1537:
2612:
5240:| A question of identity: who were the Galatians?. University of Wales. p. 62: The final reference to Galatian comes two hundred years later in the sixth century CE when Cyril of Scythopolis attests that Galatian was still being spoken eight hundred years after the Galatians arrived in Asia Minor. Cyril tells of the temporary possession of a monk from Galatia by Satan and rendered speechless, but when he recovered he spoke only in his native Galatian when questioned: 'If he were pressed, he spoke only in Galatian'.180 After this, the rest is silence, and further archaeological or literary discoveries are awaited to see if Galatian survived any later. In this regard, the example of Crimean Gothic is instructive. It was presumed to have died out in the fifth century CE, but the discovery of a small corpus of the language dating from the sixteenth century altered this perception.
2766:
2396:
1853:
50:
1178:
1582:
1862:
2916:
2902:
558:
9350:
2481:
2228:
1411:
2106:
2365:
7766:
7790:
7754:
2864:
9406:
6644:
7802:
2849:
3289:
2551:
2984:
1734:
2879:
2388:
predominantly
Christian and Greek-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking (although ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians remained numerous and retained Christianity and their native languages). In the following century, the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in western and northern Anatolia. Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk
7778:
6587:
1126:
and the
Iranian Plateau to refer to the region; the former two largely overlap. While a standard definition of Anatolia refers to the entire Asian side of Turkey, according to archaeologist Lori Khatchadourian, this difference in terminology "primarily result from the shifting political fortunes and
4603:
Olalde, Iñigo; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Silva, Marina; Dulias, Katharina; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Gandini, Francesca; Pala, Maria; Soares, Pedro; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cheronet, Olivia (15 March 2019).
2331:
From the mid-5th century onwards, urbanism was affected negatively and began to decline, while the rural areas reached unprecedented levels of prosperity in the region. Historians and scholars continue to debate the cause of the urban decline in
Byzantine Anatolia between the 6th and 7th centuries,
1518:
eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the
Hittites and becoming wary of the power of Assyria, which had destroyed the Mitanni Empire. The Assyrians and Hittites were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatolia and colonial territories in
2892:
Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical
Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers. The Black Sea and Marmara coasts have a
4735:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz
Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise
2709:
Following the Russo-Persian Treaty of
Turkmenchay (1828) and the incorporation of Eastern Armenia into the Russian Empire, another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia, which recorded significant migration rates from Western Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) toward the Russian
2788:
and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely
2387:
from
Central Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia, with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim. The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from
5220:
Clackson, James. "Language maintenance and language shift in the
Mediterranean world during the Roman Empire." Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds (2012): 36–57. p. 46: The second testimonium for the late survival of Galatian appears in the Life of Saint Euthymius, who died in ad
4537:
Brace, Selina; Diekmann, Yoan; Booth, Thomas J.; van Dorp, Lucy; Faltyskova, Zuzana; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Stewardson, Kristin; Martiniano, Rui; Walsh, Susan (15 April 2019).
1536:
4146:"On the First Thema, called Anatolikón. This theme is called Anatolikón or Theme of the Anatolics, not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises, but because it lies to the East of Byzantium and Europe."
1718:
encroached over the borders of south-central
Anatolia in the century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire, and some of the Syro-Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of Hittites and Arameans. These became known as
1441:(the language of Nesa) in Hittite. The Hittites originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatolia, in addition to the arrival of Indo-European languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyrian tablets of
3003:: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest.
3130:: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine
2445:
Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols, at least nominally, through declining Seljuk sultans. The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the
4669:
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023).
2461:
was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s; they bear the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugrul". Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a
3508:, p. 922: "Thrace, its European area, is about the size of VERMONT at 9,412 square mi (24,378 square km). Its Asian area (Asia Minor) is called Anatolia and covers 291,971 square mi (756,202 square km)"
887:, known in Greek as the Eastern Diocese, but completely unrelated to the regions of Asia Minor. In their widest territorial scope, Anatolian designations were employed during the reign of Roman Emperor
5810:
2963:: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia.
3645:
Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces
4371:
Stiner, Mary C.; Kuhn, Steven L.; Güleç, Erksin (2013). "Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories".
3999:
Vazken Khatchig Davidian, "Imagining Ottoman Armenia: Realism and Allegory in Garabed Nichanian's Provincial Wedding in Moush and Late Ottoman Art Criticism", p. 7 & footnote 34, in
4470:
Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (19 March 2019).
1461:
to Anatolia from the north. However, they did not necessarily displace the population genetically; they assimilated into the former peoples' culture, preserving the Hittite language.
5902:
4061:
3772:
4448:
5578:
4245:
3632:
2953:: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of
2519:, came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known. The Ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of
5120:
3127:
4197:
3802:
1687:
valley), and the kingdom of Mira-Kuwaliya with its core territory of the Maeander valley. From the 9th century BCE, Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as
4092:
1259:
into the region. Anatolian derived Neolithic Farmers would subsequently spread across Europe, as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles, as well as to the
5161:
3009:: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant.
3012:
2137:
followed, such that the local Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BCE. In 133 BCE the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to the
1445:
around 2000 BCE, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BCE, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurrian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted
782:) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. The Greek word refers to the direction where the sun rises, coming from
4308:
Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, IV. Ulural Coğrafya Sempozyumu, "Avrupa Birliği Sürecindeki Türkiye'de Bölgesel Farklılıklar"
3068:
2102:
conquered the Anatolian peninsula from the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Alexander's conquest opened up the interior of Asia Minor to Greek settlement and influence.
7646:
1385:, between the 21st and the 18th centuries BCE. Assyrian traders were bringing tin and textiles in exchange for copper, silver or gold. Cuneiform records, dated
5784:
1146:, the former largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenian Highlands, the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain. According to
3015:: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion has forests of
9506:
2045:
at a much earlier date) as a medium of exchange, some time in the 7th century BCE in Lydia. The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the
716:) an "ahistorical imposition" and notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as "Eastern Anatolia".
4809:
2611:
6335:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
2960:
6772:
5357:
1491:, and northwest upper Mesopotamia. However, the Hittite advance toward the Black Sea coast was halted by the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal
4978:
9394:
7840:
1373:
have been proposed, but are not generally accepted. The region became famous for exporting raw materials. Organized trade between Anatolia and
341:
to the north. The eastern and southeastern limits has either been expanded to the entirety of Asiatic Turkey, or to an imprecise line from the
7309:
3006:
2754:
1946:
and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices. The northern regions included
704:) in 387 AD). Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia" to apply to territory in eastern Turkey that was formerly referred to as
7472:
6851:
3598:: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)"
2718:
622:
2619:
With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the
9372:
4349:
4041:
3768:
2943:
2484:
2183:. He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus. Further annexations by Rome, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by
4456:
4315:
3852:
9114:
8973:
7445:
6846:
4013:
Fevzi Özgökçe; Kit Tan; Vladimir Stevanović (2005). "A new subspecies of Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey".
3692:
1060:), meaning "Lesser Asia" to refer to present-day Anatolia, whereas the administration of the Empire preferred the description Ἀνατολή (
9516:
5849:
872:, but also encompassing eastern regions in general. Such use of Anatolian designations was employed during the reign of Roman Emperor
5552:
4219:
3616:
2337:
5094:
4193:
9300:
7243:
3979:
3798:
2359:
2208:
1251:
about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange. Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived most of their ancestry from local
5233:
4839:
4084:
6632:
5880:
1671:. The general consensus amongst scholars is that Luwian was spoken across a large area of western Anatolia, including (possibly)
3741:
9107:
8993:
7735:
6877:
6824:
5143:
4125:
1239:. Çatalhöyük (7.000 BCE) is considered the most advanced of these. Recent advances in archaeogenetics have confirmed that the
9594:
9589:
9102:
9036:
6464:
6408:
6389:
6362:
5472:
5445:
4431:
3626:
6313:
6277:
6241:
5396:
3954:
3890:
9097:
9061:
9000:
6755:
6610:
2927:
1433:(modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia by the 17th century BCE. They were speakers of an Indo-European language, the
1298:
657:
5731:
388:
into Europe, with their descendants coming to dominate Europe as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles.
9090:
9085:
9031:
7202:
6917:
6743:
5960:
3000:
2966:
1817:
From the late 8th century BCE, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the
1487:
in western Anatolia. The empire reached its height in the 13th century BCE, controlling much of Asia Minor, northwestern
1091:"the land of the Romans, i.e. the Eastern Roman Empire") was understood as another name for the province by the invading
5761:
3662:
325:
continent, and constitutes the majority of contemporary territory of Turkey. Geographically, Anatolia is bounded by the
9387:
8959:
7833:
7693:
7233:
7223:
6443:
6343:
6307:
6271:
6235:
5937:
5843:
5804:
5609:
5572:
5390:
5329:
5282:
5155:
5114:
4882:
4343:
4276:
4239:
3948:
3918:
3885:
3846:
2750:
2258:
1612:
1570:
1523:. The Assyrians had better success than the Egyptians, annexing much Hittite (and Hurrian) territory in these regions.
1032:
The first recorded name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula, though not particularly popular at the time, was
9041:
7238:
7185:
7123:
6811:
6794:
5535:
3734:"Illustration of the Lake (later Sea) of Marmara and the formation of the Turkish Straits after the Black Sea deluge"
2598:
1642:. The Phrygian expansion into southeast Anatolia was eventually halted by the Assyrians, who controlled that region.
892:
512:
5436:
Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.).
2580:
9609:
9584:
9056:
9046:
8988:
8966:
8949:
8944:
8863:
7671:
7356:
7155:
7079:
6867:
2950:
1289:, the earliest attested branch of Indo-European, have been spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BCE.
1131:
665:
2466:, it can be considered that the Osmanli, or Ottoman Turks, had become formally independent from the Mongol Khans.
1158:
embarked upon by the newly established Turkish government and what Hovannisian calls its "foreign collaborators".
9066:
8895:
8761:
8675:
8625:
7351:
6799:
6481:
4147:
1052:. As the name "Asia" broadened its scope to apply to the vaster region east of the Mediterranean, some Greeks in
709:
96:
2273:, so that by the 4th century CE, western and central Anatolia were overwhelmingly Christian and Greek-speaking.
1920:
were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (
9010:
7493:
7190:
7145:
7059:
7037:
6950:
5257:
5192:
3814:
2576:
2218:
1135:
685:
669:
2975:: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include
1744:
From the 10th to late 7th centuries BCE, much of Anatolia (particularly the southeastern regions) fell to the
9604:
9380:
9320:
9305:
7826:
7582:
7299:
7020:
5300:
3524:
2341:
2270:
1263:. Most modern Europeans derive a significant part of their ancestry from these Neolithic Anatolian farmers.
54:
Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, has two definitions. It is either bounded by an imprecise line from the
9410:
9353:
9005:
8635:
8362:
8067:
7794:
7666:
7361:
6992:
6972:
3976:
A Comparative Analysis Regarding Pictures Included in Secondary School Geography Textbooks Taught in Turkey
3333:
2687:), were resettled in various parts of Anatolia, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.
2023:
1450:
1143:
1018:
1017:
The oldest known name for any region within Anatolia is related to its central area, known as the "Land of
1012:
134:
9402:
9599:
9491:
8492:
7621:
7248:
7228:
7150:
7074:
6819:
6625:
4801:
3534:
2931:
2757:. Of the remainder, most have left Turkey since then, leaving fewer than 5,000 Greeks in Anatolia today.
2222:
2095:
1421:
Unlike the Akkadians and Assyrians, whose Anatolian trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in
1302:
1000:
996:
385:
27:
1775:
The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by
9619:
8670:
8655:
7953:
7938:
7344:
7319:
7197:
7047:
6884:
6872:
6738:
5035:
5009:
2195:, which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of military conflicts that culminated in the
2083:, which ended in a Greek victory in 449 BCE, and the Ionian cities regained their independence. By the
2068:
1566:
1252:
1244:
930:
5423:
5349:
2441:. Smyrna fell in 1330, and the last Byzantine stronghold in Anatolia, Philadelphia, fell in 1390. The
9051:
8983:
8954:
8939:
8680:
8605:
7522:
7160:
7140:
6787:
6591:
4982:
2802:
2572:
2400:
1370:
1103:
became another name for Anatolia. By the 12th century Europeans had started referring to Anatolia as
528:
216:
20:
6505:
2926:
The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experience a humid and mild climate. There are
2863:
1212:
918:, and thus commonly referred to (in Greek) as the Eastern part of the Empire. At the same time, the
9614:
8640:
8557:
8140:
7853:
7720:
7386:
7084:
7013:
6782:
5930:
Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region
5653:
Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p. 234
5508:
The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks
3838:
The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks
2972:
2561:
2188:
2142:
1623:
1543:
1458:
1366:
1155:
608:
Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the
515:. However, various non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in Anatolia, including
444:
7818:
5527:
1499:
Indo-Europeans. Much of the history of the Hittite Empire concerned war with the rival empires of
9526:
9287:
8978:
8885:
8562:
8272:
8267:
7782:
7069:
7042:
6987:
6982:
6834:
5519:
4472:"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia"
3555:
2848:
2690:
A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century, when Greeks from Anatolia,
2651:
groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the
2565:
2372:
2196:
1921:
1278:
1139:
935:
720:
677:
661:
400:
138:
6829:
6495:
4306:
Ali Yiğit, "Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye'yi Bölgelere Ayıran Çalışmalar ve Yapılması Gerekenler",
3685:"Turkish Statistical Institute The Results of Address Based Population Registration System 2017"
9481:
9264:
9071:
8665:
8468:
7577:
7517:
7505:
7398:
7255:
6748:
6671:
6618:
3878:
Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. The Celts in Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule
3423:
3156:
3105:
2395:
2212:
2152:
1631:
1353:
further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of
1248:
1240:
1190:
1147:
258:
7572:
6427:
5418:
4333:
4057:
1255:, suggesting that agriculture was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by
9357:
9221:
9141:
8784:
8685:
8294:
7725:
7510:
7500:
7467:
7207:
7030:
5503:
4311:
3836:
2939:
2905:
2528:
1045:
1040:), perhaps from an Akkadian expression for the "sunrise" or possibly echoing the name of the
992:
6640:
5833:
3684:
2969:: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia.
856:
The use of Anatolian designations has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the
9231:
8207:
7925:
7661:
7656:
7641:
7587:
7532:
7416:
7275:
7260:
7108:
7025:
6839:
5564:
5106:
4749:
4683:
4617:
4551:
4483:
4380:
4231:
3308:
2954:
2893:
temperate oceanic climate, with warm, foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year.
2878:
2284:
that ran through the peninsula. Literary evidence about the rural landscape stems from the
2031:
1852:
1270:
1232:
1033:
1025:, but later became the most common name for the entire territory under the rule of ancient
984:
609:
562:
520:
254:
49:
9445:
5144:"Justifiably Outraged or Simply Outrageous? The Isaurian Incident of Ammianus Marcellinus"
2765:
2659:, much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkan Muslims (
620:. This traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of
8:
8880:
8545:
8482:
8458:
8289:
8150:
8096:
8037:
8008:
7948:
7943:
7537:
7488:
7421:
7371:
7270:
7180:
7128:
6941:
6922:
6708:
6418:
Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
5317:
5270:
5065:
Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the geography Hawkins 1998
3353:
2935:
2380:
2333:
2146:
2099:
2084:
1939:
1905:
1749:
1745:
1720:
1627:
1382:
1316:
1286:
1216:
1167:
910:
Only after the loss of other eastern regions during the 7th century and the reduction of
884:
673:
552:
408:
396:
370:
220:
5231:
4778:
4753:
4737:
4712:
4687:
4671:
4621:
4555:
4487:
4384:
3975:
2938:, has deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a
2389:
1900:
culture from the 20th century BCE, related to the Greeks of southeastern Europe and the
1096:
9521:
9168:
8789:
8752:
8630:
8076:
7998:
7958:
7933:
7708:
7651:
7631:
7544:
7433:
7376:
7172:
7094:
6760:
6681:
6676:
4831:
4646:
4605:
4580:
4539:
4514:
4471:
4022:
3529:
3343:
3328:
2684:
2431:
2368:
2353:
2293:
2277:
2080:
2046:
1995:
1933:
1454:
1177:
740:
724:
627:
464:
412:
346:
212:
55:
9511:
9496:
5872:
5345:
3568:: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey"
3514:, p. 125: "Anatolia, , Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey"
2276:
Byzantine Anatolia was one of the wealthiest and most densely populated places in the
1200:
9579:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9249:
8868:
8695:
8660:
8521:
8516:
8497:
8306:
8133:
7893:
7806:
7753:
7715:
7678:
7564:
7549:
7366:
7304:
7291:
7265:
7133:
7064:
7008:
6927:
6720:
6695:
6656:
6460:
6439:
6404:
6385:
6368:
6358:
6339:
6303:
6267:
6231:
5933:
5839:
5800:
5605:
5568:
5531:
5468:
5441:
5386:
5325:
5278:
5253:
5188:
5151:
5110:
4878:
4783:
4765:
4717:
4699:
4651:
4633:
4585:
4567:
4519:
4501:
4427:
4404:
4396:
4339:
4272:
4235:
3944:
3914:
3881:
3842:
3810:
3622:
3338:
3318:
3111:
3053:
3046:
2837:
2785:
2734:
2722:
2695:
2540:
2508:
2438:
2281:
2156:
2122:
2060:
2027:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1600:
1588:
1581:
1555:
1324:
1282:
900:
896:
713:
650:
617:
601:
581:
536:
524:
516:
452:
436:
392:
326:
204:
200:
3075:
of southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian black pine
2901:
1861:
895:, known in Greek as the Eastern Prefecture, encompassing all eastern regions of the
9330:
9325:
9315:
9244:
8921:
8875:
8818:
8747:
8610:
8504:
8453:
8431:
8284:
8231:
8170:
7636:
7604:
7426:
7381:
7324:
6977:
6900:
6715:
6431:
6423:
6257:
5792:
5560:
5523:
5102:
4773:
4757:
4707:
4691:
4641:
4625:
4575:
4559:
4509:
4491:
4388:
4227:
4053:
3818:
3443:
3413:
3403:
3348:
3072:
3023:
2992:
2988:
2821:
2790:
2781:
2289:
2262:
2176:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1668:
1465:
1434:
1362:
1358:
1123:
911:
904:
693:
456:
424:
420:
381:
298:
195:
180:
6190:
6164:
6138:
6112:
6086:
6060:
6034:
6008:
5982:
5796:
4269:'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide
3520:: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)"
3214:
2957:
lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia.
2280:. Anatolia's wealth grew during the 4th and 5th centuries thanks, in part, to the
9552:
9547:
9501:
9216:
8717:
8705:
8690:
8645:
8595:
8535:
8477:
8438:
8426:
8419:
8328:
8145:
8128:
8103:
7770:
7703:
7683:
7614:
7609:
7554:
7527:
7438:
7411:
7089:
7054:
6454:
6333:
6329:
6297:
6293:
6261:
6225:
5462:
5380:
5304:
5237:
4392:
4319:
4201:
4155:
3983:
3938:
3894:
3888:
3806:
3776:
3418:
3323:
2915:
2909:
2746:
2730:
2496:
2192:
2126:
1955:
1664:
1496:
1378:
1256:
914:
eastern domains to Asia Minor, that region became the only remaining part of the
812:
701:
697:
681:
654:
585:
472:
440:
432:
428:
334:
3822:
1908:
at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by
1479:) was founded, becoming an empire in the 14th century BCE after the conquest of
1224:
1182:
557:
9531:
9486:
9361:
9310:
9209:
9173:
9153:
9136:
9076:
8840:
8732:
8710:
8700:
8552:
8530:
8414:
8409:
8394:
8389:
8316:
8262:
8214:
8185:
8091:
8081:
7626:
7406:
7329:
6962:
6730:
6691:
6500:
5723:
5005:
4761:
4695:
4496:
4040:
Palumbi, Giulio (5 September 2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
3433:
3428:
3408:
3398:
3246:
3094:
2726:
2703:
2691:
2668:
2648:
2640:
2620:
2516:
2512:
2492:
2480:
2475:
2442:
2427:
2180:
2160:
2138:
2088:
1901:
1780:
1469:
1111:
1053:
1049:
960:
919:
748:
643:
593:
540:
508:
404:
350:
278:
230:
208:
5954:
4563:
3911:
Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
1204:
511:
between the late 13th and early 20th centuries, and continues today under the
9573:
9335:
9204:
9196:
9163:
8900:
8850:
8742:
8737:
8727:
8577:
8540:
8448:
8443:
8345:
8250:
7758:
7698:
7599:
7339:
7334:
6967:
6912:
6703:
6372:
6221:
5753:
5515:
4769:
4703:
4637:
4571:
4505:
4400:
3658:
3388:
3294:
3086:
3038:
2699:
2676:
2520:
2424:
2420:
2411:
swept through eastern and central Anatolia, and would remain until 1335. The
2134:
2121:
Following the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent breakup of the
2076:
2075:
city-states on the west coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule. The
1909:
1753:
1684:
1562:
1515:
1484:
1446:
1041:
888:
768:
639:
565:, c. 20,000 years ago. Anatolia was connected to the European mainland until
504:
500:
111:
98:
6597:
5030:
4629:
4540:"Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain"
3550:
2227:
1228:
1114:, many mapmakers referred to the mountainous plateau in eastern Anatolia as
9239:
9178:
9158:
9148:
8858:
8830:
8585:
8323:
8257:
8226:
8175:
8047:
7976:
7913:
7903:
7730:
7688:
7314:
6765:
4787:
4721:
4668:
4655:
4589:
4523:
4408:
4117:
3313:
3016:
2714:
2437:
By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various
2384:
2250:
2236:
2114:
2105:
2050:
1807:, with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory.
1596:
1150:, this changing of toponyms was "necessary to obscure all evidence" of the
1092:
736:
728:
689:
532:
496:
416:
5789:
The rise of the Ottomans (Chapter 11) – The New Cambridge History of Islam
4734:
4672:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"
3266:
3234:
3222:
3210:
1638:, another Indo-European people who are believed to have migrated from the
1410:
638:. To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the
9429:
9295:
9254:
9185:
8890:
8779:
8722:
8650:
8600:
8487:
8463:
8352:
8190:
8108:
8086:
8062:
7908:
7898:
7594:
6905:
6453:
Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009).
5662:
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser-The origins of the Ottoman Empire, p. 33
3585:
3078:
3027:
2884:
2798:
2753:, most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923
2656:
2628:
2463:
2325:
2285:
2175:
region, waging several hard-fought but ultimately unsuccessful wars (the
2042:
1951:
1879:
1680:
1422:
1374:
1208:
1196:
744:
635:
584:
to rise around 120 m (390 ft), triggering the formation of the
358:
246:
4026:
2794:
1978:
belonged to the southern shore. There were also several inland regions:
1791:
in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of
8825:
8794:
8620:
8615:
8279:
8240:
8202:
8120:
7993:
7878:
7873:
6435:
4606:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"
4012:
3059:
2976:
2680:
2515:
during the 15th century. It is not well understood how the Osmanlı, or
2364:
2168:
1983:
1917:
1875:
1871:
1818:
1800:
1769:
1761:
1738:
1480:
1308:
873:
869:
484:
376:
Anatolia was an early centre for the development of farming during the
330:
282:
5307:– an index of Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia)
5185:
Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word
3733:
3262:
2125:, Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms, such as the
1442:
1393:
9450:
9272:
8931:
8905:
8835:
8813:
8806:
8590:
8367:
8301:
8197:
8020:
8003:
7888:
7883:
7857:
5480:
4963:
3383:
3258:
2738:
2664:
2450:
2412:
2266:
2172:
2130:
2110:
1971:
1943:
1886:, which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 2017.
1822:
1796:
1784:
1765:
1757:
1635:
1285:
in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is clear that the
1266:
1236:
1151:
1119:
732:
631:
613:
597:
577:
573:
476:
377:
342:
338:
318:
310:
270:
238:
59:
6263:
A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period
2710:
Empire, especially toward its newly established Armenian provinces.
2550:
2296:. Large and prosperous urban centers of Byzantine Anatolia included
1369:. All of those languages are extinct; relationships with indigenous
1345:
The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the
845:
836:
8799:
8404:
8340:
8311:
8221:
8180:
7988:
7968:
7848:
7450:
6777:
3363:
3270:
3162:
3117:
2806:
2770:
2660:
2644:
2624:
2313:
2164:
2011:
1947:
1892:
The north-western coast of Anatolia was inhabited by Greeks of the
1714:
1551:
1492:
1426:
1405:
1396:, use an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1320:
1312:
1307:
The earliest historical data related to Anatolia appear during the
1274:
1127:
cultural trajectories of the region since the nineteenth century".
1026:
1022:
857:
480:
468:
354:
242:
7460:
5031:"The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder"
4875:
Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
4370:
3988:
International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education
3274:
3230:
3218:
3190:
3170:
2983:
1021:" – a designation that was initially used for the land of ancient
752:
8771:
8509:
8399:
8357:
8245:
8057:
8052:
7981:
5297:
3373:
3358:
3238:
3226:
3202:
3178:
3100:
2869:
2500:
2458:
2454:
2408:
2305:
2301:
2056:
During the 6th century BCE, all of Anatolia was conquered by the
2019:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1826:
1792:
1733:
1653:
1639:
1604:
1592:
1508:
1504:
1430:
1415:
1354:
1260:
1220:
1115:
1084:
980:
943:
939:
934:) covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day
865:
861:
833:
492:
488:
460:
448:
366:
6191:"Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests"
2805:
as well as some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around
2133:, the latter controlling most of Anatolia. A period of peaceful
1243:
from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the
626:. Under this definition, Anatolia is bounded to the east by the
384:. Beginning around 9,000 years ago there was major migration of
9405:
9277:
8381:
8335:
8042:
8029:
7455:
6648:
6643:
6586:
5511:
3303:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3166:
2854:
2825:
2777:
2749:
populations in Anatolia and surrounding regions. Following the
2742:
2672:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2524:
2447:
2416:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2240:
2184:
2057:
1830:
1788:
1700:
1672:
1558:
1547:
1526:
988:
802:
792:
791:'(Ι) rise up', comparable to terms in other languages such as "
755:, these rivers are the longest in the Eastern Anatolia Region.
664:
by the newly established Turkish government. In 1941, with the
362:
314:
250:
163:
84:
4424:
Theorizing Religions Past: Archaeology, History, and Cognition
3128:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
2737:
almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of
1100:
9128:
9023:
8567:
7865:
7849:
5504:"Chapter 3: Urbanism – The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia"
5440:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 41, 37–66.
4602:
3546:: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia"
3438:
3368:
3254:
3250:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3161:
The largest cities in Anatolia (aside from the Asian side of
3121:
3031:
2810:
2504:
2297:
2171:
region. Mithridates VI sought to dominate Asia Minor and the
2072:
2064:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1883:
1834:
1804:
1803:. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based
1776:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1608:
1520:
1500:
1488:
1381:, and was continued and intensified during the period of the
1044:
in western Anatolia. The Romans used it as the name of their
923:
783:
777:
771:
234:
6543:
Gates, Charles, Jacques Morin, and Thomas Zimmermann. 2009.
6139:"Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests"
4082:
2419:. After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 to 1353, the
1626:, the Hittite Empire disintegrated into several independent
1453:, however, the Hittites (along with the other Indo-European
8162:
6302:(2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3393:
3378:
3242:
2923:
There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.
2038:
1676:
1495:, a non-Indo-European people who had earlier displaced the
1399:
672:
based on differences in climate and landscape, the eastern
589:
463:, central Anatolia. Ancient peoples in the region included
322:
62:, or it is the entirety of the Asiatic territory of Turkey.
6165:"Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests"
4536:
3071:: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate
3013:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
2399:
Settlements and regions affected during the first wave of
1138:
to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-Black Sea line, the
4335:
Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide
4161:
4118:"Anatolia | Origin and meaning of the name Anatolia"
3713:
2934:
forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier
2163:
in the year 88 BCE in order to halt the advance of Roman
6452:
6420:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000–323 BCE)
3943:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 3.
3615:
Hopkins, Daniel J.; Staff, Merriam-Webster; 편집부 (2001).
3517:
3069:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
2820:
There are two mountain ranges in southern Anatolia: the
2627:, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly
2041:(as opposed to unminted coinage, which first appears in
1942:, Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian
680:, which largely corresponds to the historical region of
435:, while other, poorly attested local languages included
4290:
4288:
4174:
4140:
2392:, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.
1048:, comprising the west of the peninsula plus the nearby
353:
connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the
6538:
Empire, Authority, and Autonomy In Achaemenid Anatolia
6384:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood.
4903:
2776:
Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central
2694:
and Pontus area migrated toward the newly independent
6571:
Taymaz, Tuncay, Y. Yilmaz, and Yildirim Dilek. 2007.
6545:
Sacred Landscapes In Anatolia and Neighboring Regions
5187:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 246–66.
5183:
Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002).
5148:
Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices
4738:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia"
3769:"The Black Sea – a Clue to the Secret of World Flood"
3499:
3497:
1837:, before both were finally checked by the Assyrians.
1656:, rose to prominence in central and western Anatolia
6559:
Ethnoarchaeological Investigations In Rural Anatolia
6515:
Akat, Yücel, Neşe Özgünel, and Aynur Durukan. 1991.
6355:
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G
5438:
Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities
4945:
4943:
4469:
4285:
3940:
The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies
3284:
2079:, as it became known, though quelled, initiated the
950:
403:
language family, which were largely replaced by the
5673:
God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam
4891:
4854:
2010:spoken until the 7th century CE, local variants of
928:/ "the Eastern theme") was created, as a province (
6009:"Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests"
5378:
5099:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
3728:
3726:
3724:
3494:
1679:), the Seha River Land (to be identified with the
1118:. Other contemporary sources called the same area
868:colonies situated along the eastern coasts of the
634:before that river bends to the southeast to enter
5642:Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
4940:
4449:"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"
3834:
3583:
2271:one of the first places where Christianity spread
2239:in 117 CE at its greatest extent, at the time of
1916:. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek
380:period following its origination in the adjacent
26:"Asia Minor" redirects here. For other uses, see
9571:
5835:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
5685:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
5464:Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times
4421:
2961:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
2191:, except for the southeastern frontier with the
1122:. Geographers have used East Anatolian Plateau,
423:periods. The major Anatolian languages included
6417:
6113:"Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests"
5460:
5182:
4294:
4211:
3721:
3614:
3571:
1994:. Languages spoken included the late surviving
1912:, usurping the area of the related but earlier
1829:and the Scythians threatened to do the same to
1195:Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the
751:and the Upper Euphrates Valley. Along with the
5486:
4422:Whitehouse, Harvey; Martin, Luther H. (2004).
2037:Anatolia is known as the birthplace of minted
1787:relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was
1392:, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of
507:in the late 11th century, continued under the
9388:
7834:
6626:
6602:
5073:
5071:
4802:"Indo-European Daughter Languages: Anatolian"
4217:
3828:
3799:The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths
3588:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress
3277:. All have populations of more than 500,000.
3007:Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
2755:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
2265:, otherwise known as the Byzantine Empire or
1630:, subsequent to losing much territory to the
1056:came to use the name Asia Minor (Μικρὰ Ἀσία,
964:
5322:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
2719:rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
2179:) to break Roman dominion over Asia and the
2159:in northern Anatolia, waged war against the
1527:Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th century BCE)
824:
815:
6357:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
5927:
5003:
4331:
4224:The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names
3936:
3904:
3902:
3872:
3870:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3763:
3761:
3759:
2944:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2780:composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded
2579:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2511:were successively absorbed into the rising
2485:Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
1377:started to emerge during the period of the
1065:
970:
806:
796:
447:were spoken in the southeastern kingdom of
9395:
9381:
7841:
7827:
6633:
6619:
6573:The Geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia
6524:Classical Anatolia: The Glory of Hellenism
6256:
5946:
5903:"The uncertain future of Greeks in Turkey"
5623:
5621:
5483:river were held only in the years 116–117.
5379:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010).
5068:
4976:
4909:
4271:. Princeton University Press. p. 31.
3586:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography"
2141:; western and central Anatolia came under
1667:belonged to the same linguistic branch as
321:. It is the westernmost protrusion of the
48:
5550:
5544:
5528:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190610463.003.0004
5501:
5316:
4925:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970. StBoT 10
4777:
4711:
4645:
4579:
4513:
4495:
3841:. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–.
3618:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary
3610:
3608:
3606:
2706:, Latin America, and the rest of Europe.
2599:Learn how and when to remove this message
2269:. In the 1st century CE, Anatolia became
2202:
623:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary
131:756,000 km (292,000 sq mi)
6540:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5952:
5559:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
5251:Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia
5088:
5086:
4923:Das Palaische. Texte, Grammatik, Lexikon
4226:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
3908:
3899:
3867:
3786:
3756:
2982:
2914:
2900:
2764:
2610:
2479:
2394:
2363:
2360:List of states in late medieval Anatolia
2226:
2209:Christianity as the Roman state religion
2104:
2006:, Greek in western and coastal regions,
1732:
1483:in the south-east and the defeat of the
1409:
1400:Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th century BCE)
1330:
1323:, up to the conquest of Anatolia by the
1176:
556:
503:of Anatolia began under the rule of the
6566:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
6529:Donbaz, Veysel, and Şemsi Güner. 1995.
6428:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001
6266:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
6220:
5618:
5557:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
5354:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
5344:
5269:
4956:
4933:
4931:
4897:
4872:
4866:
4058:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0009
4046:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia
4039:
4033:
2655:regions and then fragmented during the
1172:
604:, which separated Anatolia from Europe.
9572:
7563:
6398:
6379:
5928:Cemen, Ibrahim; Yilmaz, Yucel (2017).
5870:
5831:
5599:
5435:
4112:
4110:
4042:"The Chalcolithic of Eastern Anatolia"
3603:
3577:
3518:Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009
3505:
2717:until the early 20th century (see the
2091:, Persia regained control over Ionia.
1611:in the 6th century BC, was one of the
1464:The Hittites adopted the Mesopotamian
1281:, although linguists tend to favour a
747:connect the Armenian Highlands to the
9376:
7822:
6614:
6601:
6352:
6328:
6292:
6227:The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations
6087:"Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests"
6035:"Central Anatolian deciduous forests"
5921:
5782:
5141:
5092:
5083:
4970:
4860:
4842:from the original on 6 September 2015
4446:
4300:
4180:
3932:
3930:
3635:from the original on 28 November 2021
3511:
3463:Additional alternative names include
1927:
1550:) was built in the 4th century BC by
1003:), share the same linguistic origin.
969:derives directly from the Greek name
684:(named as such after the division of
7789:
7777:
6338:. London & New York: Routledge.
5963:from the original on 2 November 2013
5581:from the original on 6 December 2018
5565:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
5123:from the original on 6 December 2018
5107:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001
4981:. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from
4964:"History of the Past: World History"
4928:
4266:
4260:
4248:from the original on 6 December 2018
4232:10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001
4192:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4083:Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott.
4076:
3957:from the original on 10 October 2017
3450:
2577:adding citations to reliable sources
2544:
1457:) were themselves relatively recent
1319:spans from the emergence of ancient
1299:List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
1185:were erected as far back as 9600 BC.
963:innovation. The modern Turkish form
846:
837:
361:strait, and separates Anatolia from
5852:from the original on 2 January 2014
5791:. Cambridge Core. pp. 313–31.
5249:J. Eric Cooper, Michael J. Decker,
4107:
3744:from the original on 31 August 2021
3001:Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
2967:Central Anatolian deciduous forests
2615:Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1905–06
1365:belongs to a distinctive family of
1292:
825:
816:
16:Peninsula of Turkey in Western Asia
13:
6475:
6280:from the original on 28 April 2021
6244:from the original on 28 April 2021
5983:"Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests"
5959:. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
5883:from the original on 24 April 2018
5813:from the original on 24 April 2018
5764:from the original on 10 March 2018
5734:from the original on 24 April 2018
5399:from the original on 16 April 2020
4352:from the original on 10 March 2020
3927:
3855:from the original on 11 March 2020
3656:
2979:(salt tolerant) plant communities.
2347:
2259:first division of the Roman Empire
2063:, the Persians having usurped the
1652:Another Indo-European people, the
1613:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1571:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1154:presence as part of the policy of
14:
9631:
6579:
5360:from the original on 9 April 2019
4128:from the original on 13 July 2017
4001:Études arméniennes contemporaines
3986:, Okan Yasar and Mehmet Seremet,
3665:from the original on 6 April 2002
3022:, oak forests and woodlands, and
2469:
2403:in Asia Minor (11th–13th century)
1634:and being finally overrun by the
1315:. The most ancient period in the
893:Praetorian prefecture of the East
9404:
9349:
9348:
8681:West South Central United States
7800:
7788:
7776:
7765:
7764:
7752:
7156:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
6642:
6585:
6536:Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. 2013.
5629:Muḥammad and the course of Islám
5382:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
5211:, Edwin Mellen, 2001, pp. 11–12.
5164:from the original on 19 May 2022
5142:Honey, Linda (5 December 2016).
4812:from the original on 13 May 2021
4338:. Wayne State University Press.
4332:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998).
4154:, ed. A. Pertusi. Vatican:
4095:from the original on 26 May 2007
4064:from the original on 12 May 2018
3797:Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004.
3287:
3116:. Broadleaf trees include oaks,
2951:Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
2877:
2862:
2847:
2549:
2423:'s legacy in the region was the
2332:variously attributing it to the
2187:, brought all of Anatolia under
1860:
1851:
1812:Cimmerian and Scythian invasions
1580:
1535:
1199:. Neolithic settlements include
8896:Latin America and the Caribbean
8762:Latin America and the Caribbean
7801:
6422:. Oxford University Press Inc.
6401:Encyclopedia of World Geography
6316:from the original on 5 May 2021
6230:. Ankara: Ministry of Culture.
6183:
6157:
6131:
6105:
6079:
6053:
6027:
6001:
5975:
5895:
5871:Genito, Bruno (1 March 2012) .
5864:
5825:
5776:
5746:
5716:
5703:
5690:
5678:
5665:
5656:
5647:
5634:
5593:
5506:. In Niewöhner, Philipp (ed.).
5454:
5429:
5411:
5372:
5338:
5310:
5291:
5263:
5243:
5224:
5214:
5201:
5176:
5135:
5059:
5050:
5023:
4997:
4915:
4824:
4794:
4736:Schjellerup (11 January 2024).
4728:
4662:
4596:
4530:
4463:
4440:
4426:. Rowman Altamira. p. 38.
4415:
4364:
4325:
4186:
4148:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
4006:
3993:
3969:
3695:from the original on 2 May 2019
3621:. Merriam-Webster. p. 46.
3584:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995).
3150:
2534:
878:
5602:The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204
5479:. Fig. 1. Regions east of the
4544:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3707:
3677:
3650:
3457:
3026:of Turkish pine and evergreen
2919:Anatolia's dry central plateau
2789:confined to the deltas of the
2751:Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922
2379:In the 10 years following the
2261:, Anatolia became part of the
2219:Christianity in late antiquity
1136:geographical regions of Turkey
723:(also the highest peak in the
1:
9541:Related geographical features
6575:. London: Geological Society.
5797:10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.013
4447:Curry, Andrew (August 2019).
3937:Hovannisian, Richard (2007).
3482:
2896:
2797:and the valley floors of the
2499:emerged as great power under
1657:
1473:
1386:
1279:Indo-European language family
942:, but ruled from the city of
566:
9595:Historical regions in Turkey
9590:Geography of the Middle East
8363:Middle East and North Africa
8068:Middle East and North Africa
7647:Intangible cultural heritage
6993:Southeastern Anatolia Region
6825:Proclamation of the republic
6550:Mikasa, Takahito, ed. 1999.
6506:Resources in other libraries
6353:Cohen, Saul B., ed. (2008).
5093:Yavuz, Mehmet Fatih (2010).
4977:Paul Lunde (May–June 1980).
4393:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008
4267:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015).
4218:Everett-Heath, John (2018).
4158:, 1952, pp. 59 ff.
3487:
3334:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
3146:spp.) woodlands and steppes.
3030:trees and shrubs, including
2995:of northern Anatolia, Turkey
2415:garrison was stationed near
2373:Byzantine-Arab frontier zone
1451:Proto-Indo-European homeland
1311:and continue throughout the
1144:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1099:in 1077. Thus (land of the)
1013:Place name changes in Turkey
778:
758:
719:The highest mountain in the
646:and the Mesopotamian plain.
546:
7:
6918:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
6531:The Royal Roads of Anatolia
6519:. Ankara: Kültür Bakanliǧi.
6380:Howard, Douglas A. (2016).
6299:The Kingdom of the Hittites
5698:Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu
5502:Niewöhner, Philipp (2017).
5101:. Oxford University Press.
4937:Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq
4877:. Oxford University Press.
4295:Steadman & McMahon 2011
4122:Online Etymology Dictionary
3880:. Clarendon Press, 266 pp.
3823:10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327
3572:Steadman & McMahon 2011
3535:Central Intelligence Agency
3280:
2721:). During World War I, the
2702:, the southern part of the
2342:Arab invasion of the Levant
2223:Crisis of the Third Century
2087:(387 BCE), which ended the
2016:Galatian variant of Gaulish
1622:After 1180 BCE, during the
1303:Ancient regions of Anatolia
1249:early farmers from Anatolia
1001:Patriarch of Constantinople
997:Anatolius of Constantinople
991:, all stemming from saints
891:(306–337), who created the
386:Anatolian Neolithic Farmers
28:Asia Minor (disambiguation)
10:
9636:
8656:Northeastern United States
6749:Conquest of Constantinople
6568:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
6561:. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
6554:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
6552:Essays On Ancient Anatolia
6517:Anatolia: A World Heritage
6213:
6061:"Central Anatolian steppe"
5838:. Basic Books. p. 5.
5785:"The rise of the Ottomans"
5724:"Osman I | Ottoman sultan"
5275:Ancient History from Coins
5079:The World of Ancient Times
5036:World History Encyclopedia
5010:World History Encyclopedia
4762:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0
4696:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6
4497:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7
4373:Journal of Human Evolution
3835:Philipp Niewohner (2017).
3154:
2928:temperate broadleaf, mixed
2835:
2831:
2760:
2538:
2473:
2357:
2351:
2216:
2206:
2109:Sanctuary of the Kings of
2069:dominant dynasty of Persia
2026:in the homonymous region,
2022:until the 6th century CE,
1931:
1783:, Scythians and their own
1603:in Ephesus, built by king
1567:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1468:. In the Late Bronze Age,
1403:
1334:
1296:
1253:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
1188:
1165:
1161:
1010:
924:
811:'to arise, to originate',
784:
772:
763:The English-language name
670:seven geographical regions
668:which divided Turkey into
588:. As a result, two former
550:
337:to the northwest, and the
166: (pop. 5,700,000)
25:
18:
9540:
9459:
9438:
9417:
9344:
9286:
9263:
9230:
9194:
9127:
9021:
8929:
8920:
8849:
8770:
8576:
8380:
8161:
8119:
8028:
8019:
7967:
7924:
7864:
7748:
7481:
7397:
7290:
7256:The constitutional system
7216:
7171:
7116:
7107:
7001:
6949:
6940:
6893:
6860:
6810:
6788:Second Constitutional Era
6773:Decline and modernization
6729:
6690:
6664:
6655:
6608:
6603:Links to related articles
6501:Resources in your library
5932:. John Wiley & Sons.
5832:Finkel, Caroline (2007).
5551:Thonemann, Peter (2018).
5150:. Routledge. p. 50.
4873:Freeman, Charles (1999).
4564:10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9
3909:Sahakyan, Lusine (2010).
3876:Stephen Mitchell (1995).
1825:. The Cimmerians overran
1371:languages of the Caucasus
1349:in central Anatolia, and
979:). The Russian male name
971:
951:
529:North Caucasian languages
269:
264:
226:
217:North Caucasian languages
191:
175:
170:
159:
150:
145:
127:
90:
80:
75:
67:
47:
40:
21:Anatolia (disambiguation)
9137:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8141:Transantarctic Mountains
7239:Ministry of the Interior
7224:Administrative divisions
6783:First Constitutional Era
5754:"Orhan | Ottoman sultan"
5604:. Longman. p. 117.
5600:Angold, Michael (1997).
5461:Bennett, Julian (1997).
4015:Annales Botanici Fennici
3913:. Montreal: Arod Books.
2973:Central Anatolian steppe
2843:Temperatures of Anatolia
2793:, the coastal plains of
1624:Late Bronze Age collapse
1544:Theatre at Halicarnassus
1367:Hurro-Urartian languages
1327:in the 6th century BCE.
1156:Armenian genocide denial
1132:First Geography Congress
1006:
999:(d. 458; the first
666:First Geography Congress
600:) were connected to the
445:Hurro-Urartian languages
9610:Physiographic provinces
9585:Ancient Greek geography
8886:Caribbean South America
7186:Parliamentary elections
6988:Eastern Anatolia Region
6983:Central Anatolia Region
6665:Ancient and Middle Ages
6557:Takaoğlu, Turan. 2004.
6547:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
6526:. London: I. B. Tauris.
6522:Brewster, Harry. 1993.
5953:Prothero, W.G. (1920).
5758:Encyclopædia Britannica
5728:Encyclopædia Britannica
5520:Oxford University Press
5424:Encyclopædia Britannica
5385:. John Wiley and Sons.
5236:2 November 2018 at the
4953:. Penguin Books, 1966.
4836:Encyclopedia Britannica
4630:10.1126/science.aav4040
4318:9 November 2013 at the
4206:A Greek-English Lexicon
4089:A Greek-English Lexicon
3556:Encyclopedia Britannica
2698:, and also towards the
2430:that was overthrown by
2286:Christian hagiographies
1922:Pre-Socratic philosophy
1799:and his son and regent
1748:, including all of the
1390: 20th century BCE
1361:remains unclear, while
1140:Eastern Anatolia Region
936:Central Anatolia Region
721:Eastern Anatolia Region
678:Eastern Anatolia Region
662:Eastern Anatolia Region
616:, coterminous with the
349:. Topographically, the
139:Eastern Anatolia Region
9460:Peninsulas in Anatolia
8666:Southern United States
8469:Scandinavian Peninsula
7357:Science and technology
7191:Presidential elections
6672:Prehistory of Anatolia
6564:Taracha, Piotr. 2009.
6399:McColl, R. W. (2014).
6195:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6169:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6143:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6117:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6091:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6065:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6039:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6013:Terrestrial Ecoregions
5987:Terrestrial Ecoregions
5419:Mithradates VI Eupator
5324:. Brill. p. 294.
4806:www.historyfiles.co.uk
3424:Seven churches of Asia
3157:Demographics of Turkey
3106:Juniperus foetidissima
2996:
2920:
2912:
2773:
2616:
2488:
2404:
2376:
2375:in the mid-9th century
2338:Byzantine–Sasanian War
2254:
2213:Spread of Christianity
2203:Early Christian period
2153:Mithridates VI Eupator
2149:remained predominant.
2118:
2014:in the northwest, the
1741:
1632:Middle Assyrian Empire
1418:
1191:Prehistory of Anatolia
1186:
1110:During the era of the
965:
959:ending, is probably a
807:
797:
712:population before the
708:(which had a sizeable
696:(Western Armenia) and
605:
411:as well as during the
395:spoke the now-extinct
302:
265:Additional information
184:
71:"the East", from Greek
9142:Antarctic Convergence
8686:Western United States
7352:Free trade agreements
7234:Intelligence Services
7031:North Anatolian Fault
6382:The History of Turkey
6197:. World Wildlife Fund
6171:. World Wildlife Fund
6145:. World Wildlife Fund
6119:. World Wildlife Fund
6093:. World Wildlife Fund
6067:. World Wildlife Fund
6041:. World Wildlife Fund
6015:. World Wildlife Fund
5989:. World Wildlife Fund
5877:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5303:17 March 2020 at the
5209:The Galatian Language
4832:"Anatolian languages"
4476:Nature Communications
4200:27 April 2011 at the
3982:13 April 2015 at the
3893:29 March 2017 at the
3659:"History of Anatolia"
2986:
2940:Mediterranean climate
2918:
2906:Mediterranean climate
2904:
2768:
2614:
2539:Further information:
2529:Knights of Saint John
2487:between 1359 and 1683
2483:
2474:Further information:
2398:
2367:
2352:Further information:
2230:
2217:Further information:
2108:
1904:. Beginning with the
1736:
1413:
1331:Hattians and Hurrians
1241:spread of agriculture
1180:
1011:Further information:
993:Anatolius of Laodicea
853:'to rise, to shine'.
832:'to rise, to shine',
676:were placed into the
560:
9605:Peninsulas of Turkey
9451:Gelibolu (Gallipoli)
9439:Peninsulas in Thrace
9411:Peninsulas of Turkey
8208:Greater Central Asia
7736:World heritage sites
7261:Turkish Armed Forces
7146:Constitutional Court
7060:Flora and vegetation
7038:Environmental issues
7026:East Anatolian Fault
6973:Mediterranean Region
6594:at Wikimedia Commons
5783:Fleet, Kate (2010).
4169:Byzantium, a History
3809:. "Slavena", Varna,
3715:Güncel Türkçe Sözlük
3309:Anatolian hypothesis
2955:temperate rainforest
2908:is prevalent in the
2809:(Salt Lake) and the
2803:Büyük Menderes River
2784:, covered by recent
2573:improve this section
2263:Eastern Roman Empire
2127:Attalids of Pergamum
2032:Kartvelian languages
1842:Early Greek presence
1173:Prehistoric Anatolia
1134:in 1941 created two
949:The Latinized form "
610:Gulf of Alexandretta
563:Last Glacial Maximum
19:For other uses, see
9354:Continents of Earth
8881:Brazilian Highlands
8290:Indian subcontinent
8151:Antarctic Peninsula
7949:Southern Hemisphere
7944:Northern Hemisphere
7305:Banking and Finance
6923:History of Anatolia
6820:War of Independence
6812:Republic of Türkiye
6709:Battle of Manzikert
5356:. pp. 656–58.
4979:"The Seven Wonders"
4754:2024Natur.625..301A
4688:2023Natur.618..550S
4622:2019Sci...363.1230O
4616:(6432): 1230–1234.
4556:2019NatEE...3..765B
4488:2019NatCo..10.1218F
4453:National Geographic
4385:2013JHumE..64..380S
4171:, 2002, p. 32.
3805:15 May 2021 at the
3775:21 May 2021 at the
3767:Dimitrov P., 2003.
3740:. 26 January 2014.
3689:www.turkstat.gov.tr
3469:Anatolian Peninsula
3354:Empire of Trebizond
3083:, Cedar of Lebanon
2936:continental climate
2872:(southern Anatolia)
2381:Battle of Manzikert
2340:(602–628), and the
2334:Plague of Justinian
2288:of the 6th-century
2199:(54 BCE – 217 CE).
2197:Roman–Parthian Wars
2147:Hellenistic culture
2100:Alexander the Great
2085:Peace of Antalcidas
1958:; to the west were
1940:Classical antiquity
1906:Bronze Age collapse
1750:Syro-Hittite states
1746:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1728:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1721:Syro-Hittite states
1699:, all of which had
1628:Syro-Hittite states
1470:Hittite New Kingdom
1414:The Sphinx Gate in
1383:Old Assyrian Empire
1317:history of Anatolia
1287:Anatolian languages
1168:History of Anatolia
1148:Richard Hovannisian
885:Diocese of the East
883:), who created the
731:(5123 m). The
674:provinces of Turkey
572:, when the melting
553:Geography of Turkey
513:Republic of Türkiye
409:classical antiquity
397:Anatolian languages
371:Southeastern Europe
108: /
37:
9600:Peninsulas of Asia
9425:Anadolu (Anatolia)
9169:Great Barrier Reef
8790:Mainland Australia
8498:Apennine Peninsula
7959:Western Hemisphere
7934:Eastern Hemisphere
7362:Telecommunications
7151:Court of Cassation
6852:Multi-party period
6761:Ottoman Old Regime
6682:Byzantine Anatolia
6677:Classical Anatolia
6533:. Istanbul: Dünya.
6459:. Academic Press.
5909:. 7 September 2023
5711:A Monetary History
5522:. pp. 39–59.
4985:on 13 October 2009
4183:, pp. 297–98.
3530:The World Factbook
3344:Doris (Asia Minor)
3329:Anatolian Shepherd
2997:
2987:A panorama of the
2921:
2913:
2887:(eastern Anatolia)
2857:(central Anatolia)
2774:
2713:Anatolia remained
2617:
2489:
2432:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2405:
2377:
2369:Byzantine Anatolia
2354:Byzantine Anatolia
2294:Theodore of Sykeon
2278:Later Roman Empire
2255:
2119:
2081:Greco-Persian Wars
2071:. In 499 BCE, the
2034:in the northeast.
1996:Anatolic languages
1934:Classical Anatolia
1928:Classical Anatolia
1742:
1737:Fairy chimneys in
1455:ancient Anatolians
1419:
1269:Anatolia has been
1187:
995:(d. 283) and
938:, centered around
899:and spanning from
889:Constantine I
725:Armenian Highlands
628:Armenian Highlands
606:
561:Europe during the
347:Gulf of Iskenderun
329:to the south, the
56:Gulf of Iskenderun
35:
9620:Regions of Turkey
9567:
9566:
9561:
9560:
9370:
9369:
9250:Mediterranean Rim
9123:
9122:
9062:Mediterranean Sea
8916:
8915:
8869:Amazon Rainforest
8696:Canadian Prairies
8661:Pacific Northwest
8522:Iberian Peninsula
8307:Arabian Peninsula
8134:Antarctic Plateau
7894:Three/Four Worlds
7816:
7815:
7744:
7743:
7286:
7285:
7229:Foreign relations
7203:Political parties
7103:
7102:
6936:
6935:
6928:History of Thrace
6830:Atatürk's reforms
6721:Anatolian beyliks
6590:Media related to
6482:Library resources
6466:978-0-08-091908-9
6410:978-0-8160-7229-3
6403:. Facts On File.
6391:978-1-4408-3466-0
6364:978-0-231-14554-1
6258:Barjamovic, Gojko
5474:978-0-415-16524-2
5447:978-1-56859-155-1
5207:Freeman, Philip,
5004:Mark Cartwright.
4748:(7994): 301–311.
4682:(7965): 550–556.
4459:on 19 March 2021.
4433:978-0-7591-0621-5
3738:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
3628:978-0-87779-546-9
3473:Anatolian Plateau
3451:Explanatory notes
3339:Antigonid dynasty
3319:Anatolian leopard
3138:and Turkish Pine
3054:Quercus coccifera
3047:Arbutus andrachne
2838:Climate of Turkey
2735:Assyrian genocide
2723:Armenian genocide
2696:Kingdom of Greece
2673:Muslim Bulgarians
2609:
2608:
2601:
2541:History of Turkey
2509:Anatolian beyliks
2439:Anatolian beyliks
2401:Turkish invasions
2157:Kingdom of Pontus
2123:Macedonian Empire
2117:(1st century BCE)
2061:Achaemenid Empire
2030:in the east, and
1966:, and Caria; and
1768:, and swathes of
1601:Temple of Artemis
1595:was built by the
1589:Library of Celsus
1516:Ancient Egyptians
1429:were centered at
1357:. Affiliation of
1325:Achaemenid Empire
897:Late Roman Empire
767:derives from the
714:Armenian genocide
651:Armenian genocide
618:Anatolian Plateau
602:Mediterranean Sea
393:Anatolian peoples
333:to the west, the
327:Mediterranean Sea
305:), also known as
292:
291:
9627:
9409:
9408:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9374:
9373:
9352:
9351:
9331:Global Southwest
9326:Global Southeast
9316:Global Northwest
9311:Global Northeast
9301:Global Heartland
9245:Indian Ocean Rim
8927:
8926:
8819:Island Melanesia
8510:Balkan Peninsula
8285:Himalayan states
8232:Russian Far East
8026:
8025:
7954:Water Hemisphere
7843:
7836:
7829:
7820:
7819:
7804:
7803:
7792:
7791:
7780:
7779:
7768:
7767:
7756:
7561:
7560:
7446:Cities and towns
7427:Turkish language
7382:Turkish Airlines
7198:Electoral system
7161:Council of State
7114:
7113:
7048:Waste management
6978:Black Sea Region
6956:
6947:
6946:
6901:Turkic migration
6847:One-party period
6716:Sultanate of Rum
6662:
6661:
6647:
6646:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6612:
6611:
6599:
6598:
6589:
6470:
6456:Rivers of Europe
6449:
6414:
6395:
6376:
6349:
6330:Bryce, Trevor R.
6325:
6323:
6321:
6294:Bryce, Trevor R.
6289:
6287:
6285:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5720:
5714:
5707:
5701:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5645:
5638:
5632:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5499:
5484:
5478:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5433:
5427:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5318:Dandamaev, M. A.
5314:
5308:
5298:Asia Minor Coins
5295:
5289:
5288:
5267:
5261:
5247:
5241:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5090:
5081:
5075:
5066:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5006:"Celsus Library"
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4935:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4499:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4455:. Archived from
4444:
4438:
4437:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4329:
4323:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4215:
4209:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4165:
4159:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4010:
4004:
3997:
3991:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3906:
3897:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3832:
3826:
3795:
3784:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3730:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3612:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3501:
3476:
3461:
3444:Turkic migration
3349:Empire of Nicaea
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3134:Pinus halepensis
3073:Taurus Mountains
3063:(Laurus nobilis)
3024:maquis shrubland
2993:Black Sea Region
2989:Pontic Mountains
2881:
2866:
2851:
2769:Salty shores of
2604:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2553:
2545:
2390:Sultanate of Rûm
2292:and 7th-century
2290:Nicholas of Sion
2248:
2234:
2177:Mithridatic Wars
2094:In 334 BCE, the
1914:Mycenaean Greeks
1864:
1855:
1662:
1659:
1599:in 114–117. The
1584:
1539:
1478:
1475:
1466:cuneiform script
1435:Hittite language
1391:
1388:
1363:Hurrian language
1359:Hattian language
1293:Ancient Anatolia
1124:Armenian Plateau
1097:Sultanate of Rûm
1095:, who founded a
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
974:
973:
968:
954:
953:
927:
926:
882:
880:
849:
848:
840:
839:
828:
827:
819:
818:
810:
800:
787:
786:
781:
775:
774:
694:Byzantine Empire
571:
568:
459:, was spoken in
382:Fertile Crescent
367:Balkan peninsula
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
52:
38:
34:
9635:
9634:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9625:
9624:
9615:Regions of Asia
9570:
9569:
9568:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9548:Capes of Turkey
9536:
9517:Kapıdağ (Muğla)
9455:
9434:
9430:Trakya (Thrace)
9418:Main peninsulas
9413:
9403:
9401:
9371:
9366:
9340:
9282:
9259:
9226:
9190:
9119:
9108:South China Sea
9017:
8960:Central America
8912:
8845:
8766:
8718:Northern Mexico
8706:Northern Canada
8691:Atlantic Canada
8646:Mountain states
8572:
8427:European Russia
8420:Southern Russia
8376:
8329:Iranian Plateau
8157:
8146:West Antarctica
8129:East Antarctica
8115:
8015:
7963:
7939:Land Hemisphere
7920:
7860:
7847:
7817:
7812:
7740:
7559:
7555:Women in Turkey
7523:Law enforcement
7477:
7473:Life expectancy
7439:Islam in Turkey
7393:
7282:
7244:National Police
7212:
7167:
7099:
7090:Turkish Riviera
6997:
6954:
6953:
6932:
6889:
6856:
6835:Language reform
6806:
6725:
6686:
6651:
6641:
6639:
6604:
6582:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6476:Further reading
6473:
6467:
6446:
6411:
6392:
6365:
6346:
6319:
6317:
6310:
6283:
6281:
6274:
6247:
6245:
6238:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6198:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6070:
6068:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5992:
5990:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5926:
5922:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5884:
5873:"Halicarnassus"
5869:
5865:
5855:
5853:
5846:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5781:
5777:
5767:
5765:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5708:
5704:
5695:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5639:
5635:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5575:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5500:
5487:
5475:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5434:
5430:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5363:
5361:
5350:"ARTAXERXES II"
5343:
5339:
5332:
5315:
5311:
5305:Wayback Machine
5296:
5292:
5285:
5268:
5264:
5248:
5244:
5238:Wayback Machine
5229:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5158:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5117:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4975:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4929:
4920:
4916:
4910:Barjamovic 2011
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4733:
4729:
4667:
4663:
4601:
4597:
4535:
4531:
4468:
4464:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4420:
4416:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4330:
4326:
4320:Wayback Machine
4305:
4301:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4242:
4216:
4212:
4202:Wayback Machine
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4156:Vatican Library
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4038:
4034:
4011:
4007:
4003:volume 6, 2015.
3998:
3994:
3984:Wayback Machine
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3907:
3900:
3895:Wayback Machine
3875:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3849:
3833:
3829:
3807:Wayback Machine
3796:
3787:
3777:Wayback Machine
3766:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3732:
3731:
3722:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3657:Sansal, Burak.
3655:
3651:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3613:
3604:
3591:
3589:
3561:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3523:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3419:Seleucid Empire
3324:Anatolian Plate
3293:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3159:
3153:
3042:(Arbutus unedo)
3039:Strawberry Tree
3035:(Olea europaea)
2910:Turkish Riviera
2899:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2763:
2729:(especially in
2685:Greek Macedonia
2605:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2570:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2478:
2472:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2348:Medieval period
2253:
2246:
2244:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2207:Main articles:
2205:
2193:Parthian Empire
2155:, ruler of the
1936:
1930:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1795:, the Assyrian
1660:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:was one of the
1540:
1529:
1497:Palaic-speaking
1477: 1650 BCE
1476:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1379:Akkadian Empire
1343:
1335:Main articles:
1333:
1305:
1297:Main articles:
1295:
1257:demic diffusion
1193:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1015:
1009:
925:Ἀνατολικὸν θέμα
877:
761:
702:Eastern Armenia
698:Sassanid Persia
686:Greater Armenia
682:Western Armenia
655:Western Armenia
586:Turkish Straits
570: 5600 BCE
569:
555:
549:
457:Celtic language
357:strait and the
335:Turkish Straits
288:
198:
155:
132:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
63:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9633:
9623:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9565:
9564:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9553:Bays of Turkey
9550:
9544:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9448:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9421:
9419:
9415:
9414:
9400:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9377:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9362:Physical Earth
9345:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9292:
9290:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9280:
9275:
9269:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9236:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9201:
9199:
9192:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9174:Mariana Trench
9171:
9161:
9156:
9154:Atlantic Ocean
9151:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9133:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9115:Southern Ocean
9112:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9103:East China Sea
9095:
9094:
9093:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9037:Atlantic Ocean
9034:
9028:
9026:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9008:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8942:
8936:
8934:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8855:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8841:Remote Oceania
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8776:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8714:
8713:
8711:Western Canada
8708:
8703:
8701:Eastern Canada
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8582:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8490:
8485:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8415:South Caucasus
8412:
8410:North Caucasus
8402:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8317:South Caucasus
8309:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8260:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8186:Aralkum Desert
8183:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8143:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8125:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8084:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8040:
8034:
8032:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8011:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7977:Africa-Eurasia
7973:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7930:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7846:
7845:
7838:
7831:
7823:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7798:
7786:
7774:
7762:
7749:
7746:
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7742:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7672:Radio stations
7669:
7664:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7607:
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7503:
7498:
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7485:
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7463:
7458:
7453:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7407:Turkish people
7403:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7372:Transportation
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7296:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7258:
7253:
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7236:
7231:
7226:
7220:
7218:
7214:
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7205:
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7188:
7177:
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7169:
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7166:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7080:National parks
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7014:Climate change
7005:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6963:Marmara Region
6959:
6957:
6955:(west to east)
6944:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6870:
6868:Constitutional
6864:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6758:
6756:Transformation
6753:
6752:
6751:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6731:Ottoman Empire
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6700:
6698:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6596:
6595:
6581:
6580:External links
6578:
6577:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6491:
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6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6465:
6450:
6445:978-0195376142
6444:
6415:
6409:
6396:
6390:
6377:
6363:
6350:
6345:978-1134159079
6344:
6326:
6309:978-0199279081
6308:
6290:
6273:978-8763536455
6272:
6254:
6237:978-9751727565
6236:
6222:Akurgal, Ekrem
6217:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6182:
6156:
6130:
6104:
6078:
6052:
6026:
6000:
5974:
5945:
5939:978-1118945018
5938:
5920:
5894:
5863:
5845:978-0465008506
5844:
5824:
5806:978-1139056151
5805:
5775:
5745:
5715:
5702:
5689:
5677:
5671:Peter Partner
5664:
5655:
5646:
5633:
5627:H. M. Balyuzi
5617:
5611:978-0582294684
5610:
5592:
5574:978-0198662778
5573:
5543:
5536:
5485:
5473:
5453:
5446:
5428:
5410:
5392:978-1405179362
5391:
5371:
5337:
5331:978-9004091726
5330:
5309:
5290:
5284:978-0415089920
5283:
5271:Howgego, C. J.
5262:
5242:
5223:
5213:
5200:
5193:
5175:
5157:978-1351875745
5156:
5134:
5116:978-0195170726
5115:
5082:
5077:Carl Roebuck,
5067:
5058:
5049:
5022:
4996:
4969:
4955:
4949:Georges Roux,
4939:
4927:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4884:978-0198721949
4883:
4865:
4853:
4823:
4793:
4727:
4661:
4595:
4550:(5): 765–771.
4529:
4462:
4439:
4432:
4414:
4363:
4345:978-0814327777
4344:
4324:
4312:pp. 34–35
4299:
4284:
4278:978-1400865581
4277:
4259:
4241:978-0191866326
4240:
4210:
4185:
4173:
4160:
4139:
4106:
4075:
4032:
4021:(2): 143–149.
4005:
3992:
3968:
3950:978-1412835923
3949:
3926:
3920:978-0969987970
3919:
3898:
3886:978-0198150299
3866:
3848:978-0190610470
3847:
3827:
3785:
3755:
3720:
3717:, s.v. Anadolu
3706:
3676:
3649:
3627:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3547:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Seven Sleepers
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Saint Nicholas
3406:
3401:
3399:Saint Anatolia
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3282:
3279:
3247:Afyonkarahisar
3155:Main article:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:, and dry oak
3140:(Pinus brutia)
3125:
3095:Abies cilicica
3066:
3028:sclerophyllous
3020:(Pinus brutia)
3010:
3004:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2836:Main article:
2833:
2830:
2762:
2759:
2727:Greek genocide
2704:Russian Empire
2692:Constantinople
2621:Russian Empire
2607:
2606:
2589:September 2020
2557:
2555:
2548:
2536:
2533:
2513:Ottoman Empire
2476:Ottoman Empire
2471:
2470:Ottoman Empire
2468:
2428:Eretna Dynasty
2349:
2346:
2282:Pilgrim's Road
2245:
2231:
2204:
2201:
2181:Hellenic world
2161:Roman Republic
2139:Roman Republic
2089:Corinthian War
1932:Main article:
1929:
1926:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1815:
1814:
1731:
1730:
1711:
1710:
1665:Their language
1650:
1649:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1561:(governor) of
1541:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1404:Main article:
1401:
1398:
1332:
1329:
1294:
1291:
1217:Boncuklu Höyük
1189:Main article:
1181:The henges in
1174:
1171:
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1112:Ottoman Empire
1054:Late Antiquity
1050:Aegean Islands
1008:
1005:
961:Medieval Latin
920:Anatolic Theme
916:Byzantine East
881: 284–305
760:
757:
749:South Caucasus
649:Following the
594:Sea of Marmara
551:Main article:
548:
545:
509:Ottoman Empire
405:Greek language
351:Sea of Marmara
290:
289:
287:
286:
275:
273:
267:
266:
262:
261:
228:
224:
223:
193:
189:
188:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
147:
146:Administration
143:
142:
129:
125:
124:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
53:
45:
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9632:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9575:
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9543:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
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9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
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9468:
9465:
9464:
9462:
9458:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9431:
9428:
9426:
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9412:
9407:
9398:
9393:
9391:
9386:
9384:
9379:
9378:
9375:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9347:
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9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9285:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9262:
9256:
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9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9164:Pacific Ocean
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9116:
9113:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9098:Pacific Ocean
9096:
9092:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9084:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9052:Caribbean Sea
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9020:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8994:by population
8992:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8967:South America
8965:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8950:North America
8948:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8901:Southern Cone
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8876:Andean States
8874:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8852:
8851:South America
8848:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8760:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8578:North America
8575:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8541:Low Countries
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8517:South-western
8515:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8505:South-eastern
8503:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8493:South-central
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8483:Mediterranean
8481:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8449:British Isles
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8346:Levantine Sea
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8038:Mediterranean
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7844:
7839:
7837:
7832:
7830:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7809:
7808:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7043:Air pollution
7041:
7040:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6968:Aegean Region
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:Turkification
6911:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6744:Classical Age
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6704:Seljuk Empire
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6636:
6631:
6629:
6624:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6468:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6218:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6014:
6010:
6004:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5828:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5712:
5706:
5699:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5537:9780190610487
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5467:. Routledge.
5466:
5465:
5457:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5375:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5286:
5280:
5277:. Routledge.
5276:
5272:
5266:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5246:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:Norton, Tom.
5227:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5062:
5056:Melchert 2003
5053:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4959:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4906:
4899:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4863:, p. 12.
4862:
4857:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:(5): 380–98.
4378:
4374:
4367:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4297:, p. 466
4296:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4208:, on Perseus.
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4167:John Haldon,
4164:
4157:
4153:
4152:De Thematibus
4149:
4143:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:, p. 466
3573:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Pontic Greeks
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3295:Turkey portal
3285:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:Kahramanmaraş
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3091:, Taurus fir
3090:
3088:
3087:Cedrus libani
3082:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3050:, Kermes Oak
3049:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:United States
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:Greek Muslims
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2603:
2600:
2592:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2558:This section
2556:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:Halicarnassus
2518:
2517:Ottoman Turks
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:leaders, the
2494:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:Mongol Empire
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:In 1255, the
2402:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2383:in 1071, the
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2251:vassal states
2242:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Roman control
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:Roman control
2140:
2136:
2135:Hellenization
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:Ionian Revolt
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Ionian Greeks
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1854:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:Median Empire
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
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1572:
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1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
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1538:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:Assuwa league
1482:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:Kurgan theory
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
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1356:
1352:
1348:
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1338:
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1314:
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1264:
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1234:
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1121:
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1102:
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1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1063:
1059:
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1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Assuwa league
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
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990:
986:
983:, the French
982:
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937:
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932:
921:
917:
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902:
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886:
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799:
795:" from Latin
794:
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637:
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629:
625:
624:
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615:
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603:
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591:
587:
583:
582:Mediterranean
579:
575:
564:
559:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Seljuk Empire
502:
501:Turkification
498:
497:Aeolic Greeks
494:
490:
487:, as well as
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Indo-European
398:
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383:
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374:
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360:
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352:
348:
344:
340:
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316:
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308:
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296:
284:
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277:
276:
274:
272:
268:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
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232:
229:
227:Ethnic groups
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
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197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
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169:
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79:
74:
70:
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61:
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9424:
9360: /
9358:List of seas
9356: /
9321:Global South
9306:Global North
9240:Atlantic Rim
9179:Ring of Fire
9159:Indian Ocean
9149:Arctic Ocean
9091:Persian Gulf
9086:Indian Ocean
9067:Adriatic Sea
9032:Arctic Ocean
8864:Amazon Basin
8859:Amazon Plain
8831:Near Oceania
8636:Mid-Atlantic
8586:Aridoamerica
8546:Northwestern
8459:Northwestern
8432:Southeastern
8324:Greater Iran
8263:Southeastern
8258:Pacific Asia
8227:Pacific Asia
8215:Northeastern
8171:Asia–Pacific
7914:Fourth World
7904:Second World
7805:
7793:
7781:
7769:
7757:
7642:Illumination
7578:Architecture
7506:Human rights
7494:Universities
7412:Ethnic Kurds
7399:Demographics
7310:Construction
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6496:Online books
6486:
6455:
6419:
6400:
6381:
6354:
6334:
6318:. Retrieved
6298:
6282:. Retrieved
6262:
6246:. Retrieved
6226:
6199:. Retrieved
6194:
6185:
6173:. Retrieved
6168:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6142:
6133:
6121:. Retrieved
6116:
6107:
6095:. Retrieved
6090:
6081:
6069:. Retrieved
6064:
6055:
6043:. Retrieved
6038:
6029:
6017:. Retrieved
6012:
6003:
5991:. Retrieved
5986:
5977:
5965:. Retrieved
5955:
5948:
5929:
5923:
5911:. Retrieved
5906:
5897:
5885:. Retrieved
5876:
5866:
5854:. Retrieved
5834:
5827:
5815:. Retrieved
5788:
5778:
5766:. Retrieved
5757:
5748:
5736:. Retrieved
5727:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5641:
5640:John Freely
5636:
5628:
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5595:
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5556:
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5463:
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5437:
5431:
5422:
5413:
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5381:
5374:
5362:. Retrieved
5353:
5340:
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5312:
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5265:
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5245:
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5216:
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5166:. Retrieved
5147:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5098:
5078:
5061:
5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5034:
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
4999:
4989:12 September
4987:. Retrieved
4983:the original
4972:
4958:
4951:Ancient Iraq
4950:
4922:
4921:Carruba, O.
4917:
4905:
4898:Akurgal 2001
4893:
4874:
4868:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4835:
4826:
4814:. Retrieved
4805:
4796:
4745:
4741:
4730:
4679:
4675:
4664:
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4465:
4457:the original
4452:
4442:
4423:
4417:
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4372:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4334:
4327:
4307:
4302:
4268:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4223:
4213:
4205:
4188:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4151:
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4121:
4097:. Retrieved
4088:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4049:
4045:
4035:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3971:
3961:10 September
3959:. Retrieved
3939:
3910:
3877:
3857:. Retrieved
3837:
3830:
3780:
3746:. Retrieved
3737:
3714:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3688:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3652:
3644:
3637:. Retrieved
3617:
3590:. Retrieved
3560:. Retrieved
3554:
3538:. Retrieved
3528:
3472:
3468:
3465:Asian Turkey
3464:
3459:
3314:Anatolianism
3160:
3151:Demographics
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3110:
3103:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3019:
3017:Turkish pine
2946:ecoregions.
2925:
2922:
2891:
2819:
2814:
2775:
2715:multi-ethnic
2712:
2708:
2689:
2679:such as the
2647:and several
2618:
2595:
2586:
2571:Please help
2559:
2535:Modern times
2503:and his son
2490:
2436:
2406:
2385:Seljuk Turks
2378:
2330:
2275:
2256:
2237:Roman Empire
2151:
2120:
2115:Mount Nemrut
2093:
2055:
2036:
1937:
1891:
1841:
1816:
1811:
1774:
1743:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1651:
1646:
1621:
1513:
1463:
1438:
1420:
1344:
1306:
1283:later origin
1265:
1225:Göbekli Tepe
1213:Aşıklı Höyük
1194:
1183:Göbekli Tepe
1129:
1109:
1104:
1093:Seljuq Turks
1088:
1082:
1061:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1016:
976:
956:
955:", with its
948:
929:
915:
909:
855:
850:
841:
829:
823:'east' from
820:
801:'to rise', "
788:
764:
762:
745:Murat rivers
729:Mount Ararat
718:
705:
688:between the
648:
621:
607:
391:The ancient
390:
375:
319:Western Asia
317:situated in
306:
294:
293:
171:Demographics
160:Largest city
152:
135:Southeastern
32:
9336:Global West
9296:Global East
9255:Pacific Rim
9197:waterbodies
9186:World Ocean
9011:New Zealand
8891:The Guianas
8780:Australasia
8723:West Indies
8651:New England
8631:Great Lakes
8601:Mesoamerica
8488:Middle East
8464:Scandinavia
8353:Middle East
8191:Caspian Sea
8097:Great Lakes
8077:Sub-Saharan
8063:Middle East
7926:Hemispheres
7909:Third World
7899:First World
7852:'s primary
7795:WikiProject
7726:Video games
7518:Individuals
7511:LGBT rights
7501:Health care
7468:Immigration
7249:Gendarmerie
7208:Referendums
7124:Legislative
7021:Earthquakes
6906:Oghuz Turks
6795:Dissolution
6436:11693/51311
5967:6 September
5913:3 September
5713:, pp. 30–31
5346:Schmitt, R.
5042:17 February
4482:(1): 1218.
4099:20 February
3783:, 4, 52–57.
3699:2 September
3580:, p. 7
3578:Howard 2016
3562:29 February
3540:20 February
3506:McColl 2014
3079:Pinus nigra
2828:mountains.
2815:Konya Ovasi
2799:Gediz River
2791:Kızıl River
2733:), and the
2657:Balkan Wars
2629:Circassians
2527:) from the
2344:(634–638).
2336:(541), the
2326:Aphrodisias
2098:Greek king
2043:Mesopotamia
2024:Cappadocian
1952:Paphlagonia
1918:city-states
1880:Aphrodisias
1878:(right) in
1874:(left) and
1703:influence.
1661: 2000
1423:Mesopotamia
1375:Mesopotamia
1209:Nevali Cori
1197:Paleolithic
658:was renamed
636:Mesopotamia
576:caused the
521:Neo-Aramaic
413:Hellenistic
359:Dardanelles
247:Circassians
179:Anatolian (
115: /
91:Coordinates
9574:Categories
9077:Ionian Sea
9072:Aegean Sea
9042:Baltic Sea
8974:Antarctica
8826:Micronesia
8795:New Guinea
8753:Portuguese
8676:West Coast
8626:East Coast
8621:Bible Belt
8616:Appalachia
8295:Subregions
8203:Inner Asia
8121:Antarctica
8021:Continents
7994:Antarctica
7969:Landmasses
7879:Down Under
7874:Arab World
7858:subregions
7667:Newspapers
7652:Literature
7632:Folk dance
7533:Corruption
7417:Minorities
7345:Renewables
7300:Automotive
7109:Government
6840:Secularism
5907:archive.is
5585:6 December
5553:"Anatolia"
5258:0230361064
5194:0199245061
5168:8 November
5127:5 December
5095:"Anatolia"
5015:2 February
4861:Bryce 2005
4846:26 January
4816:26 January
4356:5 December
4252:5 December
4220:"Anatolia"
4181:Bryce 2009
3859:7 December
3817:, 91 pp.,
3815:954579335X
3781:Oceanology
3669:7 December
3551:"Anatolia"
3512:Cohen 2008
3483:References
3471:, and the
3414:Saint Paul
3404:Saint John
3112:J. excelsa
3060:Bay Laurel
2977:halophytic
2942:, contain
2932:coniferous
2897:Ecoregions
2681:Vallahades
2491:Among the
2358:See also:
2257:After the
2169:Aegean Sea
2096:Macedonian
1984:Cappadocia
1876:Tetrapylon
1872:Sebasteion
1819:Cimmerians
1801:Belshazzar
1785:Babylonian
1770:Cappadocia
1762:Cimmerians
1739:Cappadocia
1481:Kizzuwatna
1459:immigrants
1309:Bronze Age
1233:Köşk Höyük
1229:Norşuntepe
1201:Çatalhöyük
1058:Mikrà Asía
987:and plain
874:Diocletian
870:Aegean Sea
642:valley in
630:, and the
574:ice sheets
485:Cimmerians
331:Aegean Sea
307:Asia Minor
257:, various
219:, various
199:Minority:
9492:Karaburun
9273:Antarctic
9057:Irish Sea
9047:Black Sea
9006:Australia
8955:Caribbean
8932:continent
8906:Patagonia
8836:Polynesia
8814:Melanesia
8807:Zealandia
8785:Australia
8671:Southwest
8591:Caribbean
8368:Near East
8009:submerged
8004:Zealandia
7999:Australia
7889:Old World
7884:New World
7721:TV series
7679:Miniature
7622:Festivals
7538:Terrorism
7489:Education
7422:Languages
7266:Air Force
7181:Elections
7129:Executive
7075:Mountains
6942:Geography
6861:Overviews
6800:Partition
6766:Tulip era
6373:212893637
6320:7 January
6296:(2005) .
6284:7 January
6248:7 January
5481:Euphrates
4770:0028-0836
4704:0028-0836
4638:0036-8075
4572:2397-334X
4506:2041-1723
4401:0047-2484
4085:"ἀνατολή"
3488:Citations
3384:Pentarchy
3267:Çanakkale
3259:Zonguldak
3235:Eskişehir
3223:Adapazarı
3211:Balıkesir
2665:Albanians
2560:does not
2464:sovereign
2451:Ilkhanids
2434:in 1381.
2413:Ilkhanate
2267:Byzantium
2243:'s death.
2173:Black Sea
2131:Seleucids
2111:Commagene
1972:Pamphylia
1944:Herodotus
1898:Mycenaean
1823:Scythians
1797:Nabonidus
1766:Scythians
1758:Commagene
1636:Phrygians
1267:Neolithic
1245:migration
1237:Yumuktepe
1130:Turkey's
1120:Kurdistan
1087:Ῥωμανία (
912:Byzantine
759:Etymology
733:Euphrates
632:Euphrates
614:Black Sea
598:Black Sea
578:sea level
547:Geography
477:Armenians
473:Assyrians
465:Galatians
421:Byzantine
378:Neolithic
343:Black Sea
339:Black Sea
311:peninsula
283:UTC+03:00
271:Time zone
239:Armenians
213:Kabardian
192:Languages
185:Anadolulu
112:39°N 35°E
76:Geography
68:Etymology
60:Black Sea
9580:Anatolia
9527:Çukurbağ
9522:Bozburun
9497:Güvercin
8800:Tasmania
8748:Hispanic
8611:Northern
8558:Germanic
8536:Atlantic
8478:Southern
8439:Northern
8405:Caucasus
8341:Dead Sea
8312:Caucasus
8280:Southern
8273:Maritime
8268:Mainland
8241:Northern
8222:Far East
8181:Aral Sea
8104:Southern
8048:Northern
7771:Category
7709:Football
7694:Painting
7637:Folklore
7545:Marriage
7451:Istanbul
7434:Religion
7387:Railways
7377:Aviation
7315:Currency
7173:Politics
7141:Judicial
7117:Branches
7095:Wildlife
6885:Military
6873:Economic
6778:Tanzimat
6592:Anatolia
6487:Anatolia
6332:(2009).
6314:Archived
6278:Archived
6260:(2011).
6242:Archived
6224:(2001).
5961:Archived
5956:Anatolia
5887:23 April
5881:Archived
5850:Archived
5817:23 April
5811:Archived
5768:23 April
5762:Archived
5738:23 April
5732:Archived
5709:Pamuk –
5696:Artuk –
5675:, p. 122
5631:, p. 342
5579:Archived
5516:New York
5397:Archived
5364:21 April
5358:Archived
5348:(1986).
5320:(1989).
5301:Archived
5273:(1995).
5234:Archived
5162:Archived
5121:Archived
4840:Archived
4810:Archived
4788:38200295
4779:10781627
4722:37286608
4713:10266975
4656:30872528
4590:30988490
4524:30890703
4409:23481346
4350:Archived
4316:Archived
4246:Archived
4198:Archived
4126:Archived
4093:Archived
4062:Archived
4027:23726860
3980:Archived
3955:Archived
3891:Archived
3853:Archived
3803:Archived
3773:Archived
3742:Archived
3693:Archived
3663:Archived
3633:Archived
3525:"Turkey"
3364:Lycaonia
3281:See also
3271:Osmaniye
3163:Istanbul
3144:(Quercus
3118:hornbeam
2824:and the
2807:Lake Tuz
2801:and the
2795:Çukurova
2786:deposits
2771:Lake Tuz
2747:Assyrian
2739:Armenian
2661:Bosniaks
2645:Chechens
2625:Caucasus
2523:(modern
2497:Ottomans
2371:and the
2314:Pergamum
2165:hegemony
2129:and the
2028:Armenian
2012:Thracian
2008:Phrygian
2004:Pisidian
2000:Isaurian
1948:Bithynia
1781:Persians
1715:Arameans
1708:Arameans
1701:Hellenic
1552:Mausolus
1546:(modern
1507:and the
1493:Kaskians
1427:Hittites
1406:Hittites
1351:Hurrians
1347:Hattians
1341:Hurrians
1337:Hattians
1321:Hattians
1313:Iron Age
1275:homeland
1271:proposed
1152:Armenian
1142:and the
1075:the East
1046:province
1027:Hittites
1023:Hattians
952:Anatolia
789:anatello
785:ἀνατέλλω
765:Anatolia
710:Armenian
596:and the
537:Georgian
525:Armenian
481:Hattians
469:Hurrians
453:Galatian
451:, while
437:Phrygian
355:Bosporus
295:Anatolia
243:Chechens
205:Armenian
81:Location
36:Anatolia
9482:Kapıdağ
9477:Armutlu
9472:Kocaeli
9467:Boztepe
9446:Çatalca
9001:Oceania
8989:by area
8945:America
8922:Islands
8772:Oceania
8641:Midwest
8596:Central
8563:Romance
8531:Western
8400:Balkans
8395:Eastern
8390:Central
8358:Mashriq
8302:Western
8246:Siberia
8198:Eastern
8176:Central
8109:Western
8082:Central
8058:Mashriq
8053:Maghreb
8043:Saharan
7989:America
7982:Eurasia
7854:regions
7807:Outline
7783:Commons
7716:Theater
7699:Pottery
7615:Ottoman
7610:Cuisine
7588:Ottoman
7565:Culture
7550:Poverty
7482:Society
7367:Tourism
7320:Defense
7292:Economy
7134:Cabinet
7065:Geology
7009:Climate
6951:Regions
6878:Ottoman
6696:Beyliks
6692:Seljuks
6657:History
6214:Sources
5687:, p. 13
5644:, p. 83
5403:20 June
5260:, p. 14
4750:Bibcode
4684:Bibcode
4647:6436108
4618:Bibcode
4610:Science
4581:6520225
4552:Bibcode
4515:6425003
4484:Bibcode
4381:Bibcode
3990:, 2007.
3374:Miletus
3359:Gordium
3263:Kütahya
3239:Trabzon
3227:Denizli
3203:Kayseri
3179:Antalya
3101:juniper
2991:in the
2870:Antalya
2832:Climate
2813:Basin (
2782:troughs
2761:Geology
2623:in the
2581:removed
2566:sources
2501:Osman I
2493:Turkish
2459:Osman I
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2443:Turkmen
2409:Mongols
2306:Miletus
2302:Ephesus
2167:in the
2067:as the
2058:Persian
2039:coinage
2020:Galatia
1992:Galatia
1988:Pisidia
1980:Phrygia
1976:Cilicia
1894:Achaean
1827:Phrygia
1793:Babylon
1683:and/or
1669:Hittite
1654:Luwians
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1640:Balkans
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1593:Ephesus
1556:Persian
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1277:of the
1273:as the
1261:Maghreb
1221:Hacilar
1162:History
1116:Armenia
1105:Turchia
1089:Rōmanía
1085:endonym
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6177:2008
6151:2008
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6099:2008
6073:2008
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5995:2008
5969:2013
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