Second Italo-Ethiopian War

1649:, won a general election on a platform of upholding collective security and support for the League of Nations, which at least implied that Britain would support Ethiopia. However, the British service chiefs, led by the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Earle Chatfield, all advised against going to war with Italy for the sake of Ethiopia, which carried much weight with the cabinet. During the 1935 election, Baldwin and the rest of the cabinet had repeatedly promised that Britain was committed to upholding collective security in the belief of that being the best way to neutralise the Labour Party, which also ran on a platform emphasising collective security and support for the League of Nations. To square the circle caused by its election promises and its desire to avoid offending Mussolini too much, the cabinet decided upon a plan to give most of Ethiopia to Italy, with the rest in the Italian 2531: 2627:....Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so they could vaporize over vast areas of territory a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of 9, 15, or 18 aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. In order more surely to poison the waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. These fearful tactics succeeded. Men and animals succumbed. The deadly rain that fell from the aircraft made all those whom it touched fly shrieking with pain. All those who drank poisoned water or ate infected food also succumbed in dreadful suffering. In tens of thousands the victims of Italian mustard gas fell. 1021: 2689:, called the war "Mussolini's masterpiece" as for a brief moment he had been able to create something resembling a national consensus both in favor of himself and his regime. When Badoglio returned to Italy, he received a snub, as Mussolini made certain that the honours bestowed on Badoglio received fell short of those granted to an Italian "national hero", in order to present the victory as an achievement of the Fascist system rather than as an achievement of the traditional Italian elites, of which Badoglio was a member. A sign of Mussolini's increased power and popularity after the war was his creation of a new military rank; First Marshal of the Italian Empire, to which he promoted both himself and King Victor Emmanuel III, thus putting the prime minister on a theoretical level of equality with the king. 1888:...was at the time when the operations for the encircling of Makale were taking place that the Italian command, fearing a rout, followed the procedure which it is now my duty to denounce to the world. Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could vaporize, over vast areas of territory, a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of nine, fifteen, eighteen aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. To systematically kill all living creatures, to more surely poison waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was its chief method of warfare. 1174:" in August 1935. The agent said that it was to fly cinema films around Europe. When the client wanted bomb racks to carry the (flammable) films, Shute agreed to fit lugs under the wings to which they could attach "anything they liked". He was told that the plane was to be used to bomb the Italian oil storage tanks at Massawa, and when the CID enquired about the alien (ex-German) pilot practices in it Shute got the impression that the Foreign Office did not object. However, fuel, bombs and bomb racks from Finland could not reach Ethiopia in time, and the paid-for Viceroy stayed at its works. The emperor of Ethiopia had £16,000 to spend on modern aircraft to resist the Italians and planned to spend £5000 on the Viceroy and the rest on three 2965: 2172: 104: 2103: 1941: 2089: 113: 2347:. The campaign of reprisals visited by the Italians upon the population of Addis Ababa has been described as the worst massacre in Ethiopian history. Estimates vary on the number of people killed in the three days that followed the attempt on Graziani's life. Ethiopian sources estimated that 30,000 people were killed by the Italians, while Italian sources claimed that only a few hundred were killed. A 2017 history of the massacre estimated that 19,200 people were killed, 20 percent of the population of Addis Ababa. Over the following week, numerous Ethiopians suspected of opposing Italian rule were rounded up and executed, including members of the 1217: 2837: 2661: 2008: 2856: 93: 7019: 1505: 1521: 73: 2247:, about 70 km (43 mi) north of Addis Ababa. Plans were made to storm parts of the capital but a lack of transport and radio equipment prevented a co-ordinated attack. In July, Ethiopian forces attacked Addis Ababa and were routed. Numerous members of Ethiopian royalty were taken prisoner and others were executed soon after they surrendered. The exiled government in Gore was never able to provide any meaningful leadership to the Patriots or remaining military formations but sporadic resistance by independent groups persisted around the capital. 1513: 64: 1664:; the corridor was a poor one and known as a "corridor for camels". Mussolini was ready to play along with considering the Hoare-Laval Pact, rather than rejecting it outright, to avoid a complete break with Britain and France, but he kept demanding changes to the plan before he would accept it as a way to stall for more time to allow his army to conquer Ethiopia. Mussolini was not prepared to abandon the goal of conquering Ethiopia, but the imposition of League of Nations sanctions on Italy caused much alarm in Rome. 84: 10403: 2251: 1448: 997:, where there had been popular affinity for the fellow nonwhite empire in Africa, which was reciprocated with similar anger in Italy towards Japan combined with praise for Mussolini and his firm stance against the "gialli di Tokyo" ("Tokyo Yellows"). Despite popular opinion, when the Ethiopians approached Japan for help on 2 August, they were refused, and even a modest request for the Japanese government for an official statement of its support for Ethiopia during the coming conflict was denied. 1687: 2593:

attack of all, when low-flying Italian aircraft crews could not have missed the big Red Cross signs. Mustard gas was also sprayed from above on Ethiopian combatants and villages. The Italians tried to keep their resort to chemical warfare secret but were exposed by the International Red Cross and many foreign observers. The Italians claimed that at least 19 bombardments of Red Cross tents "posted in the areas of military encampment of the Ethiopian resistance", had been "erroneous".

2674: 1937:. In the battles of Amba Aradam, Tembien and Shire, the Italians suffered about 2,600 casualties and the Ethiopians about 15,000; Italian casualties at the Battle of Shire being 969 men. The Italian victories stripped the Ethiopian defences on the northern front, Tigré province had fallen most of the Ethiopian survivors returned home or took refuge in the countryside and only the army guarding Addis Ababa stood between the Italians and the rest of the country. 871:

escort remained. For ten days both sides exchanged menaces, sometimes no more than 2 m apart. Reinforcements increased the Ethiopian contingent to about 1,500 men and the Italians to about 500, and on 5 December 1934, shots were fired. The Italians were supported by an armoured car and bomber aircraft. The bombs missed, but machine gunfire from the car caused about 110 Ethiopian casualties. 30 to 50 Italians and Somalis were killed. The incident led to the

2693: 728: 1246: 2904: 1462: 1476: 1289: 1231: 2438:, 193 from the air force, 56 from the navy, 78 civilians in the Gondrand shipyard massacre, 453 factory workers and 88 merchant marines, for a total of 4,350 Italians killed. To these figures must be added approximately 9,000 injured and 18,200 repatriated due to illness. Estimates on the losses of the askaris, however very vague, he puts it at 4,500 killed. From 1936 to 1940, there was an additional 1833:(frightfulness), which included destroying villages and using gas (OC 23/06, 28 December 1935). Mussolini was even prepared to resort to bacteriological warfare as long as these methods could be kept quiet. Some Italians objected when they found out but the practices were kept secret, the government issuing denials or spurious stories blaming the Ethiopians. 961:, which Mussolini rejected outright. As the Italians had broken the British naval codes, Mussolini knew of the problems in the British Mediterranean Fleet, which led him to believe that the British opposition to the invasion, which had come as an unwelcome surprise to him, was not serious and that Britain would never go to war over Ethiopia. 1791:

Ethiopians that Italian tanks had been stranded and abandoned and that Italian native troops were mutinying. Later, a report was issued that Ethiopian warriors had captured eighteen tanks, thirty-three field guns, 175 machine guns, and 2,605 rifles. In addition, this report indicated that the Ethiopians had wiped out an entire legion of the

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over Ethiopia, Haile Selassie had been recognized as the restored emperor of Ethiopia following his formal entry into Addis Ababa in May 1941. Ethiopia presented a bill to the Economic Commission for Italy of £184,746,023 for damages inflicted during the course of the Italian occupation. The list included the destruction of

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demand that the League of Nations should continue its efforts to secure respect for the covenant, and that it should decide not to recognize territorial extensions, or the exercise of an assumed sovereignty, resulting from the illegal recourse to armed force and to numerous other violations of international agreements.

850:(irregular frontier troops commanded by Italian officers). The fort at Welwel was well beyond the 21-league limit and inside Ethiopian territory. On 23 November 1934, an Anglo–Ethiopian boundary commission studying grazing grounds to find a definitive border between British Somaliland and Ethiopia arrived at Welwel. 1047:. Every married man will bring his wife to cook and wash for him. Every unmarried man will bring any unmarried woman he can find to cook and wash for him. Women with babies, the blind, and those too aged and infirm to carry a spear are excused. Anyone found at home after receiving this order will be hanged. 2316:

Gabre Mariam who had assembled military forces in the Great Lakes district. The Ethiopians were defeated on 16 December and by January, the Italians had established a measure of control over the provinces of Jimma, Kafa and Arusi. After another two months, the remaining Ethiopians were surrounded and

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with mustard gas. The Italian troops had 400 casualties, the Eritreans 874 and the Ethiopians suffered 8,900 casualties from 31,000 men present according to an Italian estimate. On 4 April, Selassie looked with despair upon the horrific sight of the dead bodies of his army ringing the poisoned lake.

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militia infantry divisions arrived in Eritrea, and four regular infantry divisions arrived in Italian Somaliland, about 685,000 soldiers and a great number of logistical and support units; the Italians included 200 journalists. The Italians had 6,000 machine guns, 2,000 pieces of artillery, 599 tanks

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On 14 December 1925, Italy's fascist government signed a secret pact with Britain aimed at reinforcing Italian dominance in the region. London recognised that the area was of Italian interest and agreed to the Italian request to build a railway connecting Somalia and Eritrea. Although the signatories

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that had been upheld by the Amharas. Early in 1938, a revolt broke out in Gojjam, led by the Committee of Unity and Collaboration, made up of some of the young, educated elite who had escaped reprisals after the assassination attempt on Graziani. The general oversaw another wave of reprisals and had

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American and British military analysis came to similar conclusions. The US military concluded that "Chemical weapons were devastating against the unprepared and unprotected Ethiopians." British Major General J. F. C. Fuller, assigned to the Italian army, noted that "In place of the laborious process

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and the remainder of the Imperial Guard did their utmost to restrain a growing crowd but rioters rampaged throughout the city, looting and setting fire to shops owned by Europeans. Most of the violence occurred between looters, fighting over the spoils and by 5 May, much of the city lay in ruins. At

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The Italians tried to break out using their L3 tanks but the rough terrain immobilised the vehicles. The Ethiopians killed the infantry, then rushed the tanks and killed their two-man crews. Italian forces organised a relief column made up of tanks and infantry to relieve Critini but it was ambushed

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The war was wildly popular with the Italian people, who relished Mussolini's defiance of the League as an example of Italian greatness. Even if Mussolini had been willing to stop the war, the move would have been very unpopular in Italy. Kallis wrote, "Especially after the imposition of sanctions in

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Initially, he had two divisions and a variety of smaller units under his command: a mixture of Italians, Somalis, Eritreans, Libyans and others. De Bono regarded Italian Somaliland as a secondary theatre, whose primary need was to defend itself, but it could aid the main front with offensive thrusts

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Selassie's army consisted of around 500,000 men, some of whom were armed with spears and bows. Other soldiers carried more modern weapons including rifles, but many of them were equipment from before 1900 and so were obsolete. According to Italian estimates, on the eve of hostilities, the Ethiopians

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and the United States. Three years later, only the USSR officially recognised Selassie and the United States government considered recognising the Italian Empire with Ethiopia included. The invasion of Ethiopia and its general condemnation by Western democracies isolated Mussolini and Fascist Italy

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throughout the world, he said "It is us today. It will be you tomorrow". France appeased Italy because it could not afford to risk an alliance between Italy and Germany; Britain decided that its military weakness meant that it had to follow France's lead. Selassie's resolution to the League to deny

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At this point in the campaign, the lack of roads represented a serious hindrance for the Italians as they crossed into Ethiopia. On the Eritrean side, roads had been constructed right up to the border. On the Ethiopian side, these roads often transitioned into vaguely defined paths, and the Italian

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to impose sanctions on Italy, which the French would almost certainly not veto out of fear of destroying relations with Britain; that would cause a crisis in Anglo-Italian relations and allow Germany to offer its "good services" to Italy. In that way, Hitler hoped to win Mussolini as an ally and to

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in December 1935, but their poorly armed forces could not resist for long against the modern weapons of the Italians. Even the communications service of the Ethiopian forces depended on foot messengers, as they did not have radio. It was enough for the Italians to impose a narrow fence on Ethiopian

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The news from the "northern front" was generally bad for Italy. However, foreign correspondents in Addis Ababa publicly took up knitting to mock their lack of access to the front. There was no way for them to verify reports that 4,700 Italians had been captured. The correspondents were told by the

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The other tanks were immobilised by the terrain, unable to advance further and two were set on fire. Critini managed to break-out in a bayonet charge and half escaped. Italian casualties were 31 Italians and 370 Askari killed and five Italians taken prisoner; Ethiopian casualties were estimated by

625:

sent arms and munitions to Ethiopia because it was frustrated over Italian objections to its attempts to integrate Austria. This prolonged the war and sapped Italian resources. It would soon lead to Italy's greater economic dependence on Germany and less interventionist policy on Austria, clearing

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of World War II on 10 February 1947, included formal Italian recognition of Ethiopian independence and an agreement to pay $ 25,000,000 (equivalent to $ 341,133,000 in 2023) in reparations. Since the League of Nations and most of its members had never officially recognized Italian sovereignty

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attacks around the capital. About 10,000 troops remaining under the command of Aberra Kassa had orders from Selassie to continue resistance. On 10 May 1936, Italian troops from the northern front and from the southern front met at Dire Dawa. The Italians found the recently released Ethiopian Ras,

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but this liberated the former slave owners from the obligation to feed their former slaves, in the unsettled conditions caused by the war. Much of the livestock in the area had been moved to the south to feed the Ethiopian army and many of the emancipated people had no choice but to appeal to the

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We have decided to bring to an end the most unequal, most unjust, most barbarous war of our age, and have chosen the road to exile in order that our people will not be exterminated and in order to consecrate ourselves wholly and in peace to the preservation of our empire's independence... we now

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prevented the Ethiopians from taking advantage of their initial successes. The Ethiopians in general were very poorly armed, with few machine guns, their troops mainly armed with swords and spears. Having spent a decade accumulating poison gas in East Africa, Mussolini gave Badoglio authority to

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unit was bombed at Dolo and an Egyptian ambulance was attacked at Bulale; a few days later an Egyptian medical unit was bombed at Daggah Bur. There were more attacks in January and February, then on 4 March 1936, a British Red Cross camp near Quoram appeared to be subject to the most deliberate

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and Somali troops and made camp. To avoid being caught in an Italian–Ethiopian incident, Clifford withdrew the British contingent to Ado, about 20 mi (32 km) to the north-east, and Italian aircraft began to fly over Welwel. The Ethiopian commissioners retired with the British, but the

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an underestimate. Sbacchi wrote that the official total of Italian casualties was unreliable, because the regime desired to underestimate Italian losses. Del Boca estimates the total Italian losses up to 31 December 1936 (including more than six months of guerrilla warfare after the end of the

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Meanwhile, Selassie conducted a disorganized retreat towards the capital. There, government officials operated without leadership, unable to contact the Emperor and unsure of his whereabouts. Realizing that Addis Ababa would soon fall to the Italians, Ethiopian administrators met to discuss a

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movement. They were joined by local residents who operated independently near their own homes. Early activities included capturing war materials, rolling boulders off cliffs at passing convoys, kidnapping messengers, cutting telephone lines, setting fire to administrative offices and fuel and

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Feodor Konovalov and the Czechoslovak writer Adolf Parlesak. Several Austrian Nazis, a team of Belgian fascists, and the Cuban mercenary Alejandro del Valle also fought for Haile Selassie. Many of the individuals were military advisers, pilots, doctors or supporters of the Ethiopian cause; 50

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November 1935, the popularity of the Fascist regime reached unprecedented heights". On 13 December, details of the pact were leaked by a French newspaper and denounced as a sellout of the Ethiopians. The British government disassociated itself from the pact and British Foreign Secretary Sir

2273:, after the Italians had sent the party to parley with the local populace. Graziani ordered the town to be bombed in retaliation for the killings (Magliocco was his deputy). Local hostility forced out the Patriots and Desta Damtew, commander of the southern Patriots, withdrew his troops to 2138:

suggested that the Emperor should go to Geneva to appeal to the League of Nations for assistance before returning to lead resistance against the Italians. The view was subsequently adopted by Selassie and preparations were made for his departure. On 2 May, Selassie boarded a train from

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was named the commander-in-chief of all Italian armed forces in East Africa. De Bono was also the commander-in-chief of the forces invading from Eritrea on the northern front. De Bono commanded nine divisions in the Italian I Corps, the Italian II Corps and the Eritrean Corps. General

2015:

On 3 October 1935, Graziani implemented the Milan Plan to remove Ethiopian forces from various frontier posts and to test the reaction to a series of probes all along the southern front. While incessant rains worked to hinder the plan, within three weeks the Somali villages of

2220:, who boarded a train back to Addis Ababa and approached the Italian invaders in submission. Imru Haile Selassie fell back to Gore in southern Ethiopia to reorganise and continue to resist the Italians. In early June, the Italian government promulgated a constitution for 1814:

Imru retook Adwa, he was to invade Eritrea. In November, the League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression and imposed economic sanctions. This excluded oil, however, an indispensable raw material for the conduct of any modern military campaign, and this favoured Italy.

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In 1976, Baer wrote that Selassie's resolution requesting loans was defeated by a vote of 23 against, 25 abstentions and 1 vote for (from Ethiopia). In the sanctions vote, 44 delegates approved the ending of sanctions, 4 abstained and 1 (Ethiopian) delegate voted for

993:, attempted to raise money for the Ethiopian cause. The Japanese ambassador to Italy, Dr. Sugimura Yotaro, on 16 July assured Mussolini that Japan held no political interests in Ethiopia and would stay neutral in the coming war. His comments stirred up a furor inside 2371:

had fired into the crowds of beggars and poor assembled for the distribution of alms; and it is said that the Federal Secretary, Guido Cortese, even fired his revolver into the group of Ethiopian dignitaries standing around him." Hours later, Cortese gave the fatal

1779:. When the Ethiopians attacked, the Italian force fell back to the pass, only to discover that 2,000 Ethiopian soldiers were already there and Criniti's force was encircled. In the first Ethiopian attack, two Italian officers were killed and Criniti was wounded. 121:

Clockwise from top left: Italian Blackshirts at Dire Dawa; Ethiopian soldiers on horseback; Italian artillery in Tembien; Ethiopian soldiers holding rifles en route to the northern front; Royal Italian Army soldiers in Amba Aradam; Haile Selassie with Red Cross

2127:, though actual preparations for their departure were postponed. Addis Ababa became crowded with retreating soldiers from the front while its foreign residents sought refuge at various European legations. Selassie reached the capital on 30 April. That day his 2972:

While in exile in United Kingdom, Haile Selassie had sought the support of the Western democracies for his cause but had little success until the Second World War began. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on France and Britain and attacked British and

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in Eritrea during early 1936. On 20 January, the Italians resumed their northern offensive at the First Battle of Tembien (20 to 24 January) in the broken terrain between the Warieu Pass and Makale. The forces of Ras Kassa were defeated, the Italians using

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Years later, Badoglio admitted to using gas once and a former government minister said that three gas bombs had been dropped but these admissions came after copious amounts of records had been published showing that gas had been used to a much greater

2147:, with the gold of the Ethiopian Central Bank. From there he fled to the United Kingdom, with the tacit acquiescence of the Italians who could have bombed his train, into exile (Mussolini had refused a request from Graziani to mount such an attack.) 1608:

On 11 October, Gugsa surrendered with 1,200 followers at the Italian outpost at Adagamos. Italian propagandists lavishly publicised the surrender but fewer than a tenth of Gugsa's men defected with him. On 14 October, De Bono proclaimed the end of

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had an army of 350,000–760,000 men. Only about 25% of the army had any military training, and the men were armed with a motley collection of 400,000 rifles of every type and in every condition. The Ethiopian Army had about 234 antiquated pieces of

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had wished to maintain the secrecy of the agreement, the plan soon leaked and caused indignation by the French and Ethiopian governments. The latter denounced it as a betrayal of a country that had been for all intents and purposes a member of the

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On 26 April 1936, Badoglio began the "March of the Iron Will" from Dessie to Addis Ababa, an advance with a mechanised column against slight Ethiopian resistance. The column experienced a more serious attack on 4 May when Ethiopian forces under

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recognition of the Italian conquest was defeated and he was denied a loan to finance a resistance movement. On 4 July 1936, the League voted to end the sanctions imposed against Italy in November 1935. By 15 July, the sanctions were at an end.

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Comrades, today is the day when we should show our devotion to our Viceroy by reacting and destroying the Ethiopians for three days. For three days I give you ''carte blanche'' to destroy and kill and do what you want to the Ethiopians.

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at the wells. The Ethiopian government had notified the Italian authorities in Italian Somaliland that the commission was active in the Ogaden and requested the Italians to co-operate. When the British commissioner Lieutenant-Colonel

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Nyssen, Jan; Petrie, Gordon; Mohamed, Sultan; Gebremeskel, Gezahegne; Seghers, Valérie; Debever, Martijn; Hadgu, Kiros Meles; Stal, Cornelis; Billi, Paolo; Demaeyer, Philippe; Haile, Mitiku; Frankl, Amaury (January–February 2016).

2783:. Hitler had supplied the Ethiopians with 16,000 rifles and 600 machine guns in the hope that Italy would be weakened when he moved against Austria. By contrast, France and Britain recognised Italian control over Ethiopia in 1938. 1774:

A force of 1,000 Ethiopians crossed the Tekeze river and advanced toward the Dembeguina Pass (Inda Aba Guna or Indabaguna pass). The Italian commander, Major Criniti, commanded a force of 1,000 Eritrean infantry supported by

953:. As 300,000 Italian soldiers were transferred to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland over the spring and the summer of 1935, the world's media was abuzz with speculation that Italy would soon be invading Ethiopia. In June 1935, 2867:

Aosta instituted public works projects including 3,200 km (2,000 mi) of new paved roadways, 25 hospitals, 14 hotels, dozens of post offices, telephone exchanges, aqueducts, schools and shops. The Italians decreed

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04:00 Badoglio drove into the city at the head of 1,600 lorries and patrols of Italian tanks, troops and Carabinieri were sent to occupy tactically valuable areas in the city, as the remaining inhabitants watched sullenly.

2281:, where they were eventually defeated. An estimated 4,000 Patriots were reportedly killed in both engagements, 1,600 of whom—including Damtew—after being taken prisoner. On 19 December, Wondosson Kassa was executed near 972:

win, Germany provided some weapons to Ethiopia out of fear of quick victory for Italy. The German perspective was that if Italy was bogged down in a long war in Ethiopia, that would probably lead to Britain pushing the

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field guns. The arms embargo imposed on the belligerents by France and Britain disproportionately affected Ethiopia, which lacked the manufacturing industry to produce its own weapons. The Ethiopian army had some 300

2653:) beginning in the first weeks of war. Some hundreds of colonial Eritrean Ascari and dozens of Italians suffered these amputations, often done before death as allegedly happened to 17 Italian workers emasculated in 2317:

fought on, rather than surrender. Mariam was killed. On 19 February 1937 the last battle of the war occurred when remnants of the Armies of Sidamo and Bale clashed with Italian forces at Gogetti, and were defeated.

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had ceased to provide data on fatalities. Field hospital records had been destroyed, inventories dispersed, individual deaths were not reported and bodies were not repatriated to Italy. Unpublished reports listed

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to establish closer liaison with the British and resistance forces within Ethiopia. On 18 January 1941, Selassie crossed the border into Ethiopia near the village of Um Iddla and two days later rendezvoused with

6149:. Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry and the Casualty: Part I. Vol. III (online ed.). Bethesda, Maryland: Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America. 853:

The party contained Ethiopian and British technicians and an escort of around 600 Ethiopian soldiers. Both sides knew that the Italians had installed a military post at Welwel and were not surprised to see an

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was the only country to strongly condemn Italy's sovereignty over Ethiopia, respecting Ethiopian independence throughout. Including Mexico, only six nations in 1937 did not recognise the Italian occupation:

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In general, historians concluded that the use of chemical weapons was effective and devastating to morale and manpower, though some disagree and argue that they had negligible effect in battle. Historian

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The Christmas Offensive was intended to split the Italian forces in the north with the Ethiopian centre, crushing the Italian left with the Ethiopian right and to invade Eritrea with the Ethiopian left.

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was proposed by Britain and France. Italy would gain the best parts of Ogaden and Tigray and economic influence over all the south. Abyssinia would have a guaranteed corridor to the sea at the port of

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and his observer in Ogaden by Ethiopian forces. However, the use of gas was authorized by Mussolini nearly two months before Minniti's death on 26 December 1935, as evinced by the following order:

1629:. The Italian advance had added 56 mi (90 km) to the line of supply and De Bono wanted to build a road from Adigrat before continuing. On 16 November, De Bono was promoted to the rank of 946:, insisted for the final draft to declare that Britain, France and Italy were committed to upholding stability "in Europe", which Mussolini took for British acceptance of an invasion of Ethiopia. 1818:

The Ethiopian counteroffensive managed to stop the Italian advance for a few weeks, but the superiority of the Italian's weaponry (artillery and machine guns) as well as aerial bombardment with

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voted to condemn Italy and Mussolini withdrew from the League. Along with world condemnation, the occupation was expensive, the budget for AOI from 1936 to 1937 required 19,136 billion

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As fascist rule in Italy continued to radicalise, its colonial governors in the Horn of Africa began pushing outward the margins of their imperial foothold. The governor of Italian Eritrea,

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Seyoum. Amba Aradam was a steep sided, flat topped mountain directly in the way of an Italian advance on Addis Ababa. The four commanders had approximately 190,000 men facing the Italians.

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Italy's military victory overshadowed concerns about the economy. Mussolini was at the height of his popularity in May 1936 with the proclamation of the Italian empire. His biographer,

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Before he departed, Selassie ordered that the government of Ethiopia be moved to Gore and directed the mayor of Addis Ababa to maintain order in the city until the Italians' arrival.

690:) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance. Deliberate Italian attacks against ambulances and hospitals of the 2915:. The former police chief of Addis Ababa, Abebe Aregai, was the most successful leader of the Ethiopian guerrilla movement after 1937, using units of fifty men. On 11 December, the 694:

were reported. By all estimates, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian civilians died as a result of the Italian invasion, which have been described by some historians as constituting

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Rome, December 28, 1935. To His Excellency Badoglio. Given the enemy system I have authorized Your Excellency the use even on a vast scale of any gas and flamethrowers. Mussolini.

765:. In the following years, Italy abandoned its expansionist plans in the area and limited itself to administering the small possessions that it retained in the area: the colony of 380: 3018:, who received the surrender of the city; on 5 May, exactly five years after the fall of the capital, Selassie made a formal entry in Addis Ababa. After the Italian defeat, the 2179:

After the occupation of Addis Ababa, nearly half of Ethiopia was still unoccupied and the fighting continued for another three years until nearly 90% was "pacified" just before

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en route. Ethiopians on the high ground rolled boulders in front of and behind several of the tanks, to immobilise them, picked off the Eritrean infantry and swarmed the tanks.

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arrived in Rome with the message that Britain opposed an invasion and had a compromise plan for Italy to be given a corridor in Ethiopia to link the two Italian colonies in the

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continued for several years after the Italian victory at Addis Ababa of Ethiopia. The date of the last battle between regular Italian and Ethiopian forces was 19 February 1937.

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of picketing the heights, the heights sprayed with gas were rendered unoccupiable by the enemy, save at the gravest risk. It was an exceedingly cunning use of this chemical."

989:, which had served as a model to some Ethiopian intellectuals. After the Welwel incident, several right-wing Japanese groups, including the Great Asianism Association and the 647:) prevented the Ethiopians from taking advantage of their initial successes. The Italians resumed the offensive in early March. On 29 March 1936, Graziani bombed the city of 2522:

However, Del Boca claims that these figures are unreliable and were likely exaggerated to extract more reparations. He asserts that the Italian estimation is more accurate.

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biplanes. A few transport aircraft had been acquired between 1934 and 1935 for ambulance work, but the Air Force had 13 aircraft and four pilots at the outbreak of the war.

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on the Italian and Eritrean defenders but could not overcome the well-prepared Italian defences. When the exhausted Ethiopians withdrew, the Italians counter-attacked. The

1914:

Mulugeta and his son were killed. The Italians lost 800 killed and wounded while the Ethiopians lost 6,000 killed and 12,000 wounded. From 27 to 29 February, the armies of

2074:, a seasoned ex-Ottoman commander. After ten days, the last Ethiopian army had disintegrated; 2,000 Italian soldiers and 5,000 Ethiopian soldiers were killed or wounded. 8967: 2872:

to be illegal. Racial separation, including residential segregation, was enforced as thoroughly as possible and the Italians showed favouritism to non-Christian groups.

1011: 8712: 8313: 1279: 10325: 8329: 2393:

and lynched their servants. Some even posed on the corpses of their victims to have their photographs taken. The first day of the massacre has been commemorated as "

1117:" (Imperial Guard), which were well-trained and better equipped than the other Ethiopian troops. The Imperial Guard wore a distinctive greenish-khaki uniform of the 2604:. Though poorly equipped, the Ethiopians had achieved some success against modern weaponry but had no defence against the "terrible rain that burned and killed". 8656: 1565: 8252: 8224: 7368: 431: 1976:

Following the battle, Ethiopian soldiers began to employ guerrilla tactics against the Italians, initiating a trend of resistance that would transform into the

911:

to the war. In that regard, British diplomacy in the first half of 1935 greatly assisted Mussolini's efforts to win Victor Emmanuel's support for the invasion.

10304: 8976: 8663: 7790: 6866: 3083: 1015: 671:. Fighting between Italian and Ethiopian troops persisted until 19 February 1937. On the same day, an attempted assassination of Graziani led to the reprisal 9279: 8642: 7944: 7569: 2993:

was completed. The British and Selassie incited Ethiopian and other local forces to join a campaign to dislodge the Italians from Ethiopia. Selassie went to

2844:

On 10 May 1936, Italian troops from the northern front and from the southern front met at Dire Dawa. The Italians found the recently released Ethiopian Ras,

1560:". Forty-year-old Iyasu had been deposed many years earlier but was still in custody. In response to the Italian invasion, Ethiopia declared war on Italy. 8285: 8231: 7417: 6952: 6899: 2305: 1863:

As the progress of the Christmas Offensive slowed, Italian plans to renew the advance on the northern front began as Mussolini had given permission to use

373: 8749: 8238: 7854: 3093: 2896:

all Ethiopians in administrative jobs murdered, some by being thrown from aircraft, after being taken on board under the pretext of visiting the King in

2545:

Italian military forces used between 300 and 500 tons of mustard gas to attack both military and civilian targets, despite being a signatory to the 1925

2300:

Imru were trapped between the Italians and the Sudan border and Imru surrendered on 19 December. Imru was flown to Italy and imprisoned on the Island of

1283: 7264: 1989:, and killing collaborators. As disruption increased, the Italians were forced to redeploy more troops to Tigre, away from the campaign further south. 1373:. The sultan was motivated by his desire to take back lands that the Ethiopians had taken from him. The Italian colonial forces even included men from 1333:(Royal Navy) carried tons of ammunition, food and other supplies, with the motor vehicles to move them, but the Ethiopians had only horse-drawn carts. 883:

Britain and France, preferring Italy as an ally against Germany, did not take strong steps to discourage an Italian military buildup on the borders of

8635: 8075: 7951: 691: 639:

The Ethiopian counteroffensive managed to stop the Italian advance for a few weeks, but the superiority of the Italians' weapons (particularly heavy

461: 7928: 7308: 2613: 2336: 1354:) was one prestigious and colourful Eritrean cavalry unit. Other RCTC units during the invasion of Ethiopia were irregular Somali frontier troops ( 675:

massacre in Addis Ababa, in which between 1,400 and 30,000 civilians were killed. Italian forces continued to suppress rebel activity until 1939.

8365: 7677: 3890: 3023: 2759:"). Selassie denounced Italian aggression and criticised the world community for standing by. At the conclusion of his speech, which appeared on 2340: 366: 6861: 5027:

Paolo Tripodi. "L'eredità coloniale in Somalia" Section: 'Adua vendicata'. St. Martin P. Inc., New York, 1999.St. Martin P. Inc., New York, 1999

2070:. The Ethiopians were drawn up behind a defensive line that was termed the "Hindenburg Wall", designed by the chief of staff of Ras Nasibu, and 8184: 7486: 3481: 10197: 8983: 8946: 8923: 8437: 7359: 7329: 3563: 949:

In June, non-interference was further assured by a political rift, which had developed between the United Kingdom and France, because of the

17: 8698: 2911:

The army of occupation had 150,000 men but was spread thinly; by 1941 the garrison had been increased to 250,000 soldiers, including 75,000

9076: 8932: 8916: 8888: 8129: 7336: 6745:. FMRP 12, 13 (repr. online ed.). Washington, DC: Department of the Navy: Headquarters United States Marine Corps. pp. 230–285. 2530: 1884:

and suffering 1,082 casualties against 8,000 Ethiopian casualties according to an Ethiopian wireless message intercepted by the Italians.

9840: 8900: 8812: 8756: 8719: 7994: 7112: 6774: 2183:, although censorship kept this from the Italian public. Ethiopian commanders withdrew to nearby areas to regroup; Abebe Aregai went to 907:

shared the traditional Italian respect for British sea power and insisted to Mussolini that Italy must not antagonise Britain before he

10514: 8805: 7530: 6403:

Sbacchi, Alberto (1978). Marcus, H. G. (ed.). "The Price of Empire: Towards an Enumeration of Italian Casualties in Ethiopia 1935–40".

3118: 2446:

and wounded. Total Italian casualties from 1935 to 1940 according to these calculations were about 208,000 killed or wounded. Based on

2032:

and invade Italian Somaliland. Between 12 and 16 January 1936, the Italians defeated the Ethiopians at the Battle of Genale Doria. The

10318: 8939: 7322: 7280: 2228:) bringing Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland together into an administrative unit of six provinces. Badoglio became the first 942:. The first draft of the communique at Stresa Summit spoke of upholding stability all over the world, but British Foreign Secretary, 6303:

Cernuschi, Enrico (December 1994). "La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale" [The Unknown Resistance in East Africa].

2557:, who was present in Ethiopia during the conflict, stated that mustard gas "was the decisive tactical factor in the war." Historian 1300:

There were 400,000 Italian soldiers in Eritrea and 285,000 in Italian Somaliland with 3,300 machine guns, 275 artillery pieces, 200

10167: 7972: 7746: 7509: 7375: 7186: 6945: 3956: 2589: 1202:

or nonmilitary activities. The Italians later attributed most of the relative success achieved by the Ethiopians to foreigners, or

1020: 2296:

After the end of the rainy season, an Italian column left Addis Ababa in September and occupied Gore a month later. The forces of

9055: 8852: 8504: 7882: 7382: 7294: 7230: 7108: 6022: 5877:

Haile Selassie I: My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, King of Kings and Lord of Lords

2848:, who boarded a train back to Addis Ababa and approached the Italian invaders in submission. On 21 December 1937, Rome appointed 2457:

There was a lack of reliable statistics because confusion during the invasion made it difficult to keep accurate records and the

1792: 6896:

Second Italo-Abyssinian war. Eritrea colonial history, Eritrean ascari pictures/photos galleries and videos, historical atlas...

6813: 6212:

A Military History of Africa: The Colonial Period: from the Scramble for Africa to the Algerian Independence War (ca. 1870–1963)

1181:

There were 50 foreign mercenaries who joined the Ethiopian forces, including French pilots like Pierre Corriger, American pilot

1087: 964:

The prospect that an Italian invasion of Ethiopia would cause a crisis in Anglo-Italian relations was seen as an opportunity in

9258: 8770: 7613: 7151: 2990: 667:

was proclaimed emperor on 9 May. The provinces of Eritrea, Italian Somaliland and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) were united to form the

2616:

argued that the use of chemical weapons shifted the war in favor of the Italians, and dealt a major blow to Ethiopian morale.

9861: 9766: 9286: 9032: 8907: 7986: 7960: 7817: 7523: 7440: 6879: 6724: 6684: 6665: 6624: 6582: 6477: 6284: 6219: 6200: 6181: 6128: 6109: 6090: 6069: 6047: 5981: 5962: 5943: 5924: 5884: 5846: 5827: 5801: 5782: 5761: 5742: 5723: 5704: 5681: 5662: 5639: 5612: 5584: 5565: 5523: 5504: 5485: 5466: 5398: 5282:

Barrera, Giulia (2003). "Mussolini's colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana (1935-41)".

3573: 3457: 2362:, Brehane Markos, and Ayale Gebre, who had helped the Italians identify the two men who made the attempt on Graziani's life. 1669: 6735: 2968:

Soldiers of the West African Frontier Force removing Italian frontier markers from the Kenya–Italian Somaliland border, 1941

1595:, to withdraw a day's march away from the Mareb River. Later, the Emperor ordered his son-in-law and Commander of the Gate ( 1350:), which was often used as advanced troops. The Eritreans also provided cavalry and artillery units; the "Falcon Feathers" ( 1131:, the Ethiopian generals armies, were reported to rate from relatively good to incompetent. After Italian objections to the 863:, asked the Italians for permission to camp nearby, the Italian commander, Captain Roberto Cimmaruta, rebuffed the request. 10094: 9494: 9380: 8545: 8005: 8001: 7979: 7583: 7006: 6976: 2959: 2747:"). A group of jeering Italian journalists began yelling insults and were expelled before he could speak. In response, the 33: 3606: 2887:

and other Muslims, many of whom had supported the invasion, autonomy and rights. The Italians also definitively abolished

10444: 10009: 9466: 8798: 8784: 7990: 6938: 4792: 3007: 1064: 2409:

In 1968, Colonel A. J. Barker wrote that from 1 January 1935 to 31 May 1936, the Italian army and Blackshirt units lost

1910:

Mulugeta's army, according to the Ethiopians. During the slaughter following the attempted withdrawal of his army, both

10218: 10087: 9965: 9536: 9251: 9202: 8960: 8515: 7760: 7599: 7447: 7301: 7066: 6538: 5865: 2642: 703: 6838: 10334: 9209: 9181: 8998: 8580: 8292: 8259: 6240: 5426: 3521: 3019: 2852:, as the new Viceroy and Governor General of Italian East Africa with instructions to take a more conciliatory line. 1499: 573:(then an Italian colonial possession) without prior declaration of war. At the same time a minor force under General 406: 7475: 6321: 601:

adorning the city was torn from its site and sent to Rome to be placed symbolically in front of the building of the

10371: 9522: 9459: 8594: 8423: 7546: 3035: 3006:

and Ethiopian patriots had largely succeeded in their operations by 6 April 1941, when Addis Ababa was occupied by

2740: 1625:. To Mussolini's dismay, the advance was methodical and on 8 November, the I Corps and the Eritrean Corps captured 602: 8100: 2736:

The Ethiopian Emperor's telegram caused several nations to temporarily defer recognition of the Italian conquest.

9895: 9736: 9725: 9554: 9313: 9272: 9165: 9103: 8483: 7753: 7622: 7590: 6776:

Fuelling Fascism: British and Italian Economic Relations in the 1930s, League Sanctions and the Abyssinian Crisis

2789: 2128: 2123:

possible evacuation of the government to the west. After several days, they decided that they should relocate to

8270: 7838: 1540:. The abolition of slavery was one of the first measures taken by the Italian occupation government in Ethiopia. 1216: 10449: 10281: 10253: 10131: 9924: 9154: 8605: 8531: 8320: 7691: 7410: 7315: 7200: 6888: 6353:

Holt, Andrew (2011). "No more Hoares to Paris': British Foreign Policymaking and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935".

2612:

condemned the use of gas, but argued that it had only a minimal effect on Italian war aims. An analysis by the

875:

at the League of Nations. On 4 September 1935, the League of Nations exonerated both parties for the incident.

819: 10454: 10341: 10274: 10225: 10156: 9981: 9480: 9431: 9195: 9188: 8791: 8552: 8336: 7389: 6426: 2964: 2888: 2490:. Conversely, in a memorandum submitted to the Paris conference in 1946, the Ethiopian government enumerated 2308:

taken in the war were dispersed in camps in East Africa and Italy. A second column went south-west to attack

1207: 934:

and that Italy had a "free hand" in Ethiopia. In April, Italy was further emboldened by participation in the

773:. For the next few decades, Italian-Ethiopian economic and diplomatic relations remained relatively stable. 10459: 10415: 10311: 9686: 9640: 8559: 8387: 8372: 8299: 8278: 8096: 7774: 7560: 7553: 7537: 7248: 7207: 7179: 7118: 1036: 986: 950: 904: 664: 7018: 2171: 2102: 2088: 1940: 1735:, the Minister of War, advanced from Dessie with approximately 80,000 men to take positions on and around 103: 10378: 9702: 9647: 9265: 9237: 9090: 8705: 8684: 8198: 7861: 7767: 7257: 7087: 5442:

Thirty Years of Italian History: From Antifascism to the Resistance (1915–1945) Lessons with Testimonials

2802: 2797:

until 1938. From 1936 to 1939, Mussolini and Hitler joined forces to support the fascist camp during the

1076: 1068: 6139: 5879:. Vol. II. Translated by Gebions, Ezekiel. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications. 112: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10176: 9665: 9584: 9529: 9417: 9373: 8649: 8573: 8468: 8345: 8217: 8210: 8170: 7875: 7808: 7403: 7214: 7144: 6917: 3113: 3015: 2134:

The following day an ad hoc council of Ethiopian nobles convened to re-examine the decision, where Ras

1556:

scattered leaflets asking the population to rebel against Haile Selassie and support the "true Emperor

1099: 5438:

Trent'anni di storia italiana: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza (1915–1945) lezioni con testimonianze

2450:

killed in the first six months of 1940, Ministry of Africa figures for 6 May 1936 to 10 June 1940 are

1926:. Ethiopians again argued that poison gas played a role in the destruction of the withdrawing armies. 10484: 10474: 10464: 10078: 9995: 9780: 9633: 9605: 9438: 9343: 9133: 8566: 7633: 7287: 6986: 6374:

Labanca, Nicola (2004). "Colonial rule, colonial repression and war crimes in the Italian colonies".

3108: 2849: 1906:(Battle of Enderta). The Ethiopians suffered massive losses and poison gas destroyed a small part of 1447: 1125:), which was worn by most Ethiopian fighters and proved to be an excellent target. The skills of the 804:, and the cessation in 1928 of collaboration between the settlers and the traditional Somali chiefs. 751: 590: 510:, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937. In Ethiopia it is often referred to simply as the 7831: 6871: 6855: 6833: 5037: 10519: 9817: 9794: 9039: 8840: 8833: 8490: 8150: 8122: 8115: 7502: 7045: 2561:

estimates that up to one-third of Ethiopian casualties of the war were caused by chemical weapons.

2429:

In a 1978 publication, Alberto Sbacchi wrote that these official Italian casualty figures of about

1923: 1850: 1136: 915: 451: 7847: 7824: 6696:

La marcia su Gondar della colonna celere A.O. e le successive operazioni nella Etiopia Occidentale

2261:

On the night 26 June, members of the Black Lions organization destroyed three Italian aircraft in

2131:

resolved that the city should be defended and a retreat to Gore conducted only as a last resort.

10509: 10239: 10183: 10053: 9913: 9591: 9244: 9140: 9046: 8614: 8475: 8445: 8409: 8394: 8266: 8158: 8136: 8082: 8068: 8050: 7714: 7495: 7223: 7172: 6823: 5902:] (in Italian). Novara: Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Provincia Novara Piero Fornara. 4141: 2974: 2793: 2678: 2043:

After a lull in February 1936, the Italians in the south prepared an advance towards the city of

1842: 1810:

Mulugeta would then descend from Amba Aradam and crush both corps. According to this plan, after

1806:

Seyoum to split the Italian army in two and isolate the Italian I Corps and III Corps in Mekele.

1182: 524: 446: 426: 416: 6276: 6268: 2923:

for infrastructure, when the annual revenue of Italy was only 18,581 billion lire. In 1939

663:

on 5 May. Italy announced the annexation of the territory of Ethiopia on 7 May and Italian King

10489: 10479: 10469: 9931: 9824: 9619: 9570: 9473: 9366: 9336: 9119: 9007: 8733: 8524: 8108: 8089: 8059: 7606: 7576: 7050: 3049: 2083: 2007: 1998: 1934: 1872: 1854: 1118: 1103: 797: 476: 456: 421: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 2855: 1425:

if the enemy forces were not too large there. Most foreigners accompanied the Ethiopians, but

1369:

commanded a personal army, which advanced into the northern Ogaden with the forces of Colonel

10422: 10145: 9988: 9884: 9854: 9810: 9679: 9543: 9508: 9501: 9424: 9322: 8763: 8740: 8587: 8191: 7728: 7468: 7454: 7137: 7092: 5796:. Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. Vol. VIII (online ed.). London: Routledge. 2096: 1903: 1846: 1365:

were among several groups induced to fight for the Italians. In the south, the Somali sultan

1080: 436: 8026: 6788: 6700:

The March on Gondar, the Expedited Column A.O. and Subsequent Operations in Western Ethiopia

6531:

Holy War. The Untold Story of Catholic Italy's Crusade Against the Ethiopian Orthodox Church

4825:

Sbacchi, Alberto (1977). "Italy and the Treatment of the Ethiopian Aristocracy, 1937-1940".

2351:

and other members of the aristocracy. Many more were imprisoned, even collaborators such as

1475: 1340:, RCTC) of indigenous regiments recruited from the Italian colonies of Eritrea, Somalia and 1198:

mercenaries fought in the Ethiopian army and another 50 people were active in the Ethiopian

92: 10246: 10101: 9752: 9709: 9672: 9598: 9408: 9387: 8306: 7783: 7461: 6930: 6900:

Ross, F. 1937. The Strategical Conduct of the Campaign and supply and Evacuation Programmes

3243: 3162:

had issued "superficial" proclamations to end slavery but these had made little difference.

2912: 2845: 2705: 2293:

Balcha Safo was killed in battle. On 19 December, Ras Imru surrendered at the Gojeb river.

2217: 2067: 2002: 1657: 1602: 1520: 990: 939: 471: 2836: 1230: 565:

On 3 October 1935, two hundred thousand soldiers of the Italian Army commanded by Marshal

8: 10364: 10138: 10016: 9972: 9487: 8621: 8380: 7907: 7737: 7721: 7670: 6996: 3098: 3088: 3003: 2822: 2712: 2660: 2398: 2225: 2212: 2151: 1977: 1690: 1681: 1650: 1610: 1421:

was commander-in-chief of forces invading from Italian Somaliland on the southern front.

1266: 1260: 1245: 1151: 1072: 668: 617: 411: 217: 167: 1960:

by the main Ethiopian army commanded by Selassie. The Ethiopians launched near non-stop

1617:

By 15 October, De Bono's forces had advanced from Adwa and occupied the holy capital of

1605:, also in the area, to move back 89 and 56 km (55 and 35 mi) from the border. 1206:. (The Italian propaganda machine magnified the number to thousands to explain away the 72: 10357: 10190: 10115: 10069: 10039: 9947: 9787: 9445: 9329: 9223: 9174: 9112: 8868: 8819: 8628: 8245: 7900: 7698: 6991: 6842: 6391: 5772: 5516:

Between Bombs and Good Intentions: The Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935–1936

5299: 4850: 3860: 3608:

Between bombs and good intentions: the Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935–1936

3475: 3022:

was carried out by remnants of Italian troops and their allies, which lasted until the

2986: 2748: 2597: 2266: 2112: 1945: 1549: 1461: 1344:. The most effective of the Italian commanded units were the Eritrean native infantry ( 1305: 888: 770: 687: 659:

was forced to escape into exile on 2 May, and Badoglio's forces arrived in the capital

6008: 3429: 2020:, Dagnerai, Gerlogubi and Gorahai in Ogaden were in Italian hands. Late in the year, 1504: 750:

in the 1880s. The first phase of the colonial expansion concluded with the disastrous

10348: 10232: 10122: 10062: 10023: 9956: 9938: 9904: 9847: 9801: 9745: 9563: 9301: 9293: 9230: 9083: 8677: 8202: 7663: 7642: 7352: 7035: 6780: 6746: 6720: 6703: 6680: 6661: 6639: 6620: 6601: 6578: 6557: 6534: 6517: 6496: 6473: 6443: 6424:

Salerno, Reynolds M. (1997). "The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937–9".

6412: 6395: 6362: 6329: 6308: 6280: 6255: 6236: 6215: 6196: 6177: 6150: 6124: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6065: 6043: 6014: 5996: 5977: 5958: 5939: 5920: 5903: 5900:

Yes and no: Masters of the World. Ethiopia 1935–36. Image and Consensus for an Empire

5880: 5861: 5842: 5823: 5797: 5778: 5757: 5738: 5719: 5700: 5677: 5658: 5635: 5608: 5580: 5561: 5555: 5542: 5519: 5500: 5481: 5462: 5445: 5422: 5394: 5303: 4842: 4800: 3864: 3569: 3527: 3517: 3463: 3453: 2916: 2798: 2752: 2654: 2576:

to overwhelm enemy resistance and in case of counter-attack is authorized. Mussolini.

2538: 2332: 2274: 2270: 1957: 1953: 1858: 1314: 1237: 1175: 1083: 1029: 974: 778: 707: 652: 555: 499: 466: 441: 227: 63: 6925: 6810: 6269:"More than Meets the Eye: The Ethiopian War and the Origins of the Second World War" 3514:

The origins of the Second World War reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians

1361:

The Italians had a variety of local semi-independent "allies" in the north, and the

10267: 10260: 10204: 9868: 9626: 9612: 9515: 9452: 9403: 9216: 9069: 9016: 8826: 8777: 8691: 7914: 7891: 7424: 7040: 6435: 6383: 6273:

The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians

5811: 5291: 4959: 4834: 4161: 4153: 3852: 3041: 2939: 2638: 2233: 2208: 1729: 1693: 1630: 1537: 1533: 1453: 1426: 1418: 1389: 1163: 872: 831: 813: 785: 743: 699: 609: 574: 559: 543: 515: 507: 263: 248: 222: 212: 192: 145: 7433: 6876: 6472:. Praeger Studies of Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. Westport, CT: Praeger. 3843:

Ishida, Ken (2002). "Racisms compared: Fascist Italy and ultranationalist Japan".

903:, which led him to draw closer to France to provide the necessary deterrent. King 585:

was conquered, a symbolic place for the Italian army because of the defeat at the

10290: 10002: 9917: 9875: 9773: 9716: 9577: 9359: 9350: 8879: 8454: 8430: 7684: 7082: 6906: 6883: 6817: 6614: 6516:]. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Roma: Istituto Nazionale Fascista di Cultura. 6230: 6169: 5631: 5416: 5388: 5295: 4873: 4382: 4157: 2946:

and the southern Gojjam, under the leadership of the degiac Mengesha Gembere and

2927: 2810: 2772: 2686: 2673: 2646: 2609: 2554: 2546: 2390: 2359: 2286: 2204: 2092: 2063: 1986: 1961: 1864: 1829: 1819: 1748: 1646: 1622: 1592: 1512: 1481: 1438: 1434: 1346: 892: 884: 860: 766: 711: 683: 644: 613: 598: 578: 570: 258: 232: 175: 171: 50: 10402: 6779:(PhD). London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London). 6387: 5816: 3856: 2250: 866:

Fitorari Shiferra, the commander of the Ethiopian escort, took no notice of the

83: 10297: 9833: 9759: 7797: 7656: 6962: 6057: 4975: 3145:, the capital, was occupied on 5 May 1936 and Haile Selassie fled the country. 3123: 2826: 2768: 2664:

Medal commemorating the role of the Italian Eritrean colonial troops in the war

2558: 2200: 2124: 2029: 1868: 1645:

On 14 November 1935, the National government in Britain, led by Prime Minister

1588: 1525: 1467: 1413: 1222: 1194: 1171: 1032: 969: 958: 943: 900: 755: 747: 732: 656: 655:, which nullified any possible organized resistance of the Ethiopians. Emperor 586: 566: 535: 253: 6911: 6655: 6439: 2739:

On 30 June, Selassie spoke at the League of Nations and was introduced by the

2580:

After Minniti's death, the order was expanded to use of gas "on a vast scale":

1795:

and that the Italians had lost at least 3,000 men. Rome denied these figures.

550:). It is seen as an example of the expansionist policy that characterized the 10438: 10108: 8019: 7868: 7707: 6829:

British newsreel footage of Haile Selassie's address to the League of Nations

6784: 6717:

Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa

6707: 6651: 6605: 6561: 6500: 6447: 6416: 6366: 6333: 6123:. Historical dictionaries of Africa (2nd ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 6018: 5907: 5896:

Si e no padroni del mondo. Etiopia 1935–36. Immagine e consenso per un impero

5546: 5449: 4846: 4804: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 3531: 3467: 3103: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2806: 2564:

The Italians claimed that their use of gas was justified by the execution of

2244: 2196: 2025: 1686: 1529: 1336:

The Italians placed considerable reliance on their Corps of Colonial Troops (

1186: 1167: 1144: 1114: 823: 503: 358: 197: 6828: 6750: 6521: 6312: 6259: 6154: 3371: 830:

coast (approximately 118.3 kilometres ). In 1930, Italy built a fort at the

608:

Exasperated by De Bono's slow and cautious progress, Italian Prime Minister

10407: 10211: 8497: 8402: 8033: 7396: 7160: 6660:(rev. enl. Penguin pbk. ed.). London: Macmillan London and BBC Books. 6643: 5735:

Fascist Ideology Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945

4749: 4166: 2999: 2947: 2780: 2565: 2401:

in Addis Ababa in memory of these Ethiopian victims of Italian aggression.

2386: 2240: 2180: 2159: 2135: 2116: 1969: 1378: 1370: 1362: 1329: 1252: 1159: 1140: 979: 954: 935: 931: 927: 908: 855: 793: 714:

and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war.

627: 622: 616:. Ethiopian forces attacked the newly arrived invading army and launched a 268: 237: 6322:"Japan and Italy squabble over Ethiopia: The Sugimura affair of July 1935" 6000: 4683: 3908: 2942:

petered out. In early 1940, the last area of guerilla activity was around

10046: 10032: 9694: 8356: 8177: 8162: 7516: 6981: 6337: 5387:

Abbink, Gerrit Jan; De Bruijn, Mirjam; Van Walraven, Klass, eds. (2003).

4512: 4500: 3159: 3142: 3011: 2572:

Rome, October 27, 1935. To His Excellency Graziani. The use of gas as an

2550: 2435: 2367: 2348: 2344: 2335:– saw the attempted assassination of Marshal Graziani by Eritrean rebels 2282: 2192: 2188: 2140: 2071: 1823: 1736: 1579:(Adowa) was captured by the Italian II Corps. Haile Selassie had ordered 1545: 1293: 1190: 1154:

was commanded by a Frenchman, André Maillet, and included three obsolete

1127: 1044: 800:, began a policy of repression that led to the occupation of the fertile 736: 679: 660: 551: 1898:

From 10 to 19 February, the Italians captured Amba Aradam and destroyed

1358:), regular Arab-Somali infantry and artillery and infantry from Libya. 9394: 9147: 9126: 8012: 7345: 7273: 5577:

The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century

5393:. African Dynamics. Vol. II (illus. ed.). Leiden, NL: Brill. 2650: 2394: 2326: 2285:

and on 21 December, Aberra Kassa and Asfawossen Kassa were executed in

1626: 1621:. De Bono entered the city riding on a white horse and then looted the 1366: 1323: 762: 672: 6636:

Eyewitness in Abyssinia: With Marshal Bodoglio's forces to Addis Ababa

5444:]. Reprints Einaudi (in Italian). Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore. 4854: 2692: 1431:

Eyewitness in Abyssinia: With Marshal Bodoglio's forces to Addis Ababa

822:

stated that the border between Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia was 21

727: 621:

detachments to leave them unaware of the movements of their own army.

9657: 9062: 8859: 8670: 8461: 8416: 6140:"History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective" 5461:. Stanford, California: Hoover Institute Press, Stanford University. 3146: 2943: 2903: 2892: 2879:

rulers of Ethiopia, who supported Selassie, the Italians granted the

2860: 2776: 2720: 2716: 2697: 2056: 1760: 1705: 1637:) and in December was replaced by Badoglio to speed up the invasion. 1597: 1393: 1199: 1132: 1107: 1053: 640: 632: 7937: 6571:

Benito Mussolini, l'uomo della pace: da Versailles al 10 giugno 1940

2588:

Military and civilian targets were gas bombed and on 30 December, a

1708:

with about 30,000 men. Selassie with about 40,000 men advanced from

7921: 7649: 6848: 6575:

Benito Mussolini, the Man of Peace: From Versailles to 10 June 1940

6326:

Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians

4838: 2994: 2760: 2724: 2623:

Haile Selassie in his report to the League of Nations described it:

2278: 2144: 1881: 1301: 1155: 801: 695: 6858:– SIPRI Arms Control and Non-proliferation Programme, October 2009 6675:

Shinn, David Hamilton; Prouty, Chris; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004).

5993:

A Brief Note on the Economic History of Ethiopia from 1800 to 1935

4964:

Cooperation Under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint During World War II

2434:

conflict) speak of 2,317 dead for the Italian army, 1,165 for the

5043:. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. October 2009. 3589: 3587: 3585: 3291:

Storia dell'Aeronautica-l'aeronautica italiana, Hobby e Work 2001

2262: 2255: 2229: 2184: 2055:, reducing them to ruins even though Harar had been declared an " 1572: 1557: 1397: 1288: 896: 827: 789: 6893: 6510:

La conquista dell' Impero. La preparazione e le prime operazioni

5038:"The use of chemical weapons in the 1935–36 Italo-Ethiopian War" 2755:, jumped to his feet and shouted "Show the savages the door!" (" 1933:

Imru was attacked, bombed and defeated in what was known as the

1787:

the Italians to be 500, which was probably greatly exaggerated.

1079:

machine guns, about 100 .303-inch Vickers guns on AA mounts, 48

930:

told Mussolini that he wanted a Franco-Italian alliance against

8538: 7129: 6252:

The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern

6174:

Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years

5674:

Gli italiani in Africa Orientale - II. La conquista dell'Impero

5101: 3201: 3199: 2880: 2784: 2498:

killed in hostilities during the occupation from 1936 to 1941,

2382: 2331:

That same date, 19 February 1937 – Yekatit 12 according to the

2289:. In late 1936, after the Italians tracked him down in Gurage, 2155: 2052: 2017: 1876: 1721: 1709: 1401: 1057: 965: 923: 919: 847: 843: 6856:

The use of chemical weapons in the 1935–36 Italo-Ethiopian War

5976:. Interlink Illustrated Histories. New York: Interlink Books. 4980:

The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction

4584: 4138: 3871: 3582: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3233: 3231: 1412:

fought under Frusci near Dire Dawa. On 28 March 1935, General

1384:

The Italians were reinforced by volunteers from the so-called

651:

and two days later the Italians won a decisive victory in the

8726: 5415:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012).

5390:

Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History

5133: 5131: 4905: 4413: 4189: 4142:"Recovery of the aerial photographs of Ethiopia in the 1930s" 3545: 3543: 3541: 3299: 3297: 2982: 2978: 2677:

Haile Selassie's resistance to the Italian invasion made him

2301: 2044: 1776: 1661: 1508:

A map showing the military actions from 1935 to February 1936

1374: 1341: 1095: 994: 759: 648: 594: 6960: 6013:. Washington, DC: United States Department of State. 1983 . 5955:

Lost Lions of Judah: Haile Selassie's Mongrel Foreign Legion

4985: 4917: 4466: 4464: 3768: 3731: 3646: 3644: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3196: 1516:

A map showing the military actions from February to May 1936

6102:

Legacy of Bitterness: Ethiopia and Fascist Italy, 1935–1941

5596:

Effectiveness of Toxic Chemicals in the Italo–Ethiopian War

5386: 5215: 4755: 4696: 4518: 4506: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3328: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3214: 2920: 2897: 2704:

Haile Selassie sailed from Djibouti in the British cruiser

2265:

and killed twelve Italian officials, including Air Marshal

1618: 1580: 1576: 1012:

Ethiopian order of battle in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

582: 6839:

Ethiopia 1935–36: mustard gas and attacks on the Red Cross

5518:. Human Rights in Context. Vol. I. Oxford: Berghahn. 5167: 5155: 5128: 5077: 4941: 4671: 4560: 4049: 3792: 3680: 3614: 3538: 3294: 1304:

and 205 aircraft. In April 1935, the reinforcement of the

1280:

Italian order of battle for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

136:(1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks and 2 days) 5541:] (in Italian) (10th ed.). Milano: Feltrinelli. 5334: 5054: 5052: 5050: 4722: 4720: 4707: 4705: 4476: 4461: 4437: 4425: 4331: 4319: 4276: 3641: 3488: 2518:

died after their villages had been destroyed, a total of

2454:

killed, which Sbacchi considered to be fairly accurate.

2385:

and set them on fire. They broke into the homes of local

899:

while much of the Italian Army was being deployed to the

706:), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the 6894:

Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Lions of Eritrea.

6470:

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5358: 5118: 5116: 5074:, in "Storia militare", XXI, nº 236, May 2013, pp. 37–39 4739: 4737: 4735: 4625: 4623: 4596: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4093: 4091: 3965: 3919: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3697: 3695: 3656: 3631: 3629: 3372:"Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 3354: 3352: 3350: 3211: 2549:

banning the practice. This gas had been produced during

938:, an agreement to curb further German violations of the 4893: 4827:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

4761: 4348: 4346: 4254: 4252: 4179: 4177: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4078: 4076: 3565:

Gas in Etiopia: I crimini rimossi dell'Italia coloniale

3411: 3409: 1720:

Kassa Haile Darge with around 40,000 men advanced from

1544:

At 5:00 am on 3 October 1935, De Bono crossed the

1147:

and 10 million rounds of ammunition to the Ethiopians.

7791:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

5478:

The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6

5346: 5322: 5310: 5239: 5179: 5143: 5089: 5047: 4881: 4773: 4717: 4702: 4659: 4647: 3780: 3668: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3084:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia

2066:

to defeat the last Ethiopian army in the field at the

1568:

to plan its advance, as well as mustard gas attacks.

1016:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia

796:

against Ethiopia. The governor of Italian Somaliland,

758:, on 1 March 1896, inflicted by the Ethiopian Army of 6214:. Vol. II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 6010:

Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy 1931–1941

5624:

I gas di Mussolini: il fascismo e la guerra d'Etiopia

5459:

Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations

5251: 5227: 5113: 4997: 4929: 4732: 4635: 4620: 4608: 4572: 4548: 4488: 4449: 4358: 4300: 4288: 4213: 4201: 4120: 4088: 4037: 4025: 3989: 3816: 3804: 3743: 3719: 3707: 3692: 3626: 3394: 3382: 3347: 2743:

as "His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Ethiopia" ("

2397:" (19 February) by Ethiopians ever since. There is a 2236:

but on 11 June, he was replaced by Marshal Graziani.

2059:". On 14 April, Graziani launched his attack against 2040:

Desta, Ethiopians claiming that poison gas was used.

2024:

Desta Damtu assembled up his army in the area around

1189:, an official Swedish military mission under Captain 529: 6193:

Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies

5697:

The Collapse of the Empire: The Italians in Ethiopia

5263: 5203: 5191: 5009: 4536: 4524: 4401: 4343: 4264: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4174: 4103: 4073: 4061: 4001: 3977: 3936: 3406: 2668: 2641:, which had been banned by declaration IV, 3 of the 1728:

Seyoum in the centre in a push towards Warieu Pass.

918:

was made that gave Italy essentially a free hand in

6674: 6493:

Uniforms of Italian East Africa, Somalia, 1889–1941

6250:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2002). 3309: 3264: 3094:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy

2953: 2938:Kebede Guebret submitted to the Italian Empire and 2514:killed in obedience to orders from summary courts, 2470:and from May 1936 to June 1940, there were another 1284:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy

6913:Italian videos of the Italian conquest of Ethiopia 6147:Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare 6062:The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators: 1922–1945 5815: 5657:]. I colibrì (in Italian). Vicenza: N. Pozza. 4013: 2277:. Surrounded by Italian forces, they retreated to 1548:and advanced into Ethiopia from Eritrea without a 1056:mounted on rigid gun carriages as well as a dozen 6568: 6232:Africa: War and Conflict in the Twentieth Century 5598:. Bethesda, Maryland: Operations Research Office. 4868: 4866: 4864: 2478:. The Italian estimation of Ethiopian losses are 895:, Mussolini needed to deter Hitler from annexing 698:. Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of 10436: 6254:(6th, online ed.). New York: Bartleby.com. 3516:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 188. 3450:The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame 2775:and Italy recognised the Japanese occupation of 2614:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 1675: 746:began its attempts to establish colonies in the 6862:Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation 6650: 5693:Lo sfascio dell'impero: gli italiani in Etiopia 5414: 4590: 3024:Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces 2805:. In May, Italy and Nazi Germany joined in the 1121:, which stood out from the white cotton cloak ( 32:For other wars between Italy and Ethiopia, see 6486: 6319: 5699:]. Quadrante Laterza, 143. Roma: Laterza. 5628:Mussolini's Gas: Fascism and the Ethiopian War 5621: 5574: 4861: 4195: 3961:. London: William Heinemann. pp. 212–215. 3877: 2106:Italian colonial troops advance on Addis Ababa 1024:Medical supplies for the front in Addis Ababa. 792:and an attempt to win over the leaders of the 388: 7145: 6946: 6249: 6118: 5774:Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II 5421:. Vol. II. Oxford University Press USA. 3774: 3737: 3303: 2809:. In September 1940, both nations signed the 2553:and subsequently transported to East Africa. 2417:died of wounds and thirty-one missing; about 2119:, killing approximately 170 colonial troops. 1113:The best Ethiopian units were the emperor's " 1043:All men and boys able to carry a spear go to 538:: Weerara Xaaliyaanii), and in Italy as the 374: 6872:OnWar: Second Italo–Abyssinian War 1935–1936 6846: 6824:Encyclopædia Britannica: Italo-Ethiopian War 6569:Giannini, Filippo; Mussolini, Guido (1999). 6489:Le Uniformi Dell' A.O.I., Somalia, 1889–1941 6176:. Hollywood, California: Tsehai Publishers. 6104:. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: Red Sea Press. 6085:(rev. expanded ed.). New York: norton. 6082:Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History 5995:. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University. 5651:Italiani, brava gente? Un mito duro a morire 5513: 4991: 2486:killed in the Southern front for a total of 2239:On 21 June Kassa held a meeting with Bishop 1528:, proclaiming the abolishment of slavery in 754:and the defeat of the Italian forces in the 682:in aerial bombardments (in violation of the 6787:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.482810. Archived from 6190: 5936:The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–1936 5791: 5553: 5435: 5340: 5221: 3798: 3650: 2900:, leading to the saying "He went to Rome". 2745:Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur d'Ethiopie 2158:during his absence. The city police, under 1322:) accelerated. Eight regular, mountain and 1170:, was delighted with a good offer for the " 7152: 7138: 6953: 6939: 6811:Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936 6733: 6600:] (in Italian). Milano: A. Mondadori. 5836: 5810: 5622:Del Boca, Angelo; Rochat, Giorgio (1996). 5560:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 5083: 4947: 4431: 4419: 3593: 3561: 3480:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3261:, The Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935). 3205: 3119:Timeline of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2535:Rome brings black culture to the Abbysians 985:A final possible foreign ally of Ethiopia 381: 367: 6556:] (in Italian). Milano: Feltrinelli. 6302: 6228: 6209: 5990: 5860:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5792:Lowe, Cedric James; Marzari, F. (2010) . 5718:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5690: 5532: 5364: 4756:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4697:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4519:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4507:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4165: 3930: 3674: 3258: 3237: 2840:The six provinces of Italian East Africa. 2506:killed in the massacre of February 1937, 1836: 1296:to fight the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. 6633: 6619:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 6591: 6547: 6528: 6266: 5671: 5648: 3447: 3341: 2963: 2902: 2854: 2835: 2801:. In April 1939, Mussolini launched the 2691: 2672: 2659: 2529: 2249: 2170: 2166: 2101: 2087: 2006: 1939: 1798:The ambitious Ethiopian plan called for 1685: 1519: 1511: 1503: 1287: 1019: 726: 27:1935–1937 war between Italy and Ethiopia 7109:Italian Intervention in Northern Russia 6693: 6612: 6577:]. Roma: Editoriale Greco e Greco. 6507: 6467: 6423: 6402: 6373: 6168: 6099: 5933: 5914: 5893: 5655:Italians, Good People? A Myth dies Hard 5630:]. Primo piano (in Italian). Roma: 5602: 5281: 5161: 4982:(Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 57. 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4824: 4767: 4711: 4641: 4629: 4614: 4602: 4294: 4243: 4126: 4043: 3995: 3786: 3725: 3686: 3662: 3635: 3620: 3611:. Berghahn Books. 2006 pp. 239, 131–132 3388: 3222: 2320: 2115:ambushed the formation in Chacha, near 1767:Mulugeta and his "Army of the Center" ( 769:and the protectorate (later colony) of 722: 593:. On 15 October, Italian troops seized 14: 10437: 9006: 8984:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6714: 6119:Shinn, D. H.; Ofcansky, T. P. (2013). 6078: 6056: 6037: 5874: 5855: 5770: 5732: 5557:Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy 5494: 5475: 5352: 5328: 5316: 5257: 5233: 5185: 5149: 5137: 5122: 5107: 5095: 5003: 4953: 4935: 4779: 4743: 4726: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4455: 4443: 4369: 4352: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4183: 4114: 4097: 4055: 4031: 4007: 3954: 3942: 3842: 3827: 3810: 3762: 3713: 3701: 3549: 3511: 3499: 3415: 3400: 3358: 3322: 3279: 2991:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 2077: 1571:On 5 October the Italian I Corps took 1404:; they formed the 221st Legion in the 1292:Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 in 1035:ordered a general mobilisation of the 968:. Although Hitler did not want to see 922:in return for Italian co-operation in 878: 9862:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9287:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8933:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8889:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7987:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7133: 6934: 6834:Regio Esercito: La Campagna d'Etiopia 6495:] (in Italian). Roma: La Roccia. 6137: 5971: 5952: 5713: 5593: 5058: 5015: 4407: 4082: 4067: 3983: 3971: 3838: 3836: 3443: 3441: 3427: 3029: 2596:The Italians delivered poison gas by 2425:workmen were also killed, a total of 2243:and several other Patriot leaders at 1956:, the Italians defeated an Ethiopian 1653:, as the best way of ending the war. 1429:, a reporter and historian who wrote 362: 8977:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8002:Rape during the liberation of France 6514:The Preparation and First Operations 6352: 6275:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 6007: 5751: 5456: 5269: 5245: 5209: 5197: 5173: 4793:"Italy and the Addis Ababa massacre" 4282: 4270: 4258: 4019: 3891:"Selassie's Guard Fights on UN Side" 3599: 3562:Belladonna, Simone (20 April 2015). 2960:East African Campaign (World War II) 2719:en route to Britain. While still in 1871:) and Badoglio received the Italian 1704:Seyum Mangasha held the area around 1088:Canon de 75 CA modèle 1917 Schneider 34:Italo-Ethiopian war (disambiguation) 6772: 6638:. London: M. Secker & Warburg. 6195:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 5841:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 2381:Italians doused native houses with 2211:—to Selale. Haile Mariam conducted 2175:Italian troops in Addis Ababa, 1936 2011:Ethiopian prisoner in February 1936 1640: 1493: 1028:With war appearing inevitable, the 1005: 350:120,000–200,000 civilian casualties 24: 9203:German invasion of the Netherlands 7476:Weather events during World War II 6456: 6064:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 5605:The Causes of the Second World War 3833: 3568:(in Italian). Neri Pozza Editore. 3438: 3040:The treaty signed in Paris by the 2199:, Blatta Takale Wolde Hawariat to 1672:was forced to resign in disgrace. 1524:Italian notice, signed by general 1441:, accompanied the Italian forces. 1318:(Royal Air Force) in East Africa ( 807: 25: 10531: 10515:African resistance to colonialism 9841:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6926:Songs of 2nd Italo-Abyssinian War 6804: 6677:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia 6634:Matthews, Herbert Lionel (1937). 6487:Crociani, P.; Viotti, A. (1980). 6376:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 6235:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. 6121:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia 6025:from the original on 4 March 2017 5938:. Westminster, Maryland: Osprey. 5756:. New York: Fromm International. 5284:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 4966:(Cornell University Press, 2005). 3845:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 3020:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia 2792:, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, 2669:Public and international reaction 2482:killed in the Northern front and 1992: 1755:Seyoum and his Army of Tigre and 1712:toward Mai Timket to the left of 1591:, the Commander of the Ethiopian 1273: 788:, focused on the exploitation of 710:) and the mutilation of captured 589:by the Ethiopian army during the 134:3 October 1935 – 19 February 1937 10401: 7159: 7017: 6550:La guerra d'Abissinia: 1935–1941 6033:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 5919:. New York: Olive Branch Press. 5858:Mussolini in Ethiopia, 1919–1935 5794:Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940 5275: 5064: 5030: 5021: 4969: 4818: 4785: 3175: 3036:Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 2954:East African campaign, 1940–1941 2813:along with the Empire of Japan. 2502:and children killed by bombing, 1793:2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre" 1474: 1460: 1446: 1259: 1244: 1229: 1215: 1166:racing plane, and its director, 111: 102: 91: 82: 71: 62: 6679:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 6355:Review of International Studies 5554:Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982). 5418:Dictionary of African Biography 4389: 4375: 4132: 3948: 3901: 3883: 3555: 3505: 3421: 3364: 3165: 3152: 2700:on his way to exile in England. 2365:According to Mockler, "Italian 2203:and the Kassa brothers—Aberra, 1771:) were on the Ethiopian right. 1614:Italian authorities for food. 1150:The serviceable portion of the 735:at the time of the outbreak of 669:Italian province of East Africa 554:and the ineffectiveness of the 10088:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7784:Territorial changes of Germany 7692:Indonesian National Revolution 7002:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36 6987:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96 6210:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). 5777:. New York: Harper & Row. 5575:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1989). 5499:. New York: Ballantine Books. 3955:Norway, Neville Shute (1954). 3909:"Haile Selassie's Draft Order" 3285: 3136: 2696:Haile Selassie passes through 2645:and began mutilating captured 2466:and civilian fatalities among 1944:Italian artillery operated by 1500:De Bono's invasion of Ethiopia 1488: 1143:sent three aeroplanes, 10,000 846:and garrisoned it with Somali 820:Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 643:and airstrikes with bombs and 339:18,200 repatriated for disease 13: 1: 9481:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9432:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9196:German invasion of Luxembourg 7570:Mediterranean and Middle East 7067:Italian Blockade of Venezuela 6867:Mussolini's Ethiopia Campaign 6736:"XI: The Italo-Ethiopian War" 6702:]. Milano: A. Mondadori. 6533:. London: C. Hurst & Co. 6427:The English Historical Review 5822:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 5514:Baudendistel, Reiner (2006). 3189: 2525: 2510:died in concentration camps, 2404: 1922:Seyoum were destroyed at the 1676:Ethiopian Christmas Offensive 1208:Ethiopian Christmas Offensive 1063:The army had about 800 light 717: 18:Italian conquest of Abyssinia 9388:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9077:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8388:Independent State of Croatia 7119:Occupation of Constantinople 7088:Italian Invasion of Anatolia 6040:Le guerre italiane 1935-1943 5875:Marcus, Harold, ed. (1999). 5436:Antonicelli, Franco (1975). 5296:10.1080/09585170320000113770 4158:10.1016/j.culher.2015.07.010 4146:Journal of Cultural Heritage 2831: 2816: 2600:and in bombs dropped by the 1929:In early March, the army of 1751:were on the Ethiopian left. 1656:In early December 1935, the 1338:Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali 1086:and some recently purchased 1037:Army of the Ethiopian Empire 951:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 7: 10379:End of World War II in Asia 10219:Western invasion of Germany 9726:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9703:Second Battle of El Alamein 9266:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9238:Battle of the Mediterranean 9091:Italian invasion of Albania 7258:Air warfare of World War II 6977:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887 6889:The Emperor Leaves Ethiopia 6734:Willoughby, C. A. (1990) . 6554:The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 6388:10.1080/1354571042000254737 6320:Calvitt Clarke, J. (1999). 6295: 6229:Stapleton, Timothy (2018). 6145:. In Zajtchuk, Russ (ed.). 5953:Othen, Christopher (2017). 5603:Crozier, Andrew J. (2004). 5533:Candeloro, Giorgio (1981). 4591:Akyeampong & Gates 2012 3857:10.1080/1354571021000026625 3077: 2803:Italian invasion of Albania 2474:and civilian fatalities in 1763:were the Ethiopian centre. 1135:, the German annexation of 1071:machine-guns and 250 heavy 558:before the outbreak of the 530: 496:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 10: 10536: 10445:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 10305:Naval bombardment of Japan 9666:First Battle of El Alamein 9585:Battle of Christmas Island 9530:Japanese invasion of Burma 9294:Italian invasion of Greece 9210:German invasion of Belgium 9182:German invasion of Denmark 9155:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9024:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7281:Comparative military ranks 6961:Colonial conflicts in the 6654:; Wheatcroft, A. (1999) . 6461: 5733:Kallis, Aristotle (2000). 5716:Mussolini and His Generals 5535:Storia dell'Italia Moderna 5374: 5072:La strage della "Gondrand" 3428:Nehru, Jawaharlal (1934). 3114:Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 3060:the slaughter or theft of 3033: 3016:Charles Christopher Fowkes 2957: 2820: 2727:to the League of Nations: 2324: 2081: 1996: 1968:attacked the survivors at 1840: 1679: 1497: 1277: 1009: 811: 612:replaced him with General 494:, also referred to as the 492:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 393:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 44:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 31: 10394: 10226:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10166: 10157:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9894: 9781:Allied invasion of Sicily 9735: 9634:Aleutian Islands campaign 9606:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9553: 9544:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9439:Second Battle of Changsha 9344:German invasion of Greece 9312: 9189:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9164: 9102: 8997: 8878: 8604: 8514: 8355: 8058: 8049: 7807: 7632: 7524:North and Central Pacific 7485: 7247: 7240: 7167: 7101: 7075: 7059: 7028: 7013: 6969: 6766: 6616:Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris 5915:Mockler, Anthony (2003). 5894:Mignemi, A., ed. (1982). 5672:Del Boca, Angelo (2009). 5649:del Boca, Angelo (2005). 3775:Stearns & Langer 2002 3738:Shinn & Ofcansky 2013 3431:Glimpses Of World History 3304:Shinn & Ofcansky 2013 3158:Ethiopian emperors since 3109:First Italo-Ethiopian War 2850:Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta 2779:, marking the end of the 2767:On 18 November 1936, the 2741:President of the Assembly 2679:Time Man of the Year 1935 2355:Gebre Haywot, the son of 2222:Africa Orientale Italiana 1162:in England had a surplus 1106:and four World War I era 1000: 752:First Italo-Ethiopian War 591:First Italo-Ethiopian War 519: 402: 346: 323: 277: 203: 186: 170:by merging Ethiopia with 126: 56: 48: 43: 9818:Allied invasion of Italy 9795:Solomon Islands campaign 9537:Third Battle of Changsha 9134:First Battle of Changsha 9040:Second Sino-Japanese War 7973:German military brothels 7839:United States war crimes 7046:Second Italo-Senussi War 6905:19 February 2017 at the 6719:. Marlborough: Crowood. 6267:Sullivan, Barry (1999). 6191:Stackelberg, R. (2009). 6079:Safire, William (1997). 6038:Rochat, Giorgio (2008). 5856:Mallet, Robert (2015) . 5837:Mack Smith, D. (1983) . 5457:Baer, George W. (1976). 5379: 5110:, pp. 124, 197–198. 4872:Mockler, Anthony (2003) 3129: 2875:To isolate the dominant 2757:À la porte les sauvages! 2723:, Haile Selassie sent a 2304:, while the rest of the 1952:On 31 March 1936 at the 1924:Second Battle of Tembien 1851:Second Battle of Tembien 1185:, the Trinidadian pilot 916:Franco-Italian Agreement 10240:Second Guangxi campaign 10095:Philippines (1944–1945) 9592:Battle of the Coral Sea 9495:Fall of the Philippines 9141:Battle of South Guangxi 9047:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8446:Italian Social Republic 6882:8 November 2010 at the 6877:The Day the Angel Cried 6816:22 October 2015 at the 6715:Walker, Ian W. (2003). 6529:Campbell, Ian (2023) . 6468:Burgwyn, H. J. (1997). 6440:10.1093/ehr/cxii.445.66 6271:. In Martel, G. (ed.). 5934:Nicolle, David (1997). 5771:Leckie, Robert (1987). 5539:History of Modern Italy 5222:Lowe & Marzari 2010 3512:Martel, Gordon (1999). 2643:Hague Convention (1899) 1902:Mulugeta's army in the 1843:First Battle of Tembien 1183:John Robinson (aviator) 9825:Armistice of Cassibile 9620:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9571:Battle of the Java Sea 9474:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9374:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9367:Battle of South Shanxi 9337:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9120:Battle of the Atlantic 8734:Korean Liberation Army 8440:(until September 1943) 8397:(until September 1944) 8375:(until September 1944) 6847: 6843:Full version in French 5991:Pankhurst, R. (1968). 5818:Mussolini: A Biography 5752:Lamb, Richard (1999). 5691:Dominioni, M. (2008). 5579:. London: Frank Cass. 5497:Rape of Ethiopia, 1936 5495:Barker, A. J. (1971). 5476:Barker, A. J. (1968). 3448:Campbell, Ian (2017). 2989:. In August 1940, the 2969: 2908: 2864: 2841: 2771:was recognised by the 2734: 2701: 2682: 2665: 2637:Ethiopian troops used 2635: 2586: 2578: 2542: 2379: 2258: 2176: 2107: 2099: 2084:March of the Iron Will 2036:destroyed the army of 2012: 1999:Battle of Genale Doria 1949: 1896: 1855:Battle of Shire (1936) 1837:Second Italian advance 1759:Kassa and his Army of 1696: 1541: 1517: 1509: 1327:and 390 aircraft. The 1297: 1049: 1025: 798:Cesare Maria de Vecchi 739: 547: 313:2,000 artillery pieces 204:Commanders and leaders 10450:Invasions of Ethiopia 9989:Second Battle of Guam 9885:Bengal famine of 1943 9855:Second Battle of Kiev 9811:Battle of the Dnieper 9680:Kokoda Track campaign 9509:Battle of Wake Island 9381:East African campaign 9323:Battle of South Henan 8968:atrocities by Germans 8741:Korean Volunteer Army 7715:Occupation of Germany 7469:Music in World War II 7093:Siberian intervention 7051:World War II campaign 7007:World War II Campaign 6613:Kershaw, Ian (1999). 6592:Graziani, R. (1938). 6548:Del Boca, A. (1965). 6138:Smart, J. K. (1997). 5974:Mussolini and Fascism 5972:Palla, Marco (2000). 5754:Mussolini as Diplomat 5737:. London: Routledge. 5607:. Oxford: Blackwell. 5594:Clark, D. K. (1959). 5176:, pp. 1381–1401. 4914:, pp. 43, 36–38. 4285:, pp. 1394–1395. 3895:Eugene Register-Guard 3605:Rainer Baudendistel, 2967: 2906: 2858: 2839: 2729: 2695: 2676: 2663: 2625: 2582: 2570: 2533: 2374: 2253: 2174: 2167:Subsequent operations 2105: 2097:Battle of Amba Aradam 2091: 2010: 1943: 1904:Battle of Amba Aradam 1886: 1847:Battle of Amba Aradam 1689: 1523: 1515: 1507: 1291: 1058:3.7 cm PaK 35/36 1041: 1023: 914:On 7 January 1935, a 730: 702:(in violation of the 324:Casualties and losses 10455:Italo-Ethiopian Wars 10275:Surrender of Germany 9753:Battle of West Hubei 9710:Guadalcanal campaign 9673:Battle of Stalingrad 9599:Battle of Madagascar 8366:Albania protectorate 8153:(formerly Swaziland) 7862:Wehrmacht war crimes 7678:Expulsion of Germans 7462:Art and World War II 7360:British contribution 7309:Governments in exile 6982:Mahdist War in Sudan 6845:) – Bernard Bridel, 6694:Starace, A. (1937). 6508:De Bono, E. (1937). 6361:(3): 1, 383–1, 401. 6100:Sbacchi, A. (1997). 5917:Haile Selassie's War 5714:Gooch, John (2007). 5676:. Milan: Mondadori. 4926:, pp. xxi–xxii. 4875:Haile Selassie's War 4569:, pp. 123, 121. 4398:, February 10, 1936. 4058:, pp. 237, 267. 3596:, pp. 231, 417. 3552:, pp. 281, 300. 3147:Resistance movements 2846:Hailu Tekle Haymanot 2488:70,000 battle deaths 2459:Statistical Bulletin 2321:Addis Ababa massacre 2218:Hailu Tekle Haymanot 2129:Council of Ministers 2068:Battle of the Ogaden 2003:Battle of the Ogaden 1635:Maresciallo d'Italia 1603:Haile Selassie Gugsa 1575:, and by 6 October, 991:Black Dragon Society 940:Treaty of Versailles 733:colonial possessions 723:State of East Africa 678:Italian troops used 603:Ministry of Colonies 295:200 artillery pieces 10460:Italian East Africa 10365:Potsdam Declaration 10254:Italy (Spring 1945) 10017:Liberation of Paris 9467:Siege of Sevastopol 8478:(until August 1944) 8381:Wang Jingwei regime 8203:from September 1943 8163:from September 1944 8101:from September 1944 7961:Romanian war crimes 7952:Persecution of Jews 7938:Croatian war crimes 7908:Japanese war crimes 7722:Occupation of Japan 7671:First Indochina War 7383:Military production 7295:Declarations of war 6997:Somaliland campaign 6791:on 25 February 2021 6773:May, M. A. (2000). 6042:. Milano: Einaudi. 5480:. London: Cassell. 5140:, pp. 131–132. 5070:Zamorani, Massimo. 4680:, pp. 262–263. 4485:, pp. 247–256. 4473:, pp. 237–238. 4446:, pp. 224–225. 4422:, pp. 231–232. 4386:, December 2, 1935. 4340:, pp. 187–210. 4328:, pp. 127–128. 4196:Clarence-Smith 1989 3974:, pp. 238–239. 3878:Calvitt Clarke 1999 3689:, pp. 146–148. 3623:, pp. 300–313. 3502:, pp. 292–293. 3344:, pp. 717–719. 3240:, pp. 605–608. 3208:, pp. 232–233. 3099:Censorship in Italy 3089:Ethiopian Air Force 3046:Repubblica Italiana 3026:in September 1943. 3004:East Africa Command 2934:Getachew Abate and 2823:Italian East Africa 2715:Selassie sailed to 2713:Mandatory Palestine 2476:144,000 casualties. 2399:Yekatit 12 monument 2306:Ethiopian prisoners 2226:Italian East Africa 2152:Imru Haile Selassie 2078:Fall of Addis Ababa 2047:. On 22 March, the 1691:Emperor of Ethiopia 1682:Christmas Offensive 1651:sphere of influence 1611:slavery in Ethiopia 1386:Italiani all'estero 1267:Imru Haile Selassie 1152:Ethiopian Air Force 905:Victor Emmanuel III 879:Ethiopian isolation 665:Victor Emmanuel III 218:Imru Haile Selassie 168:Italian East Africa 10358:Surrender of Japan 10191:Battle of Iwo Jima 10040:Belgrade offensive 9446:Siege of Leningrad 9330:Battle of Shanggao 9259:British Somaliland 9224:Dunkirk evacuation 9175:Norwegian campaign 9113:Invasion of Poland 8940:Japanese prisoners 7901:Italian war crimes 7832:British war crimes 7747:Soviet occupations 7531:South-West Pacific 7418:Allied cooperation 7376:Military equipment 6992:Banadir Resistance 6753:. PCN 140 12130000 6405:Ethiopianist Notes 5164:, pp. 66–104. 3225:, pp. 172–73. 3030:Peace treaty, 1947 2987:British Somaliland 2970: 2909: 2865: 2863:resistance in 1937 2842: 2702: 2683: 2666: 2657:in February 1936. 2543: 2494:killed in action, 2267:Vincenzo Magliocco 2259: 2177: 2113:Haile Mariam Mammo 2108: 2100: 2013: 1950: 1697: 1566:aerial photography 1552:. Aircraft of the 1550:declaration of war 1542: 1518: 1510: 1437:, an observer for 1408:, which a special 1306:Royal Italian Army 1298: 1084:anti-aircraft guns 1026: 889:Italian Somaliland 771:Italian Somaliland 740: 688:Geneva Conventions 10505:Conflicts in 1937 10500:Conflicts in 1936 10495:Conflicts in 1935 10432: 10431: 10390: 10389: 10233:Battle of Okinawa 10132:Burma (1944–1945) 9966:Mariana and Palau 9746:Tunisian campaign 9564:Fall of Singapore 9488:Fall of Hong Kong 9231:Battle of Britain 9084:Operation Himmler 8993: 8992: 8657:Dutch East Indies 8293:Southern Rhodesia 8045: 8044: 7945:Genocide of Serbs 7848:German war crimes 7825:Soviet war crimes 7818:Allied war crimes 7664:Division of Korea 7643:Chinese Civil War 7441:Strategic bombing 7353:Manhattan Project 7127: 7126: 7036:Italo-Turkish War 6726:978-1-86126-646-0 6686:978-0-8108-4910-5 6667:978-0-14-028530-7 6626:978-0-393-04671-7 6584:978-88-7980-133-1 6479:978-0-275-94877-1 6286:978-0-415-16325-5 6221:978-0-313-39570-3 6202:978-0-415-37331-9 6183:978-1-59907-000-1 6130:978-0-8108-7194-6 6111:978-0-932415-74-5 6092:978-0-393-04005-0 6071:978-0-340-02394-5 6049:978-88-06-19168-9 5983:978-1-56656-340-6 5964:978-1-4456-5983-1 5945:978-1-85532-692-7 5926:978-1-56656-473-1 5886:978-0-948390-40-1 5848:978-0-586-08444-1 5829:978-0-394-50694-4 5803:978-1-315-88880-4 5784:978-0-06-015812-5 5763:978-0-88064-244-6 5744:978-0-415-21612-8 5725:978-0-521-85602-7 5706:978-8-84-208533-1 5683:978-88-04-46947-6 5664:978-88-545-0013-6 5641:978-88-359-4091-3 5614:978-0-631-18601-4 5586:978-0-7146-3359-6 5567:978-0-313-21317-5 5525:978-1-84545-035-9 5506:978-0-345-02462-6 5487:978-0-304-93201-6 5468:978-0-8179-6591-4 5400:978-90-04-12624-4 5248:, pp. 28–32. 4992:Baudendistel 2006 4605:, pp. 58–59. 3913:The Afro American 3665:, pp. 28–66. 3575:978-8-85-451073-9 3459:978-1-84904-692-3 3062:5,000,000 cattle, 3050:victorious powers 2917:League of Nations 2913:Italian civilians 2799:Spanish Civil War 2753:Nicolae Titulescu 2602:Regia Aeronautica 2539:Adolf Hoffmeister 2468:44,000 casualties 2427:3,319 casualties. 2271:Antonio Locatelli 2195:, Zewdu Asfaw to 2051:bombed Harar and 2049:Regia Aeronautica 2034:Regia Aeronautica 1966:Regia Aeronautica 1958:counter-offensive 1954:Battle of Maychew 1859:Battle of Maychew 1554:Regia Aeronautica 1388:, members of the 1315:Regia Aeronautica 1238:Kassa Haile Darge 1176:Gloster Gladiator 1030:Ethiopian Emperor 975:League of Nations 891:. Because of the 779:League of Nations 708:Gondrand massacre 704:Hague Conventions 653:Battle of Maychew 556:League of Nations 528: 500:war of aggression 485: 484: 357: 356: 228:Kassa Haile Darge 182: 181: 16:(Redirected from 10527: 10485:1937 in Ethiopia 10475:1936 in Ethiopia 10465:1935 in Ethiopia 10425: 10418: 10411: 10408:World portal 10406: 10405: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10268:Prague offensive 10263: 10261:Battle of Berlin 10256: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10205:Vienna offensive 10200: 10193: 10186: 10184:Battle of Manila 10179: 10159: 10150: 10141: 10134: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10074: 10065: 10058: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9968: 9961: 9952: 9943: 9934: 9927: 9925:Korsun–Cherkassy 9920: 9909: 9887: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9767:Bombing of Gorky 9762: 9755: 9748: 9728: 9721: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9627:Battle of Midway 9622: 9615: 9613:Battle of Gazala 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9523:Battle of Borneo 9518: 9516:Malayan campaign 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9460:Bombing of Gorky 9455: 9453:Battle of Moscow 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9305: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9217:Battle of France 9212: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9070:Munich Agreement 9065: 9058: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9026: 9019: 9004: 9003: 8986: 8979: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8955:Soviet prisoners 8949: 8942: 8935: 8926: 8919: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8895:German prisoners 8891: 8871: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8448: 8441: 8433: 8426: 8424:French Indochina 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8368: 8348: 8339: 8332: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8271:from August 1944 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8154: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8056: 8055: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8008: 7997: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7915:Nanjing Massacre 7910: 7903: 7894: 7892:Nuremberg trials 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7733: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7625: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7496:Asia and Pacific 7478: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7427: 7425:Mulberry harbour 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7267: 7260: 7245: 7244: 7233: 7226: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7131: 7130: 7041:Senussi campaign 7021: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6922: 6914: 6852: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6740: 6730: 6711: 6690: 6671: 6647: 6630: 6609: 6588: 6565: 6544: 6525: 6504: 6483: 6451: 6420: 6399: 6370: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6336:. Archived from 6316: 6290: 6263: 6246: 6225: 6206: 6187: 6170:Spencer, John H. 6165: 6163: 6161: 6144: 6134: 6115: 6096: 6075: 6053: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6004: 5987: 5968: 5949: 5930: 5911: 5890: 5871: 5852: 5833: 5821: 5807: 5788: 5767: 5748: 5729: 5710: 5687: 5668: 5645: 5618: 5599: 5590: 5571: 5550: 5529: 5510: 5491: 5472: 5453: 5432: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5341:Cannistraro 1982 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5126: 5120: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5061:, pp. 1–78. 5056: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4973: 4967: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4870: 4859: 4858: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4730: 4724: 4715: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4101: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3917: 3916: 3915:. 17 April 1948. 3905: 3899: 3898: 3887: 3881: 3880:, pp. 9–20. 3875: 3869: 3868: 3840: 3831: 3825: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3799:Stackelberg 2009 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3651:Antonicelli 1975 3648: 3639: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3580: 3579: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3536: 3535: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3486: 3485: 3479: 3471: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3345: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3307: 3301: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3241: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3140: 3074: 3070: 3069:1,000,000 horses 3066: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3042:Italian Republic 2940:guerilla warfare 2794:Republican Spain 2633: 2537:, caricature by 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2234:Governor General 2028:, to advance on 1987:ammunition dumps 1894: 1875:and the Italian 1822:, at first with 1820:chemical weapons 1739:to the right of 1733:Mulugeta Yeggazu 1694:Haile Selassie I 1658:Hoare–Laval Pact 1641:Hoare–Laval Pact 1631:Marshal of Italy 1494:Italian invasion 1478: 1464: 1454:Benito Mussolini 1450: 1427:Herbert Matthews 1419:Rodolfo Graziani 1406:Divisione Tevere 1390:Italian diaspora 1320:Africa Orientale 1263: 1248: 1233: 1219: 1092: 1081:20 mm Oerlikon S 1060:anti-tank guns. 1006:Ethiopian forces 873:Abyssinia Crisis 869: 826:parallel to the 814:Abyssinia Crisis 786:Jacopo Gasparini 744:Kingdom of Italy 645:chemical weapons 610:Benito Mussolini 581:. On 6 October, 575:Rodolfo Graziani 560:Second World War 548:Guerra d'Etiopia 533: 523: 521: 512:Italian Invasion 397: 396: 394: 383: 376: 369: 360: 359: 264:Rodolfo Graziani 249:Benito Mussolini 223:Mulugeta Yeggazu 213:Haile Selassie I 128: 127: 115: 106: 95: 86: 75: 66: 41: 40: 21: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10520:Interwar period 10435: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10421: 10414: 10400: 10398: 10386: 10377: 10370: 10363: 10356: 10347: 10340: 10333: 10324: 10319:Atomic bombings 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10162: 10155: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10077: 10068: 10061: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10022: 10015: 10010:Eastern Romania 10008: 10003:Warsaw Uprising 10001: 9996:Tannenberg Line 9994: 9987: 9982:Western Ukraine 9980: 9971: 9964: 9955: 9946: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9912: 9903: 9890: 9883: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9774:Battle of Kursk 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9731: 9724: 9715: 9708: 9701: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9655: 9646: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9578:St Nazaire Raid 9576: 9569: 9562: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9402: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9360:Anglo-Iraqi War 9358: 9351:Battle of Crete 9349: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9308: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9280:Eastern Romania 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9098: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9022: 9015: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8966: 8959: 8954: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8922: 8915: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8887: 8874: 8867: 8858: 8851: 8846: 8841:Western Ukraine 8839: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8785:Northeast China 8783: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8484:Slovak Republic 8482: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8455:Empire of Japan 8453: 8444: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8371: 8364: 8351: 8344: 8335: 8328: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8157: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8041: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8000: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7967:Sexual violence 7966: 7959: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7736: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7697: 7690: 7685:Greek Civil War 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7628: 7621: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7510:South-East Asia 7508: 7501: 7494: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7369:Military awards 7367: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7256: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7158: 7128: 7123: 7097: 7083:Boxer Rebellion 7071: 7055: 7024: 7011: 6965: 6959: 6920: 6912: 6907:Wayback Machine 6884:Wayback Machine 6818:Wayback Machine 6807: 6794: 6792: 6769: 6756: 6754: 6743:Maneuver in War 6738: 6727: 6687: 6668: 6657:The Road to War 6627: 6598:The South Front 6585: 6541: 6480: 6464: 6459: 6457:Further reading 6454: 6434:(445): 66–104. 6343: 6341: 6305:Rivista Storica 6298: 6293: 6287: 6243: 6222: 6203: 6184: 6159: 6157: 6142: 6131: 6112: 6093: 6072: 6050: 6028: 6026: 5984: 5965: 5946: 5927: 5887: 5868: 5849: 5830: 5804: 5785: 5764: 5745: 5726: 5707: 5684: 5665: 5642: 5632:Editori Riuniti 5615: 5587: 5568: 5526: 5507: 5488: 5469: 5429: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5084:Mack Smith 1983 5082: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4974: 4970: 4958: 4954: 4948:Mack Smith 1983 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4878:, pp. 163 – 169 4871: 4862: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4733: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4432:Mack Smith 1983 4430: 4426: 4420:Mack Smith 1983 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4359: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4273:, p. 1392. 4269: 4265: 4261:, p. 1384. 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4175: 4167:1854/LU-7191070 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4104: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3716:, pp. 6–7. 3712: 3708: 3704:, pp. 1–6. 3700: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3604: 3600: 3594:Mack Smith 1983 3592: 3583: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3539: 3524: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3489: 3473: 3472: 3460: 3446: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3361:, pp. 128. 3357: 3348: 3340: 3329: 3321: 3310: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3265: 3257: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3212: 3206:Mack Smith 1983 3204: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3080: 3073:700,000 camels. 3072: 3068: 3065:7,000,000 sheep 3064: 3061: 3058:535,000 houses, 3057: 3055:2,000 churches, 3054: 3038: 3032: 3008:Harry Wetherall 2962: 2956: 2928:Seyoum Mengesha 2834: 2829: 2821:Main articles: 2819: 2811:Tripartite Pact 2773:Empire of Japan 2687:Renzo De Felice 2671: 2647:Eritrean Askari 2639:Dum-Dum bullets 2634: 2631: 2610:Angelo Del Boca 2555:J. F. C. Fuller 2547:Geneva Protocol 2528: 2520:760,300 deaths. 2519: 2515: 2512:24,000 Patriots 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496:78,500 Patriots 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472:12,248 military 2471: 2467: 2463: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2360:Mikael of Wollo 2329: 2323: 2169: 2093:Giuseppe Bottai 2086: 2080: 2064:Nasibu Emmanual 2005: 1997:Main articles: 1995: 1935:Battle of Shire 1895: 1892: 1861: 1841:Main articles: 1839: 1830:Schrecklichkeit 1684: 1678: 1647:Stanley Baldwin 1643: 1623:Obelisk of Axum 1589:Seyoum Mangasha 1502: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1482:Pietro Badoglio 1479: 1470: 1465: 1456: 1451: 1439:US Marine Corps 1435:Pedro del Valle 1286: 1278:Main articles: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1255: 1249: 1240: 1234: 1225: 1220: 1210:in late 1935.) 1090: 1018: 1010:Main articles: 1008: 1003: 893:German Question 885:Italian Eritrea 881: 867: 861:Esmond Clifford 816: 810: 808:Walwal Incident 767:Italian Eritrea 725: 720: 712:Eritrean Ascari 684:Geneva Protocol 614:Pietro Badoglio 579:Italian Somalia 488: 487: 486: 481: 398: 392: 390: 389: 387: 353: 342: 338: 336: 319: 307:500,000–685,000 301: 292:7 armoured cars 286:350,000–760,000 273: 259:Pietro Badoglio 242: 233:Nasibu Emmanual 162: 156:Italian victory 148: 135: 120: 119: 118: 117: 116: 108: 107: 98: 97: 96: 88: 87: 78: 77: 76: 68: 67: 51:interwar period 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10533: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10510:Haile Selassie 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10419: 10412: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10375: 10368: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10338: 10335:South Sakhalin 10331: 10330: 10329: 10315: 10308: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10271: 10264: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10172: 10170: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10135: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10075: 10066: 10059: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9969: 9962: 9953: 9944: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9872: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9760:Battle of Attu 9756: 9749: 9741: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9722: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9644: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9559: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9540: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9502:Battle of Guam 9498: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9425:Battle of Kiev 9421: 9414: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9318: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9297: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9170: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9108: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9012: 9010: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8964: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8924:United Kingdom 8920: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8892: 8884: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8856: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8737: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8610: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8369: 8361: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8321:British Empire 8314:United Kingdom 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8155: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8130:Czechoslovakia 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8064: 8062: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8027:Rape of Manila 8023: 8016: 8009: 7998: 7983: 7976: 7964: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7948: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7904: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7865: 7858: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7798:United Nations 7794: 7787: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7743: 7734: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7657:Decolonization 7653: 7646: 7638: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7603: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7557: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7491: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7421: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7349: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7330:United Kingdom 7326: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7253: 7251: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7176: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6963:Italian Empire 6958: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6909: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6806: 6805:External links 6803: 6802: 6801: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6731: 6725: 6712: 6691: 6685: 6672: 6666: 6648: 6631: 6625: 6610: 6589: 6583: 6566: 6545: 6540:978-1787384774 6539: 6526: 6505: 6484: 6478: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6421: 6400: 6382:(3): 300–313. 6371: 6350: 6340:on 8 June 2010 6317: 6307:(in Italian). 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6285: 6264: 6247: 6241: 6226: 6220: 6207: 6201: 6188: 6182: 6166: 6135: 6129: 6116: 6110: 6097: 6091: 6076: 6070: 6054: 6048: 6035: 6005: 5988: 5982: 5969: 5963: 5950: 5944: 5931: 5925: 5912: 5891: 5885: 5872: 5867:978-1107090439 5866: 5853: 5847: 5834: 5828: 5812:Mack Smith, D. 5808: 5802: 5789: 5783: 5768: 5762: 5749: 5743: 5730: 5724: 5711: 5705: 5688: 5682: 5669: 5663: 5646: 5640: 5619: 5613: 5600: 5591: 5585: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5530: 5524: 5511: 5505: 5492: 5486: 5473: 5467: 5454: 5433: 5427: 5412: 5399: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5365:Cernuschi 1994 5357: 5355:, p. 156. 5345: 5333: 5331:, p. 272. 5321: 5319:, p. 281. 5309: 5290:(3): 425–443. 5274: 5272:, p. 214. 5262: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5224:, p. 307. 5214: 5212:, p. 298. 5202: 5200:, p. 299. 5190: 5188:, p. 159. 5178: 5166: 5154: 5152:, p. 133. 5142: 5127: 5112: 5100: 5098:, p. 131. 5088: 5086:, p. 234. 5076: 5063: 5046: 5029: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4994:, p. 131. 4984: 4976:Walter Laqueur 4968: 4952: 4950:, p. 231. 4940: 4938:, pp. 91. 4928: 4916: 4904: 4902:, p. xxi. 4892: 4880: 4860: 4839:10.2307/217347 4833:(2): 209–241. 4817: 4784: 4782:, p. 282. 4772: 4770:, p. 168. 4760: 4758:, p. 102. 4748: 4731: 4729:, p. 127. 4716: 4701: 4682: 4670: 4668:, p. 125. 4658: 4656:, p. 126. 4646: 4634: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4593:, p. 543. 4583: 4581:, p. 109. 4571: 4559: 4557:, p. 112. 4547: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4497:, p. 105. 4487: 4475: 4460: 4458:, p. 318. 4448: 4436: 4434:, p. 232. 4424: 4412: 4410:, p. 104. 4400: 4388: 4374: 4372:, p. 219. 4357: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4316:, p. 128. 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4222:, p. 170. 4212: 4210:, p. 157. 4200: 4198:, p. 103. 4188: 4173: 4131: 4119: 4102: 4100:, p. 222. 4087: 4085:, p. 299. 4072: 4070:, p. 301. 4060: 4048: 4036: 4034:, p. 318. 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3986:, p. 238. 3976: 3964: 3947: 3935: 3933:, p. 203. 3931:Stapleton 2013 3918: 3900: 3897:. 2 June 1951. 3882: 3870: 3851:(3): 380–391. 3832: 3830:, p. 145. 3815: 3813:, p. 127. 3803: 3801:, p. 164. 3791: 3789:, p. 108. 3779: 3777:, p. 677. 3767: 3765:, p. 126. 3742: 3740:, p. 392. 3730: 3718: 3706: 3691: 3679: 3675:Dominioni 2008 3667: 3655: 3640: 3625: 3613: 3598: 3581: 3574: 3554: 3537: 3522: 3504: 3487: 3458: 3437: 3420: 3405: 3403:, p. 645. 3393: 3381: 3363: 3346: 3327: 3308: 3293: 3284: 3263: 3259:Stapleton 2018 3242: 3238:Pankhurst 1968 3227: 3210: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3164: 3151: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3124:Vogra Massacre 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3071:and mules and 3034:Main article: 3031: 3028: 2958:Main article: 2955: 2952: 2891:and abrogated 2833: 2830: 2827:Italian Empire 2818: 2815: 2769:Italian Empire 2670: 2667: 2629: 2559:Walter Laqueur 2527: 2524: 2516:300,000 people 2464:3,694 military 2448:1,911 Italians 2419:1,593 Eritrean 2406: 2403: 2337:Abraham Deboch 2333:Ge'ez calendar 2325:Main article: 2322: 2319: 2312:Desta and the 2168: 2165: 2154:was appointed 2082:Main article: 2079: 2076: 1994: 1993:Southern front 1991: 1893:Haile Selassie 1890: 1838: 1835: 1680:Main article: 1677: 1674: 1642: 1639: 1526:Emilio De Bono 1498:Main article: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1468:Emilio De Bono 1466: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1445: 1414:Emilio De Bono 1410:Legione Parini 1352:Penne di Falco 1310:Regio Esercito 1275: 1274:Italian forces 1272: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1223:Haile Selassie 1221: 1214: 1172:white elephant 1033:Haile Selassie 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 970:Haile Selassie 959:Horn of Africa 944:Sir John Simon 901:Horn of Africa 880: 877: 812:Main article: 809: 806: 756:Battle of Adwa 748:Horn of Africa 731:Italy and its 724: 721: 719: 716: 700:dumdum bullets 657:Haile Selassie 587:Battle of Adwa 577:attacked from 569:attacked from 567:Emilio De Bono 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 403: 400: 399: 386: 385: 378: 371: 363: 355: 354: 352: 351: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 332: 330: 329:~70,000 killed 326: 325: 321: 320: 318: 317: 314: 311: 308: 304: 302: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 283: 280: 279: 275: 274: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 254:Emilio De Bono 251: 245: 243: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 209: 206: 205: 201: 200: 195: 189: 188: 184: 183: 180: 179: 166:Foundation of 164: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 144: 142: 138: 137: 132: 124: 123: 110: 109: 101: 100: 99: 90: 89: 81: 80: 79: 70: 69: 61: 60: 59: 58: 57: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10532: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10490:1937 in Italy 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10480:1936 in Italy 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470:1935 in Italy 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10424: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342:Kuril Islands 10339: 10336: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10109:Syrmian Front 10106: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10055:Market Garden 10051: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9915: 9914:Monte Cassino 9911: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9478: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9273:Baltic states 9270: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9242: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8917:United States 8914: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8853:Quốc dân Đảng 8850: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8553:Liechtenstein 8550: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8505:Collaboration 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330:United States 8327: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020:Comfort women 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8004: / 8003: 7999: 7996: 7993: / 7992: 7989: / 7988: 7984: 7981: 7980:Camp brothels 7977: 7974: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869:The Holocaust 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7855:forced labour 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7708:Marshall Plan 7705: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7561:Eastern Front 7558: 7555: 7554:Western Front 7551: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7448:Puppet states 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7390:Naval history 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7337:United States 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7148: 7143: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060:South America 7058: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6594:Il fronte Sud 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6242:9781351104661 6238: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5428:9780195382075 5424: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5367:, p. 74. 5366: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5260:, p. 22. 5259: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5236:, p. 20. 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5125:, p. 74. 5124: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5018:, p. 20. 5017: 5012: 5006:, p. 56. 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4960:Jeffrey Legro 4956: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4890:, p. 37. 4889: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4797:The Economist 4794: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4746:, p. 32. 4745: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4714:, p. 12. 4713: 4708: 4706: 4699:, p. 97. 4698: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4644:, p. 62. 4643: 4638: 4632:, p. 61. 4631: 4626: 4624: 4617:, p. 59. 4616: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4545:, p. 76. 4544: 4539: 4533:, p. 70. 4532: 4527: 4521:, p. 95. 4520: 4515: 4509:, p. 94. 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4355:, p. 45. 4354: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4297:, p. 75. 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4234:, p. 36. 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4186:, p. 35. 4185: 4180: 4178: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4129:, p. 11. 4128: 4123: 4117:, p. 33. 4116: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4046:, p. 41. 4045: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4022:, p. 13. 4021: 4016: 4010:, p. 47. 4009: 4004: 3998:, p. 18. 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3945:, p. 57. 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3728:, p. 46. 3727: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3653:, p. 79. 3652: 3647: 3645: 3638:, p. 43. 3637: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3523:0-203-01024-8 3519: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3418:, p. 64. 3417: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3391:, p. 33. 3390: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3343: 3342:Del Boca 2009 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3325:, p. 20. 3324: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3306:, p. 19. 3305: 3300: 3298: 3288: 3282:, p. 29. 3281: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3178: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3104:Faccetta Nera 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002:. The Allied 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907:Duke of Aosta 2905: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2870:miscegenation 2862: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2807:Pact of Steel 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2523: 2508:35,000 people 2504:30,000 people 2460: 2455: 2437: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:Mogos Asgedom 2338: 2334: 2328: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2245:Debre Libanos 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2156:Prince Regent 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:Negele Borana 2023: 2019: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1946:Somali Ascari 1942: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Army of Shire 1747:Imru and his 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593:Army of Tigre 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1483: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1377:, across the 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1268: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1195:White Russian 1192: 1188: 1187:Hubert Julian 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Neville Shute 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1145:Mauser rifles 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:Kebur Zabagna 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:armoured cars 1101: 1097: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1017: 1013: 998: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 976: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 876: 874: 864: 862: 857: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 815: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 774: 772: 768: 764: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 738: 734: 729: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 634: 629: 626:the path for 624: 619: 618:counterattack 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540:Ethiopian War 537: 532: 531:Ṭalyan warära 526: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 401: 395: 384: 379: 377: 372: 370: 365: 364: 361: 349: 348: 345: 337:9,000 wounded 334: 333: 331: 328: 327: 322: 315: 312: 310:599–800 tanks 309: 306: 305: 303: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 282: 281: 276: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 244: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 208: 207: 202: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 185: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 159: 155: 152: 151: 147: 143: 140: 139: 133: 130: 129: 125: 114: 105: 94: 85: 74: 65: 55: 52: 47: 42: 35: 30: 19: 10416:Bibliography 10399: 10212:Project Hula 10177:Vistula–Oder 10146: 10079: 10070: 10054: 10024: 9973: 9957: 9948: 9939: 9905: 9802: 9717: 9693: 9656: 9407: 9300: 9245:North Africa 9023: 8947:Soviet Union 8901:Soviet Union 8827:Soviet Union 8595:Vatican City 8498:Vichy France 8403:German Reich 8300:Soviet Union 8286:South Africa 8279:Sierra Leone 8232:Newfoundland 8143: 8051:Participants 8034:Marocchinate 7738: 7729: 7699: 7577:North Africa 7538:Indian Ocean 7397:Nazi plunder 7288:Cryptography 7161:World War II 7029:North Africa 7001: 6921:(in Italian) 6795:19 September 6793:. 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Retrieved 5389: 5360: 5348: 5343:, p. 5. 5336: 5324: 5312: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5162:Salerno 1997 5157: 5145: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5032: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4924:Sbacchi 1997 4919: 4912:Sbacchi 1978 4907: 4900:Sbacchi 1997 4895: 4888:Sbacchi 1978 4883: 4874: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4796: 4787: 4775: 4768:Mockler 2003 4763: 4751: 4712:Nicolle 1997 4673: 4661: 4649: 4642:Spencer 2006 4637: 4630:Spencer 2006 4615:Spencer 2006 4610: 4603:Spencer 2006 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4377: 4333: 4321: 4295:Mockler 2003 4290: 4278: 4266: 4246:, p. 8. 4244:Nicolle 1997 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4149: 4145: 4134: 4127:Nicolle 1997 4122: 4063: 4051: 4044:Nicolle 1997 4039: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3996:Nicolle 1997 3991: 3979: 3967: 3957: 3950: 3938: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3873: 3848: 3844: 3806: 3794: 3787:Crozier 2004 3782: 3770: 3733: 3726:Mockler 2003 3721: 3709: 3687:Labanca 2004 3682: 3677:, p. 7. 3670: 3663:Labanca 2004 3658: 3636:Sbacchi 1978 3621:Labanca 2004 3616: 3607: 3601: 3564: 3557: 3513: 3507: 3449: 3430: 3423: 3396: 3389:Sbacchi 1978 3384: 3376:Necrometrics 3375: 3366: 3287: 3223:Mockler 2003 3177: 3167: 3154: 3138: 3045: 3039: 3000:Gideon Force 2985:, Kenya and 2975:Commonwealth 2971: 2948:Belay Zeleke 2935: 2931: 2924: 2910: 2874: 2866: 2843: 2781:Stresa Front 2766: 2756: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2707: 2703: 2684: 2649:(often with 2636: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574:ultima ratio 2573: 2571: 2566:Tito Minniti 2563: 2544: 2534: 2500:17,800 women 2458: 2456: 2444:144,000 sick 2423:453 civilian 2408: 2380: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2330: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2269:and aviator 2260: 2254:Memorial in 2241:Abune Petros 2238: 2221: 2181:World War II 2178: 2160:Abebe Aregai 2149: 2136:Aberra Kassa 2133: 2121: 2117:Debre Berhan 2109: 2060: 2048: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2021: 2014: 1981: 1975: 1970:Lake Ashangi 1965: 1951: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1897: 1887: 1882:phosgene gas 1862: 1828: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769:Mahel Sefari 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1701: 1698: 1670:Samuel Hoare 1666: 1655: 1644: 1634: 1616: 1607: 1596: 1584: 1570: 1562: 1553: 1543: 1433:(1937), and 1430: 1423: 1409: 1405: 1385: 1383: 1379:Gulf of Aden 1371:Luigi Frusci 1360: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1330:Regia Marina 1328: 1319: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1253:Desta Damtew 1203: 1180: 1149: 1126: 1122: 1119:Belgian Army 1112: 1062: 1050: 1042: 1027: 984: 980:Stresa Front 978:destroy the 963: 955:Anthony Eden 948: 936:Stresa Front 932:Nazi Germany 928:Pierre Laval 913: 882: 865: 856:Italian flag 852: 839: 835: 834:oasis (also 817: 794:Tigre people 783: 775: 741: 677: 638: 631: 628:Adolf Hitler 623:Nazi Germany 607: 564: 539: 511: 495: 491: 489: 447:Lake Ashenge 422:Ganale Doria 391: 335:8,850 killed 316:595 aircraft 269:Luigi Frusci 238:Desta Damtew 187:Belligerents 49:Part of the 29: 10147:Bodenplatte 10033:Gothic Line 9252:West Africa 8799:Philippines 8778:Netherlands 8643:Czech lands 8581:Switzerland 8525:Afghanistan 8469:Philippines 8337:Puerto Rico 8253:Philippines 8239:New Zealand 8225:Netherlands 8178:Free France 7929:Prosecution 7730:Osoaviakhim 7600:West Africa 7584:East Africa 7231:Conferences 6970:East Africa 6820:(full text) 6160:3 September 6029:3 September 5353:Barker 1971 5329:Barker 1968 5317:Barker 1968 5258:Marcus 1999 5234:Marcus 1999 5186:Barker 1971 5150:Barker 1971 5138:Barker 1971 5123:Kallis 2000 5108:Kallis 2000 5096:Barker 1971 5004:Barker 1971 4936:Barker 1968 4780:Barker 1968 4744:Marcus 1999 4727:Barker 1971 4678:Barker 1968 4666:Barker 1971 4654:Barker 1971 4579:Barker 1971 4567:Barker 1971 4555:Barker 1971 4543:Barker 1971 4531:Barker 1971 4495:Barker 1971 4483:Barker 1968 4471:Barker 1968 4456:Safire 1997 4444:Barker 1968 4370:Barker 1968 4353:Barker 1971 4338:Barker 1968 4326:Kallis 2000 4314:Kallis 2000 4232:Barker 1971 4220:Barker 1968 4208:Barker 1968 4184:Barker 1971 4152:: 170–178. 4115:Barker 1971 4098:Barker 1968 4056:Barker 1968 4032:Barker 1968 4008:Barker 1971 3943:Barker 1971 3828:Kallis 2000 3811:Kallis 2000 3763:Kallis 2000 3714:Barker 1968 3702:Barker 1968 3550:Barker 1968 3500:Barker 1968 3416:Leckie 1987 3401:Leckie 1987 3359:Rochat 2008 3323:Barker 1971 3280:Barker 1971 3160:Tewodros II 3143:Addis Ababa 3067:and goats, 3012:Dan Pienaar 2893:feudal laws 2551:World War I 2492:275,000 men 2442:killed and 2436:Blackshirts 2421:troops and 2368:carabinieri 2349:Black Lions 2345:Addis Ababa 2283:Debre Zebit 2213:hit-and-run 2189:Balcha Safo 2141:Addis Ababa 2072:Wehib Pasha 1869:mustard gas 1824:mustard gas 1737:Amba Aradam 1724:to support 1546:Mareb River 1489:Hostilities 1363:Azebu Galla 1294:Montevarchi 1191:Viking Tamm 1045:Addis Ababa 868:150 Italian 838:, Italian: 737:World War I 680:mustard gas 661:Addis Ababa 552:Axis powers 477:Addis Ababa 452:2nd Tembien 427:1st Tembien 298:13 aircraft 161:Territorial 10439:Categories 10247:West Hunan 10080:Pointblank 9409:Silver Fox 9395:Summer War 9148:Winter War 9127:Phoney War 8908:Azerbaijan 8869:Yugoslavia 8764:Luxembourg 8606:Resistance 8346:Yugoslavia 8211:Luxembourg 8013:Sook Ching 7809:War crimes 7411:Technology 7404:Opposition 7346:Lend-Lease 7323:Australian 7316:Home front 7274:Blitzkrieg 7224:Casualties 7215:Commanders 7187:Operations 6058:Rhodes, A. 5059:Smart 1997 5016:Clark 1959 4408:Palla 2000 4083:Gooch 2007 4068:Gooch 2007 3984:Othen 2017 3972:Othen 2017 3958:Slide Rule 3452:. London. 3190:References 3182:retention. 3048:) and the 2977:forces in 2751:chairman, 2708:Enterprise 2651:castration 2526:War crimes 2484:20,000 men 2480:50,000 men 2431:3,000 were 2405:Casualties 2395:Yekatit 12 2327:Yekatit 12 2314:Dejasmatch 2209:Asfawossen 1918:Kassa and 1865:poison gas 1827:resort to 1802:Kassa and 1564:army used 1367:Olol Dinle 1324:blackshirt 1312:) and the 1178:fighters. 763:Menelik II 718:Background 673:Yekatit 12 10312:Manchuria 10198:Indochina 9974:Bagration 9418:Lithuania 9063:Anschluss 8860:Viet Minh 8757:Lithuania 8699:Hong Kong 8462:Manchukuo 8417:Azad Hind 8076:Australia 7876:Aftermath 7739:Paperclip 7634:Aftermath 7434:Total war 7302:Diplomacy 7265:In Europe 6785:940362449 6708:799891187 6652:Overy, R. 6606:602590204 6562:799937693 6501:164959633 6448:0013-8266 6417:1063-2751 6396:144498755 6367:0260-2105 6334:2373-9517 6019:506009610 5908:878601977 5839:Mussolini 5547:797807582 5450:878595757 5406:8 October 5304:145516332 5270:Lamb 1999 5246:USSD 1943 5210:Baer 1976 5198:Baer 1976 5174:Holt 2011 4847:0361-7882 4805:0013-0613 4283:Holt 2011 4271:Holt 2011 4259:Holt 2011 4020:Baer 1976 3865:143863579 3532:252806536 3476:cite book 3468:999629248 2944:Lake Tana 2861:Arbegnoch 2859:Areas of 2832:1936–1940 2817:Aftermath 2777:Manchuria 2761:newsreels 2721:Jerusalem 2717:Gibraltar 2706:HMS 2698:Jerusalem 2598:gas shell 2590:Red Cross 2452:8,284 men 2440:9,555 men 2411:1,148 men 2391:Armenians 2291:Dejazmach 2205:Wondosson 2057:open city 1982:Arbegnoch 1873:III Corps 1867:(but not 1761:Beghemder 1706:Abiy Addi 1598:Dejazmach 1394:Argentina 1302:tankettes 1200:Red Cross 1133:Anschluss 1108:Fiat 3000 1077:Hotchkiss 1069:Hotchkiss 1054:artillery 987:was Japan 842:) in the 692:Red Cross 641:artillery 633:Anschluss 597:, and an 525:romanized 502:waged by 442:Mai Lahlà 412:Christmas 10423:Category 10372:document 10282:document 10139:Ardennes 10123:Budapest 10071:Crossbow 9949:Overlord 9788:Smolensk 8999:Timeline 8834:Slovakia 8820:Thailand 8671:Ethiopia 8636:Bulgaria 8560:Portugal 8491:Thailand 8373:Bulgaria 8151:Eswatini 8144:Ethiopia 8097:Bulgaria 7922:Unit 731 7883:Response 7700:Keelhaul 7650:Cold War 7623:Americas 7614:timeline 7607:Atlantic 7487:Theaters 6903:Archived 6880:Archived 6849:Le Temps 6814:Archived 6751:34869726 6522:46203391 6328:: 9–20. 6313:30747124 6296:Journals 6260:51671800 6172:(2006). 6155:40153101 6060:(1973). 6023:Archived 5814:(1982). 4810:10 March 3078:See also 2995:Khartoum 2749:Romanian 2725:telegram 2655:Gondrand 2630:— 2413:killed, 2279:Butajira 2275:Arbegona 2145:Djibouti 1891:— 1877:IV Corps 1777:L3 tanks 1716:Seyoum. 1204:ferenghi 1160:Airspeed 1156:Potez 25 1098:, seven 909:assented 802:Jubaland 696:genocide 520:ጣልያን ወረራ 508:Ethiopia 506:against 498:, was a 278:Strength 193:Ethiopia 146:Ethiopia 141:Location 122:members. 10349:Shumshu 10116:Hungary 10063:Estonia 10047:Lapland 10025:Dragoon 9958:Neptune 9940:Ichi-Go 9906:Tempest 9848:Changde 9803:Cottage 9695:Jubilee 9404:Finland 9302:Compass 9008:Prelude 8961:Finland 8847:Vietnam 8813:Romania 8685:Germany 8664:Estonia 8650:Denmark 8629:Belgium 8622:Austria 8615:Albania 8546:Ireland 8532:Andorra 8516:Neutral 8476:Romania 8410:Hungary 8395:Finland 8267:Romania 8159:Finland 8137:Denmark 8083:Belgium 8069:Algeria 7775:Romania 7761:Hungary 7517:Pacific 7241:General 7195:Leaders 7180:Battles 7173:Outline 6918:YouTube 6644:5315947 6277:178–203 5375:Sources 3172:extent. 2889:slavery 2885:Somalis 2711:. 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Second Italo-Ethiopian War

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