29:
321:
was nominally addressed to Henry Cullen, a
Jamaican merchant of English origin, it is clear that its fundamental objective was to gain the attention of the most powerful liberal nation of the 19th century, Britain, with the aim that it would decide to involve itself in American independence. However,
283:
was finished on
September 7, 1815, in Kingston. In it, Bolívar began by analyzing what until that time had been considered the historical successes in the struggle for liberty in the Americas. In general terms, it was a balance of force achieved by the patriots in the years from 1810 to 1815. In
133:
in 1815. It was a response to a letter from
Jamaican merchant Henry Cullen, in which Bolívar explained his thoughts about the social and political situation of the Spanish America at the time, the power of the Spanish Empire and the possible future of the new nations that would be created after its
228:
Bolívar did not have in that year any resources to fulfill his projects of emancipation. In 1815, he gained the sympathy of the
British, but he was close to poverty with few material possessions, little money and some slaves; Pío, one of them, tried to assassinate him under the orders given by
212:
Bolívar made his way to
Jamaica on May 8, 1815, and he arrived there six days later. He aspired to get the attention of the British Empire in order to obtain its cooperation, in which the ideal of Latin American independence means economic profit for England. Therefore, Bolívar made efforts to
199:
in
October 1814 and stayed until April 1815. Nevertheless, Bolívar did not repeat the victorious experience of 1813 because he was a subordinate of the New Granadine authorities, which requested him to fight against the federalist forces (who opposed the centralist dictatorship of
204:) rather than the loyalist armies. Unable to deal with the civil war that confronted the patriot factions and having neither political power nor the acceptance of several New Granadines, Bolívar decided to resign his military investiture and to leave the Spanish American society.
237:
to the
Spanish America months earlier. In October, Bolívar's economic situation worsened in a point in which he was in despair. According to a letter written to Maxwell Hyslop, Bolívar said that he would end his days
288:" in their decision for independence, followed by a call to Europe for it to co-operate in the work to liberate the Latin American peoples. In the third and final part, he speculated and debated on the destiny of
607:
893:
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652:
944:
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225:
from May to
December 1815 with no military activities, but he dedicated his time to think about the future of the American continent, given the situation of the world's politics.
870:
213:
convince the
English gentlemen of his proposals, such as giving to England the Spanish American provinces of Panama and Nicaragua to build waterway later developed as the
641:
667:
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521:
251:. Months later, he was required by his New Granadian fellows to help their resistance against Morillo's troops, but it was too late because the loyalist
585:
612:
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Discussion of the social and political situation of the
Spanish Empire in the Americas and the potential for new nations to be born from it
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737:
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883:
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759:
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301:
1004:
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478:. Bogotá: Fundación para la Investigación y la Cultura, 2008 (2nd Edition). Translation by Pedro Martín de la Cámara.
1029:
554:
257:
took the city of Cartagena. This event made Bolívar change his course to Haiti in order to get reinforcements from
311:
Finally, Bolívar ends his reflections with an imprecation that he would repeat until his death: the necessity for
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464:. Volume I (1810-1822). New York: The Colonial Press Inc., 1951. Translation by Lewis Bertrand.
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forces and forced Bolívar to retreat, with the additional consequence of being proscribed by
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34:
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the middle part of the document are expounded the causes and reasons that justified the "
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783:
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126:
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on August 6, 1813. However, the whole enterprise came to an end in 1814, when the
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when Britain finally responded to Bolívar's call, he preferred the help of
420:
Letter from Simón Bolívar to Maxwell Hyslop. Kingston, October 30, 1815.
172:
242:" and that "it is preferable death than a less honourable existence".
394:
Letter from Simón Bolívar to Maxwell Hyslop. Kingston, May 19, 1815.
176:
245:
Prior to those misfortuned words on October 1815, Bolívar wrote the
733:
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Contestación de un Americano Meridional a un caballero de esta isla
234:
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152:
130:
539:
289:
142:
123:"Answer from a southern American to a gentleman of this island"
179:
with his authority lost and disputed by his own officers. The
323:
305:
505:
Reply of a South American to a Gentleman of this Island
261:. On December 24, Bolívar was no longer in Jamaica.
1045:
List of places and things named after Simón Bolivar
151:took Bolívar very rapidly in just a few months to
1057:
509:- An English translation by Lewis Bertrand in
207:
555:
316:
278:
252:
246:
117:
110:
46:
143:The fall of the Second Republic of Venezuela
562:
548:
313:the union of the countries of the Americas
175:. After this defeat in 1814, Bolívar fled
27:
1010:Statue of Simón Bolívar, Washington, D.C.
623:María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa
608:María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco
485:. Caracas: Biblioteca Gráfica Nacional.
186:
264:
1058:
471:. Caracas: Grijalbo, 2007 (1st Repr.).
341:
147:In order to rebuild the Republic, the
543:
513:. New York, The Colonial Press, 1951.
346:(in European Spanish). Archived from
137:
33:Original on temporary display at the
446:Lecuna, Vicente (1951), pp. 103-122.
385:Liévano Aguirre (1950), pp. 221-223.
233:, whose fleet began its voyage from
467:Liévano Aguirre, Indalecio (1950).
16:Political document by Simón Bolívar
13:
995:Bust of Simón Bolívar, Houston, TX
14:
1102:
884:International Simón Bolívar Prize
772:Spanish reconquest of New Granada
569:
496:
437:Pino Iturrieta (2009), pp. 84-85.
376:Pino Iturrieta (2009), pp. 75-78.
195:on September 8, 1814. He was in
1005:Statue of Simón Bolívar, London
452:
852:Constitution of Bolivia (1826)
790:Ecuadorian War of Independence
768:Venezuelan War of Independence
631:María Antonia Bolívar Palacios
481:Pino Iturrieta, Elías (2009).
440:
431:
414:
405:
388:
379:
370:
361:
335:
1:
653:Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios
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945:Bolívar, a Tropical Symphony
910:The General in His Labyrinth
800:Bolivian War of Independence
795:Peruvian War of Independence
702:Francisco de Paula Santander
597:Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte
511:Selected Writings of Bolivar
461:Selected Writings Of Bolivar
181:Second Republic of Venezuela
125:) was a document written by
7:
1030:Birthplace of Simón Bolívar
857:Constitution of Peru (1826)
272:
208:Exile of Bolívar in Jamaica
10:
1107:
1086:Colombia–Jamaica relations
367:Masur (1948), pp. 208-210.
1076:Independence of Venezuela
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987:
920:
901:
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776:Liberation of New Granada
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683:
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578:Family and contemporaries
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458:Lecuna, Vicente (Comp.).
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82:
72:
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26:
21:
1000:Simón Bolívar (Tadolini)
474:Masur, Gerhard (1948).
183:was finally abolished.
60:; 209 years ago
37:, Ecuador in March 2017
1035:Crown of Simón Bolívar
746:Alexander von Humboldt
642:Juana Bolívar Palacios
534:Archivo del Libertador
422:Archivo del Libertador
396:Archivo del Libertador
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58:September 6, 1815
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809:Politics and ideology
411:Masur (1948), p. 235.
342:MippCI (2013-05-22).
187:Return to New Granada
163:finally defeated the
35:Palacio de Carondelet
921:Films and television
738:Marquis de Lafayette
694:Francisco de Miranda
191:Bolívar departed to
106:Letter from Jamaica
894:Cultural depictions
823:Cartagena Manifesto
344:"Campaña Admirable"
240:in a violent manner
221:. Bolívar lived in
784:Battle of Carabobo
698:José de San Martín
524:2016-10-09 at the
315:. Even though the
149:Admirable Campaign
138:Historical context
1091:Letters (message)
1053:
1052:
1040:Quinta de Bolívar
1018:
1017:
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864:
835:Angostura Address
754:
753:
706:José Antonio Páez
286:Spanish Americans
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97:
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980:(2019 TV series)
961:Bolívar el héroe
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816:Bolivarian canon
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780:Battle of Boyacá
760:Battles and wars
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668:Hipólita Bolívar
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532:), available at
518:Carta de Jamaica
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248:Carta de Jamaica
202:Bernardo Álvarez
169:José Félix Ribas
161:José Tomás Boves
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426:Document 1305
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350:on 2018-08-03
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348:the original
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972:(2013 film)
964:(2003 film)
956:(2002 film)
948:(1980 film)
940:(1969 film)
932:(1942 film)
778:(1819–20),
774:(1815–16),
671: [
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645: [
634: [
611: [
600: [
298:New Granada
254:Pacificador
197:New Granada
173:Manuel Piar
1060:Categories
988:Sculptures
902:Literature
530:in Spanish
354:2016-09-11
330:References
159:troops of
134:collapse.
83:Media type
65:1815-09-06
731:European:
628:Siblings:
193:Cartagena
177:Venezuela
73:Author(s)
782:(1819),
734:Napoleon
594:Parents:
522:Archived
273:Overview
223:Kingston
217:and the
157:royalist
977:Bolívar
786:(1822))
469:Bolívar
165:patriot
153:Caracas
131:Jamaica
116:, also
104:or (or
91:Subject
63: (
55:Created
913:(1989)
871:Legacy
837:(1819)
831:(1815)
825:(1812)
665:Slave:
586:Family
489:
290:Mexico
1023:Other
675:]
660:]
649:]
638:]
620:Wife:
615:]
604:]
324:Haiti
235:Cádiz
487:ISBN
306:Peru
277:The
265:The
171:and
100:The
129:in
108:or
1062::
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740:,
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357:.
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67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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