490:
10483:
10476:
10474:(prej) një vajze
10462:
10455:
10448:
10441:
10427:
10420:
10418:i/e/të/së vajzës
10413:
10406:
10392:
10385:
10378:
10371:
10356:
10348:
10340:
10332:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10281:
10274:
10267:
10260:
10246:
10239:
10232:
10225:
10211:
10209:i/e/të/së zogjve
10204:
10197:
10195:i/e/të/së zogjve
10190:
10176:
10169:
10162:
10155:
10140:
10132:
10124:
10116:
10080:
10079:
10076:
10065:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10030:
10023:
10016:
10009:
9995:
9993:i/e/të/së maleve
9988:
9981:
9979:i/e/të/së maleve
9974:
9960:
9953:
9946:
9939:
9925:(the mountains)
9924:
9916:
9908:
9900:
9864:
9863:
9860:
9847:
9841:
9835:
9829:
9823:
9817:
9740:
9732:
9724:
9712:
9705:
9685:
9678:
9647:
9625:
9604:
9583:
9561:
9535:
9513:
9492:
9491:
9484:
9468:
9461:
9454:
9436:
9427:
9422:
9391:
9390:
9381:
9377:
9371:
9365:
9356:
9350:
9344:
9338:
9334:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9285:
9276:
9270:
9264:
9258:
9252:
9242:
9226:
9213:
9207:
9200:
9196:
9186:
9180:
9149:
9128:
9107:
9085:
9063:
9042:
9020:
8999:
8978:
8957:
8936:
8915:
8894:
8873:
8866:
8847:
8840:
8821:
8800:
8779:
8758:
8737:
8716:
8694:
8673:
8651:
8630:
8608:
8587:
8565:
8544:
8523:
8502:
8501:
8486:
8458:
8436:
8427:
8420:
8396:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8357:
8346:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8296:
8287:
8276:
8261:
8252:
8241:
8225:
8218:
8207:
8198:
8191:
8180:
8173:
8162:
8153:
8146:
8129:
8121:
8110:
8101:
8087:
8080:
8034:
8030:
8022:
8012:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7966:
7962:
7950:
7938:
7892:Calls for reform
7887:
7881:
7871:
7865:
7859:
7849:
7730:
7723:
7695:
7688:
7660:
7653:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7604:
7581:
7569:
7548:
7536:
7515:
7503:
7478:
7466:
7445:
7434:
7411:
7399:
7375:
7363:
7339:
7327:
7303:
7291:
7270:
7258:
7234:
7222:
7200:'bosom, breast'
7199:
7188:
7156:
7152:
7146:
7135:
7109:
7101:
7075:
7067:
7041:
7033:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6984:
6975:
6972:
6966:
6963:
6957:
6954:
6941:
6929:
6908:
6898:
6886:
6865:
6853:
6832:
6821:
6798:'yearling lamb'
6797:
6786:
6762:
6751:
6731:
6720:
6700:
6689:
6665:
6656:
6645:
6626:
6616:
6604:
6584:
6575:
6566:
6557:
6546:
6522:
6511:
6491:
6480:
6453:
6442:
6422:
6414:
6394:
6383:
6364:
6352:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6305:
6299:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6257:
6246:
6226:
6215:
6190:
6179:
6159:
6148:
6125:
6114:
6093:
6085:
6052:
6019:
5989:
5960:
5929:
5926:
5920:Reflexes of PIE
5918:
5912:
5901:
5881:
5870:
5849:
5838:
5818:
5808:
5789:
5778:
5759:
5748:
5710:
5706:
5696:
5685:
5666:
5655:
5635:
5624:
5600:
5588:
5559:
5548:
5529:
5519:'I catch, grasp'
5518:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5435:
5422:
5411:
5392:
5381:
5361:
5350:
5330:
5319:
5300:
5288:
5268:
5257:
5238:
5227:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5161:
5150:
5130:
5119:
5095:
5084:
5026:
4993:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4938:
4917:
4906:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4811:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4738:centum nor satem
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4689:
4683:
4676:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4631:
4625:
4611:
4604:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4413:
4406:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4261:
4247:
4240:
4226:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4181:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3971:Germanic peoples
3961:Hellenic peoples
3950:
3943:
3936:
3859:Mycenaean Greeks
3848:
3776:Thraco-Cimmerian
3674:Globular Amphora
3651:Abashevo culture
3590:
3583:
3553:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3296:Tocharian script
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2917:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2875:
2851:
2844:
2825:
2786:
2763:
2762:
2746:
2679:
2641:Book of Jeremiah
2566:
2560:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2508:
2505:
2497:
2449:
2448:
2439:
2429:
2344:
2302:
2295:
2086:Ottoman presence
2080:
2077:
2074:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:lingua epirotica
2038:Late Middle Ages
2015:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1687:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1384:Albanian braille
1322:Arbanasi dialect
957:
916:Ethnic Albanians
890:) as well as in
844:Christianisation
699:
694:
688:
683:
677:
676:
675:
669:
664:
615:
609:
603:
594:
580:
560:
550:
540:
530:
522:– inclusive code
521:
514:
505:
499:
492:
486:
478:
469:
468:
460:
423:
421:
420:
410:
408:
407:
397:
395:
394:
384:
382:
381:
369:language in
356:
352:
350:
349:
340:
336:
334:
333:
323:
321:
320:
310:
308:
307:
281:Albanian Braille
263:
234:
217:
207:
157:
81:
75:
69:
68:
67:
61:
49:
40:
28:
27:
24996:
24995:
24991:
24990:
24989:
24987:
24986:
24985:
24901:
24900:
24899:
24894:
24893:
24888:
24872:
24811:
24795:
24785:
24783:
24753:
24748:
24732:
24625:
24619:
24603:
24598:
24568:
24563:
24553:
24537:
24501:
24480:
24470:
24468:
24438:
24433:
24417:
24376:
24355:
24345:
24343:
24313:
24308:
24292:
24261:
24240:
24230:
24228:
24198:
24193:
24192:
24191:
24186:
24182:
24172:
24158:
24139:
24119:
24105:Austrian German
24093:
24084:
24043:
24034:Calabrian Greek
24007:
23974:
23960:Natisone Valley
23945:Inner Carniolan
23908:
23899:
23868:
23861:
23856:
23854:
23840:
23831:
23824:
23817:
23781:
23745:
23713:
23707:
23698:
23684:
23677:
23659:
23650:
23643:
23639:Eastern Lombard
23629:
23620:
23613:
23606:
23599:
23592:
23583:
23576:
23569:
23560:
23553:
23546:
23539:
23532:
23523:
23516:
23507:
23500:
23496:Western Lombard
23482:
23426:
23417:
23394:
23363:
23349:
23331:
23300:
23264:
23242:
23236:
23227:
23213:
23190:
23176:Southern Latian
23161:
23142:Castelmezzanese
23118:
23082:
23064:
23033:
22966:
22956:
22954:
22924:
22919:
22903:
22855:
22830:
22820:
22818:
22788:
22783:
22775:
22768:
22761:
22754:
22737:
22723:Public holidays
22711:
22644:
22609:
22558:
22516:
22463:
22420:
22374:
22297:
22250:
22188:
22148:
22098:
22089:Posta Shqiptare
22030:
22006:
21993:
21953:
21927:
21906:
21885:
21846:
21832:Organized crime
21810:
21772:
21734:
21688:
21655:
21615:
21529:
21525:Protected areas
21491:
21447:
21434:
21408:
21399:NATO membership
21282:
21280:
21272:
21193:League of Lezhë
21181:
21179:
21171:
21145:
21143:
21135:
21058:
21049:
21019:
21014:
20996:
20946:
20913:
20850:
20829:
20791:
20777:Palaeo-Balkanic
20770:language family
20746:
20741:
20706:
20698:
20693:
20680:
20675:Proto-Tocharian
20569:Proto-Anatolian
20546:Proto-languages
20540:
20458:
20431:
20413:Latino-Faliscan
20399:
20365:
20335:
20306:
20278:
20233:
20176:
20136:
20126:
20079:Albanian Online
20075:
20070:
20064:
20013:
19950:
19918:
19917:
19904:
19871:
19839:Studia Albanica
19816:
19815:
19796:Studia Albanica
19774:Erlangen (1909)
19748:
19677:: 5–33, 323–53.
19614:
19568:
19567:
19562:
19507:
19446:
19445:
19414:
19395:
19351:
19350:
19335:
19274:
19168:
19139:
19129:Wiley-Blackwell
19107:Studia Albanica
19005:
18991:
18968:
18947:
18893:
18877:Demiraj, Shaban
18869:
18698:Studia Albanica
18663:(in Albanian).
18636:Studia Albanica
18614:
18557:
18517:
18433:Studia Albanica
18425:
18420:
18419:
18411:
18407:
18399:
18395:
18387:
18383:
18375:
18371:
18363:
18359:
18351:
18347:
18339:
18335:
18327:
18323:
18310:
18306:
18298:
18294:
18286:
18282:
18276:Wayback Machine
18266:
18262:
18254:
18250:
18242:
18235:
18222:
18209:
18203:Wayback Machine
18193:
18186:
18175:
18166:
18158:
18154:
18145:
18141:
18132:
18128:
18123:
18119:
18113:Wayback Machine
18103:
18099:
18088:
18084:
18079:
18075:
18071:, pp. 1–2.
18067:
18063:
18055:
18051:
18043:
18039:
18034:
18030:
18023:
18009:
18005:
18000:
17996:
17991:
17987:
17979:
17975:
17967:
17963:
17955:
17951:
17940:
17936:
17928:
17924:
17916:
17912:
17904:
17897:
17859:
17855:
17849:
17840:
17819:
17812:
17801:
17785:
17781:
17773:
17769:
17754:
17731:
17723:
17719:
17712:
17696:
17692:
17681:
17680:
17676:
17669:
17653:
17649:
17642:
17626:
17622:
17615:
17601:
17600:
17596:
17588:
17579:
17566:
17562:
17555:
17547:. Noyes Press.
17539:
17535:
17522:
17521:
17512:
17499:
17492:
17487:
17483:
17472:
17471:
17467:
17460:
17444:
17440:
17425:
17418:
17405:
17404:
17400:
17387:
17386:
17382:
17374:
17370:
17365:
17361:
17349:
17345:
17332:
17325:
17314:
17307:
17299:
17295:
17284:
17280:
17273:
17257:
17253:
17246:
17227:
17223:
17212:
17210:
17206:
17200:
17185:
17179:
17175:
17170:
17163:
17158:
17154:
17147:
17131:
17127:
17117:
17115:
17111:
17105:
17101:
17089:
17085:
17075:
17073:
17069:
17063:
17056:
17048:
17044:
17027:
17023:
17008:
17004:
16996:
16989:
16972:
16968:
16955:
16951:
16941:
16939:
16931:
16930:
16926:
16918:
16879:
16873:
16869:
16856:
16852:
16844:
16835:
16827:
16823:
16818:
16814:
16784:
16780:
16758:
16740:
16736:
16725:
16711:
16704:
16692:
16683:
16676:
16660:
16656:
16645:
16641:
16632:
16628:
16619:
16615:
16605:
16603:
16595:
16594:
16590:
16582:
16578:
16559:
16555:
16545:
16543:
16528:
16524:
16514:
16512:
16510:
16494:
16490:
16482:
16478:
16470:
16466:
16458:
16449:
16442:
16422:
16418:
16411:
16389:"171. Albanian"
16385:
16381:
16366:
16362:
16357:
16353:
16345:
16338:
16325:
16321:
16313:
16306:
16296:
16280:
16276:
16247:
16243:
16212:
16208:
16169:
16165:
16158:
16144:
16140:
16107:(book review).
16098:
16089:
16085:
16054:
16050:
16042:
16035:
16028:
16006:
16002:
15992:
15990:
15982:
15981:
15977:
15970:
15966:
15956:
15954:
15952:
15936:
15929:
15919:
15901:
15897:
15883:
15879:
15872:
15856:
15849:
15841:
15837:
15830:
15805:
15798:
15791:
15777:
15773:
15765:
15761:
15753:
15749:
15741:
15737:
15730:
15711:
15707:
15699:
15695:
15682:
15678:
15667:
15666:
15662:
15655:
15639:
15635:
15608:
15604:
15587:
15583:
15576:
15560:
15556:
15531:Palaeohispanica
15519:
15515:
15509:Wayback Machine
15500:
15496:
15490:Wayback Machine
15481:
15477:
15465:
15461:
15452:
15448:
15440:
15436:
15429:
15413:
15404:
15394:
15392:
15365:
15359:
15355:
15338:
15334:
15326:
15319:
15312:
15296:
15292:
15286:
15282:
15269:
15265:
15237:
15230:
15225:
15221:
15210:
15194:
15190:
15180:
15178:
15174:
15167:
15163:
15162:
15158:
15145:
15144:
15140:
15130:
15128:
15123:
15122:
15118:
15107:
15097:Springer Nature
15087:
15083:
15074:
15061:
15060:
15056:
15017:
15010:
15004:
15000:
14995:
14991:
14986:
14982:
14970:
14966:
14933:
14929:
14896:
14892:
14882:
14880:
14875:
14874:
14870:
14860:
14858:
14849:
14848:
14844:
14834:
14832:
14822:
14815:
14806:, p. 103:
14802:
14798:
14789:
14785:
14772:
14768:
14760:
14756:
14748:
14744:
14724:
14717:
14690:
14674:
14670:
14653:
14649:
14598:, p. 102:
14594:
14590:
14573:
14569:
14561:
14557:
14540:
14536:
14528:
14524:
14516:
14505:
14497:
14488:
14480:
14473:
14465:
14458:
14454:, p. 1790.
14450:
14446:
14438:
14429:
14422:
14406:
14402:
14394:
14390:
14382:
14378:
14370:
14366:
14358:
14354:
14314:
14310:
14257:
14253:
14246:
14230:
14226:
14216:
14214:
14207:
14203:
14195:, p. 104;
14179:
14175:
14165:
14163:
14150:
14149:
14145:
14138:
14122:
14118:
14110:
14106:
14105:
14101:
14091:
14087:
14065:
14064:
14060:
14053:
14037:
14026:
14018:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13988:Thraco-Illyrian
13942:
13935:
13932:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13917:
13908:
13904:
13899:
13895:
13890:
13886:
13881:
13877:
13872:
13813:semantic fields
13809:
13573:
13549:
13528:
13193:'limb; joint',
12954:'face, cheek';
12658:
12654:
12557:("sand", Latin
12533:("tree", Latin
12489:
12483:
12481:Latin influence
12446:"fennel" < *
12341:; "melon" <
12314:; "apple" <
12217:Northwest Greek
12196:
12137:
11653:"hut, cottage"
11446:
11440:
11351:
11345:
11342:
11336:
11324:
11318:
11314:
11312:transliteration
11308:
11304:
11298:
11289:
11285:
11278:
11265:
11262:
11259:
11250:
11247:
11244:
11227:
11224:
11221:
11212:
11209:
11206:
11194:
11172:
11013:
10987:"I don't know".
10923:
10892:forma joveprore
10802:
10570:(the mountain);
10258:(prej) një zogu
10202:i/e/të/së zogut
10042:(prej) një mali
9986:i/e/të/së malit
9788:and six cases (
9758:
9752:
9738:
9730:
9722:
9693:
9671:
9389:
9271:or more rarely
8362:
8312:
8272:
8237:
8187:
8142:
8083:
8078:
8056:
8029:
7964:
7960:
7925:
7916:
7894:
7818:
7812:
7763:
7751:
7600:
7496:
7428:
7397:
7361:
7254:
7220:
7131:
7118:
7097:
7084:
7063:
7050:
7029:
7016:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6930:'grain, barley'
6917:ri, ir / ru, ur
6874:li, il / lu, ul
6815:
6783:
6683:
6543:
6478:
6474:
6415:'three' (masc.)
6395:'you (plural)'
6349:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6208:
6146:
6078:
6049:
5746:
5742:
5636:'to tan hides'
5617:
5581:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5436:
5432:
5412:'grain, barley'
5224:
5187:
5186:
5178:
5171:
5081:
5023:
4991:
4704:and the merged
4596:
4591:
4585:
4576:
4547:
4546:
4479:Marija Gimbutas
4467:
4457:
4456:
4448:Winter solstice
4438:Horse sacrifice
4409:
4402:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4285:
4270:
4257:
4243:
4236:
4222:
4213:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4147:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4050:
4037:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3905:
3892:
3879:
3850:
3844:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3794:
3771:
3758:
3746:
3727:
3669:
3646:
3608:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3568:Northern Europe
3549:
3545:
3532:
3519:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3451:Steppe cultures
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3392:Baltic homeland
3366:
3362:
3358:Eurasian nomads
3342:
3338:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3276:Runic epigraphy
3271:Latin epigraphy
3226:
3218:
3217:
3155:Proto-Anatolian
3139:
3094:
3090:Thraco-Illyrian
3075:Graeco-Phrygian
3065:Graeco-Armenian
3060:Graeco-Albanian
3039:
3017:
3004:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2913:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2847:
2840:
2821:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2761:
2731:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2690:
2610:, the Albanian
2602:dialect in the
2506:
2484:
2464:
2404:, Kolsh in the
2370:
2211:
2205:
2130:language family
2110:Albanian is an
2108:
2102:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2060:
2057:
2054:
1975:
1970:
1956:
1951:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1724:
1699:
1686:
1656:Graeco-Phrygian
1646:Graeco-Albanian
1556:
1462:
1450:
1413:version of the
1411:Ottoman Turkish
1394:keyboard layout
1386:
1378:Main articles:
1376:
1310:North Macedonia
1280:
1212:
1206:
1190:
1128:
1126:Asia and Africa
1093:
1011:North Macedonia
999:
991:Southern Europe
967:North Macedonia
955:
944:
938:
726:North Macedonia
706:Albanoid branch
671:
670:
630:Without proper
618:
617:
613:
611:
607:
590:
576:
556:
555:
546:
545:
536:
535:
526:
525:
523:
517:
510:
495:
494:
493:
482:
481:
474:
464:
463:
456:
443:
430:
429:
418:
416:
405:
403:
392:
390:
379:
377:
370:
368:
361:
347:
345:
338:North Macedonia
331:
329:
318:
316:
305:
303:
297:
290:Official status
285:
264:
259:
193:
186:
179:
158:
155:Language family
153:
144:
143:Native speakers
127:
118:North Macedonia
76:
70:
63:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
24994:
24984:
24983:
24978:
24973:
24968:
24963:
24958:
24953:
24948:
24943:
24938:
24933:
24928:
24923:
24918:
24913:
24896:
24895:
24890:
24889:
24887:
24886:
24880:
24878:
24877:Sign languages
24874:
24873:
24871:
24870:
24865:
24860:
24855:
24850:
24845:
24840:
24835:
24830:
24825:
24819:
24817:
24813:
24812:
24810:
24809:
24803:
24801:
24797:
24796:
24782:
24781:
24774:
24767:
24759:
24750:
24749:
24747:
24746:
24740:
24738:
24737:Sign languages
24734:
24733:
24731:
24730:
24725:
24720:
24715:
24710:
24705:
24700:
24695:
24690:
24685:
24680:
24675:
24670:
24665:
24660:
24655:
24650:
24645:
24640:
24635:
24629:
24627:
24621:
24620:
24618:
24617:
24611:
24609:
24605:
24604:
24597:
24596:
24589:
24582:
24574:
24565:
24564:
24558:
24555:
24554:
24552:
24551:
24545:
24543:
24542:Sign languages
24539:
24538:
24536:
24535:
24530:
24525:
24520:
24515:
24509:
24507:
24503:
24502:
24500:
24499:
24494:
24488:
24486:
24482:
24481:
24467:
24466:
24459:
24452:
24444:
24435:
24434:
24432:
24431:
24425:
24423:
24422:Sign languages
24419:
24418:
24416:
24415:
24410:
24405:
24400:
24395:
24390:
24384:
24382:
24378:
24377:
24375:
24374:
24369:
24363:
24361:
24357:
24356:
24342:
24341:
24334:
24327:
24319:
24310:
24309:
24307:
24306:
24300:
24298:
24297:Sign languages
24294:
24293:
24291:
24290:
24285:
24280:
24275:
24269:
24267:
24263:
24262:
24260:
24259:
24254:
24248:
24246:
24242:
24241:
24227:
24226:
24219:
24212:
24204:
24195:
24194:
24190:
24189:
24179:
24178:
24177:
24174:
24173:
24171:
24170:
24165:
24164:
24163:
24151:
24146:
24145:
24144:
24141:Italian Hebrew
24131:
24129:
24125:
24124:
24121:
24120:
24118:
24117:
24112:
24107:
24101:
24099:
24095:
24094:
24092:
24091:
24090:
24089:
24086:South Tyrolean
24077:
24072:
24066:
24064:
24055:
24049:
24048:
24045:
24044:
24042:
24041:
24036:
24030:
24028:
24019:
24013:
24012:
24009:
24008:
24006:
24005:
24000:
23995:
23990:
23984:
23982:
23980:Serbo-Croatian
23976:
23975:
23973:
23972:
23967:
23962:
23957:
23952:
23947:
23942:
23937:
23931:
23929:
23920:
23914:
23913:
23910:
23909:
23907:
23906:
23905:
23904:
23891:
23889:
23880:
23870:
23869:
23867:
23866:
23851:
23849:
23846:
23845:
23842:
23841:
23839:
23838:
23837:
23836:
23829:
23822:
23810:
23804:
23802:
23800:Rhaeto-Romance
23793:
23791:Rhaeto-Romance
23787:
23786:
23783:
23782:
23780:
23779:
23774:
23768:
23766:
23757:
23751:
23750:
23747:
23746:
23744:
23743:
23738:
23733:
23728:
23723:
23717:
23715:
23709:
23708:
23706:
23705:
23704:
23703:
23691:
23690:
23689:
23682:
23669:
23667:
23661:
23660:
23658:
23657:
23656:
23655:
23648:
23636:
23635:
23634:
23627:
23626:
23625:
23618:
23611:
23597:
23590:
23589:
23588:
23574:
23567:
23566:
23565:
23558:
23551:
23544:
23530:
23529:
23528:
23514:
23513:
23512:
23492:
23490:
23484:
23483:
23481:
23480:
23475:
23470:
23465:
23460:
23455:
23449:
23447:
23438:
23432:
23431:
23428:
23427:
23425:
23424:
23423:
23422:
23410:
23404:
23402:
23396:
23395:
23393:
23392:
23386:
23384:
23375:
23369:
23368:
23365:
23364:
23362:
23361:
23356:
23355:
23354:
23341:
23339:
23333:
23332:
23330:
23329:
23323:
23321:
23312:
23306:
23305:
23302:
23301:
23299:
23298:
23293:
23287:
23285:
23276:
23270:
23269:
23266:
23265:
23263:
23262:
23257:
23252:
23246:
23244:
23238:
23237:
23235:
23234:
23233:
23232:
23220:
23219:
23218:
23206:
23200:
23198:
23192:
23191:
23189:
23188:
23183:
23178:
23173:
23168:
23167:
23166:
23154:
23149:
23144:
23139:
23134:
23128:
23126:
23120:
23119:
23117:
23116:
23111:
23106:
23101:
23096:
23090:
23088:
23084:
23083:
23081:
23080:
23074:
23072:
23066:
23065:
23063:
23062:
23056:
23054:
23045:
23035:
23034:
22971:
22968:
22967:
22953:
22952:
22945:
22938:
22930:
22921:
22920:
22918:
22917:
22911:
22909:
22908:Sign languages
22905:
22904:
22902:
22901:
22899:Serbo-Croatian
22896:
22891:
22886:
22885:
22884:
22874:
22869:
22863:
22861:
22857:
22856:
22854:
22853:
22838:
22836:
22832:
22831:
22817:
22816:
22809:
22802:
22794:
22785:
22784:
22782:
22781:
22774:
22773:
22766:
22759:
22751:
22750:
22747:
22746:
22743:
22742:
22739:
22738:
22736:
22735:
22730:
22725:
22719:
22717:
22713:
22712:
22710:
22709:
22704:
22699:
22694:
22689:
22684:
22672:
22660:
22654:
22652:
22646:
22645:
22643:
22642:
22637:
22632:
22627:
22621:
22619:
22615:
22614:
22611:
22610:
22608:
22607:
22602:
22597:
22592:
22587:
22582:
22577:
22572:
22566:
22564:
22560:
22559:
22557:
22556:
22551:
22546:
22541:
22535:
22533:
22526:
22522:
22521:
22518:
22517:
22515:
22514:
22509:
22504:
22499:
22494:
22489:
22484:
22473:
22471:
22465:
22464:
22462:
22461:
22456:
22451:
22446:
22441:
22436:
22430:
22428:
22422:
22421:
22419:
22418:
22413:
22408:
22403:
22398:
22393:
22388:
22382:
22380:
22376:
22375:
22373:
22372:
22367:
22357:
22352:
22347:
22342:
22337:
22332:
22327:
22322:
22321:
22320:
22307:
22305:
22299:
22298:
22296:
22295:
22290:
22285:
22280:
22274:
22272:
22258:
22252:
22251:
22249:
22244:
22239:
22237:Noble families
22234:
22229:
22224:
22219:
22217:
22204:
22198:
22197:
22194:
22193:
22190:
22189:
22187:
22186:
22176:
22171:
22159:
22153:
22150:
22149:
22147:
22146:
22141:
22136:
22131:
22126:
22121:
22115:
22113:
22106:
22100:
22099:
22097:
22096:
22091:
22086:
22081:
22069:
22064:
22059:
22054:
22049:
22044:
22038:
22036:
22035:Infrastructure
22032:
22031:
22029:
22019:
22014:
22012:
22008:
22007:
22005:
22004:
21998:
21995:
21994:
21992:
21991:
21986:
21981:
21976:
21970:
21968:
21961:
21955:
21954:
21952:
21951:
21946:
21941:
21935:
21933:
21929:
21928:
21926:
21925:
21920:
21914:
21912:
21908:
21907:
21905:
21904:
21899:
21894:
21889:
21881:
21875:
21873:
21862:
21856:
21855:
21852:
21851:
21848:
21847:
21845:
21844:
21839:
21834:
21829:
21824:
21818:
21816:
21812:
21811:
21809:
21808:
21803:
21798:
21796:Assassinations
21793:
21788:
21782:
21780:
21774:
21773:
21771:
21770:
21765:
21760:
21748:
21742:
21740:
21736:
21735:
21733:
21728:
21723:
21718:
21713:
21711:Municipalities
21708:
21703:
21698:
21696:
21690:
21689:
21687:
21686:
21681:
21676:
21671:
21666:
21660:
21657:
21656:
21654:
21653:
21648:
21643:
21638:
21632:
21630:
21623:
21617:
21616:
21614:
21613:
21608:
21598:
21593:
21588:
21586:Prime Minister
21583:
21571:
21558:
21556:
21545:
21539:
21538:
21535:
21534:
21531:
21530:
21528:
21527:
21522:
21512:
21507:
21501:
21499:
21493:
21492:
21490:
21489:
21484:
21479:
21474:
21468:
21466:
21455:
21449:
21448:
21441:
21439:
21436:
21435:
21433:
21432:
21427:
21422:
21416:
21414:
21410:
21409:
21407:
21406:
21401:
21396:
21391:
21386:
21381:
21376:
21371:
21366:
21361:
21356:
21351:
21346:
21341:
21336:
21331:
21326:
21321:
21316:
21311:
21306:
21301:
21296:
21291:
21285:
21283:
21281:(1912–present)
21274:
21273:
21271:
21270:
21265:
21263:Revolt of 1912
21260:
21258:Taksim meeting
21255:
21250:
21248:Revolt of 1910
21245:
21240:
21235:
21230:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21203:Arbëni Council
21200:
21195:
21190:
21184:
21182:
21177:Ottoman period
21173:
21172:
21170:
21169:
21164:
21159:
21154:
21148:
21146:
21137:
21136:
21134:
21133:
21128:
21123:
21118:
21113:
21108:
21103:
21098:
21093:
21088:
21083:
21077:
21075:
21066:
21060:
21059:
21048:
21047:
21040:
21033:
21025:
21016:
21015:
21013:
21012:
21001:
20998:
20997:
20995:
20994:
20989:
20984:
20979:
20974:
20969:
20964:
20958:
20956:
20952:
20951:
20948:
20947:
20945:
20944:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20923:
20921:
20915:
20914:
20912:
20911:
20906:
20905:
20904:
20894:
20889:
20884:
20879:
20877:Southeast Tosk
20873:
20871:
20862:
20856:
20855:
20852:
20851:
20849:
20848:
20843:
20837:
20835:
20831:
20830:
20828:
20827:
20826:
20825:
20820:
20815:
20805:
20803:Origins debate
20799:
20797:
20793:
20792:
20790:
20789:
20787:Proto-Albanian
20784:
20779:
20774:
20773:
20772:
20761:
20759:
20752:
20748:
20747:
20740:
20739:
20732:
20725:
20717:
20711:
20708:
20707:
20695:
20694:
20685:
20682:
20681:
20679:
20678:
20671:
20670:
20669:
20655:
20654:
20653:
20646:
20632:
20629:Proto-Hellenic
20625:
20624:
20623:
20613:Proto-Germanic
20609:
20602:
20601:
20600:
20593:
20579:
20576:Proto-Armenian
20572:
20565:
20562:Proto-Albanian
20558:
20550:
20548:
20542:
20541:
20539:
20538:
20531:
20524:
20517:
20510:
20503:
20496:
20489:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20466:
20464:
20460:
20459:
20457:
20456:
20449:
20443:
20441:
20433:
20432:
20430:
20429:
20422:
20421:
20420:
20409:
20407:
20401:
20400:
20398:
20397:
20392:
20387:
20382:
20375:
20373:
20367:
20366:
20364:
20363:
20358:
20356:North Germanic
20353:
20345:
20343:
20337:
20336:
20334:
20333:
20331:Insular Celtic
20328:
20320:
20318:
20312:
20311:
20308:
20307:
20305:
20304:
20299:
20294:
20288:
20286:
20280:
20279:
20277:
20276:
20269:
20264:
20261:Dnieper Baltic
20256:
20254:
20245:
20239:
20238:
20235:
20234:
20232:
20231:
20224:
20217:
20210:
20203:
20196:
20188:
20186:
20178:
20177:
20175:
20174:
20167:
20160:
20152:
20146:
20138:
20137:
20125:
20124:
20117:
20110:
20102:
20096:
20095:
20089:
20074:
20073:External links
20071:
20069:
20068:
20062:
20049:
20036:Ylli, Xhelal.
20034:
20024:
20017:
20011:
19996:
19981:
19972:
19963:
19954:
19948:
19931:
19908:
19902:
19887:
19879:Orel, Vladimir
19875:
19869:
19856:
19847:
19834:
19806:
19799:
19788:
19775:
19761:
19752:
19746:
19719:
19706:
19697:
19688:
19679:
19666:
19648:
19634:
19625:
19620:Mayer, Anton.
19618:
19612:
19597:
19590:
19581:
19553:
19537:
19511:
19505:
19490:
19481:
19472:
19459:
19431:
19418:
19413:978-9995604707
19412:
19399:
19394:978-3111568874
19393:
19377:
19364:
19339:
19333:
19308:
19299:
19287:
19267:
19251:
19242:
19229:
19216:
19207:
19194:
19181:
19172:
19166:
19143:
19137:
19115:
19102:
19086:
19074:
19065:
19052:
19043:
19027:
19014:
18995:
18989:
18972:
18966:
18951:
18945:
18932:
18915:
18906:
18897:
18891:
18873:
18867:
18854:
18817:
18804:
18791:
18775:
18766:
18755:
18744:
18735:
18726:
18721:Çabej, Eqrem.
18719:
18706:
18693:
18682:
18671:
18670:
18669:
18639:
18618:
18612:
18593:
18584:
18575:
18561:
18555:
18542:
18521:
18515:
18489:
18480:
18471:
18462:
18442:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18418:
18417:
18405:
18403:, p. 262.
18393:
18381:
18369:
18367:, p. 263.
18357:
18355:, p. 350.
18345:
18333:
18321:
18304:
18292:
18290:, p. 110.
18280:
18260:
18258:, p. 424.
18248:
18233:
18207:
18184:
18164:
18152:
18139:
18126:
18117:
18097:
18082:
18073:
18061:
18049:
18037:
18028:
18021:
18003:
17994:
17985:
17983:, p. 254.
17973:
17971:, p. 264.
17961:
17959:, p. 318.
17949:
17934:
17932:, p. 236.
17922:
17920:, p. 102.
17910:
17895:
17853:
17838:
17810:
17799:
17779:
17767:
17729:
17717:
17710:
17690:
17674:
17667:
17647:
17640:
17620:
17613:
17594:
17577:
17560:
17553:
17533:
17510:
17490:
17481:
17478:. 3 June 2008.
17465:
17458:
17438:
17416:
17398:
17380:
17378:, p. 191.
17368:
17359:
17343:
17334:Sawicka, Irena
17323:
17305:
17293:
17278:
17271:
17251:
17244:
17221:
17198:
17173:
17161:
17152:
17145:
17125:
17099:
17083:
17054:
17042:
17021:
17002:
16987:
16966:
16949:
16924:
16867:
16850:
16833:
16829:Matasović 2019
16821:
16812:
16778:
16756:
16734:
16723:
16702:
16681:
16674:
16654:
16646:Robert Elsie,
16639:
16626:
16613:
16588:
16576:
16553:
16522:
16508:
16488:
16476:
16464:
16447:
16440:
16434:. p. 98.
16416:
16409:
16379:
16360:
16351:
16336:
16319:
16304:
16294:
16288:. p. 17.
16274:
16241:
16206:
16163:
16156:
16138:
16111:(2): 227–229.
16083:
16048:
16046:, p. 225.
16033:
16026:
16000:
15975:
15964:
15950:
15927:
15917:
15895:
15877:
15870:
15847:
15835:
15828:
15796:
15789:
15771:
15759:
15747:
15735:
15728:
15705:
15693:
15676:
15660:
15653:
15633:
15602:
15581:
15574:
15554:
15513:
15494:
15475:
15471:Mallory, J. P.
15459:
15446:
15434:
15427:
15402:
15376:(1): 194–244.
15353:
15332:
15317:
15310:
15290:
15280:
15263:
15228:
15219:
15208:
15188:
15156:
15138:
15116:
15105:
15099:. p. 89.
15081:
15054:
15008:
14998:
14989:
14980:
14964:
14927:
14890:
14877:"Robert Elsie"
14868:
14842:
14813:
14796:
14783:
14766:
14764:, p. 559.
14754:
14742:
14715:
14688:
14668:
14647:
14588:
14567:
14555:
14534:
14530:Matasović 2019
14522:
14520:, p. 235.
14503:
14501:, p. 385.
14486:
14471:
14456:
14452:Matzinger 2018
14444:
14442:, p. 388.
14427:
14420:
14400:
14388:
14376:
14364:
14360:Matasović 2019
14352:
14308:
14251:
14244:
14224:
14201:
14191:, p. 39;
14189:Matasović 2019
14185:Matzinger 2018
14183:, p. 12;
14173:
14143:
14136:
14116:
14099:
14085:
14058:
14051:
14024:
14022:, p. 552.
14004:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13949:
13948:
13947:
13931:
13928:
13925:
13924:
13915:
13902:
13893:
13884:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13808:
13805:
13804:
13803:
13777:
13750:
13735:
13722:
13715:(cf. Romanian
13694:
13572:
13569:
13565:Emanuele Banfi
13553:Ottoman Empire
13548:
13545:
13527:
13524:
13406:
13405:
13398:'gospel' from
13386:'bishop' from
13332:), (obsolete)
13294:'church' from
13262:
13091:'foe, enemy',
13065:
12974:
12973:
12942:'ray; spoke';
12904:
12831:
12792:'fruit tree';
12778:
12603:Jernej Kopitar
12509:("few", Latin
12482:
12479:
12478:
12477:
12439:
12425:
12412:
12394:
12393:
12379:
12360:
12354:; "leek" <
12347:
12334:
12321:
12307:
12293:
12285:
12272:
12258:
12252:; "plum" <
12245:
12225:
12204:Proto-Albanian
12195:
12192:
12161:Proto-Albanian
12136:
12133:
12130:
12129:
12126:
12123:
12115:
12114:
12093:
12090:
12082:
12081:
12066:
12065:"bramblebush"
12063:
12052:
12051:
12042:
12039:
12028:
12027:
11982:
11979:
11968:
11967:
11952:
11943:
11935:
11934:
11919:
11916:
11908:
11907:
11898:
11895:
11884:
11883:
11868:
11865:
11854:
11853:
11838:
11835:
11824:
11823:
11808:
11805:
11794:
11793:
11784:
11781:
11770:
11769:
11760:
11757:
11746:
11745:
11730:
11727:
11719:
11718:
11717:"swampy soil"
11709:
11701:
11693:
11692:
11677:
11674:
11663:
11662:
11654:
11651:
11640:
11639:
11624:
11614:
11603:
11602:
11588:
11585:
11577:
11576:
11572:tribe, lineage
11555:
11552:
11544:
11543:
11529:
11526:
11518:
11517:
11502:
11487:
11461:
11460:
11457:
11454:
11453:Illyrian term
11439:
11436:
11353:
11352:
11331:. Knowledge's
11292:
11290:
11283:
11277:
11274:
11193:
11190:
11189:
11188:
11171:
11168:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11157:
11153:
11152:
11149:
11145:
11144:
11141:
11137:
11136:
11133:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11120:
11117:
11113:
11112:
11109:
11105:
11104:
11101:
11097:
11096:
11093:
11089:
11088:
11085:
11081:
11080:
11074:
11070:
11069:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11058:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11046:
11045:
11039:
11038:tri/tre—three
11035:
11034:
11031:
11027:
11026:
11023:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11007:
10989:
10988:
10978:
10968:
10958:
10922:
10919:
10918:
10917:
10914:is anticipated
10909:një ndërprerje
10879:
10878:
10867:
10856:
10845:
10834:
10823:
10801:
10798:
10790:
10789:
10769:
10753:
10737:
10717:Balkan context
10666:
10665:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10652:
10638:
10624:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10585:
10571:
10499:
10498:
10495:(prej) vajzave
10491:
10484:
10481:(prej) vajzash
10477:
10470:
10464:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10429:
10428:
10421:
10414:
10407:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10372:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10350:
10342:
10334:
10326:
10320:
10319:
10316:
10313:
10310:
10306:
10305:
10302:
10299:
10283:
10282:
10275:
10268:
10261:
10254:
10248:
10247:
10240:
10233:
10226:
10219:
10213:
10212:
10205:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10170:
10163:
10156:
10149:
10143:
10142:
10134:
10126:
10118:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10097:
10094:
10090:
10089:
10086:
10083:
10067:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10010:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9962:
9961:
9954:
9947:
9940:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9918:
9917:(the mountain)
9910:
9902:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9884:
9881:
9878:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9867:
9751:
9748:
9743:Pjetër Bogdani
9692:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9680:
9670:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9656:
9653:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9634:
9631:
9626:
9620:
9619:
9613:
9610:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9592:
9589:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9570:
9567:
9562:
9556:
9555:
9544:
9541:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9522:
9519:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9501:
9498:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9478:
9476:
9470:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9438:
9437:
9430:
9428:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9358:
9327:
9278:
9235:
9219:
9202:
9165:
9164:
9158:
9155:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9137:
9134:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9094:
9091:
9086:
9080:
9079:
9072:
9069:
9067:Alveolar trill
9064:
9058:
9057:
9051:
9048:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9029:
9026:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9008:
9005:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8987:
8984:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8966:
8963:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8945:
8942:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8924:
8921:
8916:
8910:
8909:
8903:
8900:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8882:
8879:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8856:
8853:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8830:
8827:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8809:
8806:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8767:
8764:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8746:
8743:
8738:
8732:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8703:
8700:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8682:
8679:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8657:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8617:
8614:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8596:
8593:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8574:
8571:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8548:Alveolar nasal
8545:
8539:
8538:
8532:
8529:
8527:Bilabial nasal
8524:
8518:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8430:
8428:
8421:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8390:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8367:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8340:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8290:
8288:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8255:
8253:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8201:
8199:
8192:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8174:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8156:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8122:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8104:
8102:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8028:
8025:
7959:), written as
7924:
7921:
7915:
7912:
7893:
7890:
7811:
7808:
7799:Luigj Gurakuqi
7762:
7759:
7750:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7724:
7716:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7654:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7618:
7617:
7606:
7598:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7582:'grandfather'
7571:
7558:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7538:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7517:
7505:
7494:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7468:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7436:
7426:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7401:
7395:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7377:
7365:
7359:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7341:
7329:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7293:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7272:
7260:
7252:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7236:
7224:
7218:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7190:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7149:
7148:
7137:
7129:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7103:
7095:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7043:
7035:
7027:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6989:
6988:
6976:
6974:Between vowels
6967:
6958:
6956:Before i, e, a
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6931:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6888:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6823:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6788:
6781:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6753:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6722:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6691:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6647:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6606:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6548:
6541:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6513:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6444:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6416:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6385:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6354:
6347:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6310:
6309:
6300:
6283:
6281:Between vowels
6274:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6248:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6217:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6181:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6150:
6144:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6127:
6116:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6087:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6054:
6047:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6021:
6008:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5962:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5915:
5914:
5903:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5872:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5840:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5819:'that, which'
5809:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5780:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5703:
5702:
5687:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5657:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5590:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5550:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5520:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5480:
5479:
5467:
5458:
5446:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5413:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5383:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5352:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5321:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:'chin; beard'
5290:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5259:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5229:
5222:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5185:
5184:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5152:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5121:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5086:
5079:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5054:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5028:
5021:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4995:
4989:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4939:'to sip, gulp'
4927:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4908:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4595:
4592:
4587:Main article:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:Fire sacrifice
4429:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4278:
4277:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:Zoroastrianism
4206:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4094:
4093:
4091:Medieval India
4082:
4081:
4076:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3973:
3968:
3966:Italic peoples
3963:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3900:
3899:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3742:Gandhara grave
3739:
3734:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:Middle Dnieper
3584:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3543:Eastern Europe
3540:
3539:
3527:
3526:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3471:Dnieper–Donets
3467:
3460:
3448:
3446:Kurgan culture
3443:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Beech argument
3379:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3191:
3186:
3172:
3165:Proto-Germanic
3162:
3160:Proto-Armenian
3157:
3152:
3150:Proto-Albanian
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2757:
2753:Nilo Katalanos
2749:Andrea Bogdani
2730:
2729:Ottoman period
2727:
2689:
2686:
2672:
2671:
2652:
2637:Book of Isaiah
2572:
2549:
2534:
2483:
2480:
2463:
2460:
2456:monk's rhubarb
2406:Kukës District
2394:Korçë District
2369:
2366:
2358:Julije Balović
2327:Roman Catholic
2207:Main article:
2204:
2201:
2134:its own branch
2101:
2098:
2006:dated in 1308:
1974:
1971:
1960:Proto-Albanian
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1925:Southern Tosk
1923:
1911:Indo-European
1908:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1555:
1554:Classification
1552:
1403:Greek alphabet
1375:
1372:
1292:Shkumbin River
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:Northeast Gheg
1265:
1264:Northwest Gheg
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1221:
1208:Main article:
1205:
1202:
1189:
1186:
1127:
1124:
1092:
1089:
998:
995:
985:and the large
940:Main article:
937:
934:
910:in Greece and
872:Western Thrace
840:Shkumbin river
667:[ʃcip]
648:
647:
634:, you may see
620:
619:
612:
606:
604:
596:
595:
588:
582:
581:
574:
566:
565:
515:
507:
506:
479:
471:
470:
461:
453:
452:
451:Language codes
448:
447:
438:
432:
431:
428:
427:
414:
401:
388:
374:
373:
371:
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
343:
327:
314:
300:
298:
295:
292:
291:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
267:
265:
261:Writing system
258:
255:
254:
253:
252:
228:
224:Malsia e Madhe
199:
195:
194:
191:Proto-Albanian
189:
187:
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
176:
175:
161:
159:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
87:
86:Native to
83:
82:
59:[ʃcip]
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24993:
24982:
24979:
24977:
24974:
24972:
24969:
24967:
24964:
24962:
24959:
24957:
24954:
24952:
24949:
24947:
24944:
24942:
24939:
24937:
24934:
24932:
24929:
24927:
24924:
24922:
24919:
24917:
24914:
24912:
24909:
24908:
24906:
24885:
24882:
24881:
24879:
24875:
24869:
24866:
24864:
24861:
24859:
24856:
24854:
24851:
24849:
24846:
24844:
24841:
24839:
24836:
24834:
24831:
24829:
24826:
24824:
24821:
24820:
24818:
24814:
24808:
24805:
24804:
24802:
24798:
24794:
24789:
24780:
24775:
24773:
24768:
24766:
24761:
24760:
24757:
24745:
24742:
24741:
24739:
24735:
24729:
24726:
24724:
24721:
24719:
24716:
24714:
24711:
24709:
24706:
24704:
24701:
24699:
24696:
24694:
24691:
24689:
24686:
24684:
24681:
24679:
24676:
24674:
24671:
24669:
24666:
24664:
24661:
24659:
24656:
24654:
24651:
24649:
24646:
24644:
24641:
24639:
24636:
24634:
24631:
24630:
24628:
24622:
24616:
24613:
24612:
24610:
24606:
24602:
24595:
24590:
24588:
24583:
24581:
24576:
24575:
24572:
24562:
24556:
24550:
24547:
24546:
24544:
24540:
24534:
24531:
24529:
24526:
24524:
24521:
24519:
24516:
24514:
24511:
24510:
24508:
24504:
24498:
24495:
24493:
24490:
24489:
24487:
24483:
24479:
24474:
24465:
24460:
24458:
24453:
24451:
24446:
24445:
24442:
24430:
24427:
24426:
24424:
24420:
24414:
24411:
24409:
24406:
24404:
24401:
24399:
24396:
24394:
24391:
24389:
24386:
24385:
24383:
24379:
24373:
24370:
24368:
24365:
24364:
24362:
24358:
24354:
24349:
24340:
24335:
24333:
24328:
24326:
24321:
24320:
24317:
24305:
24302:
24301:
24299:
24295:
24289:
24286:
24284:
24281:
24279:
24276:
24274:
24271:
24270:
24268:
24264:
24258:
24255:
24253:
24250:
24249:
24247:
24243:
24239:
24234:
24225:
24220:
24218:
24213:
24211:
24206:
24205:
24202:
24184:
24180:
24169:
24166:
24161:
24157:
24156:
24155:
24152:
24150:
24147:
24142:
24138:
24137:
24136:
24133:
24132:
24130:
24126:
24116:
24113:
24111:
24108:
24106:
24103:
24102:
24100:
24096:
24087:
24083:
24082:
24081:
24078:
24076:
24073:
24071:
24068:
24067:
24065:
24063:
24059:
24056:
24054:
24050:
24040:
24037:
24035:
24032:
24031:
24029:
24027:
24026:Italiot Greek
24023:
24020:
24018:
24014:
24004:
24001:
23999:
23998:Slavomolisano
23996:
23994:
23991:
23989:
23986:
23985:
23983:
23981:
23977:
23971:
23968:
23966:
23963:
23961:
23958:
23956:
23953:
23951:
23948:
23946:
23943:
23941:
23938:
23936:
23933:
23932:
23930:
23928:
23924:
23921:
23919:
23915:
23902:
23898:
23897:
23896:
23893:
23892:
23890:
23888:
23884:
23881:
23879:
23875:
23871:
23864:
23853:
23834:
23830:
23827:
23823:
23820:
23816:
23815:
23814:
23811:
23809:
23806:
23805:
23803:
23801:
23797:
23794:
23792:
23788:
23778:
23775:
23773:
23770:
23769:
23767:
23765:
23761:
23758:
23756:
23752:
23742:
23739:
23737:
23734:
23732:
23731:Judeo-Italian
23729:
23727:
23724:
23722:
23719:
23718:
23716:
23710:
23701:
23697:
23696:
23695:
23692:
23687:
23683:
23680:
23676:
23675:
23674:
23671:
23670:
23668:
23666:
23662:
23653:
23649:
23646:
23642:
23641:
23640:
23637:
23632:
23628:
23623:
23619:
23616:
23612:
23609:
23605:
23604:
23602:
23598:
23595:
23591:
23586:
23582:
23581:
23579:
23575:
23572:
23568:
23563:
23559:
23556:
23552:
23549:
23545:
23542:
23538:
23537:
23535:
23531:
23526:
23522:
23521:
23519:
23515:
23510:
23506:
23505:
23503:
23499:
23498:
23497:
23494:
23493:
23491:
23489:
23485:
23479:
23476:
23474:
23471:
23469:
23466:
23464:
23461:
23459:
23456:
23454:
23451:
23450:
23448:
23446:
23442:
23439:
23437:
23433:
23420:
23416:
23415:
23414:
23411:
23409:
23406:
23405:
23403:
23401:
23397:
23391:
23388:
23387:
23385:
23383:
23379:
23376:
23374:
23373:Gallo-Romance
23370:
23360:
23357:
23352:
23348:
23347:
23346:
23345:Vivaro-Alpine
23343:
23342:
23340:
23338:
23334:
23328:
23325:
23324:
23322:
23320:
23316:
23313:
23311:
23307:
23297:
23294:
23292:
23289:
23288:
23286:
23284:
23280:
23277:
23275:
23271:
23261:
23258:
23256:
23253:
23251:
23248:
23247:
23245:
23239:
23230:
23226:
23225:
23224:
23221:
23216:
23212:
23211:
23210:
23207:
23205:
23202:
23201:
23199:
23197:
23193:
23187:
23184:
23182:
23179:
23177:
23174:
23172:
23169:
23164:
23160:
23159:
23158:
23155:
23153:
23150:
23148:
23145:
23143:
23140:
23138:
23135:
23133:
23130:
23129:
23127:
23125:
23121:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23091:
23089:
23085:
23079:
23076:
23075:
23073:
23071:
23067:
23061:
23058:
23057:
23055:
23053:
23049:
23046:
23044:
23043:Italo-Romance
23040:
23036:
23032:
23028:
23024:
23020:
23016:
23012:
23008:
23004:
23000:
22996:
22992:
22988:
22984:
22980:
22976:
22975:
22969:
22965:
22960:
22951:
22946:
22944:
22939:
22937:
22932:
22931:
22928:
22916:
22913:
22912:
22910:
22906:
22900:
22897:
22895:
22892:
22890:
22887:
22883:
22880:
22879:
22878:
22875:
22873:
22870:
22868:
22865:
22864:
22862:
22858:
22851:
22847:
22843:
22840:
22839:
22837:
22833:
22829:
22824:
22815:
22810:
22808:
22803:
22801:
22796:
22795:
22792:
22780:
22777:
22776:
22771:
22767:
22764:
22760:
22757:
22753:
22752:
22748:
22734:
22733:Copyright law
22731:
22729:
22726:
22724:
22721:
22720:
22718:
22714:
22708:
22705:
22703:
22700:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22692:Sign language
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22681:
22676:
22673:
22671:
22669:
22664:
22661:
22659:
22656:
22655:
22653:
22651:
22647:
22641:
22638:
22636:
22633:
22631:
22628:
22626:
22623:
22622:
22620:
22618:Entertainment
22616:
22606:
22605:Indoor arenas
22603:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22586:
22583:
22581:
22578:
22576:
22573:
22571:
22570:Weightlifting
22568:
22567:
22565:
22561:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22545:
22542:
22540:
22539:National team
22537:
22536:
22534:
22530:
22527:
22523:
22513:
22510:
22508:
22505:
22503:
22500:
22498:
22495:
22493:
22490:
22488:
22485:
22483:
22479:
22475:
22474:
22472:
22470:
22466:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22447:
22445:
22442:
22440:
22437:
22435:
22432:
22431:
22429:
22427:
22423:
22417:
22416:Sworn virgins
22414:
22412:
22409:
22407:
22404:
22402:
22399:
22397:
22394:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22383:
22381:
22377:
22371:
22368:
22366:
22358:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22343:
22341:
22338:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22323:
22318:
22314:
22313:
22312:
22309:
22308:
22306:
22304:
22300:
22294:
22291:
22289:
22286:
22284:
22281:
22279:
22276:
22275:
22273:
22270:
22266:
22262:
22259:
22257:
22253:
22248:
22245:
22243:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22218:
22216:
22212:
22208:
22205:
22203:
22199:
22185:
22181:
22177:
22175:
22172:
22170:
22168:
22163:
22160:
22158:
22155:
22154:
22145:
22142:
22140:
22137:
22135:
22132:
22130:
22127:
22125:
22122:
22120:
22117:
22116:
22114:
22110:
22107:
22105:
22101:
22095:
22092:
22090:
22087:
22085:
22082:
22080:
22078:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22060:
22058:
22055:
22053:
22050:
22048:
22045:
22043:
22040:
22039:
22037:
22033:
22028:
22020:
22018:
22015:
22013:
22009:
22003:
22000:
21999:
21990:
21987:
21985:
21982:
21980:
21977:
21975:
21972:
21971:
21969:
21965:
21962:
21960:
21956:
21950:
21947:
21945:
21942:
21940:
21937:
21936:
21934:
21930:
21924:
21921:
21919:
21916:
21915:
21913:
21909:
21903:
21900:
21898:
21895:
21893:
21890:
21888:
21882:
21880:
21877:
21876:
21874:
21870:
21866:
21863:
21861:
21857:
21843:
21840:
21838:
21835:
21833:
21830:
21828:
21825:
21823:
21820:
21819:
21817:
21813:
21807:
21804:
21802:
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21783:
21781:
21779:
21775:
21769:
21766:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21757:
21752:
21749:
21747:
21744:
21743:
21741:
21737:
21732:
21729:
21727:
21724:
21722:
21719:
21717:
21714:
21712:
21709:
21707:
21704:
21702:
21699:
21697:
21695:
21691:
21685:
21682:
21680:
21677:
21675:
21672:
21670:
21667:
21665:
21662:
21661:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21644:
21642:
21639:
21637:
21634:
21633:
21631:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21618:
21612:
21609:
21607:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21580:
21575:
21574:Head of state
21572:
21570:
21568:
21563:
21560:
21559:
21557:
21553:
21549:
21546:
21544:
21540:
21526:
21523:
21521:
21513:
21511:
21508:
21506:
21503:
21502:
21500:
21498:
21494:
21488:
21485:
21483:
21480:
21478:
21475:
21473:
21470:
21469:
21467:
21463:
21459:
21456:
21454:
21450:
21445:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21421:
21418:
21417:
21415:
21411:
21405:
21402:
21400:
21397:
21395:
21392:
21390:
21387:
21385:
21382:
21380:
21377:
21375:
21372:
21370:
21367:
21365:
21362:
21360:
21357:
21355:
21352:
21350:
21347:
21345:
21342:
21340:
21337:
21335:
21332:
21330:
21327:
21325:
21322:
21320:
21317:
21315:
21312:
21310:
21307:
21305:
21302:
21300:
21297:
21295:
21292:
21290:
21287:
21286:
21284:
21279:
21275:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21251:
21249:
21246:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21236:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21194:
21191:
21189:
21186:
21185:
21183:
21178:
21174:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21158:
21155:
21153:
21150:
21149:
21147:
21142:
21138:
21132:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21122:
21119:
21117:
21114:
21112:
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21092:
21089:
21087:
21084:
21082:
21079:
21078:
21076:
21074:
21070:
21067:
21065:
21061:
21057:
21053:
21046:
21041:
21039:
21034:
21032:
21027:
21026:
21023:
21011:
21003:
21002:
20999:
20993:
20990:
20988:
20985:
20983:
20980:
20978:
20975:
20973:
20970:
20968:
20965:
20963:
20960:
20959:
20957:
20953:
20943:
20940:
20938:
20935:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20925:
20924:
20922:
20920:
20916:
20910:
20907:
20903:
20900:
20899:
20898:
20895:
20893:
20890:
20888:
20885:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
20874:
20872:
20870:
20866:
20863:
20861:
20857:
20847:
20844:
20842:
20839:
20838:
20836:
20832:
20824:
20821:
20819:
20816:
20814:
20811:
20810:
20809:
20806:
20804:
20801:
20800:
20798:
20794:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20778:
20775:
20771:
20768:
20767:
20766:
20763:
20762:
20760:
20756:
20753:
20749:
20745:
20738:
20733:
20731:
20726:
20724:
20719:
20718:
20715:
20709:
20702:
20692:
20688:
20683:
20677:
20676:
20672:
20668:
20667:
20666:Proto-Romance
20663:
20662:
20661:
20660:
20656:
20652:
20651:
20650:Proto-Iranian
20647:
20645:
20644:
20640:
20639:
20638:
20637:
20633:
20631:
20630:
20626:
20622:
20621:
20617:
20616:
20615:
20614:
20610:
20608:
20607:
20603:
20599:
20598:
20594:
20592:
20591:
20587:
20586:
20585:
20584:
20580:
20578:
20577:
20573:
20571:
20570:
20566:
20564:
20563:
20559:
20557:
20556:
20552:
20551:
20549:
20547:
20543:
20537:
20536:
20532:
20530:
20529:
20525:
20523:
20522:
20518:
20516:
20515:
20511:
20509:
20508:
20504:
20502:
20501:
20497:
20495:
20494:
20490:
20488:
20487:
20483:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20467:
20465:
20461:
20455:
20454:
20450:
20448:
20445:
20444:
20442:
20440:
20439:
20434:
20428:
20427:
20423:
20419:
20416:
20415:
20414:
20411:
20410:
20408:
20406:
20402:
20396:
20393:
20391:
20388:
20386:
20383:
20380:
20377:
20376:
20374:
20372:
20368:
20362:
20361:West Germanic
20359:
20357:
20354:
20352:
20351:
20350:East Germanic
20347:
20346:
20344:
20342:
20338:
20332:
20329:
20327:
20326:
20322:
20321:
20319:
20317:
20313:
20303:
20300:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20289:
20287:
20285:
20281:
20275:
20274:
20270:
20268:
20265:
20263:
20262:
20258:
20257:
20255:
20253:
20249:
20246:
20244:
20240:
20230:
20229:
20225:
20223:
20222:
20218:
20216:
20215:
20211:
20209:
20208:
20204:
20202:
20201:
20197:
20195:
20194:
20190:
20189:
20187:
20185:
20184:
20179:
20173:
20172:
20168:
20166:
20165:
20161:
20159:
20158:
20154:
20153:
20150:
20147:
20145:
20144:
20139:
20134:
20130:
20123:
20118:
20116:
20111:
20109:
20104:
20103:
20100:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20084:
20080:
20077:
20076:
20065:
20063:3-932331-36-2
20059:
20055:
20050:
20047:
20043:
20039:
20035:
20032:
20028:
20025:
20022:
20018:
20014:
20012:9789027263179
20008:
20004:
20003:
19997:
19993:
19989:
19988:
19982:
19978:
19973:
19969:
19964:
19960:
19955:
19951:
19949:9781317391531
19945:
19942:. Routledge.
19941:
19937:
19932:
19928:
19922:
19914:
19909:
19905:
19899:
19895:
19894:
19888:
19884:
19880:
19876:
19872:
19866:
19862:
19857:
19853:
19848:
19844:
19840:
19835:
19832:
19826:
19820:
19812:
19807:
19804:
19800:
19797:
19793:
19789:
19785:
19781:
19776:
19772:(1): 206–217.
19771:
19767:
19762:
19758:
19753:
19749:
19747:9781108758666
19743:
19738:
19733:
19729:
19725:
19720:
19716:
19712:
19707:
19703:
19698:
19694:
19689:
19685:
19680:
19676:
19672:
19667:
19664:
19660:
19656:
19652:
19649:
19646:
19642:
19638:
19637:Meyer, Gustav
19635:
19631:
19626:
19623:
19619:
19615:
19609:
19605:
19604:
19598:
19595:
19591:
19587:
19582:
19578:
19572:
19561:
19560:
19554:
19550:
19546:
19542:
19541:Mallory, J.P.
19538:
19535:
19531:
19527:
19523:
19519:
19515:
19512:
19508:
19506:9789989582684
19502:
19498:
19497:
19491:
19487:
19482:
19478:
19473:
19469:
19465:
19460:
19456:
19450:
19442:
19441:
19436:
19432:
19428:
19424:
19419:
19415:
19409:
19405:
19400:
19396:
19390:
19386:
19382:
19378:
19374:
19370:
19365:
19361:
19355:
19347:
19346:
19340:
19336:
19334:9781108499798
19330:
19326:
19322:
19318:
19314:
19309:
19305:
19300:
19296:
19292:
19291:Hamp, Eric P.
19288:
19284:
19280:
19273:
19268:
19264:
19260:
19256:
19255:Hamp, Eric P.
19252:
19248:
19243:
19239:
19235:
19230:
19226:
19222:
19217:
19213:
19208:
19204:
19200:
19195:
19191:
19187:
19182:
19178:
19173:
19169:
19167:9781351109147
19163:
19159:
19158:
19153:
19152:Matras, Yaron
19149:
19144:
19140:
19134:
19130:
19126:
19125:
19120:
19116:
19112:
19108:
19103:
19099:
19095:
19091:
19087:
19083:
19079:
19075:
19071:
19066:
19062:
19058:
19053:
19049:
19044:
19040:
19036:
19032:
19028:
19024:
19020:
19019:Res Albanicae
19015:
19011:
19004:
19000:
18996:
18992:
18986:
18981:
18980:
18973:
18969:
18963:
18959:
18958:
18952:
18948:
18946:9789992765470
18942:
18938:
18933:
18929:
18925:
18921:
18916:
18912:
18907:
18903:
18898:
18894:
18892:9780415064491
18888:
18884:
18883:
18878:
18874:
18870:
18864:
18860:
18855:
18850:
18845:
18840:
18835:
18831:
18827:
18823:
18818:
18814:
18810:
18805:
18801:
18797:
18792:
18788:
18784:
18780:
18776:
18772:
18767:
18763:
18762:
18756:
18752:
18751:
18745:
18741:
18736:
18732:
18727:
18724:
18720:
18716:
18712:
18707:
18703:
18699:
18694:
18691:
18687:
18683:
18680:
18676:
18672:
18666:
18662:
18657:
18656:
18654:(1): 161–199.
18653:
18650:(in German).
18649:
18645:
18640:
18637:
18631:
18627:
18623:
18619:
18615:
18609:
18605:
18601:
18600:
18594:
18590:
18585:
18581:
18576:
18572:
18571:
18566:
18562:
18558:
18556:9782738460349
18552:
18548:
18543:
18539:
18535:
18531:
18527:
18522:
18518:
18512:
18508:
18504:
18503:
18498:
18494:
18490:
18486:
18481:
18477:
18472:
18468:
18463:
18460:
18454:
18450:
18449:
18443:
18439:
18435:
18434:
18428:
18427:
18414:
18409:
18402:
18397:
18390:
18385:
18378:
18373:
18366:
18361:
18354:
18349:
18342:
18337:
18330:
18325:
18318:
18314:
18308:
18302:, p. 449
18301:
18296:
18289:
18284:
18277:
18273:
18270:
18264:
18257:
18252:
18245:
18240:
18238:
18230:
18226:
18220:
18218:
18216:
18214:
18212:
18204:
18200:
18197:
18191:
18189:
18181:
18180:
18173:
18171:
18169:
18161:
18156:
18149:
18143:
18136:
18130:
18121:
18114:
18110:
18107:
18101:
18093:
18086:
18077:
18070:
18069:Mihăescu 1966
18065:
18058:
18057:Mihăescu 1966
18053:
18046:
18045:Mihăescu 1966
18041:
18032:
18024:
18018:
18014:
18007:
17998:
17989:
17982:
17977:
17970:
17965:
17958:
17953:
17945:
17938:
17931:
17926:
17919:
17914:
17908:, p. 23.
17907:
17902:
17900:
17891:
17885:
17879:
17873:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17847:
17845:
17843:
17835:
17831:
17827:
17826:3-11-022025-3
17823:
17817:
17815:
17807:
17802:
17800:9781267580337
17796:
17792:
17791:
17783:
17776:
17771:
17764:(2): 245–253.
17763:
17759:
17752:
17750:
17748:
17746:
17744:
17742:
17740:
17738:
17736:
17734:
17727:, p. 465
17726:
17721:
17713:
17711:9783871182624
17707:
17703:
17702:
17694:
17686:
17685:
17678:
17670:
17668:9783805309783
17664:
17660:
17659:
17651:
17643:
17641:9780910865111
17637:
17633:
17632:
17624:
17616:
17614:9783110182309
17610:
17606:
17605:
17598:
17591:
17586:
17584:
17582:
17573:
17572:
17564:
17556:
17554:9780815550525
17550:
17546:
17545:
17537:
17529:
17525:
17519:
17517:
17515:
17506:
17505:
17497:
17495:
17485:
17477:
17476:
17469:
17461:
17455:
17451:
17450:
17442:
17434:
17430:
17423:
17421:
17413:. 4 May 2015.
17412:
17408:
17402:
17394:
17390:
17384:
17377:
17372:
17363:
17356:
17352:
17347:
17339:
17335:
17330:
17328:
17320:
17319:
17312:
17310:
17303:, p. 43.
17302:
17297:
17289:
17282:
17274:
17268:
17264:
17263:
17255:
17247:
17245:9780674271333
17241:
17237:
17236:
17231:
17225:
17205:
17201:
17195:
17191:
17184:
17177:
17168:
17166:
17156:
17148:
17142:
17138:
17137:
17129:
17110:
17103:
17096:
17092:
17087:
17068:
17061:
17059:
17051:
17046:
17039:
17035:
17031:
17025:
17017:
17013:
17006:
16999:
16994:
16992:
16983:
16979:
16978:
16970:
16962:
16961:
16953:
16938:
16934:
16928:
16917:
16912:
16907:
16902:
16897:
16893:
16889:
16885:
16878:
16871:
16863:
16862:
16854:
16848:, p. 10.
16847:
16842:
16840:
16838:
16831:, p. 11.
16830:
16825:
16816:
16809:
16808:non-probative
16807:
16803:
16799:
16795:
16789:
16782:
16776:
16772:
16768:
16767:1-884964-98-2
16764:
16759:
16753:
16749:
16745:
16738:
16731:
16726:
16720:
16716:
16709:
16707:
16699:
16695:
16690:
16688:
16686:
16677:
16671:
16667:
16666:
16658:
16651:
16650:
16643:
16636:
16630:
16623:
16617:
16602:
16598:
16592:
16586:, p. 97.
16585:
16580:
16572:
16568:
16564:
16557:
16541:
16538:(in French).
16537:
16533:
16526:
16511:
16509:9780804711296
16505:
16501:
16500:
16492:
16485:
16480:
16473:
16468:
16461:
16456:
16454:
16452:
16443:
16441:9788637901907
16437:
16433:
16429:
16428:
16420:
16412:
16410:9783110424942
16406:
16402:
16398:
16394:
16390:
16383:
16375:
16371:
16364:
16355:
16348:
16343:
16341:
16333:
16329:
16323:
16316:
16311:
16309:
16301:
16297:
16295:9781267580337
16291:
16287:
16286:
16278:
16269:
16264:
16260:
16256:
16252:
16245:
16237:
16233:
16229:
16225:
16221:
16217:
16210:
16202:
16198:
16194:
16190:
16186:
16182:
16178:
16174:
16167:
16159:
16153:
16149:
16142:
16134:
16130:
16126:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16110:
16106:
16102:
16099:0 521 28139 3
16096:
16087:
16079:
16075:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16052:
16045:
16040:
16038:
16029:
16023:
16019:
16015:
16014:Warnow, Tandy
16011:
16010:Ringe, Donald
16008:Taylor, Ann;
16004:
15989:
15985:
15979:
15968:
15953:
15951:9781267580337
15947:
15943:
15942:
15934:
15932:
15924:
15920:
15918:9780521684958
15914:
15909:
15908:
15899:
15892:
15887:
15881:
15873:
15871:9780472081493
15867:
15863:
15862:
15854:
15852:
15844:
15839:
15831:
15825:
15821:
15817:
15813:
15809:
15803:
15801:
15792:
15790:9783791714516
15786:
15782:
15775:
15768:
15763:
15756:
15751:
15744:
15739:
15731:
15725:
15721:
15720:
15715:
15709:
15703:, p. 446
15702:
15697:
15691:
15687:
15680:
15672:
15671:
15664:
15656:
15650:
15646:
15645:
15637:
15629:
15625:
15621:
15620:
15614:
15606:
15598:
15597:
15596:Glottolog 3.0
15592:
15585:
15577:
15575:9789004416192
15571:
15567:
15566:
15558:
15550:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15532:
15528:
15526:
15517:
15510:
15506:
15503:
15498:
15491:
15487:
15484:
15479:
15472:
15468:
15463:
15456:
15450:
15443:
15438:
15430:
15424:
15420:
15419:
15411:
15409:
15407:
15391:
15387:
15383:
15379:
15375:
15371:
15364:
15357:
15350:
15349:9781544294094
15346:
15342:
15336:
15330:, p. 12.
15329:
15324:
15322:
15313:
15311:9780598204004
15307:
15303:
15302:
15294:
15284:
15276:
15275:
15267:
15261:
15257:
15253:
15252:0-08-087774-5
15249:
15245:
15241:
15235:
15233:
15223:
15216:
15211:
15209:9780739141946
15205:
15201:
15200:
15192:
15173:
15166:
15160:
15152:
15148:
15142:
15126:
15120:
15113:
15108:
15102:
15098:
15094:
15093:
15085:
15078:
15070:
15069:
15064:
15058:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15030:
15026:
15022:
15015:
15013:
15002:
14993:
14984:
14977:
14973:
14968:
14959:
14954:
14950:
14946:
14942:
14938:
14931:
14922:
14917:
14913:
14909:
14905:
14901:
14894:
14878:
14872:
14856:
14852:
14846:
14831:
14827:
14820:
14818:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14794:
14787:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14763:
14758:
14751:
14746:
14739:
14735:
14731:
14727:
14722:
14720:
14712:
14710:
14706:
14702:
14698:
14691:
14685:
14681:
14680:
14672:
14665:
14660:
14656:
14651:
14644:
14641:
14637:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14621:
14616:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14597:
14592:
14585:
14580:
14576:
14571:
14564:
14559:
14552:
14547:
14543:
14538:
14532:, p. 39.
14531:
14526:
14519:
14514:
14512:
14510:
14508:
14500:
14495:
14493:
14491:
14483:
14478:
14476:
14469:, p. 45.
14468:
14463:
14461:
14453:
14448:
14441:
14440:Friedman 2020
14436:
14434:
14432:
14423:
14421:84-249-1787-1
14417:
14413:
14412:
14404:
14397:
14392:
14385:
14380:
14373:
14368:
14361:
14356:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14335:
14331:
14327:
14323:
14319:
14312:
14304:
14300:
14296:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14278:
14274:
14270:
14266:
14262:
14255:
14247:
14245:9781009115773
14241:
14237:
14236:
14228:
14212:
14205:
14198:
14194:
14190:
14186:
14182:
14177:
14161:
14157:
14153:
14147:
14139:
14137:9783110394146
14133:
14129:
14128:
14120:
14109:
14103:
14097:
14094:
14089:
14082:
14078:
14074:
14073:
14068:
14062:
14054:
14052:9783110542431
14048:
14044:
14043:
14035:
14033:
14031:
14029:
14021:
14016:
14014:
14012:
14010:
14005:
13994:
13993:Tosk Albanian
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13968:Gheg Albanian
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13945:
13939:
13934:
13919:
13912:
13906:
13897:
13888:
13879:
13875:
13867:
13863:
13859:
13855:
13853:
13848:
13841:
13835:
13829:
13823:
13817:
13814:
13800:
13794:
13788:
13782:
13778:
13774:
13768:
13761:
13755:
13751:
13747:
13740:
13736:
13733:
13727:
13723:
13719:
13713:
13706:
13699:
13695:
13691:
13671:
13665:
13661:
13660:
13659:
13656:
13627:reflect with
13614:
13610:
13606:
13600:
13598:
13594:
13590:
13586:
13585:Sigmund Feist
13582:
13578:
13568:
13566:
13562:
13558:
13554:
13544:
13542:
13541:Vladimir Orel
13537:
13533:
13523:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13507:
13504:
13498:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13475:
13472:
13467:
13466:
13460:
13455:
13452:became (via *
13450:
13445:
13440:
13434:
13429:
13427:
13422:and Albanian
13420:
13415:
13413:
13402:
13396:
13390:
13384:
13378:
13372:
13366:
13360:
13354:
13348:
13342:
13336:
13330:
13324:
13320:'cross' from
13318:
13312:
13307:
13305:
13298:
13292:
13286:
13282:'angel' from
13280:
13274:
13268:
13263:
13259:
13253:
13247:
13241:
13235:
13230:
13228:
13221:
13215:
13209:
13203:
13197:
13191:
13185:
13179:
13173:
13167:
13161:
13155:
13149:
13143:
13137:
13131:
13125:
13119:
13113:
13107:
13101:
13095:
13089:
13083:
13077:
13071:
13066:
13062:
13056:
13050:
13044:
13039:
13037:
13030:
13024:
13018:
13012:
13006:
13000:
12994:
12988:
12983:
12979:
12978:
12977:
12970:
12964:
12958:
12952:
12946:
12940:
12934:
12928:
12922:
12916:
12910:
12905:
12903:'wound', etc.
12901:
12895:
12889:
12883:
12877:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12857:'physician';
12855:
12849:
12843:
12837:
12832:
12830:'eight', etc.
12828:
12822:
12815:
12809:
12802:
12796:
12790:
12784:
12779:
12775:
12769:
12763:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12741:
12735:
12729:
12723:
12717:
12712:
12711:
12710:
12708:
12704:
12702:
12697:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12675:
12669:
12664:
12651:
12647:'arrow' from
12645:
12639:
12633:
12627:
12621:
12615:
12609:
12604:
12600:
12597:
12591:
12585:
12579:
12573:
12567:
12561:
12555:
12549:
12543:
12537:
12531:
12525:
12519:
12513:
12507:
12501:
12495:
12488:
12474:
12468:
12462:
12456:
12452:(cf Romanian
12450:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12430:
12426:
12423:
12417:
12413:
12404:
12400:
12399:
12398:
12390:
12384:
12380:
12377:
12371:
12365:
12361:
12358:
12352:
12348:
12345:
12339:
12335:
12332:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12283:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12263:
12259:
12256:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12236:
12230:
12226:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12209:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12202:loanwords in
12201:
12200:Ancient Greek
12191:
12189:
12184:
12182:
12181:Proto-Romance
12178:
12172:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12146:
12142:
12139:The earliest
12127:
12124:
12121:
12117:
12116:
12111:
12107:) ( < PA *
12105:
12099:
12094:
12091:
12088:
12084:
12083:
12078:
12072:
12067:
12064:
12061:
12057:
12054:
12053:
12050:"big, great"
12048:
12043:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12024:
12018:
12012:
12006:
12000:
11994:
11988:
11983:
11980:
11977:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11964:
11958:
11953:
11949:
11945:"wolf" (pln.
11944:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11925:
11920:
11917:
11914:
11910:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11896:
11893:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11880:
11874:
11869:
11866:
11863:
11859:
11856:
11855:
11850:
11844:
11839:
11836:
11833:
11829:
11826:
11825:
11820:
11814:
11809:
11806:
11803:
11799:
11796:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11782:
11779:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11748:
11747:
11742:
11736:
11731:
11728:
11725:
11721:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11707:
11702:
11699:
11695:
11694:
11689:
11683:
11678:
11675:
11672:
11668:
11665:
11664:
11660:
11655:
11652:
11649:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11636:
11630:
11625:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11600:
11594:
11589:
11586:
11583:
11579:
11578:
11573:
11567:
11561:
11557:connected to
11556:
11553:
11550:
11546:
11545:
11541:
11535:
11530:
11527:
11524:
11520:
11519:
11514:
11508:
11503:
11499:
11493:
11488:
11485:
11479:
11473:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11458:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11445:
11435:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11404:
11401:
11395:
11389:
11383:
11377:
11372:
11366:
11364:
11360:
11349:
11339:
11334:
11330:
11323:
11313:
11303:
11296:
11291:
11282:
11281:
11273:
11271:
11257:
11242:
11237:
11234:in Italy and
11233:
11219:
11204:
11199:
11185:
11179:
11178:pesëmbëdhjetë
11174:
11173:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11150:
11147:
11146:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11134:
11131:
11130:
11126:
11123:
11122:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11078:
11075:
11073:shtatë—seven
11072:
11071:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11043:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11016:
11005:
11003:
10998:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10986:
10984:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10949:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10940:
10934:
10932:
10928:
10915:
10910:
10906:
10904:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10886:
10884:
10876:
10871:
10868:
10865:
10860:
10857:
10854:
10849:
10846:
10843:
10838:
10835:
10832:
10827:
10824:
10821:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10811:
10808:
10797:
10795:
10787:
10783:
10782:(Apparently,)
10778:
10776:
10770:
10767:
10762:
10760:
10754:
10751:
10746:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10730:
10728:
10722:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10693:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10662:
10657:
10651:(the flower).
10649:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10611:
10610:
10607:
10602:
10596:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10564:(mountain) /
10562:
10558:
10557:
10554:
10548:
10542:
10536:
10530:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10496:
10492:
10489:
10488:(prej) vajzës
10485:
10482:
10478:
10475:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10454:
10450:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10419:
10415:
10412:
10408:
10405:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10384:
10380:
10377:
10373:
10370:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10360:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10297:
10294:
10291:
10280:
10279:(prej) zogjve
10276:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10265:(prej) zogjsh
10262:
10259:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10234:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10199:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10168:
10164:
10161:
10157:
10154:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10081:
10078:
10075:
10064:
10063:(prej) maleve
10060:
10057:
10053:
10050:
10049:(prej) malesh
10046:
10043:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10022:
10018:
10015:
10011:
10008:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9987:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9948:
9945:
9941:
9938:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9885:
9882:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9865:
9862:
9859:
9853:
9851:
9846:
9840:
9834:
9828:
9822:
9816:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9747:
9744:
9736:
9735:Lekë Matrënga
9728:
9720:
9716:
9711:
9704:
9698:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9672:
9661:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9644:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9622:
9621:
9617:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9532:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9493:
9486:
9483:
9479:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9421:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9376:
9370:
9364:
9359:
9355:
9349:
9343:
9333:
9328:
9318:
9312:
9302:
9296:
9290:
9284:
9279:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9225:
9220:
9217:
9212:
9203:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9179:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9162:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9146:
9145:
9142:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9104:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9082:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9060:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9039:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8996:
8995:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8975:
8974:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8933:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8912:
8911:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8891:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8870:
8869:
8865:
8863:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8844:
8843:
8839:
8837:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8797:
8796:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8776:
8775:
8772:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8691:
8690:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8670:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8584:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8569:Palatal nasal
8567:
8562:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8186:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8175:
8172:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8076:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8035:
8024:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8007:) changes to
8006:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7958:
7954:
7946:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7920:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7899:1972 Congress
7889:
7886:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7842:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7817:
7810:Tosk standard
7807:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7783:lingua franca
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7758:
7756:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7652:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7614:
7613:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7578:
7572:
7570:'grandfather'
7568:
7566:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7539:
7535:
7533:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7512:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7463:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7442:
7437:
7433:
7431:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7408:
7402:
7398:
7393:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7372:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7328:'year' (loc.)
7326:
7324:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7304:'five' (Gheg
7302:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7267:
7261:
7257:
7255:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7231:
7225:
7221:
7216:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7191:
7187:
7185:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7145:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7132:
7123:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7098:
7089:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7064:
7055:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7030:
7021:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6983:
6981:
6971:
6962:
6953:
6949:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6895:
6889:
6885:
6883:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6856:
6852:
6850:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6794:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6686:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6655:
6654:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6636:
6634:r (Tosk only)
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6615:
6613:
6607:
6603:
6601:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6581:
6574:
6572:
6565:
6563:
6556:
6554:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6304:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6278:
6269:
6265:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6027:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5477:
5471:
5465:Archaic relic
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5421:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5393:'I defecate'
5391:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5169:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4590:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:J. P. Mallory
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:Reconstructed
4119:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3948:Insular Celts
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:Indo-Iranians
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:Pontic Steppe
3600:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:Kurgan stelae
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:Pontic Steppe
3416:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3212:Proto-Iranian
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Daco-Thracian
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:Reconstructed
3006:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2664:Luca Matranga
2661:
2658:(in Italian:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2531:Nicolae Iorga
2527:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:, Rashtan in
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2310:New Testament
2307:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:Indo-European
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1944:
1943:Gheg Albanian
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:Ancient Greek
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1540:According to
1538:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Arabic script
1412:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1273:Southern Gheg
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:Northern Tosk
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:of Egypt and
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:to this day.
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:Tosk Albanian
1098:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
953:
948:
943:
933:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Indo-European
698:
693:
687:
682:
674:
668:
663:
658:
654:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
627:
621:
602:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
573:
572:
567:
564:
561: –
559:
554:
551: –
549:
544:
541: –
539:
534:
531: –
529:
520:
516:
513:
508:
503:
498:
490:
485:
480:
477:
472:
467:
462:
459:
454:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
433:
426:
415:
413:
402:
400:
389:
387:
376:
375:
372:
364:
357:(co-official)
355:
344:
341:(co-official)
339:
328:
326:
315:
313:
302:
301:
299:
293:
288:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
266:
262:
256:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
229:
225:
221:
214:
210:
205:
202:
201:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:Indo-European
160:
156:
150:
146:
140:
137:
134:
130:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
80:
74:
66:
60:
56:
54:Pronunciation
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
24822:
24632:
24512:
24371:
24251:
24183:
24160:Sinte Romani
23970:Torre Valley
23918:South Slavic
23877:
23863:Italy portal
23555:Vallassinese
23436:Gallo-Italic
22972:
22841:
22770:Bibliography
22677:
22675:Coat of arms
22665:
22563:Other sports
22386:Folk beliefs
22350:Universities
22329:
22278:Architecture
22222:Demographics
22164:
22074:
21923:Supermarkets
21897:Trade unions
21778:Human rights
21753:
21694:Subdivisions
21664:Constitution
21576:
21564:
21510:Biodiversity
21404:EU Accession
21278:Independence
20818:Daco-Moesian
20808:Paleo-Balkan
20743:
20686:
20673:
20664:
20659:Proto-Italic
20657:
20648:
20641:
20634:
20627:
20618:
20611:
20606:Proto-Celtic
20604:
20597:Proto-Slavic
20595:
20590:Proto-Baltic
20588:
20581:
20574:
20567:
20560:
20553:
20533:
20526:
20519:
20512:
20505:
20498:
20491:
20484:
20469:
20451:
20446:
20436:
20426:Osco-Umbrian
20424:
20371:Indo-Iranian
20348:
20323:
20297:South Slavic
20271:
20259:
20243:Balto-Slavic
20226:
20219:
20212:
20205:
20198:
20191:
20181:
20169:
20162:
20155:
20141:
20053:
20045:
20041:
20037:
20030:
20020:
20001:
19991:
19985:
19976:
19967:
19958:
19939:
19912:
19892:
19882:
19860:
19851:
19842:
19838:
19830:
19810:
19802:
19798:1983: 63–83.
19795:
19791:
19783:
19779:
19769:
19765:
19756:
19727:
19714:
19710:
19701:
19692:
19683:
19674:
19670:
19662:
19658:
19654:
19644:
19629:
19621:
19602:
19593:
19585:
19558:
19548:
19545:Adams, D. Q.
19529:
19525:
19521:
19517:
19495:
19485:
19476:
19467:
19463:
19443:. Göttingen.
19439:
19426:
19422:
19403:
19384:
19372:
19368:
19344:
19316:
19303:
19294:
19282:
19278:
19262:
19246:
19237:
19233:
19224:
19220:
19211:
19202:
19198:
19189:
19185:
19176:
19156:
19123:
19110:
19106:
19097:
19093:
19081:
19069:
19060:
19056:
19047:
19038:
19034:
19022:
19018:
19009:
18983:. Elsevier.
18978:
18956:
18936:
18919:
18910:
18901:
18881:
18858:
18829:
18825:
18812:
18808:
18799:
18795:
18786:
18782:
18770:
18760:
18749:
18739:
18730:
18722:
18714:
18710:
18701:
18697:
18689:
18685:
18678:
18674:
18664:
18660:
18651:
18647:
18635:
18629:
18625:
18622:Çabej, Eqrem
18598:
18588:
18579:
18569:
18546:
18525:
18501:
18484:
18475:
18466:
18458:
18457:(reprint in
18452:
18446:
18437:
18431:
18423:Bibliography
18408:
18396:
18384:
18372:
18360:
18348:
18336:
18324:
18316:
18307:
18300:Fortson 2010
18295:
18283:
18263:
18251:
18228:
18177:
18155:
18147:
18142:
18134:
18129:
18120:
18100:
18091:
18085:
18076:
18064:
18052:
18040:
18031:
18012:
18006:
17997:
17988:
17981:Kopitar 1829
17976:
17964:
17952:
17943:
17937:
17925:
17913:
17856:
17804:
17789:
17782:
17770:
17761:
17757:
17725:Fortson 2010
17720:
17700:
17693:
17683:
17677:
17657:
17650:
17630:
17623:
17603:
17597:
17570:
17563:
17543:
17536:
17528:the original
17503:
17484:
17474:
17468:
17448:
17441:
17433:Academia.edu
17432:
17410:
17401:
17392:
17383:
17371:
17362:
17346:
17317:
17301:Demiraj 2006
17296:
17287:
17281:
17261:
17254:
17234:
17224:
17211:. Retrieved
17204:the original
17189:
17176:
17155:
17135:
17128:
17116:. Retrieved
17114:. p. 72
17102:
17086:
17074:. Retrieved
17045:
17029:
17024:
17015:
17005:
17000:, p. 9.
16976:
16969:
16959:
16952:
16940:. Retrieved
16936:
16927:
16883:
16870:
16860:
16853:
16824:
16815:
16805:
16801:
16797:
16793:
16791:
16787:
16781:
16743:
16737:
16728:
16714:
16664:
16657:
16647:
16642:
16634:
16629:
16621:
16616:
16604:. Retrieved
16591:
16579:
16562:
16556:
16544:. Retrieved
16539:
16535:
16525:
16513:. Retrieved
16498:
16491:
16479:
16472:Demiraj 2006
16467:
16460:Demiraj 2006
16426:
16419:
16392:
16382:
16373:
16363:
16354:
16349:, p. 9.
16322:
16299:
16284:
16277:
16258:
16254:
16244:
16219:
16215:
16209:
16176:
16172:
16166:
16147:
16141:
16108:
16104:
16094:
16086:
16061:
16057:
16051:
16017:
16003:
15991:. Retrieved
15987:
15978:
15967:
15955:. Retrieved
15940:
15922:
15906:
15898:
15890:
15880:
15860:
15838:
15815:
15780:
15774:
15762:
15755:Demiraj 2012
15750:
15743:Fortson 2010
15738:
15718:
15714:Robert Elsie
15708:
15701:Fortson 2010
15696:
15679:
15669:
15663:
15643:
15636:
15617:
15605:
15594:
15584:
15564:
15557:
15530:
15524:
15516:
15497:
15478:
15467:Google Books
15462:
15449:
15442:Fortson 2010
15437:
15417:
15395:30 September
15393:. Retrieved
15373:
15369:
15356:
15340:
15335:
15300:
15293:
15283:
15273:
15266:
15238:
15222:
15213:
15198:
15191:
15179:. Retrieved
15172:the original
15159:
15150:
15141:
15129:. Retrieved
15119:
15110:
15091:
15084:
15072:
15066:
15057:
15028:
15024:
15001:
14992:
14983:
14967:
14944:
14940:
14930:
14907:
14903:
14893:
14881:. Retrieved
14871:
14859:. Retrieved
14855:the original
14845:
14833:. Retrieved
14808:
14804:Demiraj 2006
14799:
14791:
14786:
14778:
14774:Demiraj 2006
14769:
14762:Rusakov 2017
14757:
14750:Demiraj 2010
14745:
14737:
14736:) from Lat.
14733:
14732:'monk' (Geg
14729:
14726:Fortson 2010
14708:
14704:
14700:
14696:
14693:
14678:
14671:
14663:
14650:
14639:
14635:
14631:
14627:
14623:
14619:
14614:
14610:
14606:
14602:
14600:
14596:Demiraj 2006
14591:
14583:
14570:
14563:Fortson 2010
14558:
14550:
14537:
14525:
14499:Trumper 2018
14484:, p. 8.
14467:Ismajli 2015
14447:
14410:
14403:
14391:
14384:Fortson 2010
14379:
14367:
14355:
14347:
14325:
14321:
14311:
14268:
14264:
14254:
14234:
14227:
14215:. Retrieved
14204:
14197:Katicic 2012
14176:
14164:. Retrieved
14155:
14146:
14126:
14119:
14102:
14088:
14080:
14071:
14061:
14041:
14020:Rusakov 2017
13978:IPA/Albanian
13918:
13910:
13905:
13896:
13887:
13878:
13864:
13860:
13856:
13818:
13810:
13790:< Gothic
13657:
13601:
13596:
13592:
13589:Gustav Meyer
13581:Norbert Jokl
13574:
13560:
13550:
13529:
13508:
13476:
13463:
13453:
13423:
13409:
13407:
13374:'monk' from
13362:'mass' from
13301:
13243:'to await',
13224:
13064:'pitchfork'.
13033:
12975:
12865:Vulgar Latin
12705:
12684:
12635:'fish' from
12601:
12490:
12395:
12197:
12188:South Slavic
12185:
12173:
12138:
12092:"fog, mist"
12055:
12031:
11971:
11887:
11857:
11840:Alb. indef.
11827:
11797:
11773:
11749:
11666:
11643:
11456:description
11405:
11379:(heart) and
11367:
11356:
11343:
11329:ISO 639 code
11325:}}
11319:{{
11315:}}
11309:{{
11305:}}
11299:{{
11294:
11195:
11076:
11065:gjashtë—six
11041:
10999:
10992:
10990:
10980:
10970:
10960:
10950:
10943:
10935:
10924:
10913:
10903:Parashikohet
10900:
10889:
10887:
10880:
10803:
10791:
10785:
10781:
10774:
10765:
10764:"The street
10758:
10749:
10742:
10733:
10726:
10713:reportedness
10694:
10690:conjugations
10667:
10637:(the house);
10502:
10357:(the girls)
10286:
10272:(prej) zogut
10141:(the birds)
10070:
10056:(prej) malit
9901:(a mountain)
9854:
9759:
9694:
9659:
9637:
9615:
9595:
9573:
9551:
9547:
9525:
9244:
9230:
9215:
9181:and trilled
9169:
9168:
9160:
9140:
9118:
9097:
9089:Alveolar tap
9075:
9053:
9032:
9010:
8989:
8968:
8947:
8926:
8905:
8884:
8861:
8835:
8811:
8790:
8770:
8749:
8727:
8706:
8684:
8663:
8641:
8620:
8599:
8577:
8555:
8534:
8004:
7979:nasal vowels
7969:
7956:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7926:
7917:
7908:
7904:
7895:
7882:(1908), and
7851:
7843:
7835:
7830:
7819:
7804:
7792:
7782:
7764:
7755:World War II
7752:
7611:
7596:
7576:
7564:
7543:
7531:
7510:
7498:
7473:
7461:
7440:
7429:
7406:
7391:
7370:
7355:
7340:'last year'
7334:
7322:
7305:
7298:
7286:
7265:
7250:
7229:
7214:
7195:
7183:
7147:'testicles'
7141:
7127:
7093:
7059:
7025:
6970:
6961:
6952:
6936:
6924:
6903:
6893:
6881:
6860:
6848:
6827:
6816:
6792:
6777:
6757:
6746:
6727:
6715:
6695:
6684:
6661:
6652:
6641:
6621:
6611:
6599:
6579:
6570:
6561:
6558:'one' (Gheg
6552:
6537:
6517:
6506:
6486:
6468:
6448:
6437:
6409:
6389:
6384:'you' (nom.)
6378:
6359:
6343:
6303:
6291:
6286:
6277:
6268:
6252:
6241:
6222:
6210:
6185:
6174:
6154:
6140:
6121:
6109:
6080:
6057:
6056:
6043:
6025:
6023:
6014:
6000:'us' (dat.)
5995:
5993:
5984:
5965:
5964:
5955:
5927:in Albanian
5908:
5896:
5877:
5865:
5844:
5833:
5813:
5803:
5784:
5773:
5754:
5736:
5698:
5691:
5680:
5661:
5650:
5631:
5619:
5595:
5583:
5561:
5554:
5543:
5524:
5513:
5470:
5461:
5449:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5417:
5406:
5387:
5382:'I defecate'
5376:
5356:
5351:'tooth, peg'
5345:
5325:
5314:
5295:
5283:
5263:
5252:
5233:
5218:
5180:
5157:
5145:
5125:
5114:
5097:
5090:
5075:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5031:
5030:
5017:
4998:
4997:
4985:
4945:
4933:
4912:
4901:
4814:
4692:
4613:
4597:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4505:Publications
4504:
4490:
4471:
4425:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:Paleo-Balkan
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4208:
4207:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4120:
4103:Greater Iran
4096:
4095:
4084:
4083:
4047:
4046:
4034:
4033:
3976:Paleo-Balkan
3941:Celtiberians
3920:
3919:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3875:
3804:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3754:
3724:
3723:
3666:
3665:
3643:
3642:
3605:
3604:
3567:
3566:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3457:Bug–Dniester
3421:
3420:
3286:Gothic Bible
3202:Proto-Baltic
3198:Proto-Slavic
3183:Proto-Italic
3179:Proto-Celtic
3142:
3097:
3085:Italo-Celtic
3080:Indo-Hittite
3070:Graeco-Aryan
3043:Hypothetical
3042:
3007:
2942:Paleo-Balkan
2924:
2881:Indo-Iranian
2836:Balto-Slavic
2822:
2809:
2735:Frang Bardhi
2732:
2723:Robert Elsie
2721:
2717:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2624:catechetical
2604:Latin script
2500:Pal Engjëlli
2485:
2451:
2414:Mat District
2371:
2353:
2347:
2331:Frang Bardhi
2316:
2314:
2297:
2287:
2283:Jireček Line
2256:
2250:
2239:
2228:
2212:
2195:
2169:Balto-Slavic
2154:
2124:
2109:
2083:
2035:
2031:
2023:Norbert Jokl
2020:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1976:
1942:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1884:(a specific
1839:
1834:
1827:
1764:
1749:
1737:
1720:
1682:
1667:
1632:
1587:Balto-Slavic
1565:
1547:
1542:Robert Elsie
1539:
1407:Latin script
1399:
1326:
1296:
1281:
1270:Central Gheg
1224:
1191:
1148:
1129:
1117:
1109:
1094:
1086:
1055:
1000:
960:
924:
853:
849:Jireček Line
832:phonological
809:
774:
681:gjuha shqipe
652:
651:
623:
586:Linguasphere
569:
172:
25:
24492:Montenegrin
24168:Wenzhounese
23993:Montenegrin
23940:Gail Valley
23741:Piedmontese
23645:Bergamasque
23291:Campidanese
23132:Beneventano
23099:Marchigiano
23031:Wenzhounese
22283:Photography
22269:(galleries)
22144:Lighthouses
22017:Oil and gas
21939:Agriculture
21739:Legislature
21611:Visa policy
21497:Environment
21180:(1385–1912)
21144:(1190–1385)
21141:Middle Ages
20620:Proto-Norse
20447:Tocharian A
20302:West Slavic
20292:East Slavic
20273:West Baltic
20267:East Baltic
19915:. Pristina.
19829:reprint in
19470:(1): 41–48.
19090:Domi, Mahir
19057:Linguistics
18832:(3): 1–23.
18690:Die Sprache
18634:(In German
18565:Bopp, Franz
17118:16 December
17076:15 December
16998:Lloshi 2008
16901:10023/11804
16846:Lloshi 2008
16696:, pp.
16584:Lloshi 2008
16222:: 231–246.
16179:: 275–291.
16064:: 591–608.
15767:Bihiku 1980
15533:: 810–811.
15328:Lloshi 2008
14372:Beekes 2011
13684:θiuhbrōkeis
13677:θiuh-brōks-
13506:'cheese').
13456:) Romanian
13311:christiānus
13304:i krishterë
13237:'to hope',
13181:'rooster',
13169:'hundred',
13133:'peasant',
13073:→ Albanian
13043:splēnēticus
13017:sarcinārius
12707:Eqrem Çabej
12171:territory.
12145:Doric Greek
11921:Alb indef.
11768:"mountain"
11759:"mountain"
11724:Daesitiates
11587:"daughter"
11100:dhjetë—ten
11092:nëntë—nine
11084:tetë—eight
11049:katër—four
10784:The street
10701:admiratives
10645:(flower) /
10598:(the bird).
10584:(the book);
10301:Indefinite
10085:Indefinite
9869:Indefinite
9786:declensions
9727:Gjon Buzuku
9682:Mid sounds
9500:Description
9237:The letter
8591:Velar nasal
8510:Description
8408:Approximant
7866:(Albanian:
7735:*ow, *h3ew
7712:*aw, *h2ew
7700:*ew, *h1ew
7677:*oy, *h3ey
7665:*ay, *h2ey
7642:*ey, *h1ey
7554:*ū < *uH
7467:'enclosure'
7240:*ī < *iH
7136:'testicles'
6512:'we' (acc.)
5990:'us' (gen.)
5902:'to ignite'
5656:'enclosure'
5269:'shoulder'
5151:'enclosure'
4684:appears as
4639:appears as
4383:Continental
4376:Anglo-Saxon
4079:Middle Ages
4029:Middle Ages
3884:Indo-Aryans
3877:Indo-Aryans
3684:Bell Beaker
3679:Corded ware
3575:Corded ware
3464:Sredny Stog
3409:Archaeology
3189:Proto-Greek
3169:Proto-Norse
2694:Bellifortis
2596:Gjon Buzuku
2507: 1417
2475:Gjon Buzuku
2432:pomegranate
2352:manuscript
2337:in 1638 in
2335:Franciscans
2323:Gjon Buzuku
2267:Via Egnatia
2122:and Greek.
2048:, the term
1576:philologist
1374:Orthography
1198:New Zealand
1182:aristocracy
1140:assimilated
1078:Switzerland
1070:Switzerland
756:and by the
638:instead of
24905:Categories
24848:Macedonian
24678:Macedonian
24559:See Also:
24367:Macedonian
23686:Parmigiano
23478:Tabarchino
23468:Monégasque
23296:Logudorese
23215:Manduriano
23078:Florentine
22889:Macedonian
22630:Television
22590:Volleyball
22585:Basketball
22439:Fustanella
22401:Secularism
22370:Albanology
22355:Publishers
22335:Literature
22077:structures
21944:Healthcare
21886:(currency)
21768:Opposition
21669:Corruption
21562:Government
21111:Dassaretii
20909:Arvanitika
20385:Indo-Aryan
20044:; vol. 2:
20042:Lehnwörter
19936:"Albanian"
19903:9004116478
19724:"Armenian"
19661:; vol. 2:
19532:. Berlin:
19528:; vol. 3:
19524:; vol. 2:
19313:"Albanian"
18868:9042001615
18802:: 133–145.
18789:: 220–255.
18632:: 117–148.
18528:. Tirana:
18440:: 131–136.
18278:. Page 107
17353:, p.
17093:, p.
17038:0496859366
17016:Sot.com.al
16980:. Tirana:
16937:Wikisource
16675:0903983133
16624:. Page 480
16157:084460853X
16027:9027236666
15619:Ethnologue
15613:"Albanian"
15591:"Albanian"
15523:"Thracian
15242:(page 23)
14974:, p.
14883:17 January
14835:5 December
14657:, p.
14643:Albanian."
14577:, p.
14544:, p.
14217:17 January
14166:3 December
14000:References
13963:Arvanitika
13530:After the
13500:'window',
13477:Albanian,
13401:ēvangelium
13353:maledīcere
13273:benedīcere
13252:voluntātis
13205:'doctor',
13157:'castle',
13154:kështjellë
13106:benedīcere
13079:'friend',
13052:'spleen',
12930:'reason';
12863:'swamp' →
12817:'we', PIE
12759:'thing' →
12485:See also:
12449:márathrion
12392:"high sea"
12255:kokkúmelon
11706:Metubarbis
11638:"monster"
11635:përbindësh
11442:See also:
11428:Macedonian
11397:and Greek
11363:vocabulary
11346:April 2020
11057:pesë—five
10800:Word order
10777:e mbyllur.
10761:e mbyllur.
10697:verb forms
10631:(house) /
10623:(the car);
10513:Macedonian
10507:, like in
10363:Accusative
10349:(the girl)
10324:Nominative
10147:Accusative
10133:(the bird)
10108:Nominative
9931:Accusative
9892:Nominative
9850:syncretism
9794:accusative
9790:nominative
9754:See also:
9550:, German L
9503:Written as
9096:Spanish pe
9074:Spanish pe
8513:Written as
8027:Consonants
7951:(like the
7939:(like the
7933:consonants
7781:served as
6547:'that one'
6481:'maternal'
6443:'to dress'
5882:'to burn'
5683:édn-i̯e/o-
5625:'to retch'
5320:'to stick'
5258:'shoulder'
5131:'to burn'
5062:'to fart'
4918:'to bake'
4863:< Lat.
4677:, and PIE
4491:Institutes
4411:Lithuanian
4165:Indo-Aryan
4151:Historical
4085:Indo-Aryan
4042:Tocharians
3956:Cimmerians
3834:Bronze Age
3725:South Asia
3599:Bronze Age
3537:Afanasievo
3341:Mainstream
3105:Vocabulary
3025:Sound laws
2887:Indo-Aryan
2612:archbishop
2515:Skanderbeg
2196:sprachbund
2157:isoglosses
2104:See also:
1981:in modern
1900:Sprachbund
1882:Bronze Age
1865:Macedonian
1591:isoglosses
1579:Franz Bopp
1473:, and ten
1348:Arvanitika
1340:Arvanitika
1306:Montenegro
1248:Arvanitika
1039:Thesprotia
1015:Montenegro
975:Montenegro
908:Arvanitika
783:after the
730:Montenegro
543:Arvanitika
354:Montenegro
240:Arvanitika
220:Upper Reka
185:Early form
113:Montenegro
24843:Hungarian
24833:Bulgarian
24723:Ukrainian
24668:Hungarian
24643:Bulgarian
24626:languages
24388:Aromanian
23927:Slovenian
23777:Triestine
23714:languages
23700:Forlivese
23679:Bolognese
23525:Legnanese
23463:Intemelio
23408:Valdôtain
23351:Mentonasc
23327:Algherese
23283:Sardinian
23274:Sardinian
23260:Sassarese
23255:Gallurese
23243:languages
23209:Salentino
23181:Tarantino
23152:Cosentino
23109:Romanesco
23023:Sardinian
22882:Himariote
22872:Bulgarian
22867:Aromanian
22575:Athletics
22487:Tavë kosi
22379:Tradition
22345:Libraries
22303:Education
22112:Monuments
22094:Squatting
22072:Highrises
21967:Operators
21949:Companies
21806:Ombudsman
21746:Elections
21621:Judiciary
21555:Executive
21472:Mountains
21465:Landscape
21453:Geography
21334:Vlora War
21131:Taulantii
21106:Bylliones
21073:Illyrians
20860:Varieties
20796:Formation
20758:Genealogy
20689:indicate
20438:Tocharian
20395:Nuristani
20143:Anatolian
20046:Ortsnamen
19921:cite book
19819:cite book
19571:cite book
19449:cite book
19429:: 59–106.
19354:cite book
18681:4 (1954))
18638:1 (1964))
18413:Orel 2000
18401:Orel 2000
18389:Orel 2000
18377:Orel 2000
18365:Orel 2000
18353:Orel 1998
18341:Orel 1998
18329:Orel 1998
18288:Orel 1998
18256:Orel 1998
18244:Orel 1998
18205:. Page 19
18160:Orel 1998
18115:. Page 98
17969:Orel 2000
17957:Orel 1998
17930:Orel 1998
17918:Orel 2000
17906:Orel 2000
17861:Orel 2000
17775:Orel 2000
17590:Orel 1998
17452:. Buske.
17376:Orel 2000
17351:Orel 2000
17091:Orel 2000
16730:instances
16694:Orel 2000
16597:"Meshari"
16484:Orel 1998
16315:Tripod.co
16228:0169-0124
16193:0084-6570
16133:230472704
16125:1474-0079
16070:0169-0124
15886:Eric Hamp
15843:Sowa 2020
15549:1578-5386
15502:HJholm.de
15483:JHholm.de
15390:143978664
14861:2 January
14303:251843620
14193:Hamp 1963
14181:Orel 2000
13870:Footnotes
13693:"gaiters"
13690:theobrach
13613:Theodoric
13512:Dalmatian
13465:veterānus
13412:qingël(ë)
13389:episcopus
13227:shp(ë)rej
13148:castellum
13055:trifurcus
13036:shullë(r)
13023:shelqëror
13002:'hydra',
12993:kulshedër
12845:'elbow';
12461:márathron
12455:mărar(iu)
12141:loanwords
11918:"dagger"
11807:"supper"
11537:; plural
11432:Bulgarian
11412:Slovenian
11371:phonology
11236:Arvanites
11232:Arbëreshë
11002:Mos harro
10592:(bird) /
10578:(book) /
10517:Bulgarian
10439:një vajze
10369:një vajzë
10330:një vajzë
10304:Definite
10088:Definite
9872:Definite
9839:i/e/të/së
9774:inflected
9442:Close-mid
8314:voiceless
8308:Fricative
8239:voiceless
8233:Affricate
8144:voiceless
8017:in Tosk (
8015:rhotacism
7923:Phonology
7914:Education
7876:, 1904),
7775:Arbëreshë
7637:Albanian
7631:Albanian
7446:'barley'
7235:'branch'
7168:Albanian
7008:Albanian
6866:'twenty'
6492:'sister'
6353:'to gird'
6329:Albanian
6160:'shadow'
5941:Albanian
5871:'to burn'
5779:'to turn'
5722:Albanian
5549:'to weep'
5530:'I have'
5499:Albanian
5204:Albanian
5053:'to fart'
4971:Albanian
4950:'to sip'
4907:'to cook'
4887:Albanian
4817:laryngeal
4806:merge as
4734:sonorants
4645:(also as
4426:Practices
4245:Yarsanism
4055:Albanians
4035:East Asia
4022:Scythians
4014:Phrygians
4007:Paeonians
4000:Illyrians
3986:Thracians
3903:East Asia
3854:Armenians
3781:Hallstatt
3763:Chernoles
3704:Terramare
3694:Trzciniec
3661:Sintashta
3656:Andronovo
3557:Cernavodă
3530:East Asia
3485:Khvalynsk
3225:Philology
3135:Particles
3021:Phonology
2962:Liburnian
2937:Tocharian
2932:Anatolian
2901:Nuristani
2794:Languages
2733:In 1635,
2569:Arbëreshë
2477:1554–1555
2224:ploughing
2215:Eric Hamp
1987:Dubrovnik
1914:Albanian
1726:(extinct)
1688:(extinct)
1392:Albanian
1360:Arbëreshë
1352:Arvanites
1332:Labërisht
1238:Labërisht
1194:Australia
1158:Janissary
1062:Arbëreshë
942:Albanians
888:Arbëreshë
860:Arvanites
820:varieties
692:arbërisht
571:Glottolog
512:ISO 639-3
476:ISO 639-2
458:ISO 639-1
136:Albanians
132:Ethnicity
47:Arbërisht
24863:Romanian
24838:Croatian
24823:Albanian
24648:Croatian
24638:Armenian
24633:Albanian
24615:Romanian
24523:Croatian
24513:Albanian
24497:Venetian
24372:Albanian
24252:Albanian
24070:Cimbrian
24062:Bavarian
23988:Croatian
23895:Arbëresh
23878:Albanian
23819:Cadorino
23808:Friulian
23764:Venetian
23755:Venetian
23694:Romagnol
23622:Cremunés
23615:Novarese
23594:Varesino
23585:Ossolano
23578:Ticinese
23571:Milanese
23562:Lecchese
23445:Ligurian
23250:Corsican
23229:Pantesco
23223:Sicilian
23163:Arianese
23157:Irpinian
23147:Cilentan
23104:Marinese
23003:Germanic
22999:Friulian
22987:Croatian
22979:Albanian
22842:Albanian
22779:Category
22702:Passport
22680:armorial
22658:Heraldry
22600:Olympics
22595:Swimming
22554:Stadiums
22532:Football
22459:Xhamadan
22444:Xhubleta
22426:Costumes
22406:Religion
22365:Proverbs
22330:Language
22311:Alphabet
22293:Theatres
22242:Diaspora
22139:Churches
22057:Railways
22047:Aviation
22042:Highways
21932:Industry
21892:Taxation
21822:Military
21815:Security
21786:Abortion
21756:speakers
21751:Assembly
21726:Villages
21721:Communes
21706:Counties
21674:EURALIUS
21606:Treaties
21567:agencies
21543:Politics
21430:Archives
21425:Timeline
21413:See also
21126:Parthini
21121:Labeatae
21101:Balaites
21096:Amantini
21056:articles
21010:Category
20987:Veso Bey
20972:Vithkuqi
20932:Arbanasi
20897:Arbëresh
20882:Standard
20834:Contacts
20823:Thracian
20813:Illyrian
20782:Albanoid
20535:Thracian
20528:Phrygian
20521:Paeonian
20500:Illyrian
20475:Armenian
20470:Albanian
20341:Germanic
20221:Pisidian
19881:(1998).
19845:: 61–68.
19786:: 31–71.
19437:(1896).
19383:(2012).
19257:(1963).
19154:(eds.).
19121:(2010).
19063:: 41–57.
19001:(2010).
18928:39182610
18764:. Prato.
18667:: 14–51.
18567:(1855).
18495:(2011).
18455:: 83–94.
18272:Archived
18199:Archived
18109:Archived
16916:Archived
16911:55005555
16571:52411919
16236:40997168
16201:41287733
16078:40997529
15957:31 March
15893:, 2007).
15810:(2012).
15716:(2010).
15628:Archived
15505:Archived
15486:Archived
15370:Language
15006:291–308.
14951:: 5508.
14914:: 5501.
14738:monachus
14295:36007055
14286:10064553
14160:Archived
13930:See also
13922:disputed
13911:Illyrian
13852:Urheimat
13781:punjashë
13647:replace
13520:Pristina
13485:such as
13426:e vjetër
13377:monachus
13341:altārium
13297:ecclēsia
13246:voluntās
13234:shpresoj
13223:→ dial.
13190:gjymtyrë
13184:iunctūra
13118:bubulcus
13094:ratiōnem
13082:inimīcus
13049:shpretkë
13005:hībernus
12990:→ dial.
12987:celsydri
12921:ratiōnem
12725:'gold';
12696:excipere
12685:Shqiptar
12674:shqiptoj
12644:shigjetë
12572:directus
12524:angustus
12476:"water")
12458:, Ionic
12376:thrýmbrē
12325:pëllëmbë
12282:lápathon
12268:lákhanon
12222:drápanon
12169:Thracian
12165:Illyrian
12157:Romanian
12125:"place"
12095:Old Alb
12077:mën, man
12041:"great"
12023:laugista
11960:"wolf",
11948:Ulcinium
11933:"knife"
11927:or def.
11882:"sheep"
11867:"sheep"
11802:drakoina
11792:"white"
11783:"white"
11596:, dial.
11528:"field"
11416:Romanian
11256:katërzet
11181:becomes
11044:—twenty
11022:një—one
11011:Numerals
10973:Nuk e di
10929:such as
10921:Negation
10617:(car) /
10509:Romanian
10468:Ablative
10398:Genitive
10333:(a girl)
10315:singular
10309:singular
10252:Ablative
10223:një zogu
10182:Genitive
10117:(a bird)
10099:singular
10093:singular
10036:Ablative
10007:një mali
9966:Genitive
9883:singular
9877:singular
9810:vocative
9806:ablative
9798:genitive
9546:French t
9323:φακιολης
9189:Armenian
8858:Latvian
8832:Latvian
8057:alveolar
8050:Alveolar
8005:feminine
7888:(1941).
7686:stoygho-
7651:g'heymōn
7616:'mouse'
7549:'sleep'
7516:'eight'
7479:'fence'
7435:'barley'
7162:Albanian
7110:'dream'
7042:'to be'
7002:Albanian
6942:'grain'
6854:'twenty'
6646:'winter'
6440:os-éi̯e-
6423:'three'
6323:Albanian
6290:Between
6258:'sweat'
6180:'speech'
6149:'shadow'
6020:'broken'
5935:Albanian
5850:'stone'
5760:'cough'
5716:Albanian
5686:'to get'
5667:'fence'
5546:luH-i̯o-
5493:Albanian
5476:sibilant
5455:sonorant
5423:'grain'
5362:'tooth'
5239:'I say'
5198:Albanian
5162:'fence'
4965:Albanian
4881:Albanian
4848:h₃erǵʰi-
4841:h₄órǵʰi-
4792:, while
4786:becomes
4614:Albanian
4472:Scholars
4370:Germanic
4341:Scottish
4306:Thracian
4300:Illyrian
4294:Albanian
4282:European
4275:Armenian
4259:Ossetian
4253:Scythian
4238:Yazidism
4188:Buddhism
4179:Hinduism
4070:Norsemen
3980:Anatolia
3897:Iranians
3890:Iranians
3871:Iron Age
3846:Hittites
3799:Colchian
3792:Caucasus
3750:Iron Age
3719:Lusatian
3714:Urnfield
3638:Srubnaya
3633:Poltavka
3623:Catacomb
3562:Cucuteni
3517:Caucasus
3334:Religion
3319:Homeland
3261:Behistun
3241:Linear B
3130:Numerals
3125:Pronouns
3050:Balkanic
2997:Thracian
2990:Phrygian
2983:Paeonian
2969:Messapic
2955:Illyrian
2867:Hellenic
2862:Germanic
2831:Armenian
2823:Albanian
2817:Albanoid
2768:a series
2766:Part of
2620:holidays
2452:lápathon
2410:Librazhd
2378:Vashtëmi
2263:Shkumbin
2240:Urheimat
2165:Germanic
2146:Thracian
2142:Illyrian
2120:Armenian
2044:and the
2042:Humanism
1964:Albanoid
1877:Messapic
1873:Illyrian
1869:Thracian
1861:Phrygian
1857:Armenian
1836:Messapic
1738:Albanian
1722:Messapic
1684:Phrygian
1634:Armenian
1621:Balkanic
1603:Armenian
1583:Germanic
1475:digraphs
1471:⟩
1463:⟨
1459:⟩
1451:⟨
1427:Vithkuqi
1419:Cyrillic
1368:Calabria
1356:Arbëresh
1344:Arbëresh
1253:Arbëresh
1225:Albanian
1204:Dialects
1144:Istanbul
1112:Albanian
1105:Arbëresh
1091:Americas
1047:Ioannina
952:dialects
920:diaspora
912:Arbëresh
880:Arbanasi
805:Messapic
801:Illyrian
797:Albanoid
793:Messapic
762:Americas
700:) is an
653:Albanian
644:Help:IPA
578:alba1267
533:Arbëresh
236:Arbëresh
209:Arbanasi
198:Dialects
173:Albanian
168:Albanoid
31:Albanian
24828:Bosnian
24807:Serbian
24728:Yiddish
24718:Turkish
24703:Serbian
24693:Russian
24673:Italian
24528:Serbian
24518:Bosnian
24413:Turkish
24408:Serbian
24393:Bosnian
24288:Turkish
24273:Bosnian
24257:Serbian
24115:Yiddish
24075:Mòcheno
23950:Istrian
23673:Emilian
23652:Cremish
23631:Spasell
23541:Comasco
23488:Lombard
23458:Genoese
23453:Brigasc
23419:Cellese
23337:Occitan
23319:Catalan
23186:Vastese
23171:Molisan
23087:Central
23052:Italian
23027:Slovene
23015:Occitan
22983:Catalan
22756:Outline
22728:Smoking
22650:Symbols
22580:Cycling
22549:Players
22469:Cuisine
22434:Qeleshe
22325:Abetare
22317:scripts
22288:Museums
22256:Culture
22202:Society
22174:Beaches
22167:riviera
22129:Mosques
22124:Castles
22104:Tourism
22067:Tunnels
22062:Bridges
21879:Banking
21872:Finance
21860:Economy
21837:Prisons
21763:Members
21520:Habitat
21505:Climate
21487:Islands
21420:Origins
21116:Enchele
21091:Amantes
21086:Albanoi
21081:Ardiaei
21064:History
21052:Albania
20977:Vellara
20967:Elbasan
20955:Scripts
20937:Istrian
20751:History
20687:Italics
20507:Moesian
20493:Getaean
20453:Kuchean
20418:Romance
20390:Iranian
20379:Badeshi
20228:Sidetic
20157:Hittite
20085:at the
19994:: 1–20.
19780:Abruzzo
18717:: 3–27.
18704:: 1–40.
18538:9133663
18499:(ed.).
17872:mélissa
17866:melítiā
17321:. p. 6.
17219:p. 180.
16700:, 70–71
16261:(1–2).
15131:1 April
15112:Sicily.
14709:cantāre
14628:mākanāʼ
14265:Science
13953:Abetare
13776:"whore"
13746:swairhs
13609:Odoacer
13557:Turkish
13497:Fenster
13474:'old'.
13449:cingula
13439:veteris
13419:cingula
13395:ungjill
13383:peshkëp
13347:mallkoj
13285:angelus
13279:engjëll
13258:vullnet
13220:spērāre
13217:'net',
13196:medicus
13136:calicis
13061:tërfurk
13029:sōlānum
12999:kuçedër
12882:paganus
12860:palūdem
12848:medicus
12836:cubitus
12737:'joy';
12728:gaudium
12690:shqipoj
12680:excipiō
12668:shqipoj
12650:sagitta
12626:civitas
12518:ngushtë
12467:udri̯om
12435:malákhā
12429:mëllagë
12422:mīrýkhā
12389:pélagos
12370:thýmbrā
12320:"fruit"
12303:mākhaná
12276:lëpjetë
12249:kumbull
12241:mélissa
12235:mélitta
12017:lakshte
12011:leugatâ
11981:"pool"
11976:loúgeon
11906:"pear"
11897:"pear"
11876:, Gheg
11852:"deer"
11846:, def.
11837:"deer"
11714:bërrakë
11400:leirion
11338:See why
11276:Lexicon
11184:pesëmet
11030:dy—two
10634:shtëpia
10606:-(i/j)a
10460:vajzave
10446:vajzave
10341:(girls)
10318:plural
10312:plural
10153:një zog
10125:(birds)
10114:një zog
10102:plural
10096:plural
9937:një mal
9898:një mal
9886:plural
9880:plural
9845:në malt
9750:Grammar
9402:Central
9360:Before
9345:before
8138:Plosive
8072:Glottal
8062:Palatal
7931:and 29
7825:of the
7779:Elbasan
7738:a, ve-
7605:'mouse'
7537:'sleep'
7504:'eight'
7412:'bean'
7376:'hand'
7259:'light'
7189:'bosom'
7102:'dream'
7076:'bear'
6833:'name'
6787:'sheep'
6763:'peel'
6272:Initial
6247:'sweat'
6244:eíd-r̥-
6227:'bone'
6191:'word'
6126:'leaf'
6094:'I am'
6053:'swine'
6030:'hail'
5839:'stone'
5749:'cough'
5562:kla(n)j
5453:Before
5437:Before
5331:'prop'
5228:'I say'
5027:'light'
4923:*bʰ / b
4761:become
4671:become
4632:). PIE
4612:became
4404:Latvian
4362:Cornish
4232:Kurdish
4218:Persian
4210:Iranian
4202:Sikhism
4195:Jainism
4158:Hittite
4097:Iranian
3993:Dacians
3786:Jastorf
3709:Tumulus
3689:Únětice
3618:Yamnaya
3613:Chariot
3551:Usatovo
3492:Yamnaya
3329:Society
3313:Origins
3246:Rigveda
3098:Grammar
2925:Extinct
2915:Romance
2894:Iranian
2592:Meshari
2471:Meshari
2447:λάπαθον
2437:lëpjetë
2402:Kolonja
2392:in the
2390:Dërsnik
2382:Burimas
2362:Turkish
2350:Italian
2318:Meshari
2251:Albania
2186:lexical
2112:isolate
2090:Albania
2036:By the
1983:Croatia
1954:History
1898:Balkan
1849:Balkans
1840:Illyric
1709:Illyric
1574:by the
1423:Elbasan
1318:Croatia
1188:Oceania
1178:dynasty
1170:Khedive
1136:culture
1103:called
1074:Austria
1066:Germany
1051:Florina
1043:Preveza
1029:and in
1027:Romania
1019:Croatia
1003:Albania
900:Ukraine
892:Romania
876:Croatia
781:Balkans
770:Oceania
746:Romania
742:Croatia
718:Albania
657:endonym
640:Unicode
500: (
487: (
425:Romania
412:Croatia
312:Albania
213:Istrian
93:Albania
24858:Romani
24853:Slovak
24708:Slovak
24688:Romani
24683:Polish
24658:German
24533:Romani
24403:Romani
24283:Romani
24278:Gorani
24154:Romani
24135:Hebrew
24128:Others
24110:Walser
24053:German
23965:Resian
23826:Fornes
23772:Fiuman
23608:Pavese
23548:Laghée
23509:Canzés
23473:Royasc
23413:Faetar
23390:Aostan
23382:French
23359:Niçard
23137:Barese
23114:Sabino
23070:Tuscan
23019:Romani
22991:French
22894:Romani
22640:Cinema
22525:Sports
22492:Kabuni
22482:Gjellë
22454:Opinga
22411:Nevruz
22232:Tribes
22227:Census
22215:People
22134:Tekkes
22027:Mining
21959:Energy
21911:Retail
21827:Police
21477:Rivers
21294:Anthem
21054:
20992:Elifba
20982:Todhri
20962:Modern
20514:Mysian
20486:Dacian
20463:Others
20405:Italic
20316:Celtic
20284:Slavic
20252:Baltic
20214:Milyan
20207:Lycian
20200:Luwian
20193:Carian
20171:Palaic
20164:Lydian
20060:
20009:
19946:
19900:
19867:
19744:
19643:", in
19610:
19503:
19410:
19391:
19331:
19164:
19135:
19035:Iliria
18987:
18964:
18943:
18926:
18889:
18865:
18610:
18553:
18536:
18513:
18019:
17890:mjaltë
17884:melita
17878:mjalcë
17832:
17824:
17797:
17708:
17665:
17638:
17611:
17551:
17456:
17269:
17242:
17213:12 May
17196:
17143:
17036:
16942:26 May
16908:
16773:
16765:
16754:
16721:
16672:
16606:14 May
16569:
16546:28 May
16515:28 May
16506:
16438:
16407:
16330:
16292:
16234:
16226:
16199:
16191:
16154:
16131:
16123:
16076:
16068:
16024:
15993:9 June
15948:
15915:
15868:
15826:
15787:
15726:
15688:
15651:
15572:
15547:
15525:Tracio
15425:
15388:
15347:
15308:
15258:
15250:
15206:
15181:9 July
15103:
15075:
14705:këndoj
14701:amicus
14686:
14624:mokërë
14620:mokënë
14418:
14301:
14293:
14283:
14242:
14134:
14049:
13698:shkumë
13670:tureac
13611:, and
13605:Alaric
13577:Gothic
13571:Gothic
13516:Bitola
13487:Breton
13479:Basque
13471:bătrân
13459:chingă
13454:clinga
13442:. The
13392:, and
13329:crucis
13214:rrjetë
13172:gallus
13160:centum
13070:amīcus
12957:socius
12945:faciēs
12933:radius
12909:vitium
12870:padūle
12762:kafshë
12740:laurus
12641:, and
12638:piscis
12596:largus
12578:kafshë
12512:paucus
12500:summus
12364:trumzë
12357:práson
12338:pjepër
12331:palámā
12212:drapër
12120:Vendum
12104:re, rê
12087:rhinos
12060:mantía
12005:lëgatë
11903:dardhë
11832:drenis
11789:bardhë
11698:Barba-
11688:brutiā
11648:bounon
11610:Bindus
11608:Bindo/
11560:hardhi
11466:Andena
11430:, 86%
11426:, 86%
11424:French
11422:, 82%
11418:, 56%
11414:, 53%
11263:eighty
11241:trezet
11230:. The
11210:twenty
11203:njëzet
11042:njëzet
10983:S'e di
10773:Rruga
10757:Rruga
10745:shqip!
10729:shqip.
10682:tenses
10670:verbal
10628:shtëpi
10620:vetura
10614:veturë
10453:vajzës
10433:Dative
10390:vajzat
10383:vajzën
10354:vajzat
10244:zogjve
10230:zogjve
10217:Dative
10174:zogjtë
10138:zogjtë
10028:maleve
10014:maleve
10001:Dative
9808:, and
9802:dative
9778:number
9770:gender
9387:Vowels
9317:fqollë
9311:fjollë
9259:, and
9170:Notes:
8364:voiced
8274:voiced
8189:voiced
8085:velar.
8045:Dental
8040:Labial
7947:) and
7929:vowels
7773:, and
7753:Since
7721:h2ewg-
7400:'bean'
7364:'hand'
7292:'five'
7271:'day'
7223:'twig'
7107:ëndërr
7068:'bear'
7065:r̥tḱos
7034:'I am'
6887:'wolf'
6859:(një)z
6822:'name'
6752:'take'
6721:'turn'
6701:'bad'
6690:'sick'
6640:ǵʰeime
6605:'five'
6232:*-su̯-
6216:'bone'
6115:'leaf'
6086:'I am'
6062:'pig'
5970:'six'
5958:éḱstis
5653:órdʰos
5601:'bad'
5589:'sick'
5409:r̥sdʰi
5379:ed-ioH
5348:ómbʰos
5317:entro-
5289:'chin'
5120:'burn'
5085:'long'
5036:'day'
4994:'thou'
4936:-éi̯e-
4834:herdhe
4773:, and
4754:, and
4695:Luwian
4629:amicus
4419:Slavic
4398:Baltic
4348:Breton
4328:Celtic
4312:Dacian
4268:Others
4048:Europe
3921:Europe
3915:Yuezhi
3769:Europe
3756:Steppe
3667:Europe
3524:Maykop
3478:Samara
3434:Kurgan
3251:Avesta
3033:Ablaut
3029:Accent
2976:Mysian
2948:Dacian
2909:Italic
2857:Celtic
2849:Slavic
2842:Baltic
2810:Extant
2643:, the
2639:, the
2635:, the
2633:Psalms
2616:Skopje
2511:Durrës
2398:Kamnik
2341:Pdhanë
2219:Poland
2177:Warnow
2175:, and
2150:Dacian
2116:branch
2027:Vienna
1979:Ragusa
1966:, and
1447:Bitola
1431:Todhri
1364:Sicily
1342:, and
1320:, the
1302:Kosovo
1132:Turkey
1097:Canada
1031:Serbia
1007:Kosovo
997:Europe
979:Greece
971:Serbia
963:Kosovo
902:. The
896:Turkey
864:Epirus
856:Greece
766:Europe
754:Greece
750:Serbia
722:Kosovo
614:
608:
422:
409:
399:Serbia
396:
383:
351:
335:
325:Kosovo
322:
309:
123:Serbia
103:Greece
98:Kosovo
24868:Rusyn
24713:Tatar
24698:Rusyn
24663:Greek
24653:Czech
24039:Griko
24017:Greek
23955:Karst
23833:Nones
23813:Ladin
23011:Ladin
23007:Greek
22877:Greek
22763:Index
22716:Other
22635:Radio
22625:Music
22544:Clubs
22247:Women
22052:Ports
21984:OSHEE
21482:Lakes
20480:Greek
20183:Luwic
19563:(PDF)
19371:[
19275:(PDF)
19006:(PDF)
17836:p.412
17207:(PDF)
17186:(PDF)
17112:(PDF)
17070:(PDF)
16919:(PDF)
16906:S2CID
16880:(PDF)
16802:arcus
16232:JSTOR
16197:JSTOR
16129:S2CID
16074:JSTOR
15386:S2CID
15366:(PDF)
15240:Tosk.
15175:(PDF)
15168:(PDF)
14947:(1).
14910:(1).
14734:mungu
14730:murgu
14703:) or
14640:arena
14638:>
14634:>
14626:<
14622:>
14613:>
14607:llërë
14605:>
14603:llanë
14299:S2CID
14111:(PDF)
13847:gjazë
13840:pellg
13834:rrymë
13799:pungă
13793:puggs
13787:punjë
13765:*
13760:horre
13744:*
13739:zverk
13726:gardh
13718:spumă
13712:scuma
13710:*
13705:skūm-
13703:*
13682:*
13675:*
13651:with
13637:/t͡s/
13561:Altin
13532:Slavs
13491:Welsh
13365:missa
13359:meshë
13291:kishë
13267:bekoj
13208:retem
13112:bekoj
13100:arsye
13088:armik
13011:vërri
12939:rreze
12927:arsye
12900:plagë
12894:plaga
12888:pagan
12868:*
12821:oḱtṓw
12819:*
12806:*
12783:pōmus
12756:causa
12751:Greek
12716:aurum
12632:peshk
12620:qytet
12614:cicer
12608:qiqer
12584:causa
12566:drejt
12560:arena
12548:veniō
12494:shumë
12443:maraj
12416:brukë
12409:ὠlénā
12403:llërë
12383:pellg
12351:presh
12344:pépōn
12317:mēlon
12311:mollë
12297:mokër
12262:lakër
12229:bletë
12149:Latin
12071:mandë
12044:Alb.
11999:lauga
11993:legen
11930:thika
11924:thikë
11900:Alb.
11879:delme
11870:Alb.
11862:delme
11849:dreni
11819:dreke
11813:darke
11810:Alb.
11778:bardi
11732:Alb.
11711:Alb.
11682:bërsí
11671:brisa
11626:Alb.
11618:Bihać
11590:Alb.
11582:Bilia
11531:Alb.
11504:Alb.
11484:Antis
11478:Andio
11472:Andes
11420:Greek
11394:lilia
11382:hekur
11376:zemër
11359:loans
11248:sixty
11225:forty
11218:dyzet
11200:, as
11170:Notes
11077:dyzet
10931:Greek
10775:qenka
10759:është
10748:"You
10743:folke
10734:speak
10732:"You
10711:, or
10709:doubt
10705:irony
10678:moods
10648:lulja
10581:libri
10575:libër
10550:take
10376:vajza
10346:vajza
10338:vajza
10290:vajzë
10237:zogut
10167:zogun
10021:malit
9958:malet
9951:malin
9922:malet
9766:nouns
9708:*
9701:*
9697:schwa
9691:Schwa
9684:/e,o/
9669:Notes
9618:bout
9608:Schwa
9414:Close
9397:Front
9229:dark
8864:imene
8838:irbis
8474:Trill
8093:Nasal
8079:plain
8067:Velar
8055:Post-
8020:femër
8000:femën
7973:uses
7719:*
7693:shteg
7684:*
7658:dimër
7649:*
7593:*
7561:*
7528:*
7491:*
7464:rdʰos
7458:*
7432:lbʰit
7423:*
7388:*
7352:*
7319:*
7283:*
7247:*
7211:*
7180:*
7144:erdhe
7133:órǵʰi
7125:*
7091:*
7057:*
7023:*
6921:*
6878:*
6845:*
6810:*
6774:*
6749:epe/o
6744:*
6712:*
6678:*
6638:*
6596:*
6544:ói-no
6534:*
6523:'we'
6504:*
6475:tr-eh
6466:*
6435:*
6406:*
6376:*
6341:*
6239:*
6203:*
6196:*-st-
6177:élnom
6172:*
6165:*-sp-
6138:*
6131:*-sḱ-
6106:*
6099:*-sd-
6073:*
6041:*
6013:bʰreu
6011:*
5981:*
5968:ashtë
5961:'six'
5953:*
5922:*
5899:éi̯e-
5893:*
5862:*
5831:*
5801:*
5771:*
5734:*
5699:gjãnj
5678:*
5648:*
5612:*
5576:*
5541:*
5516:ágʰmi
5511:*
5420:rithë
5404:*
5374:*
5343:*
5328:andër
5312:*
5280:*
5250:*
5216:*
5142:*
5117:égʷʰ-
5112:*
5098:glatë
5073:*
5015:*
4983:*
4930:*
4899:*
4866:arcus
4846:*
4839:*
4820:*
4801:*
4794:*
4781:*
4756:*
4749:*
4742:*
4727:*
4720:*
4713:*
4706:*
4699:*
4679:*
4666:*
4659:*
4634:*
4607:*
4600:*
4390:Norse
4355:Welsh
4334:Irish
4323:Roman
4318:Greek
4173:Vedic
4065:Slavs
4060:Balts
3934:Gauls
3928:Celts
3910:Wusun
3805:India
3581:Baden
3281:Ogham
3256:Homer
3143:Other
3120:Nouns
3115:Verbs
2873:Greek
2629:Bible
2553:codex
2442:orach
2434:' or
2427:shegë
2374:Maliq
2231:Latin
2179:used
2173:Ringe
2161:Greek
2159:with
2148:, or
2066:Latin
1991:Latin
1917:Tosk
1871:, or
1669:Greek
1607:satem
1599:Greek
1595:Latin
1174:Sudan
1150:Egypt
1058:Italy
1023:Italy
983:Italy
886:(the
884:Italy
878:(the
858:(the
738:Italy
689:, or
662:shqip
386:Italy
271:Latin
108:Italy
38:Shqip
23935:Brda
22850:Gheg
22846:Tosk
22668:list
22663:Flag
22507:Wine
22502:Beer
22497:Raki
22449:Brez
22391:Besa
21974:KESH
21884:Lek
21801:LGBT
21731:Maps
21701:NUTS
21679:SPAK
21579:list
20942:Srem
20927:Reka
20919:Gheg
20892:Cham
20869:Tosk
20133:list
20058:ISBN
20007:ISBN
19944:ISBN
19927:link
19898:ISBN
19865:ISBN
19825:link
19742:ISBN
19608:ISBN
19577:link
19501:ISBN
19455:link
19408:ISBN
19389:ISBN
19360:link
19329:ISBN
19162:ISBN
19133:ISBN
18985:ISBN
18962:ISBN
18941:ISBN
18924:OCLC
18887:ISBN
18863:ISBN
18608:ISBN
18551:ISBN
18534:OCLC
18511:ISBN
18017:ISBN
17830:ISBN
17822:ISBN
17795:ISBN
17706:ISBN
17663:ISBN
17636:ISBN
17609:ISBN
17549:ISBN
17454:ISBN
17267:ISBN
17240:ISBN
17215:2023
17194:ISBN
17141:ISBN
17120:2010
17078:2010
17034:ISBN
16944:2018
16798:hark
16792:but
16771:ISBN
16763:ISBN
16752:ISBN
16719:ISBN
16670:ISBN
16608:2010
16567:OCLC
16548:2010
16517:2010
16504:ISBN
16436:ISBN
16405:ISBN
16328:ISBN
16290:ISBN
16259:XIII
16224:ISSN
16189:ISSN
16152:ISBN
16121:ISSN
16066:ISSN
16022:ISBN
15995:2023
15959:2017
15946:ISBN
15913:ISBN
15866:ISBN
15824:ISBN
15785:ISBN
15724:ISBN
15686:ISBN
15649:ISBN
15570:ISBN
15545:ISSN
15423:ISBN
15397:2020
15345:ISBN
15306:ISBN
15256:ISBN
15248:ISBN
15204:ISBN
15183:2016
15133:2015
15101:ISBN
14885:2017
14863:2012
14837:2016
14684:ISBN
14636:rërë
14632:ranë
14615:rërë
14611:ranë
14416:ISBN
14291:PMID
14240:ISBN
14219:2017
14168:2015
14132:ISBN
14077:WIPO
14047:ISBN
13828:lumë
13773:hóra
13767:hors
13754:horr
13732:gard
13664:tirk
13625:/uː/
13617:/uː/
13597:tufë
13595:and
13583:and
13518:and
13503:Käse
13489:and
13433:vjet
13371:murg
13335:lter
13323:crux
13317:kryq
13255:) →
13240:pres
13202:mjek
13178:gjel
13166:qind
13142:qelq
13130:bujk
13124:bulk
12969:shoq
12963:shok
12951:faqe
12876:pyll
12854:mjek
12827:tetë
12801:herë
12795:hōra
12789:pemë
12774:lavd
12768:laud
12657:and
12590:larg
12554:rërë
12536:poma
12530:pemë
12289:lyej
12167:and
12110:rina
12047:madh
12036:mag-
11984:Alb
11954:Alb
11940:Ulc-
11913:sīca
11892:dard
11873:dele
11786:Alb
11762:Alb
11741:dasa
11735:dash
11679:Alb
11656:Alb
11629:bind
11599:bilë
11593:bijë
11569:and
11523:aran
11513:ëndë
11507:andë
11498:ant-
11492:and-
11388:lule
11302:lang
11253:and
11215:and
10727:flet
10642:lule
10595:zogu
10567:mali
10515:and
10160:zogj
10130:zogu
10122:zogj
9944:male
9914:mali
9906:male
9833:zogo
9821:biro
9782:case
9776:for
9737:and
9710:-h₂-
9474:Open
9407:Back
9366:and
9351:and
9329:The
9298:and
9286:and
9221:The
9121:ean
9035:ion
8687:ebt
8666:and
8446:Flap
7983:Tosk
7977:and
7975:long
7971:Gheg
7963:and
7957:this
7945:thin
7771:Tosk
7767:Gheg
7728:agim
7634:PIE
7628:PIE
7534:pnom
7358:sreh
7289:nkʷe
7217:gʰeh
7099:ónr̥
7031:ésmi
6927:sdom
6884:kʷos
6847:u̯iḱ
6795:unjë
6687:ígos
6660:dimë
6651:dimë
6489:otër
6298:law)
6296:ruki
6255:irsë
6188:jalë
6143:i-eh
5855:*gʷʰ
5787:jell
5776:élH-
5757:ollë
5743:sleh
5664:ardh
5443:i̯/i
5439:u̯/u
5255:upo-
5144:gʰór
5093:jatë
5082:-tó-
5057:pjer
5047:*pér
4944:gjer
4904:ékʷ-
4860:hark
4799:and
4725:and
4711:and
4664:and
4605:and
4452:Yule
4443:Sati
3732:BMAC
3110:Root
2741:his
2739:Rome
2600:Gheg
2536:the
2490:the
2386:Barç
2325:, a
2275:Gheg
2273:and
2271:Tosk
1766:Tosk
1751:Gheg
1601:and
1585:and
1531:and
1382:and
1366:and
1336:Cham
1328:Tosk
1298:Gheg
1288:Gheg
1284:Tosk
1260:Gheg
1243:Cham
1230:Tosk
1196:and
1166:Wāli
1154:Tosk
1072:and
1049:and
1041:and
1013:and
1005:and
977:and
950:The
930:Tosk
898:and
870:and
828:Tosk
826:and
824:Gheg
818:(or
768:and
748:and
728:and
720:and
563:Tosk
553:Gheg
244:Cham
231:Tosk
204:Gheg
22707:.al
22396:Oda
22265:Art
21989:ERE
21979:OST
21651:KPK
21646:ONM
21641:IKP
21636:KPA
20887:Lab
19732:doi
19639:. "
19321:doi
19283:239
19061:113
18844:hdl
18834:doi
16896:hdl
16888:doi
16397:doi
16263:doi
16181:doi
16113:doi
15535:doi
15378:doi
15077:...
15043:hdl
15033:doi
14953:doi
14916:doi
14697:mik
14338:hdl
14330:doi
14281:PMC
14273:doi
14269:377
13822:det
13680:or
13653:/t/
13649:/θ/
13645:/θ/
13641:/θ/
13639:to
13633:/y/
13629:/u/
13621:/y/
13619:to
13593:fat
13076:mik
12915:ves
12842:kub
12808:nōs
12746:lar
12734:gaz
12599:).
12575:),
12563:),
12551:),
12542:vij
12539:),
12527:),
12515:),
12506:pak
12503:),
12473:ujë
12470:to
12098:ren
12014:),
12002:),
11987:lag
11963:ulk
11957:ujk
11843:dre
11765:mal
11753:mal
11659:bun
11540:ara
11534:arë
11495:or
11322:IPA
10993:mos
10942:or
10939:nuk
10896:):
10870:VOS
10859:VSO
10848:OSV
10837:OVS
10826:SOV
10815:SVO
10741:Ti
10725:Ti
10589:zog
10561:mal
10074:zog
9858:mal
9827:zog
9815:bir
9762:SVO
9741:by
9733:by
9706:or
9640:re
9576:ar
9554:ge
9496:IPA
9446:Mid
9380:/ɲ/
9337:/ŋ/
9306:/j/
9206:/ɲ/
9199:/ɾ/
9163:es
9056:at
9013:ow
8992:ip
8971:on
8950:en
8929:in
8908:an
8887:ar
8814:et
8799:d͡ʒ
8793:in
8778:t͡ʃ
8769:goo
8757:d͡z
8736:t͡s
8709:ar
8644:at
8623:in
8580:on
8576:~ca
8558:ot
8537:an
8506:IPA
8294:d͡ʒ
8285:d͡z
8259:t͡ʃ
8250:t͡s
8023:).
8013:by
7955:in
7949:/ð/
7943:in
7937:/θ/
7567:sos
7501:tis
7497:oḱt
7476:rdh
7409:thë
7394:ḱeh
7325:tos
7306:pês
7256:tis
7186:nos
7165:PIE
7159:PIE
7073:ari
7039:jam
7005:PIE
6999:PIE
6939:thë
6914:*r̥
6871:*l̥
6838:*m̥
6830:mër
6819:men
6803:*n̥
6760:jep
6726:sje
6714:kʷé
6698:igë
6602:kʷe
6540:i-h
6451:esh
6428:*u̯
6420:tre
6408:tre
6362:esh
6358:(n)
6334:*i̯
6326:PIE
6320:PIE
6292:u/i
6242:su̯
6223:sht
6199:sht
6157:ije
6120:gje
6108:gʷé
6091:jam
6024:bre
5938:PIE
5932:PIE
5907:nde
5897:gʷʰ
5895:dʰo
5876:dje
5866:gʷʰ
5864:dʰé
5836:r̥H
5824:*gʷ
5727:*kʷ
5719:PIE
5713:PIE
5641:*gʰ
5618:reu
5496:PIE
5490:PIE
5441:or
5390:jes
5367:*ǵʰ
5359:ëmb
5308:ç/c
5294:mje
5286:-r̥
5282:sme
5225:smi
5201:PIE
5195:PIE
5156:gar
5128:jeg
5105:*dʰ
5078:l̥h
5034:itë
5024:tis
4968:PIE
4962:PIE
4932:sro
4915:jek
4884:PIE
4878:PIE
4869:).
4812:).
4623:mik
3737:Yaz
2710:...
2684:".
2614:of
2561:or
2473:of
2458:'.
2400:in
2259:Mat
2242:).
2088:in
1997:).
1890:PIE
1160:of
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