457:
182:
346:
51:
523:
436:
33:
1581:
571:
related to type VI secretion amidase effector (tae) genes in certain bacteria which encode toxins honed to mediate interbacterial antagonism. Once transferred to eukaryotes tae genes confer novel antibacterial capabilities; this provides a selective advantage to the tick and to other eukaryotes also:
390:
has a 2-year life cycle, during which time it passes through three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. The tick must take a blood meal at each stage before maturing to the next. Deer tick females latch onto a host and drink its blood for 4–5 days. Deer are the preferred host of the adult deer tick, but
449:
1440:
Seemay Chou; Matthew D. Daugherty; S. Brook
Peterson; Jacob Biboy; Youyun Yang; Brandon L. Jutras; Lillian K. Fritz-Laylin; Michael A. Ferrin; Brittany N. Harding; Christine Jacobs-Wagner; X. Frank Yang; Waldemar Vollmer; Harmit S. Malik; Joseph D. Mougous (2014).
475:
in North
America. The CDC reported over 30,000 new cases of the disease in 2016 alone, the majority of which were contracted in the summer months, which is when ticks are most likely to bite humans. While adult deer ticks are more likely to carry and transmit
379:, are shorter than those of the female. Adult female deer ticks are approximately 3 to 4 mm long, and may engorge while feeding, while adult males are 2 to 3 mm long and cannot engorge due to the rigidity of their scutum, which covers the entire male body.
362:
has eight legs, while larvae have six. Unlike ticks from other genera, deer ticks do not have eyes. The scutum is dark, inornate (plain), and, in unfed females, contrasts with the exposed orange or red remainder of the
576:
have inherited the dae 2 family from a common ancestor between ticks and mites. The product of dae2 expression has been shown to degrade bacterial peptidoglycan of different species and particularly from
1607:
567:
vector relies on its ability to limit the proliferation of the spirochaete. This is due to the activity of domesticated amidase effector (dae) genes. Dae genes are a family of
1679:
538:'s emerging infectious diseases department did a study in rural New Jersey of 100 ticks, and found 55% of the ticks were infected with at least one of the pathogens.
593:
levels after its acquisition. This has potential ramifications for Lyme disease transmission, as spirochaete load in the tick can influence transmission efficiency.
793:. Photographs by Michael R. Patnaude, web design by Kay Weigel. University of Florida Entomology & Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
530:
Co-infections complicate Lyme symptoms, especially diagnosis and treatment. It is possible for a tick to carry and transmit one of the co-infections and not
375:
ticks have an anal groove that resembles a horseshoe on their underside anterior to the anal pore. The palps of male deer ticks, part of the mouthparts or
1672:
1511:
Crispell, Gary; Commins, Scott P.; Archer-Hartman, Stephanie A.; Choudhary, Shailesh; Dharmarajan, Guha; Azadi, Parastoo; Karim, Shahid (17 May 2019).
898:
Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Hanincová K, Barker IK, Bigras-Poulin M, Charron DF, Heagy A, Francis CM, O'Callaghan CJ, Schwartz I, Thompson RA (2008).
519:(HGA), respectively. Among early Lyme disease patients, depending on their location, 2%–12% will also have HGA and 2%–40% will have babesiosis.
2355:
1665:
618:
1894:
1628:
403:. The following spring, the female lays several hundred to a few thousand eggs in clusters. Transtadial (between tick stages) passage of
975:
2303:
723:
342:. It is also known to parasitize mice, lizards, migratory birds, etc. especially while the tick is in the larval or nymphal stage.
2329:
424:, as daytime temperatures can warm it enough to keep it actively searching for a host. In the spring, it can be one of the first
2334:
1948:
1173:
758:
1493:
2401:
1864:
1642:
2411:
2277:
1611:
2416:
1739:
1127:
2295:
2360:
1735:
1345:
1308:
583:, but does not limit initial acquisition of the bacterium by the tick. Dae2 contributes to the innate ability of
516:
327:
1874:
1743:
1634:
1513:"Discovery of Alpha-Gal-Containing Antigens in North American Tick Species Believed to Induce Red Meat Allergy"
859:
Levine, J. F.; Apperson, C. S.; Howard, P; Washburn, M; Braswell, A. L. (1997). "Lizards as hosts for immature
572:
tae genes have been transferred from bacteria to eukaryotes at least in six independent events. In particular,
1799:
597:
1596:
1778:
1390:
1638:, black-legged tick, deer tick overview as a vector for Lyme disease, developmental stages at MetaPathogen
1006:
Thivierge, Karine; Cecan, Alexandra; Saint-Pierre, Dominique; Bertrand, Vicky; Germain, Geneviève (2024).
974:
Thivierge, Karine; Cecan, Alexandra; Saint-Pierre, Dominique; Bertrand, Vicky; Germain, Geneviève (2024).
314:
found in the eastern and northern
Midwest of the United States as well as in southeastern Canada. It is a
2217:
2212:
2203:
1809:
1758:
535:
1617:
1036:
Thevanayagam, Sharavanan (2012). Liere, Heidi; Marino, John; OConnor, Barry; Mulcrone, Renee (eds.).
690:
507:
600:
in the tick, and they have suggested that it may also be involved in the onset of red meat allergy (
2406:
2143:
1768:
1763:
812:
Mannelli, A; Kitron, U; Jones, C. J.; Slajchert, T. L. (1994). "Influence of season and habitat on
782:
568:
50:
2347:
1904:
1879:
2165:
2039:
1884:
2032:
2010:
1889:
1624:
1165:
1007:
468:
315:
155:
2373:
2251:
2125:
2111:
2003:
1996:
1899:
1869:
1439:
1099:
923:
589:
578:
495:
405:
1037:
8:
2118:
1914:
1859:
1704:
1561:
391:
it is also known to feed on small rodents. After she is engorged, the tick drops off and
1586:
1280:
927:
1688:
1657:
1539:
1512:
1469:
1443:"Transferred interbacterial antagonism genes augment eukaryotic innate immune function"
1442:
1412:
1381:
1217:
1190:
944:
899:
833:
553:
489:
189:
45:
1072:
2368:
2238:
2068:
1943:
1726:
1544:
1474:
1417:
1362:
1325:
1222:
1169:
949:
880:
841:
754:
601:
339:
1154:
2243:
2075:
2061:
1968:
1534:
1524:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1407:
1399:
1354:
1317:
1265:
1212:
1204:
939:
931:
872:
825:
750:
298:
976:"Detailed description of the Ixodes scapularis, or black-legged tick or deer tick"
302:, which is found on the west coast of the US), and in some parts of the US as the
2396:
1841:
1651:
1161:
1105:. Purdue Extension Public Health Department of Entomology. Publication ID E-243-W
695:
501:
1321:
625:
456:
2290:
2188:
2082:
1938:
1773:
876:
781:
Patnaude, Michael R.; Mather, Thomas N. (December 2014) . Rhodes, Elena (ed.).
666:
331:
1208:
376:
345:
181:
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1854:
1819:
1713:
1529:
1240:
522:
392:
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364:
2101:
1849:
1804:
1753:
1731:
1721:
1548:
1478:
1403:
1366:
1329:
1226:
953:
472:
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400:
335:
319:
1421:
1131:
884:
845:
435:
368:
2342:
2316:
2197:
2022:
1791:
1358:
935:
643:
549:
480:, it is more common for the hard-to-spot nymphal stage to infect humans.
396:
92:
1460:
310:
until it was shown to be the same species in 1993. It is a hard-bodied
2308:
2230:
1922:
837:
656:
512:
499:
to humans can also carry and transmit several other parasites, such as
429:
323:
171:
1510:
1494:"How some ticks protect themselves from deadly bacteria on human skin"
714:
2321:
2264:
1986:
1827:
1195:
552:
to ticks. Ticks acquire Lyme disease microbes by feeding on infected
82:
62:
2159:
1343:
G. P. Wormser (June 2006). "Clinical practice. Early Lyme disease".
829:
2269:
2225:
2182:
122:
102:
1005:
973:
32:
1189:
Brownstein, John S.; Holford, Theodore R.; Fish, Durland (2005).
428:
to become active. Deer ticks can be quite numerous and seemingly
1191:"Effect of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Risk in North America"
900:"Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of
2256:
2051:
633:
132:
72:
421:
858:
816:
infestation on white-footed mice in northwestern
Illinois".
811:
334:, etc.) and is known as the deer tick owing to its habit of
897:
448:
311:
112:
1654:
on the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
1687:
1100:"THE BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF TICKS IN INDIANA"
1098:
Hill, Catherine A.; MacDonald, John F. (August 2013).
1188:
1491:
1379:
534:, making diagnosis difficult and often elusive. The
409:
is common. Vertical passage (from mother to egg) of
318:
for several diseases of animals, including humans (
1153:
1031:
1029:
296:(although some people reserve the latter term for
2388:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1026:
969:
967:
965:
963:
780:
776:
774:
772:
770:
1673:
1614:from the National Pest Management Association
1342:
1097:
1012:Institut national de santé publique du Québec
980:Institut national de santé publique du Québec
556:and other small rodents as nymphs or larvae.
541:Deer, the preferred mammalian hosts of adult
1336:
1299:
1059:
1035:
1001:
999:
997:
960:
1895:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
1373:
1151:
1122:
1120:
767:
460:3D rendering of a male and female deer tick
1680:
1666:
1608:Information on Tick-Related Health Threats
1241:"Lyme disease graphs | Lyme Disease | CDC"
1182:
180:
31:
1538:
1528:
1492:Erin Garcia de Jesus (10 December 2020).
1468:
1411:
1305:
1266:"Transmission of Lyme disease | CDC"
1216:
994:
943:
1504:
1117:
1079:. Curators of the University of Missouri
1070:
744:
724:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
521:
455:
447:
434:
420:is hardy. It can be active after a hard
344:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1382:"Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in
1380:Varde S, Beckley J, Schwartz I (1998).
1306:Steere AC (July 2001). "Lyme disease".
738:
2389:
1281:"New Tick-Borne Disease Is Discovered"
1278:
1145:
916:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
863:(Acari: Ixodidae) in North Carolina".
749:(3rd ed.). Berkeley, California:
2164:
2163:
1949:Southern tick-associated rash illness
1661:
1428:
1279:McNeil, Donald (19 September 2011).
1152:Suzuki, David; Grady, Wayne (2004).
1071:Houseman, Richard M. (August 2013).
1008:"Other tick species found in Québec"
747:Ticks and What You Can Do about Them
607:
443:
13:
596:A recent study has identified the
559:One of the keys of the success of
14:
2428:
1572:
1128:"Westport Weston Health District"
604:or Mammalian Meat Allergy, MMA).
1579:
49:
1865:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1555:
1485:
1346:New England Journal of Medicine
1309:New England Journal of Medicine
1272:
1258:
1233:
1091:
1073:"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"
517:human granulocytic anaplasmosis
1875:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
891:
852:
805:
707:
353:
1:
1565:genome sequence at VectorBase
1386:in a rural New Jersey County"
865:Journal of Medical Entomology
701:
258:Nuttall & Warburton, 1911
246:Nuttall & Warburton, 1911
1779:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1652:Powassan Virus: Transmission
1391:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7:
1810:Relapsing fever borreliosis
1759:Spotted fever rickettsiosis
1631:Featured Creatures Web site
1322:10.1056/NEJM200107123450207
818:The Journal of Parasitology
684:
569:horizontally acquired genes
536:Centers for Disease Control
511:, which cause the diseases
483:It can also transmit other
382:
10:
2433:
2402:Arachnids of North America
2412:Animals described in 1821
2172:
2135:
2099:
2049:
2020:
1984:
1977:
1961:
1931:
1913:
1840:
1818:
1800:Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome
1790:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1209:10.1007/s10393-004-0139-x
910:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
691:Ticks of domestic animals
665:
654:
642:
632:
617:
508:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
288:is commonly known as the
195:
188:
179:
161:
154:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
2417:Taxa named by Thomas Say
2144:Rhipicephalus sanguineus
1769:American tick bite fever
1764:Pacific Coast tick fever
1530:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01056
877:10.1093/jmedent/34.6.594
745:Drummond, Roger (2004).
1905:Tick-borne encephalitis
1880:Kyasanur Forest disease
1517:Frontiers in Immunology
40:Adult female deer tick
2040:Dermacentor variabilis
1885:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
1404:10.3201/eid0401.980113
1130:. 2004. Archived from
1014:. Government du Québec
982:. Government du Québec
527:
493:. Ticks that transmit
461:
453:
440:
358:As a nymph and adult,
350:
332:Powassan virus disease
2033:Dermacentor andersoni
2011:Amblyomma triguttatum
1890:Powassan encephalitis
525:
459:
451:
438:
348:
202:Spielman et al., 1979
2126:Ornithodoros moubata
2112:Ornithodoros gurneyi
2004:Amblyomma cajennense
1997:Amblyomma americanum
1915:Protozoan infections
1900:Tete orthobunyavirus
1870:Heartland bandavirus
1740:Human monocytotropic
1705:Bacterial infections
1612:Deer Tick Fact Sheet
1359:10.1056/NEJMcp061181
1046:Animal Diversity Web
936:10.1128/AEM.01982-07
906:Borrelia burgdorferi
681:has been sequenced.
478:Borrelia burgdorferi
439:Deer tick life cycle
406:Borrelia burgdorferi
306:. It was also named
2119:Ornithodoros hermsi
1860:Colorado tick fever
1689:Tick-borne diseases
1618:black-legged tick,
1461:10.1038/nature13965
928:2008ApEnM..74.1780O
614:
613:Genomic information
487:species, including
1736:Human granulocytic
1285:The New York Times
1268:. 29 January 2020.
1156:Tree: A Life Story
791:Featured Creatures
667:Year of completion
612:
602:Alpha-Gal Syndrome
545:, cannot transmit
528:
526:Engorged deer tick
490:Borrelia miyamotoi
462:
454:
441:
416:Like other ticks,
351:
147:I. scapularis
2384:
2383:
2369:Open Tree of Life
2204:Ixodes scapularis
2174:Ixodes scapularis
2166:Taxon identifiers
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2090:Ixodes scapularis
2069:Ixodes holocyclus
1978:Species and bites
1957:
1956:
1944:Alpha-gal allergy
1836:
1835:
1727:Boutonneuse fever
1644:Ixodes scapularis
1636:Ixodes scapularis
1620:Ixodes scapularis
1597:Ixodes scapularis
1563:Ixodes scapularis
1384:Ixodes scapularis
1175:978-1-55365-126-0
1040:Ixodes scapularis
902:Ixodes scapularis
861:Ixodes scapularis
814:Ixodes scapularis
785:Ixodes scapularis
760:978-0-89997-353-1
717:Ixodes scapularis
675:
674:
608:Genome sequencing
465:Ixodes scapularis
444:As disease vector
388:Ixodes scapularis
360:Ixodes scapularis
340:white-tailed deer
294:black-legged tick
285:Ixodes scapularis
281:
280:
275:
259:
247:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
165:Ixodes scapularis
25:Ixodes scapularis
2424:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
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2312:
2311:
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2285:
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2259:
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2234:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2161:
2160:
2076:Ixodes pacificus
2062:Ixodes cornuatus
1982:
1981:
1969:Tick infestation
1842:Viral infections
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1691:and infestations
1682:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1455:(7537): 98–101.
1437:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1353:(26): 2794–801.
1340:
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849:
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764:
751:Wilderness Press
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
711:
650:
628:
615:
611:
367:. There are no
299:Ixodes pacificus
273:
257:
245:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
184:
167:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2407:Parasitic acari
2387:
2386:
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2201:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2168:
2158:
2149:
2131:
2095:
2045:
2016:
1973:
1953:
1927:
1909:
1832:
1814:
1786:
1692:
1686:
1646:genome sequence
1604:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1556:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1486:
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1337:
1304:
1300:
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1238:
1234:
1187:
1183:
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1162:Greystone Books
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983:
972:
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896:
892:
857:
853:
830:10.2307/3283457
810:
806:
796:
794:
779:
768:
761:
743:
739:
729:
727:
713:
712:
708:
704:
696:Andrew Spielman
687:
648:
624:
610:
598:alpha-gal sugar
502:Babesia microti
446:
385:
356:
231:Ixodes reduvius
175:
169:
163:
150:
48:
17:
16:Species of tick
12:
11:
5:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2291:Fauna Europaea
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2194:
2178:
2176:
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2169:
2155:
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2147:
2139:
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2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2083:Ixodes ricinus
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2018:
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2015:
2014:
2007:
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1979:
1975:
1974:
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1971:
1965:
1963:
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1958:
1955:
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1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Tick paralysis
1935:
1933:
1932:Other diseases
1929:
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1911:
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1807:
1802:
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1785:
1784:
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1776:
1774:rickettsialpox
1771:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1693:
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236:
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1995:
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1962:Infestations
1850:Bhanja virus
1805:Lyme disease
1754:Scrub typhus
1745:
1732:Ehrlichiosis
1722:Anaplasmosis
1643:
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1595:
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1593:profile for
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1398:(1): 97–99.
1395:
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1291:20 September
1289:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
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1249:. Retrieved
1247:. 2017-11-06
1244:
1235:
1203:(1): 38–46.
1200:
1194:
1184:
1155:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1107:. Retrieved
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:MU Extension
1076:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1039:
1016:. Retrieved
1011:
984:. Retrieved
979:
919:
915:
909:
905:
901:
893:
871:(6): 594–8.
868:
864:
860:
854:
821:
817:
813:
807:
795:. Retrieved
790:
784:
783:"Deer tick,
746:
740:
728:. Retrieved
722:
716:
709:
678:
676:
595:
588:
584:
579:
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564:
560:
558:
550:spirochaetes
546:
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494:
488:
484:
482:
477:
473:Lyme disease
467:is the main
464:
463:
417:
415:
410:
404:
401:forest floor
387:
386:
372:
359:
357:
336:parasitizing
328:anaplasmosis
320:Lyme disease
307:
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283:
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270:
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164:
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146:
145:
133:
24:
18:
2343:NatureServe
2317:iNaturalist
2198:Wikispecies
2023:Dermacentor
1792:Spirochaete
1498:ScienceNews
1245:www.cdc.gov
1164:. pp.
657:chromosomes
649:1,765.38 Mb
644:Genome size
587:to control
397:leaf litter
393:overwinters
354:Description
93:Chelicerata
89:Subphylum:
2391:Categories
1923:Babesiosis
1746:E. ewingii
1251:2018-05-18
1138:2013-09-26
912:in Canada"
719:Say, 1821"
702:References
655:Number of
513:babesiosis
430:gregarious
324:babesiosis
271:scapularis
255:scapularis
243:scapularis
83:Arthropoda
1987:Amblyomma
1828:Tularemia
1748:infection
1196:EcoHealth
621:genome ID
452:Deer tick
377:capitulum
349:Deer tick
304:bear tick
290:deer tick
210:Say, 1821
141:Species:
103:Arachnida
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
2348:2.974267
2226:BugGuide
2189:Q1497962
2183:Wikidata
1697:Diseases
1549:31156631
1523:: 1056.
1479:25470067
1367:16807416
1330:11450660
1227:19008966
1109:11 April
1083:11 April
1051:11 April
1018:11 April
986:11 April
954:18245258
797:11 April
730:11 April
685:See also
661:15 pairs
565:Borrelia
547:Borrelia
532:Borrelia
485:Borrelia
411:Borrelia
383:Behavior
369:festoons
365:idiosoma
190:Synonyms
123:Ixodidae
119:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
2335:1117557
2309:2182727
1623:on the
1587:Scholia
1540:6533943
1470:4713192
1422:9452402
1413:2627663
1218:2582486
945:2268299
924:Bibcode
885:9439111
846:7799148
838:3283457
638:diploid
399:of the
395:in the
241:subsp.
129:Genus:
113:Ixodida
109:Order:
99:Class:
2397:Ixodes
2374:621065
2270:IXODSC
2257:514949
2218:279090
2052:Ixodes
1744:Human
1589:has a
1547:
1537:
1477:
1467:
1448:Nature
1420:
1410:
1365:
1328:
1225:
1215:
1172:
952:
942:
883:
844:
836:
757:
634:Ploidy
469:vector
373:Ixodes
316:vector
267:Ixodes
263:Ixodes
174:, 1821
134:Ixodes
2322:60598
2296:95077
2283:99472
2278:EUNIS
2244:3QGM5
2231:40503
2136:Other
1591:topic
1103:(PDF)
834:JSTOR
563:as a
422:frost
253:var.
2361:6945
2356:NCBI
2330:ITIS
2304:GBIF
2265:EPPO
2213:BOLD
1629:IFAS
1610:and
1545:PMID
1475:PMID
1418:PMID
1363:PMID
1326:PMID
1293:2011
1223:PMID
1170:ISBN
1111:2024
1085:2024
1053:2024
1020:2024
988:2024
950:PMID
908:and
881:PMID
842:PMID
799:2024
787:Say"
755:ISBN
732:2024
671:2008
619:NCBI
554:mice
515:and
505:and
338:the
312:tick
2252:EoL
2239:CoL
1535:PMC
1525:doi
1465:PMC
1457:doi
1453:518
1408:PMC
1400:doi
1355:doi
1351:354
1318:doi
1314:345
1213:PMC
1205:doi
1166:110
940:PMC
932:doi
873:doi
826:doi
626:523
471:of
371:.
292:or
172:Say
2393::
2371::
2358::
2345::
2332::
2319::
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2280::
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2200::
2185::
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1738:,
1627:/
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1543:.
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1451:.
1445:.
1430:^
1416:.
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1388:.
1361:.
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1312:.
1283:.
1243:.
1221:.
1211:.
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1193:.
1168:.
1119:^
1075:.
1061:^
1044:.
1028:^
1010:.
996:^
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930:.
920:74
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840:.
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265:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
