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tobacco, rice and other related activities formed an important part of the economic activities. In modern times, the port was its principal source of revenue but it has declined drastically. Currently it survives as a fishing port. The city had a wide range of industries, including food processing, packaging, making of household items, and salt processing, but most ceased after 1995. Since then, most industrialists, entrepreneurs, and business people have relocated to the rest of Sri Lanka and abroad. After 2009, foreign governments within the EU, US, India, and investors from the south of the island and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora have shown an interest in making investments in Jaffna district in general and Jaffna city in particular. Shopping malls such as the
873:
101:
66:
2022:
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1696:. The city's small Moor and Sinhalese population have either been forcibly expelled or fled. As a consequence the city's population is significantly lower than it was 30 years ago. Many of the city's residents who left during the civil war have settled down elsewhere and are unlikely to return. There have been reports, particularly after the end of the civil war in 2009, about resettling those residents who wish to return to Jaffna but there hasn't been any substantive effort to do so yet.
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2013:
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108:
884:(VOC) after a three-month siege. During the Dutch occupation, the city grew in population and size. The Dutch were more tolerant towards native mercantile and religious activities than the Portuguese had been. Most of the Hindu temples that the Portuguese had destroyed were rebuilt. A community of mixed Eurasian
896:
Great
Britain took over the Dutch possessions in Sri Lanka from 1796. Britain maintained many of the Dutch mercantile, religious, and taxation policies. During the British colonial period, almost all the schools that eventually played role in the high literacy achievement of the Jaffna residents were
892:
churches and government buildings, most of which survived until the 1980s, but suffered damage or destruction during the subsequent civil war. During the Dutch period, Jaffna also became prominent as a trading town in locally grown agricultural products with the native merchants and farmers profiting
856:
expeditionary forces attacked
Jaffnapatao a number of times, but the Portuguese defence of the city withstood the attacks. Jaffnapatao was a small town with a fort, a harbour, Catholic chapels, and government buildings. Portuguese merchants took over the lucrative trade of elephants from the interior
458:
followed by
Christians, Muslims and a small Buddhist minority. The city is home to number of educational institutions established during the colonial and post-colonial period. It also has number of commercial institutions, minor industrial units, banks, hotels and other government institutions. It is
2292:
or minister's palace are few of the pre-colonial buildings still standing in the royal quarters of Nallur. Within the Jaffna city proper, the Dutch fort is an imposing structure followed by many Dutch era homes, churches and civil buildings most of which were damaged during the civil war. There are
1671:
Historically residents of Jaffna were Tamils, Moors (Muslims), Europeans and
Eurasian Burghers. Over time the composition changed with Tamils and Moors predominating and Europeans and Burghers either assimilating or moving away. Europeans and the natives lived in separate sections of the city. Most
767:
of the
Vijyanagar Empire as well as briefly losing its independence under the Kotte kingdom from 1450 to 1467. The kingdom was re-established with the disintegration of Kotte kingdom and the fragmentation of Viyanagara Empire. It maintained very close commercial and political relationships with the
929:
Considered the heart of Tamil culture and literature in Sri Lanka, Jaffna was concentrated with growing Tamil nationalism, which called for autonomy for Tamils to protest the discrimination against them by the
Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lanka government and Sinhalese civilians since Sri Lanka gained
2114:
Jaffna was founded as a trading town. Although a historic port used by the native Jaffna kingdom was already in existence when the
Portuguese arrived, it was the European mercantile activity that made it prominent. In colonial times, production of clothes, items of gold and silver, processing of
1632:
and
Colombo had elected municipal councils soon after the 1865 ordinance, Jaffna did not have an elected municipal council for many years. This reflected the desire of the British bureaucrats to govern the city directly rather than share power with a highly literate electorate. The first elected
848:, the last native king. De Oliveira moved the center of political and military control from Nallur to Jaffnapatao (variously spelt as Jaffnapattan or Jaffnapattam), the Portuguese rendition of the native name for the former Royal capital. Jaffnapatao was attacked number of times by A local rebel
2279:
Some historic buildings such as
Temples, Saraswathy Mahal library and palaces in the royal city of Nallur and the rest of Jaffna peninsula were destroyed by the Portuguese colonials. Materials from destroyed buildings were used in the construction of the Jaffna fort and other fortifications.
1064:
between
September and January. Jaffna has the highest average temperature in Sri Lanka of 28.3 °C (83 °F). The temperature is highest in the months of April-May and August-September. The temperature is coolest in December-January. The annual rainfall is brought in by the North East
1020:. The limestone is grey, yellow and white porous type. The entire land mass is mostly flat with terrain sloping slightly upwards towards the coasts. Except for a few towns, the landmass lies slightly above sea level. Within one mile (1.6 kilometres) of the city center is the island of
958:
groups. Bombardment from air and land of the city led to damage to civic and civilian properties, death and injury to civilians and destruction the economic potential of the city. In 1986, the Sri Lankan military withdrew from the city and it came under the full control of the LTTE.
516:
by the Panan, presented him a sandy plain. The Panan returned to India and introduced some members of his tribe as impecunious as himself to accompany to this land of promise, and it is surmised that their place of settlement was that part of the city which is known at present as
3196:
These crimes against humanity include the Mass Murders committed by the IPKF at the Jaffna Hospital on the 20th October 1987 when they entered the hospital and indiscriminately murdered patients, doctors, nurses and attendants by shooting and exploding grenades
1672:
houses were modest in size and the streets were kept clean. After the 1900s the population increased and Sinhalese from the south also settled in Jaffna. Prior to the civil war there were Moors, Sinhalese, Indian Tamils and other ethnic groups living in Jaffna.
2220:
was published by a local advocate as a weekly. The Jaffna Catholic Guardian and the Hindu Organ were published by Roman Catholic and Hindu organisations to present their religious interests between 1876 and 1889 respectively. The first Tamil monthly was
1656:
were held in 2009 after a gap of 11 years. The municipal council consists of 29 members. As the original municipal council building was destroyed during the civil war, a new building is to be constructed for the current municipal council in 2011.
3464:
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From 1590, Portuguese merchants and Catholic missionaries were active within the Jaffna kingdom. Impetus for a permanent fortified settlement happened only after 1619, when the expeditionary forces of the Portuguese Empire led by
65:
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after a 50-day siege. The economic embargo of the rebel controlled territories in general also had a negative impact in Jaffna including lack of power, critical medicines and food. During the period of LTTE occupation,
4116:
1675:
During colonial times, Jaffna was Ceylon's (Sri Lanka) second largest city. Post-independence the city was overtaken by the growth of settlements near Colombo. But even in 1981 Jaffna was the largest city outside the
4278:
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style clock tower and the Public library that are notable. Almost all Hindu temples in Jaffna including the socially important Nallur Kandaswamy temple were reconstructed during the Dutch and British period.
995:
and business interests from Colombo have invested in commercial enterprises. Countries in Europe, US and India have shown an interest in investing in infrastructure projects and other economic activities.
982:. More than 200 civilians were also killed during attempt to take the city over by the IPKF. After the departure of the Indians, the city came under the control of the LTTE once more, but they were
744:
in South India. When the Pandyan Empire became weak due to Muslim invasions, successive Aryacakravarti rulers made the Jaffna kingdom independent and a regional power to reckon with in Sri Lanka.
415:
began returning to homes, while government and private sector reconstruction started taking place. Historically, Jaffna has been a contested city. It was made into a colonial port town during the
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2150:
connecting the city with the rest of the country was opened after the 2002 ceasefire. It is served by government and private sector coaches and buses. Commercial flights are available from
5198:
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4185:
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and it varies from one place to the other and also from year to year. The average rainfall is approximately 1,300 millimetres or 50 inches in the western part of Jaffna peninsula.
991:
were expelled in 1990 and forced evacuated all residents in 1995. Since the end of civil war in 2009, refugees have begun to return and visible reconstruction has taken place. The
2257:
During the civil war many publishers, authors and journalists were assassinated or arrested and the media heavily censored. Since the 2000s Jaffna is served by newspapers such as
3659:
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and others. Under British rule, Jaffna enjoyed a period of rapid growth and prosperity, as the British built the major roads and railway line connecting the city with Colombo,
4096:
751:
Politically, it was an expanding power in the 13th and 14th century with all regional kingdoms paying tribute to it. However, it met with simultaneous confrontations with the
556:
are easily interchangeable. Jaffna is a version of Yalpanam that was adopted by non-Tamil speaking rulers and settlers. As soon as it went into foreign language, it lost the
930:
independence from Britain in 1948. Residents of Jaffna city along with the rest of Tamil population of Sri Lanka were in the fore front of the political mobilisation behind
3921:
4262:
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411:. The 1980s insurgent uprising led to extensive damage, expulsion of part of the population, and military occupation. Since the end of civil war in 2009, refugees and
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988:
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and the rest of the country. The prosperity of the city's citizens enabled them to underwrite the building of temples and schools, and the library and museum.
776:
and segments of the Kotte kingdom. This period saw the building of Hindu temples in the peninsula and a flourishing of literature, both in Tamil and Sanskrit.
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The initiatives will facilitate the cultural, educational, municipal, business, professional and technical exchanges and projects among the sister cities.
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and other miscreants. Failure of the political class to find an adequate compromise led to full-scale civil war starting in 1983 soon after the
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Jaffna city has number of education institutions founded by the missionary efforts and Saivite revivalism during the British colonial period.
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2631:
100:
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2420:
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3521:
129:
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Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites
2240:. Jaffna was also the seen the publication of journals committed to the growth of modernistic and socially purposive literature such as
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1653:
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Left: Restored Muslim Mosque in a bombed out portion of the city. Right: St.James Church originally established in 1861, located in
3377:
2185:
902:
784:
The Portuguese established Jaffna city in 1621 as their colonial administrative center. Prior to the military capitulation to the
5032:
3939:
Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts
3329:
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2250:
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3236:
4405:
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508:) was visited by the blind Panan musician, who was an expert in vocal music and one skilled in the use of instrument called
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pogrom. Sri Lankan military and police were using the Dutch era fort as their encampment which was surrounded by various
926:
3681:
5025:
3907:
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2761:
2682:
2398:
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but as an urban area class was more important than caste which was more pronounced in rural areas of Jaffna district.
1032:
groves can be seen where land has not been used for construction. Other notable vegetation is a leafless shrub called
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to the north, and Nallur to the east. Jaffna peninsula is made of limestone as it was submerged under sea during the
214:
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Sister City initiatives give opportunities for the cities' residents to become familiar with each other's cultures.
4947:
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4132:
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2060:
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in the south, religious change, and as well as the introduction to the city of European education and health care.
428:
2582:
Mativāṇan̲, Irāman̲; Mahalingam, N.; Civilization, International Society for the Investigation of Ancient (1995).
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and Anaikoddai in the Jaffna region, reflects the burial practices of older times. Excavated ceramic sequences in
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in 1975. Following further deterioration of political discourse, the Jaffna library was burnt down in 1981 by
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Ancient Jaffna: Being a Research into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period
2051:. Most Christians are Roman Catholics with a small but influential number of Protestants belonging to the
435:(IPKF) briefly occupied the city in 1987. The LTTE again occupied the city from 1989 until 1995, when the
5766:
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5381:
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17:
2055:, the successor organisation of American Ceylon Mission and other colonial era Protestant churches. The
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Peninsular Jaffna from ancient to medieval times, Its significant historical and settlement aspects
1661:
1617:
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201:
75:
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865:, disfranchising the local merchants. The Portuguese era was a time of population movement to the
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983:
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853:
218:
31:
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The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750
502:
The origin of the name can be traced to a legend about the town's etymology. A king (supposedly
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and other ethnic groups present in the city prior to the civil war. Most Sri Lankan Tamils are
181:
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A hand book to the Jaffna Peninsula and a souvenir of the opening of the railway to the North
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71:
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Jaffna has had a media sector from the mid-1800s. The first known Tamil and English weekly
2196:. Prior to the civil war, the city had one of the highest literacy rates within Sri Lanka.
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1677:
404:
8:
4102:
1642:
711:
484:
389:
87:
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Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka
3349:
2127:
2084:
2080:
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3682:"Twin City Agreement signed between the City of Jaffna and City of Kingston in London"
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These early journals were followed by a number of popular newspapers in Tamil such as
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The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE
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After Sri Lanka became independent in 1948 from Britain, the relationship between
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grew up. The Dutch rebuilt the fort and expanded it considerably. They also built
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1953:
967:
910:
797:
773:
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369:
209:
186:
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The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
5579:
5421:
4678:
4510:
3835:
Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations
2341:
2181:
2126:
Jaffna is 396 kilometres (246 miles) from Colombo. It is directly connected by
1688:, has been heavily affected by the civil war. Many of its Tamil residents have
1017:
885:
813:
789:
741:
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President requests patriotic citizens: Join us in building Northern rail track
5735:
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1919:
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1005:
800:, which is close to the city limits of Jaffna. The capital city was known in
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excavations reveal settlements of an early period in this region. The bronze
526:
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144:
131:
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3552:"Jaffna wakes up to tourism but long way to go | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka"
3030:"Bird's eye view of the city of Jaffnapatnam / , 4.VEL inventorynumber 997"
2611:
2390:
1983:
889:
756:
664:
660:
616:
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420:
3263:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jaffna"
2162:. Since 2017 an express ferry service connects Jaffna with Delft islands.
962:
In 1987, the Indian forces brought to Sri Lanka under the auspices of the
691:
459:
home to many historical sites such as the popular Jaffna library that was
296:
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2072:
1973:
979:
832:
699:
668:
464:
385:
79:
2588:. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations.
2369:"Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population"
1637:. During the civil conflict, number of mayors were assassinated such as
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5520:
5490:
5485:
5371:
5331:
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2721:"Post-Conflict Archaeology of the Jaffna Peninsula – Durham University"
1988:
1968:
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845:
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620:
518:
492:
381:
4244:
Ethnic Attachments in Sri Lanka: Social Change and Cultural Continuity
2862:"Short history of Sri Lanka:Dambadeniya and Gampola Kings (1215–1411)"
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5165:
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1978:
1958:
1924:
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1021:
715:
707:
648:
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632:
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534:
522:
365:
280:
275:
4280:
Economy of the conflict zone in Sri Lanka:From embargo to repression
835:, which the Portuguese built, and which the Dutch renovated in 1680.
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1943:
1934:
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1029:
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866:
684:
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609:
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581:
356:
3402:. Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka. 30 December 2010. Archived from
2079:. There is a small community of Tamil Buddhists who converted to
376:. With a population of 88,138 in 2012, Jaffna is Sri Lanka's 12th
5704:
5669:
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5505:
5500:
5495:
5455:
5441:
5341:
5321:
5294:
5226:
5105:
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4992:
3722:
3650:"Jaffna becomes a Sister City of Sterling Heights, United States"
2259:
2155:
2151:
2139:
2095:
1963:
1693:
1066:
1025:
906:
858:
408:
3867:
The Forsaken People:The case studies of the internally displaced
3470:. Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from
2620:. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney.
2581:
763:
from the southern Sri Lanka. This led to the kingdom becoming a
5470:
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5426:
5401:
5346:
5047:
4454:
2040:
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served as the capital of the four-century-long medieval Tamil
5679:
5674:
5279:
5269:
5125:
5110:
3972:
Findlay, George Gillanders; Holdsworth, William West (1924),
2524:
Rasanayagam, C.; Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar C. (1 January 1993).
2091:
2068:
2064:
1948:
1629:
1625:
914:
862:
760:
3336:. The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010
2812:
2466:
A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature
2123:
have been built boosting the tourism industry in the city.
2063:
headquartered in the city. All Moors were Muslims with the
703:
597:
513:
509:
3437:"2.4 Population of principal towns by sex, census years".
2421:"Improving Urban Services and Livability Across Sri Lanka"
2254:
was an influential news magazine that came out of Jaffna.
740:
came into existence in the 13th century as an ally to the
690:
Jaffna and surrounding region was part of the chiefdom of
512:. The king who was delighted to the music played with the
380:. Jaffna is approximately six miles (9.7 kilometres) from
4465:
2782:
2658:. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2009.
1620:
governs the City of Jaffna. It was established under the
1604:
Source 2: Department of Meteorology (records up to 2007)
978:
in which patients and medical workers were killed by the
748:
a suburb of Jaffna served as the capital of the kingdom.
612:
3975:
The history of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society
3465:"Basic Population Information on Jaffna District – 2007"
3053:
3051:
3619:"Express ferry service between Jaffna and Delft Island"
2859:
2523:
2507:
2505:
718:. They had according to scholars fully assimilated to
3446:. Department of Census and Statistics. Archived from
3048:
2957:
2098:
who visited Jaffna seasonally and spoke a dialect of
2087:. Most Sinhalese were either Buddhists or Catholics.
407:, it was Sri Lanka's second most populous city after
346:
5656:
5206:
2293:
number of British colonial era building such as the
2208:(Morning Star) was published jointly in 1840 by the
1649:. There were 15 years without elections after 1983.
467:
which was rebuilt during the Dutch colonial period.
3370:"Jaffna Municipal Council election to be held soon"
2681:Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (7 September 1995).
2502:
876:
Bird's eye view of the city of Jaffnapatnam in 1658
419:of the Jaffna peninsula in 1619 who lost it to the
320:
525:. The Columbuthurai Commercial Harbor situated at
491:. The name also occurs on copper plates issued by
4442:. Colombo: Women's Education and Research Centre.
3971:
3601:
3599:
3265:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3202:
3180:"Eminent Persons' displayed lack of independence"
3114:
3102:
3010:
2188:started several schools in Jaffna city including
2142:. The primary railway station in the city is the
1680:. The population of Jaffna, like the rest of the
540:The colloquial form of Yalpanam is Yappanam. The
499:indicates the place to have been a seaport town.
5733:
3799:World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia
3400:"New Town Hall for the Jaffna Municipal Council"
3182:. Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka. Archived from
2753:The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics
927:majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils worsened.
4167:
3495:
3063:
2894:
2495:Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction
2449:Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction
2172:List of schools in Northern Province, Sri Lanka
1692:to the West or moved to the relative safety of
368:. It is the administrative headquarters of the
3935:
3831:
3596:
3208:
3057:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2963:
2655:International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics
2083:during the 20th century due to the efforts of
942:was assassinated by the leader of rebel LTTE,
722:and culture by the 9th century CE or earlier.
5642:
5192:
5033:
4481:
4341:the Essential guide for Jaffna and its region
4094:
3309:
3214:
3069:
3016:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2900:
2680:
2312:
2109:
2102:or Tamil. Tamils were also divided along the
2071:prevalent amongst mercantile immigrants from
5747:1621 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
4440:The laws and customs of the Tamils of Jaffna
4385:
3129:"Prabhakaran: The Life and Death of a Tiger"
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
2945:
2610:
714:, surmised as one of the earliest tribes of
667:Porcelains (1300 – 1600CE) conducted at the
4276:
4204:, Asian Educational Services (1993 reprint)
4199:
3982:
3605:
3327:
3321:
3290:. Department of Meteorology. Archived from
3220:
3159:
3108:
3096:
2981:
2687:. Cambridge University Press. p. 171.
2462:
2363:
2361:
880:In 1658, Portuguese lost Jaffapatao to the
5649:
5635:
5199:
5185:
5040:
5026:
4488:
4474:
4429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4414:
4240:
3714:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3574:
3501:
3315:
3255:
3231:
3229:
3032:(in Dutch). The Hague: Nationaal Archief.
2992:
2951:
2926:
2853:
2553:"Jaffna Divisional Secretariat – Overview"
2067:sect predominating with a small number of
1700:Historic Population of Jaffna 1880 to 2010
442:The majority of the city's population are
3795:
3090:
3075:
2756:. Duke University Press. pp. 73–74.
857:and monopolised the import of goods from
772:kingdom in southern India as well as the
427:in 1796. During the civil war, the rebel
4854:
4366:
4357:
4319:. American Book Exchange. 1880. p.
4014:
3899:
3418:
2998:
2821:
2788:
2511:
2491:
2445:
2358:
2226:
2047:tradition but might also propitiate the
920:
871:
826:
576:
4722:
4437:
4362:. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
4313:
4130:
3936:De Silva, R.K.; Beumer, W.G.M. (1997),
3637:
3507:
3277:
3226:
3177:
3126:
2939:
2391:"Definition of Jaffna | Dictionary.com"
2199:
14:
5734:
4900:
4566:
4058:
3532:from the original on 13 September 2016
3424:
3036:from the original on 24 September 2015
3004:
2427:from the original on 23 September 2016
2301:
1633:mayor of Jaffna Municipal council was
5630:
5180:
5021:
4666:
4469:
4338:
3863:
3763:
3692:from the original on 28 February 2017
3662:from the original on 23 November 2016
3165:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2585:Indus script among Dravidian speakers
355:
329:
5772:Populated places established in 1621
4958:Vannarpannai Navalar Maha Vidyalayam
4208:
3625:from the original on 24 January 2017
3328:Subramanian, T.S. (14 August 1999).
3285:"Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values"
3147:from the original on 28 January 2023
2975:
2969:
2827:
2749:
2731:from the original on 7 December 2018
2469:. Annamalai University. p. 93.
2401:from the original on 31 January 2023
2274:
2248:in 1946. Now defunct English weekly
2138:train and other 5 trains daily from
1898:
1893:
1622:Municipalities Ordinance Act of 1865
1076:Climate data for Jaffna (1991–2020)
671:hints to maritime trade between the
643:from 2nd to 5th BCE. Excavations of
600:settlement of the last phase of the
483:. A 15th-century inscription of the
431:(LTTE) occupied Jaffna in 1986. The
5757:Populated places in Jaffna District
3978:, vol. 5, London:Epworth Press
3380:from the original on 18 August 2011
2119:and hotels such as Jetwing Jaffna,
1060:between February and August, and a
897:built by missionaries belonging to
792:, also known as the Kingdom of the
779:
759:, southern India, and a rebounding
74:, the Jaffna-Pannai-Kayts highway,
24:
4332:
4277:Sarvanathan, Muttukrishna (2007).
3908:University of California, Berkeley
3171:
2880:
2794:
2492:Raghavan, M. D. (1 January 1971).
938:in 1974, the then mayor of Jaffna
788:in 1619, the capital of the local
725:
495:kings of the same era. The suffix
234:20.2 km (7.8 sq mi)
25:
5788:
4760:Vannarpannai Vaitheeswaran Temple
4447:
4265:from the original on 2 April 2023
4229:from the original on 2 April 2023
4188:from the original on 2 April 2023
4168:Plunkett, B.; Ellemor, R (2003),
4155:from the original on 2 April 2023
4119:from the original on 2 April 2023
4083:from the original on 2 April 2023
4047:from the original on 2 April 2023
4003:from the original on 2 April 2023
3960:from the original on 2 April 2023
3924:from the original on 2 April 2023
3888:from the original on 2 April 2023
3852:from the original on 2 April 2023
3820:from the original on 2 April 2023
3784:from the original on 2 April 2023
3751:from the original on 2 April 2023
3239:. Eelavar Network. Archived from
2770:from the original on 2 April 2023
2701:from the original on 2 April 2023
2662:from the original on 2 April 2023
2634:from the original on 2 April 2023
2592:from the original on 2 April 2023
2473:from the original on 2 April 2023
5777:Provincial capitals in Sri Lanka
5719:
5250:
5004:
5003:
4550:
4544:
4521:Burning of Jaffna Public Library
4453:
4343:. Negombo: Viator Publications.
3562:from the original on 10 May 2017
3178:Dayasri, Gomin (26 April 2008).
2868:from the original on 4 June 2011
2550:
2340:
2328:
2020:
2011:
1624:. Although other cities such as
694:mentioned in the 5th century CE
429:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
106:
99:
64:
4730:Ariyalai Siddhivinayakar Temple
4417:Jaffna and the Sinhala Heritage
4386:Kanagasingam, Rajkumar (2007).
4241:Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001),
3674:
3611:
3588:. 24 March 2009. Archived from
3544:
3519:
3513:
3489:
3457:
3430:
3392:
3362:
3120:
3022:
2906:
2840:
2743:
2713:
2674:
2646:
2604:
2575:
2090:There was a small community of
970:. It led to incidents like the
736:During the medieval times, the
663:stone wares (700 –1100 CE) and
4316:Library of Universal Knowledge
4174:, Lonely Planet Publications,
3804:Marshall Cavendish Corporation
3127:THOTTAM, JYOTI (19 May 2009).
2544:
2530:. Asian Educational Services.
2517:
2485:
2456:
2439:
2413:
2383:
893:as much as the VOC merchants.
107:
13:
1:
4095:Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982),
3832:Chattopadhyaya, H.P. (1994),
3770:, Stanford University Press,
3115:Findlay & Holdsworth 1924
3103:Findlay & Holdsworth 1924
2914:Map of Nallur and Jaffna fort
2860:Codrington, Humphry William.
2352:
2284:or entrance of the palace of
2134:. The city was served by the
1666:
1611:
968:take the city from the rebels
964:Indo- Sri Lankan peace accord
619:inscribed potsherds found in
533:’ situated previously at the
446:with a significant number of
388:in the Jaffna peninsula from
360:) is the capital city of the
4755:St. Mary's Cathedral, Jaffna
2750:Holt, John (13 April 2011).
2452:. Kalai Nilayam. p. 78.
2225:which was published in 1884.
2165:
2160:Jaffna International Airport
999:
537:area seem as its evidences.
475:Jaffna is known in Tamil as
470:
285:Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone
263:4,400/km (11,000/sq mi)
7:
5619:, also a Municipal council
4358:Fernando, A. D. N. (1987).
4215:, McFarland & Company,
3983:Gunawardena, C. A. (2004),
3872:Brookings Institution Press
3718:Jaffna under the Portuguese
3715:Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005).
3496:Plunkett & Ellemor 2003
2308:Category:People from Jaffna
2002:
1549:Average precipitation days
1335:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1195:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
413:internally displaced people
347:
321:
10:
5793:
4526:Jaffna University Helidrop
4495:
4415:Kannangara, E. T. (1984).
4371:. London: Anantham Books.
4325:Population of Jaffna city.
4067:Asian Educational Services
4023:Asian Educational Services
3707:
3058:De Silva & Beumer 1997
2964:De Silva & Beumer 1997
2335:Sterling Heights, Michigan
2313:Twin towns – sister cities
2194:Vembadi Girls’ High School
2169:
2110:Economy and transportation
1603:
1595:
1075:
1047:
1004:The city is surrounded by
972:Jaffna University Helidrop
903:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
729:
655:wares (200 BCE – 800 CE),
571:
564:and consequently stood as
433:Indian Peace Keeping Force
374:peninsula of the same name
29:
5716:
5665:
5608:
5380:
5260:
5247:
5237:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
5218:
5101:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
5093:
5072:
5056:
5051:with a 50,000+ population
5001:
4975:
4963:Vembadi Girls High School
4913:Chundikuli Girls' College
4884:
4838:
4772:
4750:St. James' Church, Nallur
4745:Sri Muthu Vinayagar Kovil
4701:
4650:
4629:
4559:
4542:
4516:Tamil conference incident
4503:
4131:Peebles, Patrick (2006).
3986:Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka
3944:Brill Academic Publishers
3440:Statistical Abstract 2009
3354:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1548:
1474:
1404:
1334:
1264:
1194:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
993:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
936:Tamil conference incident
738:Kingdom of Aryacakravarti
529:and the harbor known as ‘
423:, only to lose it to the
339:
313:
291:
274:
267:
259:
251:
246:
238:
230:
225:
207:
197:
192:
180:
168:
160:
125:
94:
63:
56:
44:
4846:Jaffna Teaching Hospital
4735:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
4637:Jaffna Municipal Council
4531:Jaffna hospital massacre
4438:Tambiah, H. W.. (2004).
4367:Pujangga, Putra (1997).
4339:Fabry, Philippe (2003).
4200:Rasanayagam, C. (1926),
4134:The History of Sri Lanka
4062:Martyn's notes on Jaffna
3900:De Silva, K.M.D (1981),
2919:8 September 2013 at the
2463:Kōvintacāmi, Mu (1977).
2446:Raghavan, M. D. (1971).
1662:List of mayors of Jaffna
1654:post civil war elections
1618:Jaffna Municipal Council
1054:tropical savanna climate
1024:which is connected by a
976:Jaffna hospital massacre
882:Dutch East India Company
808:and in other sources as
635:, revealed South Indian
615:burials including other
76:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
4953:Vaitheeswara Vidyalayam
4810:Ruins of Jaffna kingdom
4389:German Memories in Asia
4171:Lonely Planet:Sri Lanka
3864:Cohen, Roberta (2005),
2323:Its sister cities are:
2210:American Ceylon Mission
2121:Tilko Jaffna City Hotel
1008:to its west and south,
899:American Ceylon Mission
710:as inhabited by tribal
32:Jaffna (disambiguation)
5312:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia
5080:Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia
4015:Katiresu, A. (2004) ,
3903:A History of Sri Lanka
3764:Alden, Dauril (1996),
3330:"Chronicle of murders"
2190:Jaffna Central College
2144:Jaffna Railway Station
944:Velupillai Prabhakaran
877:
836:
487:mentions the place as
461:burnt down and rebuilt
5660:capitals of Sri Lanka
4948:St. Patrick's College
4923:Hindu Ladies' College
4805:Queen's House, Jaffna
4709:Archaeological Museum
4209:Room, Adrian (2004),
4059:Martyn, John (2002),
3796:Carpenter, C (2007),
2053:Church of South India
921:Post-colonial history
875:
830:
647:(1000 BCE – 100 CE),
639:, potteries and fine
577:Early historic period
479:and earlier known as
417:Portuguese occupation
331:[jaːɻpːaːɳɐm]
242:5 m (16 ft)
72:Jaffna Public Library
4938:Parameshwara College
4892:University of Jaffna
4462:at Wikimedia Commons
4394:Bloomington, Indiana
4369:A requiem for Jaffna
3838:, South Asia Books,
3658:. 23 November 2016.
3406:on 14 September 2013
2835:History of Sri Lanka
2807:History of Sri Lanka
2347:Kingston upon Thames
2200:Literature and Media
2176:University of Jaffna
1678:Greater Colombo area
1125:Record high °C (°F)
1036:(alae africana) and
989:all Muslim residents
966:led an operation to
651:(500 BCE – 200 CE),
405:Sri Lankan Civil War
260: • Density
145:9.66472°N 80.01667°E
70:Clockwise from top:
30:For other uses, see
5752:Cities in Sri Lanka
5208:Metropolitan cities
4928:Holy Family Convent
4103:Syracuse University
3688:. 19 October 2016.
3592:on 21 October 2012.
3520:LTD, Lankacom PVT.
3477:on 23 November 2018
3453:on 24 January 2011.
3297:on 29 December 2009
3209:Chattopadhyaya 1994
2824:, pp. 132–133.
2302:Notable individuals
2186:Wesleyan Missionary
1643:Sarojini Yogeswaran
1405:Record low °C (°F)
1265:Daily mean °C (°F)
934:parties. After the
645:black and red wares
489:Yalpaanayanpaddinam
485:Vijayanagara Empire
390:classical antiquity
384:which served as an
357:[jaːpənəjə]
141: /
88:Jaffna Palace ruins
5767:Nallur DS Division
5762:Jaffna DS Division
5617:Provincial capital
5491:Katunayake Seeduwa
5262:Municipal councils
4943:St. John's College
4287:, Washington D.C.
4249:Palgrave Macmillan
3989:, New Dawn Press,
3186:on 12 January 2013
3168:, pp. 361–365
3070:Pfaffenberger 1982
3017:Pfaffenberger 1982
2901:Pfaffenberger 1982
2848:The Jaffna Dynasty
2395:www.dictionary.com
2158:to Jaffna via the
2085:Maha Bodhi Society
2081:Theravada Buddhism
1052:Jaffna features a
878:
850:Migapulle Arachchi
842:Filipe de Oliveira
837:
804:and chronicles as
802:royal inscriptions
753:Vijayanagar empire
637:black and red ware
439:regained control.
392:. Jaffna's suburb
378:most populous city
252: • Total
231: • Total
5729:
5728:
5624:
5623:
5242:
5232:
5219:National capitals
5174:
5173:
5049:Sri Lankan cities
5015:
5014:
4971:
4970:
4880:
4879:
4815:Sangiliyan Statue
4768:
4767:
4740:Saddanathar Kovil
4697:
4696:
4625:
4624:
4458:Media related to
4407:978-1-4343-1582-3
4294:978-1-932728-72-9
3813:978-0-7614-7631-3
3686:tamildiplomat.com
3197:indiscriminately.
2791:, pp. 91–92.
2563:on 12 August 2017
2371:. World Gazetteer
2275:Notable buildings
2092:nomadic wanderers
1999:
1998:
1894:Suburbs of Jaffna
1891:
1890:
1639:Alfred Duraiappah
1608:
1607:
940:Alfred Duraiappah
932:Tamil nationalist
854:Thanjavur Nayakar
786:Portuguese Empire
770:Thanjavur Nayakar
681:Arabian Peninsula
444:Sri Lankan Tamils
362:Northern Province
345:
319:
303:
302:
202:Municipal Council
198: • Type
175:Northern Province
150:9.66472; 80.01667
84:Sangiliyan Statue
39:City in Sri Lanka
27:City in Sri Lanka
16:(Redirected from
5784:
5724:
5723:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5628:
5627:
5255:
5254:
5241:(Administrative)
5240:
5230:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5057:500,000 and more
5042:
5035:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5007:
5006:
4898:
4897:
4852:
4851:
4825:Veerasingam Hall
4820:Subramaniam Park
4780:Cankilian Thoppu
4720:
4719:
4664:
4663:
4564:
4563:
4554:
4548:
4536:Battle of Jaffna
4490:
4483:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4420:
4411:
4382:
4363:
4354:
4327:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4297:. Archived from
4285:East-West Center
4273:
4272:
4270:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4011:
4010:
4008:
3979:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3615:
3609:
3606:Gunawardena 2004
3603:
3594:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3445:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3224:
3221:Sarvanathan 2007
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3020:
3019:, pp. 35–36
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2954:, pp. 58–62
2949:
2943:
2937:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2559:. Archived from
2557:jaffna.ds.gov.lk
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2498:. Kalai Nilayam.
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2365:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2332:
2265:Yarl Thinakkural
2039:Most Tamils are
2024:
2015:
1899:
1704:
1703:
1635:Sam A. Sabapathy
1552:
1073:
1072:
780:Colonial history
755:that ruled from
673:Jaffna Peninsula
659:(800 – 900 CE),
653:Sasanian–Islamic
448:Sri Lankan Moors
359:
354:
350:
344:romanized:
343:
341:
333:
328:
324:
318:romanized:
317:
315:
299:
297:jaffna.mc.gov.lk
156:
155:
153:
152:
151:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
110:
109:
103:
68:
42:
41:
21:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5718:
5714:
5661:
5655:
5625:
5620:
5604:
5376:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5214:
5205:
5175:
5170:
5089:
5073:200,000–499,999
5068:
5052:
5046:
5016:
5011:
4997:
4983:Saturday Review
4967:
4933:Osmania College
4908:Central College
4896:
4876:
4867:Railway station
4850:
4834:
4764:
4718:
4693:
4662:
4658:Cargills Square
4646:
4642:Mayor of Jaffna
4621:
4555:
4549:
4540:
4499:
4494:
4450:
4422:
4421:
4408:
4379:
4351:
4335:
4333:Further reading
4330:
4304:
4302:
4301:on 3 March 2016
4295:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4191:
4189:
4182:
4158:
4156:
4149:
4139:Greenwood Press
4122:
4120:
4113:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4006:
4004:
3997:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3787:
3785:
3778:
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3693:
3680:
3679:
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3535:
3533:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3376:. 28 May 2009.
3368:
3367:
3363:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3326:
3322:
3316:Sabaratnam 2001
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3243:on 10 July 2011
3235:
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3056:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2993:Abeysinghe 2005
2991:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2952:Abeysinghe 2005
2950:
2946:
2938:
2927:
2921:Wayback Machine
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2864:. Lakdiva.org.
2858:
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2374:
2372:
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2359:
2355:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2304:
2282:Cankilian Thopu
2277:
2251:Saturday Review
2223:Sanmarkapothini
2216:. In 1863, the
2214:Wesleyan church
2202:
2178:
2168:
2117:Cargills Square
2112:
2057:Catholic Church
2049:village deities
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2005:
2000:
1896:
1702:
1669:
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1139:
1134:
1129:
1050:
1002:
923:
911:Arumuka Navalar
852:and his allied
782:
734:
728:
726:Medieval period
657:Yue green wares
586:Anaikoddai seal
579:
574:
481:Yalpanapattinam
473:
437:Sri Lankan Army
370:Jaffna District
352:
326:
295:
149:
147:
143:
140:
135:
132:
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128:
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5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Valvettithurai
5577:
5572:
5563:
5561:Seethawakapura
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
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5422:Chavakachcheri
5419:
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5409:
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5399:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5382:Urban councils
5378:
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5364:
5359:
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5094:50,000–249,999
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4858:
4856:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4839:Infrastructure
4836:
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4827:
4822:
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4747:
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4732:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4716:
4714:Public Library
4711:
4705:
4703:
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4518:
4513:
4511:Jaffna kingdom
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4449:
4448:External links
4446:
4445:
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4334:
4331:
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4293:
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4221:
4206:
4202:Ancient Jaffna
4197:
4180:
4165:
4147:
4128:
4111:
4092:
4075:
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4012:
3995:
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3556:sundaytimes.lk
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3308:
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3170:
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3107:
3095:
3091:Carpenter 2007
3074:
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2905:
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2781:
2763:978-0822349822
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2303:
2300:
2295:Indo-Sarasenic
2276:
2273:
2218:Ceylon Patriot
2206:Uthayatharakai
2201:
2198:
2182:Peter Percival
2167:
2164:
2152:Chennai, India
2111:
2108:
2043:belonging the
2029:
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1018:Miocene period
1001:
998:
984:ousted in 1995
956:Tamil militant
922:
919:
886:Dutch Burghers
794:Aryacakravarti
790:Jaffna Kingdom
781:
778:
742:Pandyan Empire
732:Jaffna kingdom
730:Main article:
727:
724:
720:Tamil language
578:
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398:Jaffna Kingdom
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5417:Boralesgamuwa
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4918:Hindu College
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4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Colombuthurai
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4378:1-902098-00-5
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4350:955-8736-01-5
4346:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4264:
4260:
4258:0-312-29348-8
4254:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4228:
4224:
4222:0-7864-2248-3
4218:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4187:
4183:
4181:1-74059-423-1
4177:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4154:
4150:
4148:0-313-33205-3
4144:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4118:
4114:
4112:0-915984-84-9
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4082:
4078:
4076:81-206-1670-7
4072:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4032:9788120618725
4028:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4002:
3998:
3996:1-932705-48-1
3992:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3959:
3955:
3953:90-04-08979-9
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3923:
3919:
3917:0-520-04320-0
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3887:
3883:
3881:0-8157-1514-5
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3851:
3847:
3845:81-85880-52-2
3841:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3783:
3779:
3777:0-8047-2271-4
3773:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3736:9789555520003
3732:
3728:
3727:Stamford Lake
3724:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3608:, p. 197
3607:
3602:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3510:, p. 222
3509:
3504:
3498:, p. 277
3497:
3492:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3449:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3351:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3318:, p. 101
3317:
3312:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3264:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3237:"Yarl-Paanam"
3232:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3211:, p. 112
3210:
3205:
3198:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3093:, p. 566
3092:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3060:, p. 301
3059:
3054:
3052:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2978:, p. 179
2977:
2972:
2966:, p. 312
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2942:, p. 221
2941:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2822:De Silva 1981
2818:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2789:De Silva 1981
2785:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2694:9780521376952
2690:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2627:9780646425467
2623:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2537:9788120602106
2533:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2512:Katiresu 2004
2508:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2229:, p. 29
2228:
2227:Katiresu 2004
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2023:
2014:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Colombuthurai
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1647:Pon Sivapalan
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1477:precipitation
1473:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Jaffna Lagoon
997:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
894:
891:
887:
883:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
834:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
775:
771:
766:
762:
761:Kotte Kingdom
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
733:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:, similar to
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
607:
606:Jaffna region
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:Colombuthurai
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
506:
505:Ukkirasinghan
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
457:
453:
452:Indian Tamils
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:Prior to the
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:located on a
371:
367:
363:
358:
349:
337:
332:
323:
311:
307:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208: •
206:
203:
200:
196:
191:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
126:Coordinates:
124:
102:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
62:
55:
43:
37:
33:
19:
5700:Anuradhapura
5684:
5611:
5610:
5536:Nawalapitiya
5516:Kuliyapitiya
5432:Embilipitiya
5362:Nuwara Eliya
5352:Akkaraipattu
5284:
5275:Anuradhapura
5235:
5231:(Commercial)
5225:
5161:Anuradhapura
5140:
4988:Siriththiran
4795:Mantri Manai
4617:Vannarpannai
4612:Thirunelvely
4496:
4439:
4416:
4388:
4368:
4359:
4340:
4324:
4315:
4303:. Retrieved
4299:the original
4279:
4267:, retrieved
4243:
4231:, retrieved
4211:
4201:
4190:, retrieved
4170:
4157:. Retrieved
4133:
4121:, retrieved
4097:
4085:, retrieved
4061:
4049:, retrieved
4017:
4005:, retrieved
3985:
3974:
3962:, retrieved
3938:
3926:, retrieved
3902:
3890:, retrieved
3866:
3854:, retrieved
3834:
3822:, retrieved
3798:
3786:, retrieved
3766:
3755:19 September
3753:. Retrieved
3717:
3694:. Retrieved
3685:
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3653:
3627:. Retrieved
3613:
3590:the original
3585:
3576:
3566:13 September
3564:. Retrieved
3555:
3546:
3536:13 September
3534:. Retrieved
3525:
3522:"The Island"
3515:
3508:Library 1880
3503:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3459:
3448:the original
3439:
3432:
3427:, p. 44
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:the original
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3364:
3338:. Retrieved
3333:
3323:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3292:the original
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3223:, p. 18
3216:
3204:
3195:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3173:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3132:
3122:
3117:, p. 35
3110:
3105:, p. 34
3098:
3072:, p. 44
3065:
3038:. Retrieved
3024:
3012:
3007:, p. 43
3000:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2940:Library 1880
2908:
2903:, p. 35
2896:
2870:. Retrieved
2855:
2847:
2846:Kunarasa, K
2842:
2834:
2829:
2806:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2752:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2683:
2676:
2666:19 September
2664:. Retrieved
2654:
2648:
2638:19 September
2636:. Retrieved
2616:
2612:K. Indrapala
2606:
2596:19 September
2594:. Retrieved
2584:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2556:
2546:
2526:
2519:
2494:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2465:
2458:
2448:
2441:
2431:21 September
2429:. Retrieved
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2322:
2319:
2316:
2305:
2290:Mantri Manai
2289:
2281:
2278:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2246:Marumalarchi
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2217:
2205:
2203:
2179:
2132:roads system
2125:
2113:
2104:caste system
2089:
2038:
1993:
1984:Vannarpannai
1699:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1651:
1621:
1615:
1479:mm (inches)
1051:
1037:
1033:
1014:Thirunelveli
1003:
961:
924:
895:
890:Presbyterian
879:
838:
831:Entrance of
817:
809:
805:
783:
757:Vijayanagara
750:
735:
689:
617:Tamil-Brahmi
596:indicates a
594:Indus script
590:Tamil-Brahmi
580:
565:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
539:
530:
503:
501:
496:
488:
480:
476:
474:
441:
402:
305:
304:
36:
5690:Trincomalee
5566:Talawakelle
5551:Point Pedro
5531:Minuwangoda
5476:Kadugannawa
5397:Ambalangoda
5390:Trincomalee
5357:Bandarawela
5131:Trincomalee
4785:Clock Tower
4604:Navanthurai
4419:. Homagama.
4398:AuthorHouse
4269:28 November
4233:28 November
4192:28 November
4159:28 November
4123:28 November
4087:28 November
4051:28 November
4007:28 November
3964:28 November
3928:28 November
3892:28 November
3856:28 November
3824:28 November
3788:28 November
3666:23 November
3582:"Dailynews"
3425:Martyn 2002
3190:19 December
3040:25 November
3005:Martyn 2002
2995:, p. 2
2872:25 November
2774:28 November
2705:28 November
2477:27 November
2148:A-9 highway
2073:North India
1974:Tellippalai
1754:Population
980:Indian Army
833:Jaffna Fort
818:Yapaapatuna
806:Cinkainakar
712:Naga people
700:Manimekalai
669:Jaffna Fort
465:Jaffna fort
314:யாழ்ப்பாணம்
148: /
80:Jaffna Fort
49:யாழ்ப்பாணம்
18:Jaffna city
5736:Categories
5695:Kurunegala
5658:Provincial
5546:Peliyagoda
5521:Maharagama
5486:Kattankudy
5372:Hambantota
5332:Batticaloa
5300:Kurunegala
5146:Katunayake
5136:Batticaloa
4862:A9 highway
4830:Yamuna Eri
4630:Governance
4608:Passaiyoor
4579:Chundikuli
3696:2 February
3629:22 January
3410:15 January
3384:15 January
3340:9 February
3301:8 December
3269:20 January
3247:29 January
3166:Cohen 2005
3151:28 January
2890:Alden 1996
2805:Peebles,
2735:6 December
2405:18 January
2353:References
2269:Valampurii
2234:Eelakesari
2170:See also:
1989:Chulipuram
1969:Passaiyoor
1910:Chundikuli
1881:Cen./Est.
1667:Demography
1660:See also:
1612:Governance
1596:Source 1:
1551:(≥ 1.0 mm)
1062:wet season
1058:dry season
952:Black July
846:Cankili II
706:chronicle
677:South Asia
649:grey wares
629:Kandarodai
621:Kandarodai
598:clan-based
582:Megalithic
548:including
531:Aluppanthy
519:Passaiyoor
493:Sethupathi
382:Kandarodai
247:Population
193:Government
136:80°01′00″E
133:09°39′53″N
5710:Ratnapura
5595:Wattegama
5511:Kolonnawa
5461:Hikkaduwa
5407:Balangoda
5290:Ratnapura
5212:Sri Lanka
5166:Ratnapura
5156:Kolonnawa
4885:Education
4872:Yarl Devi
4855:Transport
4773:Landmarks
4589:Gurunagar
4560:Geography
4425:cite book
3526:island.lk
3481:9 January
3350:cite news
3334:Frontline
3141:0040-781X
2976:Room 2004
2850:, p.73-75
2833:Peebles,
2809:, p.31-32
2725:dur.ac.uk
2567:12 August
2286:Cankili I
2166:Education
2094:known as
2032:Gurunagar
1979:Urumpirai
1959:Navatkuli
1925:Gurunagar
1915:Chunnakam
1690:emigrated
1022:Mandativu
1000:Geography
909:reformer
867:Vannimais
844:captured
822:Sinhalese
810:Yalpaanam
716:Sri Lanka
708:Mahavamsa
692:Naga Nadu
641:grey ware
633:Arikamedu
625:Poonakari
535:Gurunagar
523:Gurunagar
497:-pattinam
471:Etymology
366:Sri Lanka
322:Yāḻppāṇam
276:Time zone
239:Elevation
215:E. Arnold
164:Sri Lanka
5600:Weligama
5585:Vavuniya
5575:Tangalle
5556:Puttalam
5541:Panadura
5481:Kalutara
5447:Haputale
5412:Beruwala
5367:Dambulla
5327:Kalmunai
5317:Moratuwa
5307:Kaduwela
5151:Dambulla
5121:Vavuniya
5116:Kalmunai
5085:Moratuwa
5009:Category
4800:Old Park
4723:Religion
4599:Kondavil
4594:Kokkuvil
4574:Ariyalai
4263:archived
4227:archived
4186:archived
4153:Archived
4117:archived
4081:archived
4045:archived
4041:56367740
4001:archived
3958:archived
3922:archived
3886:archived
3850:archived
3818:archived
3782:archived
3749:Archived
3745:75481767
3690:Archived
3660:Archived
3655:Daily FT
3623:Archived
3560:Archived
3530:Archived
3378:Archived
3374:Tamilnet
3145:Archived
3034:Archived
2917:Archived
2866:Archived
2768:Archived
2729:Archived
2699:Archived
2660:Archived
2632:Archived
2614:(2005).
2590:Archived
2471:Archived
2425:Archived
2399:Archived
2375:21 April
2238:Eelanadu
2212:and the
2136:Yal Devi
2130:and the
2128:railways
2077:Pakistan
2045:Shaivite
2003:Religion
1944:Kondavil
1935:Kokkuvil
1930:Kaithadi
1905:Ariyalai
1790:149,000
1787:118,224
1784:107,184
1544:(53.91)
1539:(10.78)
1534:(17.22)
1475:Average
1190:(101.7)
1150:(100.0)
1145:(101.7)
1140:(100.0)
1042:oleander
1038:koddanai
1030:Palmyrah
1010:Kokkuvil
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683:and the
610:Iron Age
602:Iron Age
477:Yalpanam
463:and the
386:emporium
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281:UTC+5:30
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170:Province
5705:Badulla
5670:Colombo
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5590:Wattala
5570:Lindula
5506:Kinniya
5501:Kesbewa
5496:Kegalle
5456:Dickoya
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5342:Gampaha
5322:Negombo
5295:Badulla
5227:Colombo
5106:Negombo
5064:Colombo
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4901:Schools
4702:Culture
4679:Jetwing
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4651:Economy
4567:Suburbs
4504:History
4396:, USA:
4305:17 June
4137:. USA:
3723:Colombo
3708:Sources
2260:Uthayan
2242:Bharati
2156:Colombo
2140:Colombo
2096:Kuravar
2061:diocese
1964:Manipay
1887:Census
1878:Census
1875:Census
1872:Census
1869:Census
1866:Census
1863:Census
1860:Census
1857:Census
1854:Census
1851:Census
1845:Source
1796:84,416
1793:83,563
1781:94,670
1778:77,811
1775:62,543
1772:45,708
1769:42,436
1766:40,441
1763:33,879
1760:43,179
1694:Colombo
1542:1,369.2
1529:(9.25)
1524:(3.19)
1519:(2.26)
1514:(0.89)
1509:(0.73)
1504:(2.61)
1499:(2.55)
1494:(1.67)
1489:(1.02)
1484:(1.74)
1470:(61.2)
1465:(62.2)
1460:(64.4)
1455:(68.0)
1450:(70.7)
1445:(68.7)
1440:(72.3)
1435:(70.0)
1430:(70.2)
1425:(69.8)
1420:(61.9)
1415:(61.2)
1410:(61.3)
1400:(77.2)
1395:(73.4)
1390:(74.7)
1385:(77.5)
1380:(79.7)
1375:(80.1)
1370:(81.0)
1365:(81.9)
1360:(82.0)
1355:(79.2)
1350:(74.1)
1345:(71.1)
1340:(71.1)
1330:(82.9)
1325:(78.6)
1320:(80.1)
1315:(82.8)
1310:(84.9)
1305:(85.1)
1300:(85.8)
1295:(86.2)
1290:(86.5)
1285:(86.0)
1280:(82.2)
1275:(79.2)
1270:(77.9)
1260:(88.7)
1255:(84.0)
1250:(85.6)
1245:(88.2)
1240:(89.2)
1235:(90.0)
1230:(90.7)
1225:(90.5)
1220:(91.2)
1215:(92.8)
1210:(91.0)
1205:(87.3)
1200:(84.7)
1185:(90.0)
1180:(96.4)
1175:(95.0)
1170:(99.0)
1165:(97.3)
1160:(99.0)
1155:(98.1)
1135:(96.1)
1130:(95.0)
1067:monsoon
1056:with a
1048:Climate
1026:causway
907:Saivite
859:Colombo
774:Kandyan
604:in the
572:History
560:ending
425:British
409:Colombo
336:Sinhala
292:Website
161:Country
5742:Jaffna
5685:Jaffna
5526:Mannar
5471:Ja-Ela
5466:Horana
5452:Hatton
5437:Eravur
5427:Chilaw
5402:Ampara
5347:Matale
5337:Matara
5285:Jaffna
5141:Jaffna
4684:Subhas
4667:Hotels
4497:Jaffna
4460:Jaffna
4404:
4375:
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2146:. The
2100:Telugu
2059:has a
2041:Hindus
1994:
1954:Nallur
1757:4,000
1081:Month
948:Police
798:Nallur
765:vassal
746:Nallur
566:Jaffna
456:Hindus
394:Nallur
306:Jaffna
268:
255:88,138
187:Jaffna
114:Jaffna
46:Jaffna
5680:Galle
5675:Kandy
5612:Note:
5280:Galle
5270:Kandy
5126:Galle
5111:Kandy
4976:Media
4689:Tilko
3475:(PDF)
3468:(PDF)
3451:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
3295:(PDF)
3288:(PDF)
2069:Shias
2065:Sunni
1949:Kopay
1884:Est.
1848:Est.
1840:14th
1801:Rank
1749:2010
1746:2007
1743:1994
1740:1981
1737:1971
1734:1963
1731:1953
1728:1946
1725:1931
1722:1921
1719:1911
1716:1901
1713:1891
1710:1880
1707:Year
1682:North
1630:Galle
1626:Kandy
1591:73.8
1588:11.9
1585:17.1
1582:12.4
1537:273.9
1532:437.3
1527:235.0
1120:Year
1034:talai
915:Kandy
863:India
814:Tamil
698:epic
696:Tamil
661:Dusun
588:with
558:Tamil
421:Dutch
340:යාපනය
310:Tamil
210:Mayor
51:යාපනය
4790:Fort
4431:link
4402:ISBN
4373:ISBN
4345:ISBN
4307:2008
4289:ISBN
4271:2020
4253:ISBN
4235:2020
4217:ISBN
4194:2020
4176:ISBN
4161:2020
4143:ISBN
4125:2020
4107:ISBN
4089:2020
4071:ISBN
4053:2020
4037:OCLC
4027:ISBN
4009:2020
3991:ISBN
3966:2020
3948:ISBN
3930:2020
3912:ISBN
3894:2020
3876:ISBN
3858:2020
3840:ISBN
3826:2020
3808:ISBN
3790:2020
3772:ISBN
3757:2020
3741:OCLC
3731:ISBN
3698:2017
3668:2016
3631:2017
3568:2016
3538:2016
3483:2011
3412:2011
3386:2011
3356:link
3342:2011
3303:2016
3271:2024
3249:2011
3192:2008
3153:2023
3137:ISSN
3133:Time
3042:2014
2912:See
2874:2007
2776:2020
2758:ISBN
2737:2018
2707:2020
2689:ISBN
2668:2020
2640:2020
2622:ISBN
2598:2020
2569:2017
2532:ISBN
2479:2018
2433:2016
2407:2023
2377:2012
2306:See
2288:and
2267:and
2244:and
2236:and
2192:and
2174:and
2154:and
1833:4th
1830:3rd
1827:3rd
1824:3rd
1821:2nd
1818:2nd
1815:2nd
1812:2nd
1809:3rd
1806:2nd
1686:East
1684:and
1652:The
1645:and
1616:The
1598:NOAA
1579:4.7
1576:4.2
1573:2.5
1570:1.6
1567:3.7
1564:5.6
1561:3.9
1558:2.3
1555:3.9
1522:81.0
1517:57.3
1512:22.6
1507:18.5
1502:66.2
1497:64.7
1492:42.5
1487:25.9
1482:44.3
1468:16.2
1463:16.8
1458:18.0
1453:20.0
1448:21.5
1443:20.4
1438:22.4
1433:21.1
1428:21.2
1423:21.0
1418:16.6
1413:16.2
1408:16.3
1398:25.1
1393:23.0
1388:23.7
1383:25.3
1378:26.5
1373:26.7
1368:27.2
1363:27.7
1358:27.8
1353:26.2
1348:23.4
1343:21.7
1338:21.7
1328:28.3
1323:25.9
1318:26.7
1313:28.2
1308:29.4
1303:29.5
1298:29.9
1293:30.1
1288:30.3
1283:30.0
1278:27.9
1273:26.2
1268:25.5
1258:31.5
1253:28.9
1248:29.8
1243:31.2
1238:31.8
1233:32.2
1228:32.6
1223:32.5
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1208:32.8
1203:30.7
1198:29.3
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1153:36.7
1148:37.8
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1128:35.0
1117:Dec
1114:Nov
1111:Oct
1108:Sep
1105:Aug
1102:Jul
1099:Jun
1096:May
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1087:Feb
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