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instruction and learning environments to produce positive behaviors or decrease maladaptive behaviors. Although he did not refer to the tone as an antecedent, Pavlov was one of the first scientists to demonstrate the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. Pavlov systematically presented and withdrew stimuli to determine the antecedents that were eliciting responses, which is similar to the ways in which educational professionals conduct functional behavior assessments. Antecedent strategies are supported by empirical evidence to operate implicitly within classroom environments. Antecedent-based interventions are supported by research to be preventative, and to produce immediate reductions in problem behaviors.
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723:(TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock. This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference ... was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."
594:, claiming that Pavlov grew potatoes and carrots in his laboratory the article stated, "It is gratifying to be assured that Professor Pavlov is raising potatoes only as a pastime and still gives the best of his genius to scientific investigation". That same year, Pavlov began holding laboratory meetings known as the 'Wednesday meetings' at which he spoke frankly on many topics, including his views on psychology. These meetings lasted until he died in 1936.
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his experiments, his early contributions were primarily about learning in nonhuman animals. However, the fundamentals of classical conditioning have been examined across many different organisms, including humans. The basic underlying principles of Pavlov's classical conditioning have extended to a variety of settings, such as classrooms and learning environments.
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the food. If a buzzer or metronome was sounded before the food was given, the dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of the sound stimulus alone. Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the
Congress of Natural Sciences in
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derived four types based on these three properties. He extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and melancholic, updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type", respectively.
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first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas won him a prestigious university award. In 1875, Pavlov completed his course with an outstanding record and received the degree of
Candidate of Natural Sciences. Impelled by his overwhelming interest in physiology, Pavlov decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the
429:, a famous Russian clinician, invited the gifted young physiologist to work in the physiological laboratory as the clinic's chief. In 1879, Pavlov graduated from the Medical Military Academy with a gold medal award for his research work. After a competitive examination, Pavlov won a fellowship at the academy for postgraduate work.
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504:. He remained there from 1884 to 1886. Heidenhain was studying digestion in dogs, using an exteriorized section of the stomach. However, Pavlov perfected the technique by overcoming the problem of maintaining the external nerve supply. The exteriorized section became known as the Heidenhain or Pavlov pouch.
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Pavlov attended the Ryazan church school before entering the local theological seminary. In 1870, however, he left the seminary without graduating to attend the university at St. Petersburg. There he enrolled in the physics and math department and took natural science courses. In his fourth year, his
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asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever,
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serve as a historical backdrop for current learning theories. However, the
Russian physiologist's initial interest in classical conditioning occurred almost by accident during one of his experiments on digestion in dogs. Considering that Pavlov worked closely with nonhuman animals throughout many of
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Pavlov was always interested in biomarkers of temperament types described by
Hippocrates and Galen. He called these biomarkers "properties of nervous systems" and identified three main properties: (1) strength, (2) mobility of nervous processes and (3) a balance between excitation and inhibition and
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Over a 45-year period, under his direction, the institute became one of the most important centers of physiological research in the world. Pavlov continued to direct the
Department of Physiology at the institute, while taking up the chair of physiology at the Medical Military Academy in 1895. Pavlov
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The first nine years of their marriage were marred by financial problems; Pavlov and his wife often had to stay with others to have a home and, for a time, the two lived apart so that they could find hospitality. Although their poverty caused despair, material welfare was a secondary consideration.
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published similar research in 1902, a year before Pavlov published his. The concept was developed after observing the rates of salivation in dogs. Pavlov noticed that his dogs began to salivate in the presence of the technician who normally fed them, rather than simply salivating in the presence of
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In 1923, he stated that he would not sacrifice even the hind leg of a frog to the type of social experiment that the regime was conducting in Russia. Four years later he wrote to Stalin, protesting at what was being done to
Russian intellectuals and saying he was ashamed to be a Russian. After the
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practices, such as antecedent control. Antecedent events and conditions are defined as those conditions occurring before the behavior. Pavlov's early experiments used manipulation of events or stimuli preceding behavior (i.e., a tone) to produce salivation in dogs much like teachers manipulate
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Pavlov's laboratory housed a full-scale kennel for the experimental canines. Pavlov was interested in observing their long-term physiological processes. This required keeping them alive and healthy to conduct chronic experiments, as he called them. These were experiments over time, designed to
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Starting in 1901, Pavlov was nominated over four successive years for the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine. He did not win the prize until 1904 because his previous nominations were not specific to any discovery, but based on a variety of laboratory findings. When Pavlov received the
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Classical conditioning focuses on using preceding conditions to alter behavioral reactions. The principles underlying classical conditioning have influenced preventative antecedent control strategies used in the classroom. Classical conditioning set the groundwork for the present day
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Pavlov married
Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya on 1 May 1881. Seraphima, called Sara for short, was born in 1855. They had met in 1878 or 1879 when she went to St. Petersburg to study at the Pedagogical Institute. In her later years, she suffered from ill health and died in 1947.
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After some time, Pavlov obtained a position as a laboratory assistant to
Konstantin Nikolaevich Ustimovich at the physiological department of the Veterinary Institute. For two years, Pavlov investigated the circulatory system for his medical dissertation. In 1878, Professor
964:, however, said they had found "three additional references to Pavlov's use of a bell that strongly challenge Littman's argument". In reply, Littman suggested that Catania's recollection, that Pavlov did not use a bell in research, was "convincing ... and correct".
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priest. His mother, Varvara
Ivanovna Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a devoted homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play
390:; he devoted his summer vacations to these activities. Although able to read by the age of seven, Pavlov did not begin formal schooling until he was 11 years old, due to serious injuries he had sustained when falling from a high wall onto the stone pavement.
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Sara's first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. When she conceived again, the couple took precautions, and she safely gave birth to their first child, a boy whom they named Mirchik; Sara became deeply depressed following Mirchik's sudden death in childhood.
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Conscious until his final moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life. Pavlov died of
606:. Despite praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured in to support his laboratory, and the honours he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt with which he regarded Soviet Communism.
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and the basic principles on the trophic function of the nervous system. Additionally, his collaboration with the Botkin Clinic produced evidence of a basic pattern in the regulation of reflexes in the activity of circulatory organs.
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and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it.
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in Poland. He did not take up either post. In 1890, he was appointed the role of professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy and occupied the position for five years. In 1891, Pavlov was invited to the
887:. Pavlov's work with classical conditioning was of huge influence on how humans perceived themselves, their behavior and learning processes; his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern
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observed that "hether Pavlov's methods can be made to cover the whole of human behaviour is open to question, but at any rate they cover a very large field and within this field they have shown how to apply
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At the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov carried out his classical experiments on the digestive glands, which would eventually grant him the aforementioned Nobel prize. Pavlov investigated the
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The fellowship and his position as director of the Physiological Laboratory at Botkin's clinic enabled Pavlov to continue his research work. In 1883, he presented his doctor's thesis on the subject of
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405:, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the
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at the age of 86. He was given a grand funeral, and his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour. His grave is in the Literatorskie mostki (writers' footways) section of
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It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signalled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks,
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From his childhood days, Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research". Inspired by the progressive ideas which
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it was specified that he did so "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged".
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Stichter, Janine P.; Randolph, Jena K.; Kay, Denise; Gage, Nicholas (June 2009). "The Use of Structural Analysis to Develop Antecedent-based Interventions for Students with Autism".
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002).
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These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from nonhuman animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting
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cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his experiments. Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov's contemporaries
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understand the normal functions of dogs. This was a new kind of study, because previously experiments had been "acute", meaning that the dog underwent
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Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his research until he reached a considerable age. He was praised by
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Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. Pavlovian conditioning is a major theme in
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977:: Volume I – "Twenty-five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals", Volume II – "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry".
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criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally.
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was critical of Pavlov's work, raising concerns about the environment in which these experiments had been performed. Based on a report from
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between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the
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Pavlov and his wife eventually had four more children: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera. Their youngest son, Vsevolod, died of
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2009:
Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep
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839:", or what he called the "conditional reflex", which he developed jointly with his assistant Ivan Tolochinov in 1901;
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879:. The idea of "conditioning", as an automatic form of learning, became a key concept in the developing specialism of
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14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and
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Plaud, J. J.; Wolpe, J. (1997). "Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious".
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In 1886, Pavlov returned to Russia to look for a new position. His application for the chair of physiology at the
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in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
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Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurological sciences. Most of his work involved research in
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Kern, Lee; Clemens, Nathan H. (2007). "Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior".
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and in experimental and clinical settings, such as educational classrooms and even reducing phobias with
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1556:"Concerning The Conditions Ensuring The Research Work Of Academician I. P. Pavlov and his associates"
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Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of
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740:, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
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Windholz, George (1997). "Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work".
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Pavlov carried out experiments on the digestive glands, as well as investigated the
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would head the physiology department at the academy continuously for three decades.
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in 1903. Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th
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As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of
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Pavlov's Physiology Factory: Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise
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was rejected. Eventually, Pavlov was offered the chair of pharmacology at
421:. He left the department when de Cyon was replaced by another instructor.
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1704:(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 201–203.
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2220:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–54.
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was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death.
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in St. Petersburg to organize and direct the Department of Physiology.
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in 1904, becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A survey in the
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function of dogs, and later, homeless children, by externalizing a
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452:, a Russian physiologist, whom Pavlov described as "the father of
381:. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823–1899), was a village
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Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1985:. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 232 ff.
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Sheehy, Noel; Chapman, Antony J.; Conroy, Wendy A., eds. (2002).
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Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Ivan P. Pavlov: Toward a Scientific Psychology and Psychiatry
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Fourth Discontinuity: The Co-Evolution of Humans and Machines
1478:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 285.
1235:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov"
1772:. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. 15–17.
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Pavlov (right) and his granddaughter Milochka pictured with
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Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
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Windholz, George (1986). "Pavlov's Religious Orientation".
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883:, and the general approach to psychology that underlay it,
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Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of
1744:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 52–61.
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The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals
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Anrep, G. V. (1936). "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936".
971:
reviewed Pavlov's "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes" for
468:
Pavlov and his future wife, Seraphima Vasilievna, in 1880
5783:
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1936:
1740:
William Moore, J.; Manning, S. A.; Smith, W. I. (1978).
1708:
1653:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
2343:
Todes, D. P. (1997). "Pavlov's Physiological Factory".
2129:"Pavlov's dogs "dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell""
1827:
1424:
Science in the Early Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia
789:, elected an International Member of the United States
369:, Pavlov's former home, built in the early 19th century
5768:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1373:
1371:
787:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1907
2026:
1817:(Ninth ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
2448:
Institute of Experimental Medicine article on Pavlov
2319:
1323:
1024:
797:
in 1915, and elected an International Member of the
2149:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1368:
1288:
835:
The concept for which Pavlov is best known is the "
500:and Eimear Kelly in the Heidenhain laboratories in
2453:Link to a list of Pavlov's dogs with some pictures
2321:
1946:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1007) Pawlowia
649:For broader coverage of 'Pavlovian response', see
584:A 1921 article by Sergius Morgulis in the journal
2548:
1473:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
695:One of Pavlov's dogs with a surgically implanted
444:He was inspired to pursue a scientific career by
5719:
2512:including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1904
2240:
2126:
1924:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1441:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904"
1410:
1100:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1812:
1699:
488:After completing his doctorate, Pavlov went to
4540:
1641:, Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.
1166:
803:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
563:so he could collect, measure, and analyze the
373:Pavlov was born the first of ten children, in
5808:Members of the American Philosophical Society
5758:Educational theorists from the Russian Empire
4733:
4526:
2983:
2534:
2284:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
2117:, Psycoloquy Newsletter, Tuesday, 7 June 1994
1830:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
1474:Reagan, Leslie A.; et al., eds. (2007).
1435:
1433:
5788:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2243:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
1813:Alberto, Paul A.; Troutman, Anne C. (2013).
1498:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1132:
1130:
960:and John B. Watson. Roger K. Thomas, of the
1785:
1637:Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I and Popov, Y. (1963),
1553:
801:in 1932. He became a foreign member of the
356:
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4519:
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2976:
2541:
2527:
2507:
1430:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1009:in 1935, only one year before his father.
894:The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the
686:
88:
5833:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
5813:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2320:Firkin, Barry G.; J.A. Whitworth (1987).
2198:
2152:"Bekhterev and Watson Rang Pavlov's Bell"
2115:Query: Did Pavlov's Research Ring a Bell?
1668:
1273:
1127:
1012:Pavlov was an atheist. Pavlov's follower
793:in 1908, was awarded the Royal Society's
754:
730:function of dogs, and eventually won the
638:
614:in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to
5868:Saint Petersburg State University alumni
2279:
1942:
1821:
1763:
1761:
1700:Olson, M. H.; Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009).
1461:
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1255:
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690:
471:
463:
360:
30:For other people named Ivan Pavlov, see
5828:Nobel laureates from the Russian Empire
2172:
2080:
1806:
1781:
1779:
1714:
1702:An Introduction to Theories of Learning
1218:
598:Relationship with the Soviet government
549:
14:
5720:
2296:
2213:
2005:
1815:Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers
1742:Conditioning and Instrumental Learning
1621:, Yale University Press, pp. 122–123,
817:are named in his honour. The asteroid
732:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
5883:Physiologists from the Russian Empire
4721:
4514:
3003:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2971:
2522:
2491:Newspaper clippings about Ivan Pavlov
2342:
1980:
1767:
1758:
1715:Dougher, Michael J. (1 August 1999).
1693:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1088:
783:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
776:
483:
328:
232:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5773:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2282:I. P. Pavlov: His Life and Work
1776:
5843:Psychologists from Saint Petersburg
1922:"Ivan Petrovich Pavlow (1849–1936)"
621:
579:
507:
434:The centrifugal nerves of the heart
415:Imperial Academy of Medical Surgery
353:through his experiments with dogs.
24:
5818:Members of the Royal Irish Academy
2290:
1599:. Nobelprize.org. 10 December 1904
1085:
527:Institute of Experimental Medicine
330:[ɪˈvanpʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕˈpavləf]
206:
25:
5899:
5853:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
2388:
2090:. London: Routledge. p. 38.
279:Imperial Military Medical Academy
192:Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya
5873:Scientists from Saint Petersburg
5798:Human subject research in Russia
5753:Atheists from the Russian Empire
4949:
1554:Lenin, V.I. (11 February 1921).
1041:
1027:
1017:an atheist in my school years."
980:
670:The Work of the Digestive Glands
27:Russian physiologist (1849–1936)
4609:Institut de Droit International
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1074:Rostov State Medical University
958:Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev
910:with quantitative exactitude".
864:, where he read a paper titled
202:
5848:Recipients of the Copley Medal
4747:
1639:Psychopathology and Psychiatry
1305:
1261:
1249:
1147:
858:International Medical Congress
799:American Philosophical Society
536:
514:University of Saint Petersburg
407:University of Saint Petersburg
365:The Pavlov Memorial Museum in
13:
1:
5045:Industrial and organizational
2747:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
2482:Works by or about Ivan Pavlov
2324:Dictionary of Medical Eponyms
1981:Todes, Daniel Philip (2002).
1324:Todes, Daniel Philip (2002).
1079:
476:A 1935 portrait of Pavlov by
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
5286:Human factors and ergonomics
2433:Resources in other libraries
2414:Resources in other libraries
2150:Littman, Richard A. (1994).
1770:Basic Principles of Learning
1657:Review of General Psychology
1597:"1904 Nobel prize laureates"
1289:Cavendish, Richard. (2011).
791:National Academy of Sciences
737:Review of General Psychology
576:which ultimately killed it.
32:Ivan Pavlov (disambiguation)
7:
4095:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2835:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
2495:20th Century Press Archives
2299:From Darwin to behaviourism
1983:Pavlov's Physiology Factory
1330:. JHU Press. pp. 50–.
1020:
896:Russian Academy of Sciences
827:were also named after him.
349:known for his discovery of
159:Saint Petersburg University
10:
5904:
5743:20th-century psychologists
5738:19th-century psychologists
2303:Cambridge University Press
2272:
2041:10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966
1951:Springer Berlin Heidelberg
1943:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007).
1717:Clinical Behavior Analysis
1525:10.1126/science.53.1360.74
1476:Medicine's moving pictures
1404:10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.941
967:In 1964, the psychologist
845:University of Pennsylvania
785:in 1904. He was elected a
749:systematic desensitization
666:involuntary reflex actions
648:
642:
409:to study natural science.
37:In this name that follows
36:
29:
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3292:Charles Scott Sherrington
3268:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3230:
3009:
2771:Charles Scott Sherrington
2763:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2557:
2428:Resources in your library
2409:Resources in your library
2127:Thomas, Roger K. (1994).
1842:10.1007/s10803-009-0693-8
1788:Psychology in the Schools
1679:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
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341:; 26 September [
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94:Pavlov in his later years
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64:
4282:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2779:Charles Algernon Parsons
2470:Ivan Pavlov and his dogs
2328:. Parthenon Publishing.
2280:Asratyan, E. A. (1953).
2191:10.1136/bmj.2.5401.111-b
1768:Tarpy, Roger M. (1975).
1159:14 November 2012 at the
721:transmarginal inhibition
707:in the Pavlov Museum in
436:and posited the idea of
357:Education and early life
79:
5793:History of neuroscience
5251:Behavioral neuroscience
4815:Behavioral neuroscience
2514:Physiology of Digestion
2458:Commentary on Pavlov's
2297:Boakes, Robert (1984).
2173:Eysenck, H. J. (1964).
2014:Oxford University Press
1617:Mazlish, Bruce (1995),
1142:Encyclopædia Britannica
781:Pavlov was awarded the
759:The basics of Pavlov's
687:Nervous system research
5301:Psychology of religion
5241:Behavioral engineering
5178:Human subject research
4834:Cognitive neuroscience
4800:Affective neuroscience
4661:Nobel Prize recipients
4638:Physiology or Medicine
3063:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
2907:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
2691:Pierre Paul Émile Roux
2465:50 Psychology Classics
2087:The Scientific Outlook
2006:Pavlov, I. P. (1927).
1576:Learning and Behaviour
1291:"Death of Ivan Pavlov"
1113:10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001
994:
881:comparative psychology
761:classical conditioning
755:Classical conditioning
712:
651:Classical conditioning
639:Reflex system research
520:in Siberia and at the
492:, where he studied in
480:
469:
370:
351:classical conditioning
178:Classical conditioning
5677:Wiktionary definition
5213:Self-report inventory
5208:Quantitative research
3564:Dickinson W. Richards
3248:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
2715:Horace Tabberer Brown
2619:Alfred Russel Wallace
2214:Babkin, B.P. (1949).
2067:13 March 2015 at the
2029:American Psychologist
1578:. Wadsworth Pub. Co.
1574:Chance, Paul (1988).
1499:Morgulis, S. (1921).
1392:American Psychologist
1182:Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
988:
962:University of Georgia
821:and the lunar crater
770:behavior modification
694:
643:Further information:
475:
467:
364:
309:Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
18:Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
5888:Soviet psychologists
5878:Soviet physiologists
5203:Qualitative research
5158:Behavior epigenetics
3987:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3348:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2923:Edgar Douglas Adrian
2563:Josiah Willard Gibbs
2460:Conditioned Reflexes
1901:search.amphilsoc.org
1897:"APS Member History"
901:British philosopher
550:Studies of digestion
522:University of Warsaw
322:Иван Петрович Павлов
5682:Wiktionary category
5246:Behavioral genetics
5218:Statistical surveys
5075:Occupational health
4810:Behavioral genetics
4379:William C. Campbell
4290:Elizabeth Blackburn
4127:Robert F. Furchgott
4119:Stanley B. Prusiner
4111:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4011:George H. Hitchings
3975:Joseph L. Goldstein
3935:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3764:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2795:William Henry Bragg
2627:George William Hill
2611:Albert A. Michelson
2217:Pavlov, A Biography
2175:"Pavlov's Writings"
2111:Catania, A. Charles
1517:1921Sci....53Q..74M
1154:The memorial estate
635:in St. Petersburg.
5858:Russian scientists
5838:People from Ryazan
5654:Schools of thought
5557:Richard E. Nisbett
5437:Donald T. Campbell
5115:Sport and exercise
4439:William Kaelin Jr.
4435:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4178:Leland H. Hartwell
4067:Richard J. Roberts
3947:Barbara McClintock
3891:Godfrey Hounsfield
3792:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3724:Marshall Nirenberg
3692:Charles B. Huggins
3481:Tadeusz Reichstein
3469:António Egas Moniz
3264:Christiaan Eijkman
2867:Thomas Hunt Morgan
2851:Henry Hallett Dale
2827:John Scott Haldane
2811:George Ellery Hale
2506:on Nobelprize.org
1800:10.1002/pits.20206
1501:"Professor Pavlov"
1069:Orienting response
995:
954:A. Charles Catania
908:scientific methods
837:conditioned reflex
819:1007 Pawlowia
777:Awards and honours
745:behavior therapies
713:
616:Vyacheslav Molotov
484:Studies in Germany
481:
470:
401:of the 1860s, and
371:
171:Founder of modern
118:Ryazan Governorate
5715:
5714:
5692:Wikimedia Commons
5619:Counseling topics
5582:Ronald C. Kessler
5572:Shelley E. Taylor
5497:Lawrence Kohlberg
5472:Stanley Schachter
5271:Consumer behavior
5153:Archival research
4921:Psycholinguistics
4805:Affective science
4715:
4714:
4508:
4507:
4473:Ardem Patapoutian
4322:Ralph M. Steinman
4318:Jules A. Hoffmann
4306:Robert G. Edwards
4274:Harald zur Hausen
4198:H. Robert Horvitz
4099:Eric F. Wieschaus
4035:E. Donnall Thomas
4019:J. Michael Bishop
4007:Gertrude B. Elion
3879:Hamilton O. Smith
3804:Christian de Duve
3540:Frederick Robbins
3417:Alexander Fleming
3356:Corneille Heymans
3202:Frederick Banting
3107:Allvar Gullstrand
2965:
2964:
2731:Ernest Rutherford
2550:Copley Medallists
2395:Library resources
2335:978-1-85070-333-4
2312:978-0-521-23512-9
2227:978-1-4067-4397-5
2082:Russell, Bertrand
1992:978-0-8018-6690-6
1960:978-3-540-00238-3
1876:www.nasonline.org
1751:978-0-07-042902-4
1719:. Context Press.
1485:978-1-58046-234-1
1337:978-0-8018-6690-6
1191:978-0-415-28561-2
1049:Psychology portal
1007:pancreatic cancer
934:Gravity's Rainbow
841:Edwin B. Twitmyer
815:Pavlov's typology
811:Pavlovian session
306:
305:
285:Doctoral students
255:Scientific career
110:26 September 1849
16:(Redirected from
5895:
5863:Russian atheists
5649:Research methods
5592:Richard Davidson
5587:Joseph E. LeDoux
5462:George A. Miller
5452:David McClelland
5447:Herbert A. Simon
5347:Edward Thorndike
5168:Content analysis
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1035:Biography portal
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903:Bertrand Russell
889:behavior therapy
681:digestive system
633:Volkovo Cemetery
629:double pneumonia
622:Death and burial
580:Other activities
518:Tomsk University
508:Return to Russia
478:Mikhail Nesterov
383:Russian Orthodox
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5527:Daniel Kahneman
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4231:
4219:
4214:Peter Mansfield
4207:
4202:John E. Sulston
4191:
4175:
4164:
4148:
4140:
4124:
4116:
4104:
4091:Edward B. Lewis
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4016:
4000:
3995:Susumu Tonegawa
3992:
3980:
3968:
3952:
3944:
3928:
3912:
3896:
3884:
3868:
3855:Roger Guillemin
3852:
3847:Daniel Gajdusek
3843:Baruch Blumberg
3840:
3829:
3820:Renato Dulbecco
3816:David Baltimore
3813:
3797:
3784:Karl von Frisch
3781:
3769:
3761:
3745:
3729:
3713:
3704:Haldan Hartline
3697:
3685:
3669:
3657:
3641:
3636:Maurice Wilkins
3625:
3617:
3605:
3600:Arthur Kornberg
3593:
3577:
3569:
3553:
3545:
3529:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3490:
3474:
3462:
3454:
3438:
3430:
3414:
3405:Joseph Erlanger
3402:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3333:
3325:
3309:
3301:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3261:
3256:Charles Nicolle
3253:
3245:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3099:Albrecht Kossel
3096:
3088:
3076:
3068:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3005:
2996:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2899:Joseph Barcroft
2897:
2891:Robert Robinson
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2803:Arthur Schuster
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2755:Albert Einstein
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2707:William Bayliss
2705:
2699:Hendrik Lorentz
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2587:William Crookes
2585:
2577:
2569:
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2439:
2438:
2437:
2419:
2418:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2336:
2313:
2293:
2291:Further reading
2288:
2275:
2270:
2255:10.2307/1386296
2239:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2171:
2167:
2148:
2144:
2125:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2079:
2075:
2069:Wayback Machine
2060:
2056:
2025:
2021:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1941:
1937:
1927:
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1920:
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1670:10.1.1.586.1913
1649:
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1612:
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1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1573:
1569:
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1493:
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1472:
1468:
1462:Asratyan (1953)
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1422:"Ivan Pavlov".
1421:
1420:
1411:
1388:
1384:
1378:Asratyan (1953)
1376:
1369:
1363:Asratyan (1953)
1361:
1357:
1351:Asratyan (1953)
1349:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1314:, pp. 9–11
1312:Asratyan (1953)
1310:
1306:
1287:
1274:
1268:Asratyan (1953)
1266:
1262:
1256:Asratyan (1953)
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1178:
1167:
1163:About the house
1161:Wayback Machine
1152:
1148:
1135:
1128:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1064:Georgii Zeliony
1047:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
983:
927:(1932), and in
924:Brave New World
833:
779:
757:
689:
654:
647:
641:
624:
600:
582:
552:
539:
510:
486:
462:
399:literary critic
359:
334:
333:
325:
312:
249:
212:
200:
196:
193:
182:
155:Alma mater
150:
137:
133:
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111:
105:
103:
95:
83:
80:
74:
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67:
58:
35:
28:
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11:
5:
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5606:
5604:
5602:Roy Baumeister
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5537:Michael Posner
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:Elliot Aronson
5519:
5517:Walter Mischel
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5482:Albert Bandura
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5457:Leon Festinger
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5427:Neal E. Miller
5424:
5422:Abraham Maslow
5419:
5414:
5409:
5407:Ernest Hilgard
5404:
5402:Donald O. Hebb
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:J. P. Guilford
5379:
5377:Gordon Allport
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5357:John B. Watson
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5309:
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5150:
5148:Animal testing
5144:
5142:
5136:
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5132:
5127:
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5112:
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4908:
4903:
4898:
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4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Cross-cultural
4848:
4843:
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4822:
4817:
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4802:
4797:
4791:
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4777:
4772:
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4756:
4753:
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4709:
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4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4590:José Echegaray
4587:
4580:
4578:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4560:William Ramsay
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4495:Katalin Karikó
4487:
4476:
4461:
4442:
4426:
4414:
4398:
4390:
4374:
4358:
4351:Randy Schekman
4342:
4330:
4309:
4301:
4285:
4278:Luc Montagnier
4269:
4258:Mario Capecchi
4253:
4241:
4234:Barry Marshall
4229:
4217:
4210:Paul Lauterbur
4205:
4194:Sydney Brenner
4189:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:Paul Greengard
4151:Arvid Carlsson
4146:
4138:
4122:
4114:
4102:
4086:
4083:Martin Rodbell
4074:
4062:
4059:Edwin G. Krebs
4055:Edmond Fischer
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4003:James W. Black
3998:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3963:César Milstein
3959:Georges Köhler
3950:
3942:
3931:Sune Bergström
3926:
3923:Torsten Wiesel
3919:David H. Hubel
3910:
3894:
3882:
3875:Daniel Nathans
3866:
3859:Andrew Schally
3850:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3811:
3795:
3779:
3772:Gerald Edelman
3767:
3759:
3756:Julius Axelrod
3743:
3740:Salvador Luria
3736:Alfred Hershey
3727:
3711:
3695:
3683:
3672:François Jacob
3667:
3655:
3639:
3623:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3575:
3567:
3556:André Cournand
3551:
3543:
3527:
3515:
3512:Selman Waksman
3507:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3477:Edward Kendall
3472:
3460:
3452:
3436:
3433:Hermann Muller
3428:
3412:
3409:Herbert Gasser
3400:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3364:Gerhard Domagk
3359:
3351:
3343:
3331:
3323:
3320:William Murphy
3312:George Whipple
3307:
3299:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3197:
3190:Archibald Hill
3185:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3123:Charles Richet
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3074:
3066:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:James Chadwick
2951:
2943:
2939:Archibald Hill
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2819:Theobald Smith
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2635:Francis Galton
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2501:
2488:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:By Ivan Pavlov
2420:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:External links
2387:
2386:
2385:
2357:10.1086/383690
2351:(2): 205–246.
2340:
2334:
2317:
2311:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2233:
2226:
2206:
2165:
2142:
2119:
2103:
2096:
2073:
2054:
2035:(9): 966–972.
2019:
2016:. p. 142.
1998:
1991:
1973:
1959:
1953:. p. 87.
1935:
1913:
1888:
1863:
1836:(6): 883–896.
1820:
1805:
1775:
1757:
1750:
1732:
1725:
1707:
1692:
1663:(2): 139–152.
1643:
1630:
1610:
1588:
1567:
1546:
1491:
1484:
1466:
1454:
1429:
1409:
1398:(9): 941–946.
1382:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1336:
1316:
1304:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1217:
1190:
1165:
1146:
1126:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1022:
1019:
982:
979:
929:Thomas Pynchon
873:John B. Watson
832:
829:
778:
775:
756:
753:
688:
685:
640:
637:
623:
620:
599:
596:
581:
578:
561:salivary gland
551:
548:
538:
535:
509:
506:
485:
482:
461:
458:
450:I. M. Sechenov
419:Elias von Cyon
395:Dmitry Pisarev
379:Russian Empire
358:
355:
304:
303:
300:
299:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
262:
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218:
214:
213:
198:
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188:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
168:
166:
165:Known for
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
136:(aged 86)
130:
126:
125:
122:Russian Empire
112:
101:
97:
96:
93:
85:
84:
76:
75:
68:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5900:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Psychologists
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Organizations
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:John Anderson
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Ulric Neisser
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Endel Tulving
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Robert Zajonc
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Jerome Bruner
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:B. F. Skinner
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Clark L. Hull
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Sigmund Freud
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:William James
5330:
5328:
5327:Wilhelm Wundt
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:Psychologists
5315:
5307:
5306:Psychometrics
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:Consciousness
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Psychophysics
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5140:Methodologies
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Psychotherapy
5098:
5096:
5095:Psychometrics
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
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5056:
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5028:
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5018:
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5011:
5008:
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4991:
4988:
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4919:
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4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
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4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Developmental
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
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4776:
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4754:
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4708:
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4700:
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4695:
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4688:
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4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4627:Lord Rayleigh
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4588:
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4579:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
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4549:
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4531:
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4524:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4500:
4499:Drew Weissman
4496:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4383:Satoshi Ōmura
4380:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:James Rothman
4343:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4314:Bruce Beutler
4310:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4226:Linda B. Buck
4223:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4143:Günter Blobel
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:Louis Ignarro
4128:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4071:Phillip Sharp
4068:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:Joseph Murray
4027:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3983:Stanley Cohen
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:Michael Brown
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3887:Allan Cormack
3883:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3863:Rosalyn Yalow
3860:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3808:George Palade
3805:
3801:
3800:Albert Claude
3796:
3793:
3789:
3788:Konrad Lorenz
3785:
3780:
3777:
3776:Rodney Porter
3773:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:Ulf von Euler
3749:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:Ragnar Granit
3696:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3680:Jacques Monod
3677:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3652:Andrew Huxley
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:Francis Crick
3624:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3612:Peter Medawar
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:George Beadle
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3548:Hugo Theorell
3544:
3541:
3537:
3536:Thomas Weller
3533:
3528:
3525:
3524:Fritz Lipmann
3521:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3425:Howard Florey
3422:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3304:Thomas Morgan
3300:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3194:Otto Meyerhof
3191:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3131:Róbert Bárány
3127:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3115:Alexis Carrel
3111:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3059:Camillo Golgi
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:Paul Langevin
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:Joseph Larmor
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:J. J. Thomson
2664:
2660:
2659:Ray Lankester
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:George Darwin
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Joseph Lister
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2301:. Cambridge:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:(3): 320–27.
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:(5401): 111.
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2097:0-415-24996-1
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1923:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1726:1-878978-38-1
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:0-300-06512-4
1624:
1620:
1614:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1584:0-534-08508-3
1581:
1577:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1295:History Today
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1184:. Routledge.
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
992:
987:
981:Personal life
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:
920:
916:
915:Aldous Huxley
911:
909:
904:
899:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:B. F. Skinner
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
774:
771:
765:
762:
752:
750:
746:
741:
739:
738:
733:
729:
724:
722:
717:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
684:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
646:
636:
634:
630:
619:
617:
613:
607:
605:
595:
593:
589:
588:
577:
575:
569:
566:
562:
558:
547:
545:
534:
530:
528:
523:
519:
515:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
479:
474:
466:
457:
455:
451:
447:
446:D. I. Pisarev
442:
439:
435:
430:
428:
422:
420:
416:
410:
408:
404:
403:Ivan Sechenov
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
380:
376:
368:
363:
354:
352:
348:
344:
337:
331:
319:
315:
310:
301:
298:
294:
290:
289:Pyotr Anokhin
287:
283:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
189:
185:
179:
176:
174:
170:
169:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
102:
98:
91:
86:
77:
72:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49: and the
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5552:Larry Squire
5547:Bruce McEwen
5542:Amos Tversky
5512:Jerome Kagan
5502:Noam Chomsky
5442:Hans Eysenck
5412:Harry Harlow
5392:Erik Erikson
5336:
5291:Intelligence
5188:Neuroimaging
4931:Quantitative
4896:Mathematical
4891:Intelligence
4881:Experimental
4876:Evolutionary
4866:Differential
4775:Psychologist
4681:
4645:
4484:Svante Pääbo
4469:David Julius
4423:Tasuku Honjo
4371:Edvard Moser
4363:John O'Keefe
4326:posthumously
4325:
4262:Martin Evans
4238:Robin Warren
4222:Richard Axel
4169:2001–present
4047:Bert Sakmann
3915:Roger Sperry
3907:George Snell
3903:Jean Dausset
3871:Werner Arber
3824:Howard Temin
3748:Bernard Katz
3732:Max Delbrück
3688:Francis Rous
3664:Feodor Lynen
3660:Konrad Bloch
3648:Alan Hodgkin
3632:James Watson
3608:Frank Burnet
3596:Severo Ochoa
3584:Edward Tatum
3572:Daniel Bovet
3485:Philip Hench
3397:Edward Doisy
3328:Hans Spemann
3316:George Minot
3296:Edgar Adrian
3284:Otto Warburg
3206:John Macleod
3175:August Krogh
3167:Jules Bordet
3083:Paul Ehrlich
3042:
3035:Niels Finsen
3019:Emil Behring
2915:Oswald Avery
2883:Thomas Lewis
2843:Arthur Evans
2674:
2579:Eduard Suess
2513:
2475:
2464:
2459:
2421:
2399:
2348:
2344:
2323:
2298:
2281:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2216:
2209:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2086:
2076:
2057:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2008:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1945:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1794:(1): 65–75.
1791:
1787:
1769:
1741:
1735:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1618:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1591:
1575:
1570:
1559:
1549:
1511:(1360): 74.
1508:
1504:
1494:
1475:
1469:
1464:, p. 18
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1423:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1365:, p. 13
1358:
1353:, p. 12
1346:
1326:
1319:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1263:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1237:. Nobelmedia
1181:
1149:
1140:
1104:
1098:
1059:Brainwashing
1011:
1004:
1000:
996:
972:
969:Hans Eysenck
966:
950:tuning forks
939:
932:
922:
912:
900:
893:
870:
865:
849:Philadelphia
834:
822:
807:Pavlov's dog
795:Copley Medal
780:
766:
758:
742:
735:
725:
718:
714:
674:
669:
662:conditioning
655:
625:
612:Sergei Kirov
608:
601:
585:
583:
570:
553:
540:
531:
511:
487:
443:
437:
433:
431:
427:S. P. Botkin
423:
411:
397:, a Russian
392:
372:
347:physiologist
308:
307:
293:Boris Babkin
275:Institutions
254:
244:Copley Medal
148:Soviet Union
144:Russian SFSR
134:(1936-02-27)
59:
54:
46:
5763:Ethologists
5733:1936 deaths
5728:1849 births
5624:Disciplines
5597:Susan Fiske
5487:Roger Brown
5387:Carl Rogers
5372:Jean Piaget
5337:Ivan Pavlov
5193:Observation
5173:Experiments
5120:Suicidology
5015:Educational
4970:Anomalistic
4941:Theoretical
4916:Personality
4846:Comparative
4829:Cognitivism
4820:Behaviorism
4646:Ivan Pavlov
4543:Nobel Prize
4335:John Gurdon
4250:Craig Mello
4246:Andrew Fire
4159:Eric Kandel
4135:Ferid Murad
4043:Erwin Neher
3955:Niels Jerne
3720:Har Khorana
3708:George Wald
3676:André Lwoff
3644:John Eccles
3532:John Enders
3504:Max Theiler
3465:Walter Hess
3457:Paul Müller
3421:Ernst Chain
3091:Emil Kocher
3051:Robert Koch
3043:Ivan Pavlov
3027:Ronald Ross
2931:G. H. Hardy
2739:Horace Lamb
2683:James Dewar
2675:Ivan Pavlov
2651:Felix Klein
2552:(1901–1950)
2504:Ivan Pavlov
2443:PBS article
2400:Ivan Pavlov
2071:. infran.ru
1270:, p. 9
1258:, p. 8
1208:|work=
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1107:(5): 1–18.
1014:E. M. Kreps
991:H. G. Wells
885:behaviorism
699:to measure
658:temperament
592:H. G. Wells
574:vivisection
544:Nobel Prize
537:Nobel Prize
498:Carl Ludwig
297:Leon Orbeli
81:Иван Павлов
66:Ivan Pavlov
51:family name
5803:Lamarckism
5722:Categories
5687:Wikisource
5532:Paul Ekman
5367:Kurt Lewin
5261:Competence
5183:Interviews
5163:Case study
5040:Humanistic
5020:Ergonomics
5005:Counseling
4980:Assessment
4962:psychology
4911:Perception
4871:Ecological
4787:psychology
4765:Philosophy
4749:Psychology
4571:Literature
4186:Paul Nurse
3520:Hans Krebs
3445:Gerty Cori
3393:Henrik Dam
3340:Otto Loewi
3336:Henry Dale
2859:Niels Bohr
2787:Max Planck
2156:Psycoloquy
2133:Psycoloquy
2012:. London:
1966:10 January
1447:28 January
1241:2 February
1080:References
946:metronomes
701:salivation
610:murder of
454:physiology
269:psychology
265:Physiology
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43:patronymic
5707:Wikibooks
5697:Wikiquote
5567:Ed Diener
5352:Carl Jung
5256:Cognition
5085:Political
4995:Community
4825:Cognitive
4552:Chemistry
4545:laureates
4387:Tu Youyou
3939:John Vane
3834:1976–2000
3495:1951–1975
3441:Carl Cori
3231:1926–1950
3010:1901–1925
2999:Laureates
1687:145668721
1665:CiteSeerX
1210:ignored (
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4795:Abnormal
4648:(Russia)
4586:(France)
4182:Tim Hunt
2381:19598834
2113:(1994);
2084:(2001).
2065:Archived
1858:31417515
1850:19191017
1603:15 April
1586:. p. 48.
1561:Izvestia
1541:29949004
1533:17790056
1157:Archived
1021:See also
942:whistles
937:(1973).
854:Helsinki
711:, Russia
677:fistulas
238:ForMemRS
217:Children
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5634:Outline
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1906:27 June
1881:27 June
1513:Bibcode
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809:, the
709:Ryazan
645:Reflex
565:saliva
460:Career
438:nerves
375:Ryazan
367:Ryazan
261:Fields
246:(1915)
240:(1907)
234:(1904)
225:Awards
205:
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41:, the
5611:Lists
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4682:1904
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