42:
233:
Fortress in
Kashgar at the beginning of 1827, when he had slaughtered all its defenders (about 12,000 Manchu and Chinese troops and members of their families). After receiving word that a Qing army was on its way to Kashgar, Jahangir again mustered voluntary troops. This army had no artillery units, despite having captured the six large cannons of the Gulbagh fortress, which were not brought and used in the battle. By contrast, Qing troops applied well-organized intense cannon fire across the Tuman River on Jahangir's positions, sending his troops reeling into confusion. Mercenaries from Badakhshan, Kokand and Kunduz fled first, then the Kashgarians lost ground. Qing troops rushed to Kashgar and, upon entering the city, embarked on the wholesale massacre of the local population of about 20,000 civilians. On January
34:
1895:
202:
various owners; one of them, Nian, ended up as a slave to Prince Batur Khan of
Bukhara. Omar Khan ended up owning Liu Qifeng and Wu Erqi. The others—Zhu, Tian Li and Ma Tianxi—ended up with various owners but plotted an escape. The Russians record an incident in which they rescued the Chinese Muslim merchants who had escaped after they were sold by Jahangir's army in Central Asia and sent them back to China.
1907:
262:. There he was exposed to the attention of China's capital's population, being carried for several weeks in a mobile iron cage through the main streets of Beijing. Finally he was brought to the Daoguang Emperor for interrogation but, having gone mad due to bad treatment, he was unable to answer any questions. Immediately after the interrogation was completed he was executed by
148:. Among Jahangir's troops were Kyrghyz, Tajiks and White Mountain fighters. After appearing in Kashgar with only several hundred of his followers, he quickly increased his force with volunteers and within several months had collected about 200,000 troops under his banner. Jahangir Khoja overthrew Qing power in
343:(1810–22) and Muhammad Ali Khan (1822–42). The rulers of Kokand promised in the agreement to hold all Appak Khoja descendants under observation, restrict their activities and not let them leave Kokand. In exchange, Kokand received every year a definite amount of silver, quantities varied from 250 up to 1000
382:
foreign intelligence
Service, upset at the possible opportunity gained by British forces in India due to this rebellion; they claimed that there were 13 British bodyguards of Jahangir Khoja, seven of whom followed him wherever he went at all times (a fact not confirmed by local sources). According to
232:
north of
Kashgar. Although his forces during the battle outnumbered those of the Qing, the latter were much better organized, being a regular state army. Jahangir had not created a regular army and had disbanded his voluntary army after gaining control of Western Kashgaria and taking the Gulbagh Qing
201:
cut off when brought to Kokand and
Central Asia as prisoners. It was reported that many of the Chinese Muslim merchant captives became slaves themselves, with accounts of Chinese Muslim slavery in Central Asia increasing. The queues were removed from Chinese Muslim prisoners and then sold or given to
176:
in these 6 cities of West
Kashgaria. Hui Muslims were targeted in slave raids by Muslims of the Kokand Khanate. Enslavement didn't depend on religious status but political allegiance, since Turkic Muslim Ishaqi and Turfanis who served the Qing against fellow Turkic Muslim Afaqi and Khokandis were
253:
of
Kashgar, Ishak Khoja, who sent a misleading letter to Jahangir telling him that the main body of Qing troops had departed and inviting him to Kashgar to regain power. When Jahangir heard the news he hurried back to Kashgar but was ambushed by Qing troops under the
247:
I sent an army to eliminate the evil itself, you were at the lair of the beast, but let him to escape, now all previous victories have no any value, because he is still alive, the germ of the future rebellions.
123:
Burhan ad-Din, a Khoja of the White
Mountain faction, was the grandfather of Jahangir. Before rebellion broke out in May 1826 and during a fortuitously timed earthquake that destroyed most towns in the
266:. Jahangir Khoja's body was cut into numerous pieces and his bones thrown to the local dogs. His portrait was buried in the hill near Beijing. He was 40 years old at the time of his death.
274:
With
Jahangir dead, the Chinese decided to punish the Khokandians for their sympathy with the Khojas and imposed restrictions on their exports to Kashgar. In retaliation, at the behest of
41:
961:
1237:
197:
whom they enslaved for a year before Tajik Beg Ku-bu-te returned them to China. All
Chinese captured—including merchants and 300 soldiers Janhangir captured in Kashgar—had their
177:
also enslaved by their fellow Turkic Muslims led by Jahangir. Kashgari Muslims purchased Ghalcha Mountain Tajiks as slaves. His forces captured several hundred Chinese Muslims (
682:
282:) became ruler of what was at that time known in the west as Chinese Turkestan. Jahangir's invasion led to a change in policy and Han settlement was allowed in the
319:
This agreement, according to M. Kutlukov, was concluded first by Kokand ruler Irdana Biy (1751–70) as soon as the Qing became aware of Sarymsaq Khoja (an
1337:
905:
408:
1848:
1472:
1963:
1958:
938:
353:), and tea. Kokand traders were also granted trade privileges in Kashgaria. Jahangir Khoja (1788–1828) was a son of Sarymsaq Khoja.
1051:
1651:
1003:
803:
1853:
1090:
649:
1953:
998:
1843:
1203:
894:
868:
749:
692:
659:
469:
1350:
228:
troops against Jahangir. Jahingir's forces were defeated within one month at a decisive battle on the banks of the
1676:
224:. In January 1828 this Army moved against Jahangir Khoja. Other sources say that the Chinese governor led 80,000
1870:
1865:
1596:
1373:
1249:
1220:
1174:
502:
286:
after his invasion whereas before the invasion, Han were not allowed to permanently settle in the Tarim Basin.
72:
1656:
1566:
1215:
1142:
931:
739:
335:, had arrived in Kokand and settled there. The agreement was confirmed later by the following Kokand rulers:
80:
1943:
1875:
1641:
1626:
1327:
1184:
1257:
461:
Dragons, tigers, and dogs: Qing crisis management and the boundaries of state power in late imperial China
1666:
1661:
1591:
1355:
1196:
1880:
1508:
275:
1911:
1671:
1556:
1287:
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1169:
1037:
1033:
924:
295:
221:
1631:
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1451:
1041:
375:
459:
1707:
1056:
1029:
136:, where he had been held in prison in accordance with a secret agreement concluded between the
793:
1860:
1823:
1616:
1147:
492:
1938:
1933:
1611:
1488:
1063:
651:
The Empire and the Khanate: a political history of Qing relations with Khoqand c. 1760-1860
383:
Russian sources, Jahangir's uprising was completely quelled by China by the summer of 1828.
901:
209:
managed to mobilize "all forces of the Empire, that were put into motion" and by September
48:(1820-1850) of Qing China who quelled Sayyid Khoja Jahangir Rebellion in Kashgaria in 1828
8:
1797:
1762:
1742:
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1621:
1581:
1345:
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118:
1576:
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367:
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109:
Empire's power for a few years in the 1820s but was eventually defeated and executed.
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137:
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23:
887:
Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877
1948:
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1112:
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1015:
578:
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242:
206:
169:
45:
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858:
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165:
161:
125:
64:
1838:
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1191:
1127:
1070:
860:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864
379:
255:
218:
153:
582:
535:
33:
1927:
1782:
1752:
1727:
1513:
1292:
1267:
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1208:
1159:
1102:
1025:
250:
178:
327:'s descendants to survive the 1757–59 Qing invasion of Kashgaria), who, via
1802:
1787:
1732:
1717:
1712:
1498:
1365:
1164:
1107:
1046:
141:
106:
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1117:
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336:
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238:
237:
29, 1828, Jahangir managed to escape and hide himself in the mountainous
229:
590:
566:
543:
519:
1722:
1528:
1416:
978:
433:
332:
324:
225:
182:
145:
1828:
1757:
1307:
1271:
1262:
214:
249:
Jahangir's capture resulted from the treachery of the former Kyrgyz
97:; 1788 – 25 June 1828), was a member of the influential Afaqi
1692:
1503:
1436:
1122:
1020:
947:
744:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 66.
457:
378:
among Jahangir's troops; those rumours were also circulated by the
245:
was dissatisfied with this turn of events and wrote to Chang Ling:
173:
27:
916:
1818:
1697:
1431:
1411:
1383:
988:
412:
371:
263:
259:
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129:
102:
20:
1441:
1426:
1421:
983:
779:
186:
133:
88:
1388:
1232:
1080:
684:
The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800–1911, pt. 1
497:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 45.
349:
344:
328:
157:
778:
Publishing House of Main Redaction of Eastern Literature,
370:), whose tight black costume gave rise to the rumours in
719:
707:
629:
617:
605:
464:. East Asia Program, Cornell University. p. 282.
846:Relations between Khanate of Kokand and Qing China
362:Among volunteers in Jahangir's army were a lot of
1925:
817:
815:
772:Relations between Kokand Khanate and Qing China
567:"Bondage on Qing China's Northwestern Frontier"
520:"Bondage on Qing China's Northwestern Frontier"
490:
932:
812:
458:Robert J. Antony, Jane Kate Leonard (2002).
906:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
897:. (Searchable text available on Amazon.com)
863:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
825:Chinese Central Asia A Ride to Little Tibet
798:. Harvard University Press. pp. 167–.
687:. Cambridge University Press. p. 371.
37:Battle at the River Honbasi near Aksu, 1828
1849:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
1473:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
939:
925:
889:. Stanford University Press (March 2004).
279:
791:
856:
843:
821:
785:
725:
713:
680:
635:
623:
611:
409:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
213:1827 had assembled an army of 70,000 in
40:
32:
1052:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
741:Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang
1926:
432:
1004:Chief Official of the Western Regions
920:
737:
647:
564:
517:
1906:
1091:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
128:, Jahangir Khoja managed to flee to
999:Protectorate of the Western Regions
946:
795:The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History
278:, the Khan of Kokand, Yusuf Khoja (
68:
13:
1844:East Turkistan Government in Exile
1652:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout
879:
494:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery
14:
1975:
339:(1770–98), Alim Khan (1798–1810)
16:East Turkestani noble (1788–1828)
1964:19th-century executions by China
1959:People executed by dismemberment
1905:
1894:
1893:
1351:Xinjiang Agricultural University
144:China concerning descendants of
1677:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
764:
731:
674:
641:
193:bought two Chinese slaves from
1597:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
1221:Second East Turkestan Republic
1175:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
558:
511:
491:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2006).
484:
451:
426:
417:
402:
356:
323:who was the only person among
313:
172:, having annihilated the Qing
93:
84:
76:
26:. For the Moghul emperor, see
1:
1489:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
1216:First East Turkestan Republic
1143:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
792:Rian Thum (13 October 2014).
390:
1642:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
1627:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
1185:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
681:Fairbank, John King (1978).
395:
269:
258:, captured and delivered to
7:
1667:Assassination of Juma Tayir
1356:Xinjiang Medical University
857:Millward, James A. (1998).
828:. Vol. II. p. 56.
289:
101:clan, who managed to wrest
10:
1980:
1954:People executed for mutiny
1871:China–Kyrgyzstan relations
1866:China–Kazakhstan relations
1233:People's Republic of China
836:
116:
18:
1889:
1811:
1685:
1672:Xinjiang internment camps
1537:
1481:
1460:
1402:
1364:
1336:
1248:
969:
955:
738:Tyler, Christian (2004).
583:10.1017/S0026749X12000261
536:10.1017/S0026749X12000261
241:among the Kyrgyz people.
112:
1876:China–Pakistan relations
1657:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
1637:June 2013 Shanshan riots
1567:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
1328:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
822:Lansdell, Henry (1894).
306:
296:Xinjiang under Qing rule
19:This article is about a
1632:April 2013 Bachu unrest
1452:Chinese Islamic cuisine
205:Nevertheless, the Qing
1881:China–Turkey relations
1662:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
1592:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
1197:Reconquest of Xinjiang
1057:Four Garrisons of Anxi
374:about the presence of
49:
38:
1861:World Uyghur Congress
1854:Independence movement
1824:Migration to Xinjiang
1617:Pishan hostage crisis
844:Kutlukov, M. (1982).
654:. BRILL. p. 97.
648:Newby, Laura (2005).
565:NEWBY, L. J. (2013).
518:NEWBY, L. J. (2013).
217:under the command of
185:), who were taken to
44:
36:
1612:2011 Kashgar attacks
1557:1992 Ürümqi bombings
1509:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
1288:Gurbantünggüt Desert
1064:Beiting Protectorate
900:Grum-Grzimajlo, G.,
571:Modern Asian Studies
524:Modern Asian Studies
438:《清史稿‧卷十七‧本紀十七‧宣宗本紀一》
1944:History of Xinjiang
1798:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
1647:2014 Kunming attack
1622:2012 Yecheng attack
1582:2008 Kashgar attack
1482:Visitor attractions
1346:Xinjiang University
1308:Karakoram Mountains
1180:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1086:Kara-Khanid Khanate
119:Afaqi Khoja revolts
73:traditional Chinese
1577:2008 Uyghur unrest
1572:2007 Xinjiang raid
1547:1989 Ürümqi unrest
1394:Tocharian clothing
81:simplified Chinese
50:
39:
1921:
1920:
1834:Chinese Turkestan
1607:2011 Hotan attack
1602:2010 Aksu bombing
1587:Shaoguan incident
1539:Xinjiang conflict
1494:Flaming Mountains
1384:Meshrep gathering
1303:Turpan Depression
1298:Taklamakan Desert
1282:Southern Xinjiang
1238:PRC incorporation
1204:Republic of China
1148:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1011:Kingdom of Khotan
902:Eastern Turkestan
805:978-0-674-59855-3
782:, 1982, page 207.
442:Republic of China
301:Wali Khan (khoja)
276:Muhammad Ali Khan
264:slicing (Lingchi)
138:Khanate of Kokand
1971:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1318:Kunlun Mountains
1153:Dzungar genocide
1113:Chagatai Khanate
1076:Uyghur Khaganate
1016:Sixteen Kingdoms
941:
934:
927:
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853:
848:. Moscow, USSR:
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243:Daoguang Emperor
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207:Daoguang Emperor
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71:, جهانگير خوجة;
70:
46:Daoguang Emperor
1979:
1978:
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1968:
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1923:
1922:
1917:
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1807:
1793:Shirzat Bawudun
1748:Saifuddin Azizi
1681:
1562:Ghulja incident
1533:
1477:
1468:Cotton industry
1456:
1398:
1360:
1332:
1323:Pamir Mountains
1313:Altai Mountains
1244:
1138:Dzungar Khanate
1133:Yarkent Khanate
965:
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880:Further reading
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446:壬子，上廷訊張格爾罪，磔於市。
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126:Ferghana Valley
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57:Jāhangīr Khwāja
53:Jahanghir Khoja
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1961:
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1839:East Turkestan
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1813:
1809:
1808:
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1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Zhang Chunxian
1770:
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1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Ehmetjan Qasim
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1720:
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1703:Jahangir Khoja
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1552:Barin uprising
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1374:Doppa Festival
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1194:
1192:General of Ili
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1128:Turpan Khanate
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1071:Tibetan Empire
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811:
804:
784:
763:
750:
730:
728:, p. 285.
718:
716:, p. 168.
706:
693:
673:
660:
640:
638:, p. 305.
628:
626:, p. 205.
616:
614:, p. 298.
604:
557:
510:
503:
483:
470:
450:
440:(in Chinese).
425:
416:
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311:
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256:General of Ili
226:Chinese Muslim
219:General of Ili
117:Main article:
114:
111:
61:Jihangir Khoja
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1718:Yang Zengxin
1713:Zuo Zongtang
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1519:Karakul Lake
1499:Jiaohe ruins
1165:Qing dynasty
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1047:Tang dynasty
912:(in Russian)
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69:جهانگیر خوجا
60:
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1939:1828 deaths
1934:1788 births
1778:Ilham Tohti
1768:Wang Lequan
1524:Kizil Caves
1278:Tarim Basin
1118:Moghulistan
1098:Qara Khitai
994:Han dynasty
337:Narbuta Biy
325:Appak Khoja
284:Tarim Basin
239:Alay Valley
230:Tuman River
146:Appak Khoja
1928:Categories
1723:Jin Shuren
1529:Niya ruins
1447:Tunurkawab
979:Tocharians
757:2010-11-28
700:2010-11-28
667:2010-11-28
577:(3): 975.
530:(3): 974.
504:0195221516
477:2010-11-28
434:Zhao Erxun
423:Kim (2003)
391:References
333:Badakhshan
321:Ak Taghlik
280:خواجہ یوسف
222:Chang Ling
170:Maralbashi
94:Zhānggé'ěr
21:Kashgarian
1829:Altishahr
1758:Nur Bekri
1743:Wang Zhen
1708:Yaqub Beg
1338:Education
1272:Dzungaria
1263:Tian Shan
1250:Geography
1170:Qing rule
599:144623444
552:144623444
396:Citations
376:Europeans
341:Omar Khan
270:Aftermath
174:garrisons
105:from the
103:Kashgaria
1900:Category
1693:Amursana
1504:Gaochang
1437:Pamirdin
1123:Kara Del
1026:Göktürks
1021:Gaochang
948:Xinjiang
591:24494172
544:24494172
364:ghalchas
290:See also
162:Kargalik
28:Jahangir
1949:Uyghurs
1912:Commons
1812:Related
1698:Mingrui
1461:Economy
1432:Youtazi
1412:Dapanji
1404:Cuisine
1366:Culture
1038:Eastern
1034:Western
989:Xiongnu
971:History
962:capital
837:Sources
413:Kashgar
380:Russian
372:Siberia
350:yamboos
260:Beijing
195:Shaanxi
154:Yarkand
150:Kashgar
130:Kashgar
1763:Li Zhi
1686:People
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1258:Cities
1042:Second
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780:Moscow
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345:ingots
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199:queues
191:Tajiks
187:Kokand
179:Dungan
158:Khotan
134:Kokand
113:Career
91::
89:pinyin
83::
75::
65:Uyghur
1442:Xurpa
1427:Samsa
1389:Muqam
1379:Music
1081:Qocho
1030:First
850:Nauka
776:Nauka
595:S2CID
587:JSTOR
548:S2CID
540:JSTOR
329:Kabul
307:Notes
251:Hakim
132:from
99:khoja
24:khoja
1040:and
891:ISBN
865:ISBN
800:ISBN
746:ISBN
689:ISBN
656:ISBN
499:ISBN
466:ISBN
331:and
215:Aksu
168:and
140:and
107:Qing
1417:Nan
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183:Hui
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85:张格尔
77:張格爾
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