40:
590:
415:
693:
680:. In the 1960s, looters carted off parts of the monument, namely a portion depicting a captive. Stela 10 is highly eroded, resulting in a loss of detail. In addition to this decay, the head ornament has presumably been lost. Stela 22 was dedicated on the East Group Plaza, located in front of Structure O-12, thereby "initiat" the East Group Plaza as a locus for sculpture and stelae. While previous stelae had faced other directions, Stela 22 faced northwest towards the site's acropolis, creating "a new axis of dialogue across the site."
1588:
163:
684:
the living and the dead is manifested as a 'knotted cord' or breath which travels down to enter the nose of the deceased". The female on the stela, denoted only by an "upside down vase" glyph, is likely Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's mother; Pitts argues that the monument "offers an interesting vignette of Itzam Kʼan Ahk II and his loyalty to a female ancestor, probably his mother."
726:
cautions that this has not been conclusively proven. Among the artifacts found within (including pieces of jade and ornaments), archaeologists uncovered evidence that the tomb had been reentered after it was sealed: many bones were missing from the three bodies, and it appeared that the skeletons had
683:
Stela 40 contains the depiction of the aforementioned woman dressed in
Teotihuacano garb; it shows Itzam Kʼan Ahk II dispersing something—hypothesized to be either blood or incense—into a "psychoduct" (that is, "a vent leading into a subplaza tomb"). Simon and Grube argue that "the connection between
742:
are very similar: both have the same number of substructure terraces, both pyramids' substructures have exactly five doors, and both were built into the sides of hills. Damien Marken and Kirk
Straight, use this similarity—as well as inscriptions on stelae at Palenque—to argue that there existed some
292:
712:
Pyramid O-13 is the name given to the hypothesized mortuary temple of Kʼinich Yat Ahk II. According to
Stephen Houston et al., it was nearly "twice as large" as any of Piedras Negras's previous structures. The pyramid was modified substantially following Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's demise: Kʼinich Yat Ahk
638:
Itzam Kʼan Ahk II erected at least five stelae: 9, 10, 11, 22, and 40, of which Stelae 9, 10, and 11 were raised in front of or near
Structure J-3. Stela 11, constructed in August of 731 AD, is of the niche variety (meaning it depicts the ruler seated in a small hollow, or niche) and commemorates
335:, about Piedras Negras's local dominance. (This panel has lent support to the argument that during Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's rule, Piedras Negras had eclipsed Yaxchilan in power.) The Kʼatun celebration was followed by another event a few days later, at which Itzam Kʼan Ahk II "performed a 'descending
1357:
717:
to "engag with the past". Given that the last known rulers of
Piedras Negras erected their stelae on or near this pyramid and all three of these leaders also revered the site as some sort of dynastic shrine, it is possible that they were Kʼinich Yat Ahk II's sons.
721:
In 1997, Héctor
Escobedo discovered a tomb (Burial 13) containing the bodies of an adult and two adolescents underneath the plaza floor at the front of the pyramid's frontal stairs. While some believe this to have been the resting place for Itzam Kʼan Ahk II,
379:
on March 10, 758 AD. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's burial site was venerated by the succeeding kings of
Piedras Negras, which has led some to hypothesize that Itzam Kʼan Ahk II produced a new ruling dynasty, and that the following three kings—Yoʼnal Ahk III,
1383:
1370:
1379:
1366:
274:
garb, suggesting that Itzam Kʼan Ahk was emphasizing maternal connections to
Teotihuacan. Martin and Grube also note that this stela was erected exactly 83 Tzolkʼin, or about 59 years, following the death of
1353:
370:
over neighboring kingdoms". The ruler died on
November 26, 757 AD (9.16.6.11.17 7 Kaban 0 Pax) and was buried three days later. According to Panel 3, the burial took place at the mythical "'mountain' of
643:
flanked by witnesses to the ceremonies explored on the stela itself. The expanse in front of the stone slab "designates the space ... as one of offering and supplication", given the depiction of
727:
been charred by fire sometime after their initial entombment. Scholars eventually concluded that this apparent desecration was actually part of a ritual described on Panel 3 called
677:
651:
in two pieces on the ground; the front was well-preserved (even retaining some of its pigment), although the glyphs on the upper right were weathered. Sometime in the 1960s,
354:. Houston et al. argue that Hix Witz was under Piedras Negras's control, largely based on the disk and because the Maya center is identified on Panel 7, erected earlier by
1001:
940:
1023:
713:
II, for instance, reset the older Panel 2 and installed Panel 1 and the now-famous Panel 3. Megan O'Neil argues that these changes were made in order for the ruling
1413:
666:
Stela 9 had long been broken into thirds when it was discovered in 1899 by Maler. While these fragments had eroded slightly, the base was later found
120:
250:). Of the three extant references to Itzam Kʼan Ahk's birth, not a single one mentions his line of descent, suggesting that Itzam Kʼan Ahk was not
2336:
2331:
225:. Following Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's demise, he was succeeded by Yoʼnal Ahk III in 757 AD. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II left several monuments, including
1027:
1005:
944:
620:
655:
broke up the fallen monument so they would have an easier time smuggling it out of the site. The top portion is currently housed in the
1988:
319:("first ruler") named Kʼan Moʼ Teʼ who had served Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II. The events of this banquet were later recorded by the final
948:
295:
Panel 3 from
Piedras Negras, which shows—among other things—Itzam Kʼan Ahk II lecturing visiting dignitaries on the superiority of
283:
of Piedras Negras whose Itzam Kʼan Ahk II appropriated), which could suggest the existence of some "special link" between the two.
1671:
1009:
39:
1406:
1031:
270:("turtle") in their name and was thus of royal blood. Additionally, Stela 40 shows what could be Itzam Kʼan Ahk's mother in
233:-jubilee were commemorated on Panel 3, raised by Kʼinich Yat Ahk II several years following Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's death.
1422:
229:
at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid O-13. In addition, the details of his life and his
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1342:
1323:
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1248:
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528:
247:
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Itzam Kʼan Ahk II, also known as Ruler 4, was born on November 18, 701 AD (9.13.9.14.15 7 Men 18 Kʼankʼin in the
2238:
2228:
1797:
613:
2253:
162:
1516:
1575:
560:
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2213:
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551:
307:
Itzam Kʼan Ahk II ascended to power on November 9, 729 AD (9.14.18.3.13 7 Ben 16 Kʼankʼin). In 749 AD, the
1570:
1195:
Houston, Stephan; et al. (1999). "On the River of Ruins: Explorations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala".
575:
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565:
2218:
1977:
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1622:
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1291:
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110:
72:
54:
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is shown with a turtle ornament on his belt, suggesting that one of his ancestors had the word
1963:
1284:
A Brief History of Piedras Negras as Told by the Ancient Maya: History Revealed in Maya Glyphs
2188:
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1770:
1683:
1634:
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324:
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222:
141:
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1956:
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8:
2351:
2346:
2168:
1925:
1866:
1809:
1458:
731:(the "house-burning at the burial"), and that it was carried out by Kʼinich Yat Ahk II.
414:
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276:
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2031:
1970:
1802:
1730:
1509:
1478:
1240:
723:
594:
381:
218:
137:
375:", which in this context referred to Pyramid O-13. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II was succeeded by
209:, from 729 to 757 AD. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II ascended to the throne following the death of
2071:
1602:
1525:
1338:
1319:
1267:
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1233:
1217:
1161:
464:
404:
198:
128:
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1473:
376:
214:
133:
82:
2273:
2046:
1629:
484:
213:. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II may have fathered the following three kings of Piedras Negras:
1587:
1308:
1177:"Monumental Architecture at Piedras Negras, Guatemala: Time, History, and Meaning"
332:
2298:
2153:
2026:
2011:
1821:
1787:
1678:
1612:
1545:
692:
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on Panel 3; this artifact shows Itzam Kʼan Ahk II lecturing the interim ruler of
1949:
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1715:
648:
469:
449:
179:
2303:
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1911:
1831:
1782:
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1705:
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1502:
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489:
474:
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259:
151:
1433:
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2101:
2091:
2086:
1906:
1900:
1755:
1745:
1725:
1391:
519:
514:
429:
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2138:
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479:
439:
271:
226:
1871:
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1710:
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504:
499:
340:
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1646:
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459:
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202:
183:, November 18, 701 – November 26, 757), also known as
1856:
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312:
230:
2288:
2148:
2133:
2116:
2111:
1700:
739:
701:
367:
1851:
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Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's ascension to power. This monument depicts the
358:, as a "tributary bearing plumes and textiles" to Piedras Negras.
2178:
2143:
2036:
1607:
668:
351:
350:
disc found in his tomb depicts the severed head of a leader from
1861:
734:
In terms of architecture, the O-13 Pyramid and the Late Classic
696:
There are substantial similarities between Pyramid O-13 and the
299:. Despite depicting Itzam Kʼan Ahk II, the panel was erected by
2128:
2076:
2041:
1846:
347:
1292:
Pre-Columbian Society of the University of Pennsylvania Museum
659:(MFAH), whereas the bottom half is in a private collection in
315:, an event that was attended by many dignitaries, including a
2173:
2158:
2106:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1876:
1208:
Marken, Damien; Straight, Kirk (2007). Marken, Damien (ed.).
1050:
336:
1260:
Engaging Ancient Maya Sculpture at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
1841:
1814:
1055:
1053:
708:), seeming to suggest a relationship between the two sites.
647:
near the monument's bottom. The monument was discovered by
189:
50:
30:
1333:
Witschey, Walter Robert Thurmond; Brown, Clifford (2012).
1210:
Palenque: Recent Investigations at the Classic Maya Center
743:
sort of relationship between Piedras Negras and Palenque.
896:
894:
1307:
1232:
339:' dance" and then had a drink made from fermented
891:
2318:
869:
867:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
1106:
1104:
346:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II likely engaged in war, as a
1510:
1407:
864:
841:
805:
778:
753:
614:
366:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's reign was one marked by "
1421:
1101:
795:
793:
1028:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1006:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
945:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1517:
1503:
1414:
1400:
960:
958:
935:
933:
621:
607:
790:
1084:Zender, "Piedras Negras Ruler 7", (n.d.)
1077:
925:Zender, "Piedras Negras Ruler 4", (n.d.)
691:
384:, and Kʼinich Yat Ahk II—were his sons.
290:
44:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's portrait on Stela 11
982:
955:
930:
918:
879:
2319:
1382:. Mesoweb Encyclopedia. Archived from
1369:. Mesoweb Encyclopedia. Archived from
1356:. Mesoweb Encyclopedia. Archived from
1235:Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens
1231:Martin, Simon; Grube, Nikolai (2000).
1175:Houston, Stephan; et al. (1998).
178:
16:Ajaw of Piedras Negras from 729 to 757
2337:8th-century monarchs in North America
1524:
1498:
1395:
1306:Sharer, Robert; Traxler, Loa (2006).
1065:
970:
2332:8th century in the Maya civilization
1335:Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica
13:
14:
2363:
1586:
1154:Death and the Classic Maya Kings
1151:
835:
588:
413:
161:
64:9 November 729 - 26 November 757
38:
1144:
1128:
1116:
1089:
1038:
1016:
994:
906:
687:
1351:
829:
823:
817:
262:note that in one carving, the
1:
1332:
1174:
1095:
799:
746:
343:passed around to his guests.
1377:
1364:
1264:University of Oklahoma Press
1194:
1135:Marken & Straight (2007)
1122:
1083:
924:
657:Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
552:Spanish conquest of the Maya
387:
236:
7:
1305:
1230:
1207:
1152:Fitzsimmons, James (2010).
1134:
977:Sharer & Traxler (2006)
976:
913:Sharer & Traxler (2006)
912:
900:
873:
858:
811:
800:Witschey & Brown (2012)
784:
772:
10:
2368:
2239:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1280:
1257:
1110:
1071:
1059:
1044:
988:
964:
885:
824:Zender, "Hix Witz", (n.d.)
736:Temple of the Inscriptions
674:University of Pennsylvania
241:
2262:
2187:
1987:
1894:Annals of the Cakchiquels
1885:
1830:
1754:
1595:
1584:
1534:
1429:
1316:Stanford University Press
1158:University of Texas Press
874:Martin & Grube (2000)
812:Martin & Grube (2000)
785:Martin & Grube (2000)
773:Martin & Grube (2000)
633:
157:
147:
127:
116:
100:
92:
88:
78:
68:
60:
49:
37:
28:
23:
2342:8th century in Guatemala
1423:Rulers of Piedras Negras
1380:"Piedras Negras Ruler 7"
1367:"Piedras Negras Ruler 4"
395:This article is part of
361:
286:
254:'s son. With this said,
2327:Kings of Piedras Negras
2254:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
2214:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
901:Martin & Grube 2000
859:Martin & Grube 2000
1258:O'Neil, Megan (2014).
709:
698:Temple of Inscriptions
595:Mesoamerica portal
304:
205:. He ruled during the
180:[itsamkʼanahk]
2229:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
2219:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1978:Título de Totonicapán
1551:Classic Maya collapse
1464:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II
1123:Houston et al. (1999)
1096:Houston et al. (1998)
1034:on December 21, 2015.
695:
543:Classic Maya collapse
294:
252:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II
211:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II
73:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II
2234:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
1957:Ritual of the Bacabs
1618:Twin-pyramid complex
1454:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
1378:Zender, Marc (ed.).
1365:Zender, Marc (ed.).
1352:Zender, Marc (ed.).
1281:Pitts, Mark (2011).
176:Mayan pronunciation:
2199:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
2169:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
1964:Songs of Dzitbalché
1337:. Scarecrow Press.
1241:Thames & Hudson
323:of Piedras Negras,
311:celebrated his one
207:Late Classic Period
2224:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2032:Howler monkey gods
1484:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
1360:on March 21, 2006.
1012:on March 28, 2016.
951:on March 28, 2016.
836:Fitzsimmons (2010)
724:Stephen D. Houston
710:
325:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
305:
301:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
223:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
142:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2312:
2311:
2249:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
2209:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
1527:Maya civilization
1492:
1491:
1469:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
678:University Museum
631:
630:
406:Maya civilization
172:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
169:
168:
24:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
2359:
2274:Lady Eveningstar
2266:
2191:
1991:
1834:
1758:
1590:
1556:Spanish conquest
1538:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1459:Itzam Kʼan Ahk I
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:on May 21, 2006.
1374:
1373:on May 21, 2006.
1361:
1348:
1329:
1313:
1310:The Ancient Maya
1302:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1277:
1254:
1238:
1227:
1204:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:. Archived from
1020:
1014:
1013:
1008:. Archived from
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
953:
952:
947:. Archived from
937:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
889:
883:
877:
871:
862:
856:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
788:
782:
776:
770:
623:
616:
609:
593:
592:
591:
417:
407:
392:
391:
356:Itzam Kʼan Ahk I
333:Yopaat Bahlam II
277:Itzam Kʼan Ahk I
182:
177:
165:
107:
104:November 26, 757
42:
21:
20:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2299:Wak Chanil Ajaw
2264:
2258:
2189:
2183:
1989:
1983:
1881:
1832:
1826:
1798:Human sacrifice
1756:
1750:
1613:Triadic pyramid
1591:
1582:
1546:Preclassic Maya
1536:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1493:
1488:
1425:
1420:
1390:
1345:
1326:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1274:
1251:
1224:
1214:Rowman Altamira
1179:
1168:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
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1078:
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1066:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1000:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
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956:
939:
938:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
892:
884:
880:
872:
865:
857:
842:
834:
830:
822:
818:
810:
806:
798:
791:
783:
779:
771:
754:
749:
690:
645:human sacrifice
636:
627:
589:
587:
580:
538:Preclassic Maya
405:
390:
364:
289:
244:
239:
175:
140:
136:
121:Lady Juntan Ahk
109:
105:
96:18 November 701
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2365:
2355:
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2344:
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2276:
2270:
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2260:
2259:
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2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Yoʼnal Ahk III
2241:
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2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
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2201:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2182:
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2176:
2171:
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2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
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2114:
2109:
2104:
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2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1985:
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1981:
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1967:
1960:
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1874:
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1849:
1844:
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1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1810:Social classes
1807:
1806:
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1672:Maritime trade
1669:
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1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Yoʼnal Ahk III
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1343:
1330:
1324:
1303:
1278:
1272:
1255:
1249:
1228:
1222:
1205:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1049:
1037:
1015:
993:
981:
969:
954:
929:
917:
905:
890:
888:, pp. 157–168.
878:
863:
840:
828:
816:
804:
789:
777:
751:
750:
748:
745:
729:el naah umukil
689:
686:
649:Teoberto Maler
635:
632:
629:
628:
626:
625:
618:
611:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:
582:
581:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
555:
554:
548:
547:
546:
545:
540:
532:
531:
525:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
419:
418:
410:
409:
401:
400:
389:
386:
377:Yoʼnal Ahk III
373:ho janaab witz
363:
360:
297:Piedras Negras
288:
285:
243:
240:
238:
235:
215:Yoʼnal Ahk III
201:settlement in
195:Piedras Negras
167:
166:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
134:Yoʼnal Ahk III
131:
125:
124:
118:
114:
113:
111:Piedras Negras
108:(aged 56)
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
83:Yoʼnal Ahk III
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
55:Piedras Negras
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2364:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Lady of Tikal
2282:
2280:
2279:Lady of Itzan
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:Título Cʼoyoi
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
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1888:
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1878:
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1865:
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1860:
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1855:
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1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:Death rituals
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
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1769:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
1753:
1747:
1744:
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1734:
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1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
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1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1692:
1690:
1687:
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1677:
1673:
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1668:
1665:
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1604:
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1598:
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1569:
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1564:
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1544:
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1541:
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1533:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
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1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
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1424:
1417:
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1398:
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1385:
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1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1344:9780810871670
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1325:9780804748179
1321:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1273:9780806188362
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:9780500051030
1246:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1223:9780759108752
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:9780292781986
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1111:O'Neil (2014)
1107:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1060:O'Neil (2014)
1056:
1054:
1046:
1045:O'Neil (2014)
1041:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
990:
989:O'Neil (2014)
985:
978:
973:
966:
965:O'Neil (2014)
961:
959:
950:
946:
942:
936:
934:
926:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
895:
887:
882:
875:
870:
868:
860:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
837:
832:
825:
820:
813:
808:
801:
796:
794:
786:
781:
774:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
752:
744:
741:
737:
732:
730:
725:
719:
716:
707:
703:
699:
694:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
604:
602:
601:
596:
586:
585:
584:
583:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
556:
553:
550:
549:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
530:
527:
526:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
416:
412:
411:
408:
403:
402:
398:
394:
393:
385:
383:
382:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
378:
374:
369:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
298:
293:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Nikolai Grube
257:
253:
249:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
181:
173:
164:
160:
156:
153:
152:Maya religion
150:
146:
143:
139:
138:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
33:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2314:
2208:
2164:Vucub Caquix
2123:
2092:Ah-Muzen-Cab
2083:Post-Classic
2072:Moon goddess
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1950:Rabinal Achí
1948:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1901:Chilam Balam
1899:
1892:
1603:Architecture
1468:
1384:the original
1371:the original
1358:the original
1334:
1309:
1295:. Retrieved
1283:
1259:
1234:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1153:
1145:Bibliography
1130:
1125:, pp. 16–22.
1118:
1098:, pp. 40–56.
1091:
1079:
1072:Pitts (2011)
1067:
1040:
1032:the original
1018:
1010:the original
996:
984:
972:
949:the original
920:
908:
886:Pitts (2011)
881:
831:
819:
807:
780:
733:
728:
720:
714:
711:
705:
688:Pyramid O-13
682:
667:
665:
640:
637:
465:Architecture
372:
365:
345:
320:
316:
308:
306:
280:
272:Teotihuacano
267:
263:
256:Simon Martin
245:
199:ancient Maya
188:
184:
171:
170:
29:
18:
2304:Yohl Ikʼnal
2139:Hun Hunahpu
2057:Kinich Ahau
2047:Jaguar gods
1439:Kʼan Ahk II
1203:(1): 16–22.
661:Switzerland
341:cacao beans
317:bʼaah sajal
106:(757-11-26)
69:Predecessor
2352:757 deaths
2347:701 births
2321:Categories
2154:Qʼuqʼumatz
2027:Hero Twins
2012:Death gods
1886:Literature
1822:Households
1788:Priesthood
1434:Kʼan Ahk I
1354:"Hix Witz"
1002:"Stela 11"
941:"Stela 10"
903:, 152–153.
747:References
279:(a former
248:Long Count
123:(possibly)
2294:Sak Kʼukʼ
2124:Popol Vuh
2062:Maize god
2022:Goddess I
1943:Popol Vuh
1793:Sacrifice
1776:Midwifery
1766:Childhood
1716:Mythology
1679:Languages
1566:Guatemala
1444:Yat Ahk I
1137:, p. 305.
1113:, p. 153.
1074:, p. 121.
1062:, p. 136.
1047:, p. 197.
1024:"Stela 9"
979:, p. 427.
915:, p. 426.
876:, p. 151.
861:, p. 150.
838:, p. 154.
814:, p. 149.
802:, p. 247.
787:, p. 147.
775:, p. 148.
571:Guatemala
470:Astronomy
455:Sacrifice
450:Mythology
435:Languages
388:Monuments
329:Yaxchilan
237:Biography
203:Guatemala
187:, was an
158:Signature
79:Successor
2289:Lady Xoc
2149:Jacawitz
2134:Camazotz
2117:Yum Kaax
2112:Kukulkan
1872:Tzolkʼin
1833:Calendar
1783:Religion
1741:Textiles
1721:Numerals
1706:Medicine
1701:Mayanist
1642:Ceramics
1635:Graffiti
1297:March 2,
1190:: 40–56.
991:, p. 76.
967:, p. 72.
740:Palenque
706:pictured
702:Palenque
510:Medicine
490:Textiles
475:Calendar
445:Religion
397:a series
368:hegemony
352:Hix Witz
148:Religion
2179:Zipacna
2144:Huracan
2052:Kʼawiil
2037:Itzamna
1998:Classic
1990:Deities
1920:Grolier
1913:Dresden
1907:Codices
1757:Society
1746:Warfare
1684:Classic
1662:Economy
1652:Cuisine
1623:Revival
1608:E-Group
1576:Yucatán
1561:Chiapas
1537:History
1449:Ruler C
1197:Mexicon
672:by the
669:in situ
653:looters
566:Chiapas
561:Yucatán
529:History
520:Warfare
515:Cuisine
440:Writing
430:Society
242:Lineage
185:Ruler 4
2265:Queens
2129:Awilix
2077:Yopaat
2042:Ixchel
1927:Madrid
1857:Kʼatun
1847:Baktun
1736:Stelae
1726:People
1689:Script
1647:Cities
1596:Topics
1341:
1322:
1270:
1247:
1220:
1164:
634:Stelae
480:Stelae
460:Cities
425:People
399:on the
348:pyrite
313:Kʼatun
231:Kʼatun
227:stelae
221:, and
117:Spouse
2190:Kings
2174:Xquic
2159:Tohil
2107:Ixtab
2017:God L
2007:Chaac
2002:Bacab
1934:Paris
1877:Winal
1852:Haabʼ
1771:Women
1731:Sites
1711:Music
1667:Trade
1657:Dance
1571:Petén
1288:(PDF)
1184:Mayab
1180:(PDF)
576:Petén
505:Dance
500:Music
495:Trade
362:Death
337:macaw
287:Reign
197:, an
129:Issue
61:Reign
2102:Chin
2097:Akna
2087:Acat
1862:Kʼin
1842:Ajaw
1815:Ajaw
1694:List
1339:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1299:2014
1268:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1162:ISBN
715:ajaw
641:ajaw
321:ajaw
309:ajaw
281:ajaw
264:ajaw
258:and
190:ajaw
101:Died
93:Born
51:King
31:Ajaw
2067:Mam
1867:Tun
1630:Art
738:at
700:at
676:'s
485:Art
268:ahk
193:of
53:of
2323::
1318:.
1314:.
1290:.
1266:.
1262:.
1243:.
1239:.
1216:.
1212:.
1201:20
1199:.
1188:11
1186:.
1182:.
1160:.
1156:.
1103:^
1052:^
1026:.
1004:.
957:^
943:.
932:^
893:^
866:^
843:^
792:^
755:^
663:.
331:,
217:,
1518:e
1511:t
1504:v
1415:e
1408:t
1401:v
1347:.
1328:.
1301:.
1276:.
1253:.
1226:.
1170:.
1086:.
927:.
826:.
704:(
622:e
615:t
608:v
303:.
174:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
