5935:
America's
Neutrality Act and its "neutrality policy" was a massive farce which only benefited Japan and that Japan did not have the capability nor could ever have invaded China without the massive amount of raw material America exported to Japan. America exported far more raw material to Japan than to China in the years 1937–1940. According to the United States Congress, the U.S.'s third largest export destination was Japan until 1940 when France overtook it due to France being at war too. Japan's military machine acquired war materials, automotive equipment, steel, scrap iron, copper, oil, that it wanted from the United States in 1937–1940 and was allowed to purchase aerial bombs, aircraft equipment, and aircraft from America up to the summer of 1938. War essentials exports from the United States to Japan increased by 124% along with a general increase of 41% of all American exports from 1936 to 1937 when Japan invaded China. Japan's war economy was fueled by exports to the United States at over twice the rate immediately preceding the war. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Japan corresponded to the following share of American exports;
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thirties, a strong and somewhat ruthless character as befits a scion of the family which has in recent years produced such outstanding men as Ma An Liang, Ma Ch'i, and Ma Fu Hsiang. He has kept the
Province in fair order, since he assumed control a year or two ago; though his relations with the Military Governor, his uncle Ma Shun Cheng, are at the moment none too cordial and trouble threatens. Further, there is a certain movement for independence among these Moslems, and a tendency to break away from Nanking and join up with their fellow-Moslems further west. The latter is much under the influence of Russia, which for years has tried to extend its influence into Kansu, but with very little success, for the Kansu Moslems are a sturdy independent people and make poor material for Bolshevik propaganda. We saw no signs of any Japanese whatever, and strong anti-Japanese feeling was very apparent.
5939:
4781:. Elements of the Eighth Route Army soon attacked the advancing Japanese, inflicting between 3,000 and 5,000 casualties and resulting in a Japanese retreat. As the Japanese military came to understand that the Communists avoided conventional attacks and defense, it altered its tactics. The Japanese military built more roads to quicken movement between strongpoints and cities, blockaded rivers and roads in an effort to disrupt Communists supply, sought to expand militia from its puppet regime to conserve manpower, and use systematic violence on civilians in the Border Region in an effort to destroy its economy. The Japanese military mandated confiscation of the Eighth Route Army's goods and used this directive as a pretext to confiscate goods, including engaging in grave robbery in the Border Region.
6001:
jointly along with the Office of
Strategic Services (OSS), America's first intelligence agency and forerunner of the CIA while also serving as joint training program between the two nations. Among all the wartime missions that Americans set up in China, SACO was the only one that adopted a policy of "total immersion" with the Chinese. The "Rice Paddy Navy" or "What-the-Hell Gang" operated in the China-Burma-India theater, advising and training, forecasting weather and scouting landing areas for USN fleet and Gen Claire Chennault's 14th AF, rescuing downed American flyers, and intercepting Japanese radio traffic. An underlying mission objective during the last year of war was the development and preparation of the China coast for Allied penetration and occupation.
5527:) have depicted it as a more complicated situation. Stilwell had a strong desire to assume total control of Chinese troops and pursue an aggressive strategy, while Chiang preferred a patient and less expensive strategy of out-waiting the Japanese. Chiang continued to maintain a defensive posture despite Allied pleas to actively break the Japanese blockade, because China had already suffered tens of millions of war casualties and believed that Japan would eventually capitulate in the face of America's overwhelming industrial output. For these reasons the other Allies gradually began to lose confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations from the Asian mainland, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the
65:
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4486:(GHQ) in Tokyo, content with the gains acquired in northern China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, initially showed reluctance to escalate the conflict into a full-scale war. Following the shooting of two Japanese officers who were attempting to enter the Hongqiao military airport on 9 August 1937, the Japanese demanded that all Chinese forces withdraw from Shanghai; the Chinese outright refused to meet this demand. In response, both the Chinese and the Japanese marched reinforcements into the Shanghai area. Chiang concentrated his best troops north of Shanghai in an effort to impress the city's large foreign community and increase China's foreign support.
74:
4047:(NRA) formed by the Kuomintang swept through southern and central China until it was checked in Shandong, where confrontations with the Japanese garrison escalated into armed conflict. The conflicts were collectively known as the Jinan incident of 1928, during which time the Japanese military killed several Chinese officials and fired artillery shells into Jinan. According to the investigation results of the Association of the Families of the Victims of the Jinan massacre, it showed that 6,123 Chinese civilians were killed and 1,701 injured. Relations between the Chinese Nationalist government and Japan severely worsened as a result of the Jinan incident.
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influence in French
Indochina and to put pressure on their opponents. Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to maneuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh's forces against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement. In February 1946, he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and to renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for the Chinese withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region. Following France's agreement to these demands, the withdrawal of Chinese troops began in March 1946.
21065:
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4181:, the president of the Republic of China at the time. With a widened range of economic privileges in Manchuria, Japan began focusing on developing and protecting matters of economic interests. This included railroads, businesses, natural resources, and a general control of the territory. With its influence growing, the Japanese Army began to justify its presence by stating that it was simply protecting its own economic interests. However militarists in the Japanese Army began pushing for an expansion of influence, leading to the Japanese Army assassinating the warlord of Manchuria,
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6924:, Japan permitted the use of chemical weapons in China because the Japanese concluded that Chinese forces did not possess the capacity to retaliate in kind. The Japanese incorporated gas warfare into many aspects of their army, which includes special gas troops, infantry, artillery, engineers and air force; the Japanese were aware of basic gas tactics of other armies, and deployed multifarious gas warfare tactics in China. The Japanese were very dependent on gas weapons when they were engaged in chemical warfare.
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5244:), with American pilots flying American warplanes which were painted with the Chinese flag to attack the Japanese. He headed both the volunteer group and the uniformed U.S. Army Air Forces units that replaced it in 1942. However, it was the Soviets that provided the greatest material help for China's war of resistance against the imperial Japanese invasion from 1937 into 1941, with fighter aircraft for the Nationalist Chinese Air Force and artillery and armour for the Chinese Army through the
336:
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6028:'s car which had Union Jacks on it was attacked by Japanese aircraft with Hugessen being temporarily paralyzed with outrage against the attack from the public and government. The British public were largely supportive of the Chinese and many relief efforts were untaken to help China. Britain at this time was beginning the process of rearmament and the sale of military surplus was banned but there was never an embargo on private companies shipping arms. A number of unassembled
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4614:(IJA) ultimately committed over 300,000 troops, along with numerous naval vessels and aircraft, to capture the city. After more than three months of intense fighting, their casualties far exceeded initial expectations. On 26 October, the IJA captured Dachang, a key strong-point within Shanghai, and on 5 November, additional reinforcements from Japan landed in Hangzhou Bay. Finally, on 9 November, the NRA began a general retreat.
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5357:. The Communists also began to focus most of their energy on building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented, mainly through rural mass organizations, administrative, land and tax reform measures favouring poor peasants; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade of areas controlled by CCP and fighting the Japanese at the same time.
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5873:. This pact enabled the Soviet Union to avoid fighting against Germany and Japan at the same time. In August 1945, the Soviet Union annulled the neutrality pact with Japan and invaded Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, the Kuril Islands, and northern Korea. The Soviets also continued to support the Chinese Communist Party. In total, 3,665 Soviet advisors and pilots served in China, and 227 of them died fighting there.
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114:
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5901:
Cotton Loan mainly benefited
American producers, while aiding to a smaller extent both Chinese and Japanese alike. This policy was due to US fear of breaking off profitable trade ties with Japan, in addition to US officials and businesses perception of China as a potential source of massive profit for the US by absorbing surplus American products, as William Appleman Williams states.
5470:, with the goal of finding the surviving American airmen, applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them and destroying air bases. The operation started 15 May 1942, with 40 infantry battalions and 15–16 artillery battalions but was repelled by Chinese forces in September. During this campaign, the Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and also spread
6940:, during the battle at Hankow, in areas where Japanese artillery or gunboats on the river could not reach Chinese defenders on hilltops, Japanese infantrymen had to fight Chinese troops on the hills. She noted that the Japanese were inferior at hand-to-hand combat against the Chinese, and resorted to deploying poison gas to defeat the Chinese troops. She was told by General
6653:. Disputes over the precise de jure sovereign of Taiwan persist to the present. On a de facto basis, sovereignty over Taiwan has been and continues to be exercised by the ROC. Japan's position has been to avoid commenting on Taiwan's status, maintaining that Japan renounced all claims to sovereignty over its former colonial possessions after World War II, including Taiwan.
5387:
6629:, as neither had shown full and complete legal capacity to enter into an international legally binding agreement. Since China was not present, the Japanese only formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands without specifying to which country Japan relinquished the sovereignty, and the treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952.
6272:
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3704:. From the Japanese perspective, localizing these conflicts was beneficial in preventing intervention from other countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, which were its primary source of petroleum and steel respectively. A formal expression of these conflicts would potentially lead to an American embargo in accordance with the
6886:
North China alone, 18,000 soldiers were evacuated back to Japan for illnesses in 1938, 23,000 in 1939, and 15,000 in 1940. From 1941 to 1945: 202,958 dead; another 54,000 dead after war's end. Chinese forces also report that by May 1945, 22,293 Japanese soldiers were captured as prisoners. Many more
Japanese soldiers surrendered when the war ended.
4194:, had been systematically violated and there were "more than 120 cases of infringement of rights and interests, interference with business, boycott of Japanese goods, unreasonable taxation, detention of individuals, confiscation of properties, eviction, demand for cessation of business, assault and battery, and the oppression of Korean residents".
5328:
support for the
Communists. To strengthen their legitimacy, Communist forces actively engaged the Japanese early on. These operations weakened Japanese forces in Shanxi and other areas in the North. Mao Zedong was distrustful of Chiang Kai-shek, however, and shifted strategy to guerrilla warfare in order to preserve the CCP's military strength.
4177:. As a result, the Japanese Army was widely prevalent in Manchuria immediately following the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, where Japan gained significant territory in Manchuria. As a result of their strengthened position, by 1915 Japan had negotiated a significant amount of economic privilege in the region by pressuring
4332:
government officially announced that it would adopt this view. Under this interpretation, the 1931–1937 period is viewed as the "partial" war, while 1937–1945 is a period of "total" war. This view of a fourteen-year war has political significance because it provides more recognition for the role of northeast China in the War of
Resistance.
6338:, Ma Buqing and Ma Hushan. Qinghai Tibetans served in the Qinghai army against the Japanese. The Qinghai Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa) as distinct and different from themselves, and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the
6443:
their former property. In practice, the
Nationalist government and its officials retained a great deal of the seized property and embezzling property, particularly from warehouses, was common. Nationalist officials sometimes extorted money from individuals in liberated territories under threat of labeling them as Japanese collaborators.
4753:, which had become the political, economic and military center of China, in hopes of destroying the fighting strength of the NRA and forcing the KMT government to negotiate for peace. On 6 June, they captured Kaifeng, the capital of Henan, and threatened to take Zhengzhou, the junction of the Pinghan and Longhai railways.
6322:, who prayed for the destruction of the Japanese. Ma became chairman (governor) of Qinghai in 1938 and commanded a group army. He was appointed because of his anti-Japanese inclinations, and was such an obstruction to Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans that he was called an "adversary" by a Japanese agent.
5984:(AVG), of which one the "Flying Tigers" reached China, to replace the withdrawn Soviet volunteers and aircraft. The Flying Tigers did not enter actual combat until after the United States had declared war on Japan. Led by Chennault, their early combat success of 300 kills against a loss of 12 of their newly introduced
6202:, through General Stilwell, privately made it clear that they preferred that the French not reacquire French Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek control of all of Indochina. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!"
5048:
armies and opposition to his leadership both within the
Kuomintang and in China in general. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped troops in the Battle of Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals, who maintained a high degree of autonomy from the central KMT government.
5927:, led to an agreement by which the United Kingdom recognized Japanese conquests in China. At the same time, the US government extended a trade agreement with Japan for six months, then fully restored it. Under the agreement, Japan purchased trucks for the Kwantung Army, machine tools for aircraft factories,
10071:
The US, the biggest oil supplier for Japan at the time, imposed the oil embargo on Japan in July, 1941, and it helped the Japanese to make up their minds to fight against the Americans. Thus, in a way, the attack on Pearl Harbor was not a surprise one at all; it was a necessary result of the conflict
6900:
The Nationalist Chinese authorities ridiculed Japanese estimates of Chinese casualties. In 1940, the National Herald stated that the Japanese exaggerated Chinese casualties, while deliberately concealing the true number of Japanese casualties, releasing false figures that made them appear much lower.
6791:
An academic study published in the United States in 1959 estimates military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded;
6531:
are notable exceptions). The Nationalists committed their strongest divisions in early battle against the Japanese (including the 36th, 87th, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to defend Shanghai and continued to deploy most of their forces to fight the Japanese even as the
6438:
Chiang relied on American help in transporting Nationalist troops to regain control of formerly Japanese-occupied areas. Non-Chinese generally viewed the behavior of these troops as undercutting Nationalist legitimacy, and these troops engaged in corruption and looting, leading to widespread views of
5760:
after the Battle of South Guangxi. Overseas Chinese communities in the U.S. raised money and nurtured talent in response to Imperial Japan's aggressions in China, which helped to fund an entire squadron of Boeing P-26 fighter planes purchased for the looming war situation between China and the Empire
5589:
American and Canadian-born Chinese were recruited to act as covert operatives in Japanese-occupied China. Employing their racial background as a disguise, their mandate was to blend in with local citizens and wage a campaign of sabotage. Activities focused on destruction of Japanese transportation of
5327:
The formation of a united front added to the legality of the CCP, but what kind of support the central government would provide to the communists were not settled. When compromise with the CCP failed to incentivize the Soviet Union to engage in an open conflict against Japan, the KMT withheld further
4686:
At the start of 1938, the leadership in Tokyo still hoped to limit the scope of the conflict to occupy areas around Shanghai, Nanjing and most of northern China. They thought this would preserve strength for an anticipated showdown with the Soviet Union, but by now the Japanese government and GHQ had
4585:
against the Chinese Air Force. At the start of the battle, the local strength of the NRA was around five divisions, or about 70,000 troops, while local Japanese forces comprised about 6,300 marines. On 23 August, the Chinese Air Force attacked Japanese troop landings at Wusongkou in northern Shanghai
11757:
Though it is also worth pointing out that, in practice, Mao's recipe for guerrilla manoeuvres played a limited role in Chinese revolutionary wars during the 1930s and '40s. Nationalist armies carried most of the resistance to the Japanese during the Second World War, and Chinese Communist victory in
9413:
For the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace, time was of the essence. They were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan dependent on the United States and United Kingdom. To them the gambles
7488:
Clodfelter, Micheal "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference", Vol. 2, pp. 956. Includes civilians who died due to famine and other environmental disasters caused by the war. Only includes the 'regular' Chinese army; does NOT include guerrillas and does not include Chinese casualties in
6964:
and Seiya Matsuno, the chemical weapons were authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the Imperial General Headquarters. For example, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the Battle of Wuhan from August to October 1938. They were
6787:
fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes. The Chinese reported their yearly total battle casualties as 367,362 for 1937, 735,017 for 1938,
6522:
The Nationalists suffered higher casualties because they were the main combatants opposing the Japanese in each of the 22 major battles (involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides) between China and Japan. The Communist forces, by contrast, usually avoided pitched battles with the Japanese, in
6032:
fighters were imported to China via Hong Kong for the Chinese Air Force. Between July 1937 and November 1938 on average 60,000 tons of munitions were shipped from Britain to China via Hong Kong. Attempts by the United Kingdom and the United States to do a joint intervention were unsuccessful as both
4385:
in 1901. These were predominantly Japanese, including the police force, and some ethnic Koreans. The Chinese then set fire to and destroyed much of the city. Only around 60 Japanese civilians survived, who provided both journalists and later historians with firsthand witness accounts. As a result of
4331:
Some Chinese historians believe the 18 September 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria marks the start of the War of Resistance. Although not the conventional Western view, British historian Rana Mitter describes this Chinese trend of historical analysis as "perfectly reasonable". In 2017, the Chinese
6881:
claims that a total of 396,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of this number, the Imperial Japanese Army lost 388,605 soldiers and the Imperial Japanese Navy lost 8,000 soldiers. Another 54,000 soldiers also died after the war had ended, mostly from illness and
6489:
The Chinese Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. With skillful organization and propaganda, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to
6477:
As part of the Yalta Conference, which allowed a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, the Soviets dismantled and removed more than half of the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese before handing over Manchuria to China. Large swathes of the prime farming areas had been ravaged by the
5976:
On 24 July 1941, Roosevelt requested Japan withdraw all its forces from Indochina. Two days later the US and the UK began an oil embargo; two days after that the Netherlands joined them. This was a decisive moment in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The loss of oil imports made it impossible for Japan
5824:
began training to German standards and were to form a relatively small but well trained Chinese Central Army. By the mid-1930s about 80,000 soldiers had received German-style training. After the KMT lost Nanjing and retreated to Wuhan, Hitler's government decided to withdraw its support of China in
5352:
outlined the preliminary plan for the CCP's eventual seizure of power from Chiang Kai-shek. Mao himself is quoted outlining the "721" policy, saying "We are fighting 70 percent for self development, 20 percent for compromise, and 10 percent against Japan". Mao began his final push for consolidation
5252:
also provided for a group of Soviet volunteer combat aviators to join the Chinese Air Force in the fight against the Japanese occupation from late 1937 through 1939. The United States embargoed Japan in 1941 depriving her of shipments of oil and various other resources necessary to continue the war
7077:
and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang, where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by
6889:
Contemporary studies from the Beijing Central Compilation and Translation Press state that the Japanese suffered a total of 2,227,200 casualties, including 1,055,000 dead and 1,172,341 injured. This Chinese publication analyzes statistics provided by Japanese publications and claimed these numbers
6481:
The problems of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, and the war left the Nationalists severely weakened, and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile, the war strengthened the Communists both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At
6442:
The Nationalist government seized Japanese-held businesses at the time of the Japanese surrender. The Nationalist government made little effort to return these businesses to their original Chinese owners. A mechanism existed through which Chinese and foreign owners could petition for the return of
6349:
directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone by Ma Bufang, who hid in an air-raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in Han being buried in
6209:
were sent by Chiang Kai-shek to northern Indochina (north of the 16th parallel) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there, and remained in Indochina until 1946, when the French returned. The Chinese used the VNQDD, the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their
5900:
The United States generally avoided taking sides between Japan and China until 1940, providing virtually no aid to China in this period. For instance, the 1934 Silver Purchase Act signed by President Roosevelt caused chaos in China's economy which helped the Japanese war effort. The 1933 Wheat and
5755:
Over 3,200 overseas Chinese drivers and motor vehicle mechanics embarked to wartime China to support military and logistics supply lines, especially through Indo-China, which became of absolute tantamount importance when the Japanese cut-off all ocean-access to China's interior with the capture of
5727:
to some pilots of the pre-Nationalist Air Force of China. A number of foreign powers, including the Americans, Italians and Japanese, provided training and equipment to different air force units of pre-war China. With the outbreak of full-scale war between China and the Empire of Japan, the Soviet
4102:
The Soviet Red Army performance also stunned the Japanese. Manchuria was central to Japan's East Asia policy. Both the 1921 and 1927 Imperial Eastern Region Conferences reconfirmed Japan's commitment to be the dominant power in the Northeast. The 1929 Red Army victory shook that policy to the core
6885:
Japanese statistics, however, lack complete estimates for the wounded. From 1937 to 1941, 185,647 Japanese soldiers were killed in China and 520,000 were wounded. Disease also incurred critical losses on Japanese forces. From 1937 to 1941, 430,000 Japanese soldiers were recorded as being sick. In
6857:
The Japanese recorded around 1.1 to 1.9 million military casualties during all of World War II (which include killed, wounded and missing). The official death toll of Japanese men killed in China, according to the Japan Defense Ministry, is 480,000. Based on the investigation of the Japanese
6248:
After Ma Buqing left Gansu, Nationalist troops from central China flooded the area, and infiltrated Soviet occupied Xinjiang, gradually reclaiming it and forcing Sheng to break with the Soviets. The Nationalist government ordered Ma Bufang to march his troops into Xinjiang to intimidate Sheng and
6091:
Another phase was set up with lessons learned from the first. Commencing in February 1943 this time valid assistance was given to the Chinese 'Surprise Troops' in various actions against the Japanese. These involved ambushes, attacks on airfields, blockhouses, and supply depots. The unit operated
6023:
After the Tanggu Truce of 1933, Chiang Kai-Shek and the British government would have more friendly relations but were uneasy due to British foreign concessions there. During the Second Sino-Japanese War the British government would initially have an impartial viewpoint toward the conflict urging
5632:
In late November 1944, the Japanese advanced slowed approximately 300 miles from Chongqing as it experienced shortages of trained soldiers and materiel. Although Operation Ichi-Go achieved its goals of seizing United States air bases and establishing a potential railway corridor from Manchukuo to
5628:
Operation Ichi-Go was the largest military campaign of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The campaign mobilized 500,000 Japanese troops, 100,000 horses, 1,500 artillery pieces, and 800 tanks. The 750,000 casualty figure for Nationalist Chinese forces are not all dead and captured, Cox included in the
5078:
After 1940, the Japanese encountered tremendous difficulties in administering and garrisoning the seized territories, and tried to solve their occupation problems by implementing a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favourable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered, most
4756:
The Japanese forces, numbering some 400,000 men, were faced by over 1 million NRA troops in the Central Yangtze region. Having learned from their defeats at Shanghai and Nanjing, the Chinese had adapted themselves to fight the Japanese and managed to check their forces on many fronts, slowing and
3970:
with a different warlord controlling each province of the country. China was reduced to a fractured state. As a result, China's prosperity began to wither and its economy declined. This instability presented an opportunity for nationalistic politicians in Japan to press for territorial expansion.
11636:
We spent a day resting at Hsining. This is a walled city lying just within the old Tibetan border, and is the capital of the new Province of Ching Hai and the seat of the Provincial Civil Government. The Chairman of the Provincial Council, or Shihehang, is Ma Pu Fang, a young Moslem in the early
6469:
In 1945, China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but economically weak and on the verge of all-out civil war. The economy was sapped by the military demands of a long costly war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by corruption in the Nationalist government that
5280:
After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Chinese public opinion was strongly critical of Manchuria's leader, the "young marshal" Zhang Xueliang, for his non-resistance to the Japanese invasion, even though the Kuomintang central government was also responsible for this policy, giving Zhang an order to
5186:
called this strategy "winning by outlasting". The NRA adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic was the
5047:
against the IJA in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity and limited experience in modern warfare, this offensive was defeated. Afterwards Chiang could not risk any more all-out offensive campaigns given the poorly trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his
10041:
By the fall of 1941 relations between the United States and Japan had reached a critical stage... the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace... were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan
6493:
Mao also began to execute his plan to establish a new China by rapidly moving his forces from Yan'an and elsewhere to Manchuria. This opportunity was available to the Communists because although Nationalist representatives were not invited to Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to the
5934:
In a hearing before the United States Congress House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs on Wednesday, 19 April 1939, the acting chairman Sol Bloom and other Congressmen interviewed Maxwell S. Stewart, a former Foreign Policy Association research staff and economist who charged that
5335:
Valley in central China, the distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938, partially due to the Communists' aggressive efforts to expand their military strength by absorbing Chinese guerrilla forces behind Japanese lines. Chinese
6827:
gave a figure of 3,949,000 people in China murdered directly by the Japanese army while giving a figure of 10,216,000 total dead in the war with the additional millions of deaths due to indirect causes like starvation, disease and disruption but not direct killing by Japan. China suffered from
6497:
However, the Soviet occupation of Manchuria was long enough to allow the Communist forces to move in en masse and arm themselves with the military hardware surrendered by the Imperial Japanese Army, quickly establish control in the countryside and move into position to encircle the Nationalist
6000:
The Sino-American Cooperative Organization was an organization created by the SACO Treaty signed by the Republic of China and the United States of America in 1942 that established a mutual intelligence gathering entity in China between the respective nations against Japan. It operated in China
5972:
not to move into southern French Indochina. From bases in Cambodia and southern Vietnam, Japanese planes could attack Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies. As the Japanese occupation of northern French Indochina in 1940 had already cut off supplies from the West to China, the move into
5644:
The poor performance of Chiang Kai-shek's forces in opposing the Japanese advance during Operation Ichigo became widely viewed as demonstrating Chiang's incompetence. It irreparably damaged the Roosevelt administration's view of Chiang and the KMT. The campaign further weakened the Nationalist
5577:
was seen by Chiang as an attempt to use Chinese manpower to defend British colonial possessions. Chiang also believed that China should divert its crack army divisions from Burma to eastern China to defend the airbases of the American bombers that he hoped would defeat Japan through bombing, a
5498:
as the Xinjiang warlord Sheng Shicai had turned anti-Soviet in 1942 with Chiang's approval. For these reasons, the Chinese government never had the supplies and equipment needed to mount major counter-offensives. Despite the severe shortage of matériel, in 1943, the Chinese were successful in
5486:
pathogens. Chinese estimates allege that as many as 250,000 civilians, the vast majority of whom were destitute Tanka boat people and other pariah ethnicities unable to flee, may have died of disease. It caused more than 16 million civilians to evacuate far away deep inward China. 90% of
6381:
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese had consistent tactical successes but failed to achieve strategic results. Although it seized the majority of China's industrial capacity, occupied most major cities, and rarely lost a battle, Japan's occupation of China was costly. Japan had
5403:
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war against Japan, and within days China joined the Allies in formal declaration of war against Japan, Germany and Italy. As the Western Allies entered the war against Japan, the Sino-Japanese War would become part of a greater
4213:, condemning Japan for its incursion into Manchuria, causing Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations. No country took action against Japan beyond tepid censure. From 1931 until summer 1937, the Nationalist Army under Chiang Kai-shek did little to oppose Japanese encroachment into China.
4189:
in September 1931. Japanese soldiers set off a bomb on the Southern Manchurian Railroad in order to provoke an opportunity to act in "self defense" and invade outright. Japan charged that its rights in Manchuria, which had been established as a result of its victory in 1905 at the end of the
6473:
The poor performance of Nationalist forces opposing the Ichi-go campaign was largely viewed as reflecting poorly on Chiang's competence. Chiang blamed the failure on the United States, particularly Stilwell, who had used Chinese forces in the Burma Campaign and in Chiang's view, left China
22211:
6956:
During the battle in Yichang of October 1941, Japanese troops used chemical munitions in their artillery and mortar fire, and warplanes dropped gas bombs all over the area; since the Chinese troops were poorly equipped and without gas-masks, they were severely gassed, burned and killed.
6757:
The conflict lasted eight years, two months and two days (from 7 July 1937, to 9 September 1945). The total number of casualties that resulted from this war (and subsequently theater) equaled more than half the total number of casualties that later resulted from the entire Pacific War.
6167:, Chinese military leaders were organizing Vietnamese nationalists against the Japanese. The VNQDD had been active in Guangxi and some of their members had joined the KMT army. Under the umbrella of KMT activities, a broad alliance of nationalists emerged. With Ho at the forefront, the
4768:
upon its capture. After four months of intense combat, the Nationalists were forced to abandon Wuhan by October, and its government and armies retreated to Chongqing. Both sides had suffered tremendous casualties in the battle, with the Chinese losing up to 500,000 soldiers killed or
5233:(and froze all Japanese assets) in the summer of 1941. As the Soviets prepared for war against Nazi Germany in June 1941, and all new Soviet combat aircraft was needed in the west, Chiang Kai-shek sought American support through the Lend-Lease Act that was promised in March 1941.
3946:, as temporary prime minister in order to subdue the revolution. Yuan, wanting to remain in power, compromised with the revolutionaries, and agreed to abolish the monarchy and establish a new republican government, under the condition he be appointed president of China. The new
5992:
and very fast diving speeds earned them wide recognition at a time when the Chinese Air Force and Allies in the Pacific and SE Asia were suffering heavy losses, and soon afterwards their "boom and zoom" high-speed hit-and-run air combat tactics would be adopted by the
21227:
6353:
John Scott reported in 1934 that there was both strong anti-Japanese feeling and anti-Bolshevik among the Muslims of Gansu and he mentioned the Muslim generals Ma Fuxiang, Ma Qi, Ma Anliang and Ma Bufang who was chairman of Qinghai province when he stayed in Xining.
6952:
against Chinese troops. Li also added that his forces could not withstand large scale deployments of Japanese poison gas. Since Chinese troops did not have gas-masks, the poison gases provided enough time for Japanese troops to bayonet debilitated Chinese soldiers.
6782:
The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352. The
6573:
In 2005, a history textbook prepared by the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform which had been approved by the government in 2001, sparked huge outcry and protests in China and Korea. It referred to the Nanjing Massacre and other atrocities such as the
3616:, historians in China are unhappy with the blanket revision, and (despite sustained tensions) the Republic of China did not consider itself to be in an ongoing war with Japan over these six years. It is also referred to as part of the "Global Anti-Fascist War".
6194:, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists. The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and
5973:
southern French Indochina was viewed as a direct threat to British and Dutch colonies. Many principal figures in the Japanese government and military (particularly the navy) were against the move, as they foresaw that it would invite retaliation from the West.
3966:, and Yuan Shikai was overthrown after only a few months. In the aftermath of Shikai's death in June 1916, control of China fell into the hands of the Beiyang Army leadership. The Beiyang government was a civilian government in name, but in practice it was a
6087:
The first operation commenced in February 1942 from Burma on a long journey to the Chinese front. Due to issues with supporting the Chinese and gradual disease and supply issues, the first phase achieved very little and the unit was withdrawn in September.
4423:
The Japanese gave Sung and his troops "free passage" before moving in to pacify resistance in areas surrounding Beijing (then Beiping) and Tianjin. After 24 days of combat, the Chinese 29th Army was forced to withdraw. The Japanese captured Beijing and the
6683:
Meanwhile, many KMT supporters, particularly veterans who retreated with the government in 1949, still have an emotional interest in the war. For example, in celebrating the 60th anniversary of the end of war in 2005, the cultural bureau of KMT stronghold
6867:
Another source from Hilary Conroy claims that a total of 447,000 Japanese soldiers died or went missing in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of the 1,130,000 Imperial Japanese Army soldiers who died during World War II, 39 percent died in China.
5340:
attacked and wiped out a brigade of Chinese militia led by Zhang Yin-wu in Hebei in June 1939. Starting in 1940, open conflict between Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the occupied areas outside of Japanese control, culminating in the
21222:
15011:
6427:), Taiwan and French Indochina north of 16° north latitude to surrender to Chiang Kai-shek, and the Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on 9 September 1945, at 9:00. The ninth hour of the ninth day of the ninth month was chosen in echo of the
10705:
6774:
statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: NRA 3.2 million;
11531:
5222:. In the occupied areas, Japanese control was mainly limited to railroads and major cities ("points and lines"). They did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside, where Chinese guerrillas roamed freely.
13267:
5676:. With the Chinese army progressing well in training and equipment, Wedemeyer planned to launch Operation Carbonado in summer 1945 to retake Guangdong, thus obtaining a coastal port, and from there drive northwards toward Shanghai. However, the
4160:
The internecine warfare in China provided excellent opportunities for Japan, which saw Manchuria as a limitless supply of raw materials, a market for its manufactured goods (now excluded from the markets of many Western countries as a result of
11769:
Yang Kuisong, "The Formation and Implementation of the Chinese Communists' Guerrilla Warfare Strategy in the Enemy's Rear during the Sino-Japanese War", paper presented at Harvard University Conference on Wartime China, Maui, January 2004, pp.
6561:
was used by only 0.039% of junior high schools in Japan and despite the efforts of the Japanese nationalist textbook reformers, by the late 1990s the most common Japanese schoolbooks contained references to, for instance, the Nanjing Massacre,
4939:
and the Longhai railway, thereby preventing the Japanese from effectively moving their forces across Northern and Central China. In the short term, the NRA aimed to use the flood to halt the rapid transit of Japanese units from Northern China
6710:
Several thousand Japanese who were sent as colonizers to Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia were left behind in China. The majority of these were women, and they married mostly Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin).
7007:. These attacks caused epidemic plague outbreaks. In the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, of the 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with the disease, about 1,700 Japanese troops died when the biological weapons rebounded on their own forces.
5645:
economy and government revenues. Because of the Nationalists' increasing inability to fund the military, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling. The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to
5640:
After Operation Ichigo, Chiang Kai-shek started a plan to withdraw Chinese troops from the Burma theatre against Japan in Southeast Asia for a counter offensive called "White Tower" and "Iceman" against Japanese soldiers in China in 1945.
5217:
By 1941, Japan had occupied much of north and coastal China, but the KMT central government and military had retreated to the western interior to continue their resistance, while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in
4185:. This was done with hopes that it would start a crisis that would allow Japan to expand their power and influence in the region. When this was not as successful as they desired, Japan then decided to invade Manchuria outright after the
4254:
Japan increasingly exploited China's internal conflicts to reduce the strength of its fractious opponents. Even years after the Northern Expedition, the political power of the Nationalist government was limited to just the area of the
6931:
Under General Xue Yue, some 100,000 Chinese troops pushed back Japanese forces at Huangmei. At the fortress of Tianjiazhen, thousands of men fought until the end of September, with Japanese victory assured only with the use of poison
6256:
broke out in Xinjiang when the Kuomintang Hui Officer Liu Bin-Di was killed while fighting Turkic Uyghur rebels in November 1944. The Soviet Union supported the Turkic rebels against the Kuomintang, and Kuomintang forces fought back.
6636:
was signed separately between the ROC and Japan that basically followed the same guideline of the Treaty of San Francisco, not specifying which country has sovereignty over Taiwan. However, Article 10 of the treaty states that the
6072:
which later fought in Burma. B.A.A.G. also sent agents to gather intelligence – military, political and economic in Southern China, as well as giving medical and humanitarian assistance to Chinese civilians and military personnel.
5777:
et al., formed the original contingent of foreign volunteer aviators to join the Chinese air forces (some provincial or warlord air forces, but ultimately all integrating into the centralized Chinese Air Force; often called the
4918:
to send supplies to the NRA from August 1937 to March 1941. Secondly, the flooding of significant portions of land and railway sections made it difficult for the Japanese military to enter Shaanxi, thereby preventing them from
4432:, the Konoe government's foreign minister opened negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek's government in Nanjing and stated: "Japan wants Chinese cooperation, not Chinese land." Nevertheless, negotiations failed to move further. The
4664:. Over the next several weeks, Japanese troops perpetrated numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the surrounding towns and the city, destroying more than a third of the buildings.
5181:
During this period, the main Chinese objective was to drag out the war for as long as possible in a war of attrition, thereby exhausting Japanese resources while it was building up China's military capacity. American general
4660:(September – November 1937). Upon the capture of Nanjing, Japanese committed massive war atrocities including mass murder and rape of Chinese civilians after 13 December 1937, which has been referred to as the
21031:
4103:
and reopened the Manchurian problem. By 1930, the Kwantung Army realized they faced a Red Army that was only growing stronger. The time to act was drawing near and Japanese plans to conquer the Northeast were accelerated.
10583:
6624:
on 25 October 1945. However, due to the unresolved Chinese Civil War, neither the newly established People's Republic of China in mainland China nor the Nationalist ROC that retreated to Taiwan was invited to sign the
5815:
Prior to the war, Germany and China were in close economic and military cooperation, with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials. Germany sent military advisers such as
6532:
Communists changed their strategy to engage mainly in a political offensive against the Japanese while declaring that the CCP should "save and preserve our strength and wait for favourable timing" by the end of 1941.
6578:
as an "incident", glossed over the issue of comfort women, and made only brief references to the death of Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanjing. A copy of the 2005 version of a junior high school textbook titled
5386:
3961:
However, there was little support for an imperial restoration among the general population, and protests and demonstrations soon broke out across the country. Yuan's attempts at restoring the monarchy triggered the
6230:. General Ma expected help from Nanjing, but did not receive it. The Nationalist government was forced to deny these maneuvers as "Japanese propaganda", as it needed continued military supplies from the Soviets.
5091:
committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as well as Japanese refusal to delegate any real power, left the puppets very unpopular and largely ineffective. The only success the Japanese had was to recruit a large
4682:
By January 1938, most conventional Kuomintang forces had either been defeated or no longer offered major resistance to Japanese advances. Communist-led rural resistance to the Japanese remained active, however.
10698:
6734:
6446:
Chiang's focus on his communist opponents prompted him to leave Japanese troops or troops of the Japanese puppet regimes to remain on duty in occupied areas so as to avoid their surrender to Communist forces.
6036:
In February 1941 a Sino-British agreement was forged whereby British troops would assist the Chinese "Surprise Troops" units of guerrillas already operating in China, and China would assist Britain in Burma.
5510:
Chiang was named Allied commander-in-chief in the China theater in 1942. American general Joseph Stilwell served for a time as Chiang's chief of staff, while simultaneously commanding American forces in the
3847:
The origins of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced back to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, in which China, then under the rule of the Qing dynasty, was defeated by Japan and forced to cede
21834:
8148:
5108:
fighting continued in these occupied areas. Japan had suffered high casualties which resulted from unexpectedly stubborn Chinese resistance, and neither side could make any swift progress in the manner of
20433:
6917:
and a resolution adopted by the League of Nations on 14 May 1938, condemning the use of poison gas by the Empire of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons during the war.
10550:
10518:
4428:
at Tianjin on 29 and 30 July respectively, thus concluding the Beijing-Tianjin campaign. However, the Japanese Army had been given orders not to advance further than the Yongding River. In a sudden
11369:
China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society
5977:
to continue operations in China on a long-term basis. It set the stage for Japan to launch a series of military attacks against the Allies, including the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.
4667:
The number of Chinese killed in the massacre has been subject to much debate, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to more than 300,000. The numbers agreed upon by most scholars are provided by the
4251:, as well as a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beijing-Tianjin region. Japan aimed to create another buffer zone between Manchukuo and the Chinese Nationalist government in Nanjing.
15109:
10182:
5412:, which earned the Chinese government much prestige from the Western Allies. President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and China as the world's "
3717:
12460:
7420:
21061:
8016:
6897:
himself contested the Communists' claims, finding it impossible for a force of "untrained, undisciplined, poorly equipped" guerrillas of Communist forces to have killed so many enemy soldiers.
6397:, which was the primary Japanese fighting force, consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armour, artillery, or air support, had been destroyed by the Soviets. Japanese Emperor
15021:
5861:. Prior to the Western Allies, the Soviets provided the most foreign aid to China: some $ 250 million in credits for munitions and other supplies. The Soviet Union defeated Japan in the
13709:
Multi-year project seeks to expand research by promoting cooperation among scholars and institutions in China, Japan, the United States, and other nations. Includes extensive bibliographies.
5744:
of which China became a beneficiary on 6 May 1941; from there, China's main diplomatic, financial and military supporter came from the U.S., particularly following the attack on Pearl Harbor
4099:
victory over Xueliang's forces not only reasserted Soviet control over the CER in Manchuria but revealed Chinese military weaknesses that Japanese Kwantung Army officers were quick to note.
21884:
21177:
13016:
12713:
10808:
4733:. However the majority of the Chinese forces, some 200,000-300,000 troops in 40 divisions, managed to break out of the encirclement and retreat to defend Wuhan, the Japanese's next target.
4377:
in which Beijing and its port city of Tianjin fell to invading Japanese forces (July–August 1937). On 29 July, some 5,000 troops of the 1st and 2nd Corps of the East Hebei Army mutinied in
12881:
12748:
15006:
12797:
The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001
6927:
Japan used poison gas at Hankow during the Battle of Wuhan to break fierce Chinese resistance after conventional Japanese assaults were repelled by Chinese defenders. Rana Mitter writes,
6583:
found that there is no mention of the "Nanjing Massacre" or the "Nanjing Incident". Indeed, the only one sentence that referred to this event was: "they occupied that city in December".
6498:
government army in major cities of northeast China. Following that, the Chinese Civil War broke out between the Nationalists and Communists, which concluded with the Communist victory in
5911:
and the Nanjing Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansion, which prompted the United States, the United Kingdom, and
5202:, organized separately by both the CCP and the KMT, continued their resistance in occupied areas to make Japanese administration over the vast land area of China difficult. In 1940, the
6237:
corridor. Ma had earlier fought against the Japanese, but because the Soviet threat was great, Chiang in July 1942 directed him to move 30,000 of his troops to the Tsaidam marsh in the
5821:
10370:
US Congress. Investigation of Concentracion of Economic Power. Hearings before the Temporary National Economic Committee. 76th Congress, 2nd Session, Pt. 21. Washington, 1940, p. 11241
6893:
Both Nationalist and Communist Chinese sources report that their respective forces were responsible for the deaths of over 1.7 million Japanese soldiers. Nationalist War Minister
5300:, hoping to force an end to KMT–CCP conflict. To secure the release of Chiang, the KMT agreed to a temporary ceasefire with the Communists. On 24 December, the two parties agreed to a
5225:
The United States strongly supported China starting in 1937 and warned Japan to get out. However, the United States continued to sell Japan petroleum and scrap metal exports until the
5210:
in north China, destroying railways and a major coal mine. These constant guerilla and sabotage operations deeply frustrated the Imperial Japanese Army and they led them to employ the
4381:, turning against the Japanese garrison. In addition to Japanese military personnel, some 260 civilians living in Tongzhou were killed during the uprising in scenes reminiscent of the
23513:
4420:
and an air regiment composed of 18 squadrons as reinforcements to Northern China. By 20 July, total Japanese military strength in the Beijing-Tianjin area exceeded 180,000 personnel.
4123:, and they continued to expand during this protracted civil war. The Kuomintang government in Nanjing decided to focus their efforts on suppressing the Chinese Communists through the
21658:
4726:
to overcome Japanese advantages in firepower. The Chinese also severed Japanese supply lines from the rear, forcing the Japanese to retreat in the first Chinese victory of the war.
4324:
was formed on 12 May 1936. Japan provided all the necessary military and economic aid. Afterwards Chinese volunteer forces continued to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and
2179:
7078:
Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up. During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.
21802:
14940:
4715:
in an attempt to wipe out the Chinese forces in the area. The Japanese managed to overcome Chinese resistance around Bengbu and the Teng xian, but were fought to a halt at Linyi.
21298:
7055:
4115:
broke out across China, involving regional commanders who had fought in alliance with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition, and the Nanjing government under Chiang. The
22366:
20387:
13978:
10426:
American Neutrality Policy: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Seventy-Sixth Congress, First Session, on Apr. 11–13, 17–21, 24–28, May 2, 1939
12660:
12575:
12546:
10598:
6767:
Duncan Anderson, Head of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy, UK, writing for BBC states that the total number of casualties was around 20 million.
5610:
achieved very little, but lessons were learned and a second more successful phase, commenced in February 1943 under British Military command, was conducted before the Japanese
12994:
11851:
6198:
from entering the league, as Zhang's main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina. The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.
3954:; it is generally believed Yuan Shikai ordered the assassination. Yuan Shikai then forced the parliament to pass a bill to strengthen the power of the president and sought to
1093:
4674:
The Japanese atrocities in Nanjing, especially following the Chinese defense of Shanghai, increased international goodwill for the Chinese people and the Chinese government.
12336:
5782:) in the "patriotic call to duty for the motherland" to fight against the Imperial Japanese invasion. Several of the original Chinese-American volunteer pilots were sent to
4764:
To overcome Chinese resistance, Japanese forces frequently deployed poison gas and committed atrocities against civilians, such as a "mini-Nanjing Massacre" in the city of
1061:
Including casualties of Japanese puppet forces. The combined toll is most likely around 3,500,000: 2.5 million Japanese, per their own records, and 1,000,000 collaborators.
21744:
21559:
19660:
19578:
15026:
13644:
7143:
5668:, successfully driving the Japanese out of North Burma and securing the Ledo Road, China's vital supply artery. In Spring 1945 the Chinese launched offensives that retook
13063:
8828:
6725:
In China some Korean comfort women stayed behind instead of going back to their native land. Most Korean comfort women who were left behind in China married Chinese men.
21950:
21138:
21053:
20463:
17062:
5629:
750,000 casualties that China incurred in Ichigo soldiers who simply "melted away" and others who were rendered combat ineffective besides killed and captured soldiers.
16807:
19139:
16408:
15016:
3708:. In addition, due to China's fractured political status, Japan often claimed that China was no longer a recognizable political entity on which war could be declared.
10122:
4312:
was signed expelling the KMT from Chahar. Thus, by the end of 1935 the Chinese government had essentially abandoned northern China. In its place, the Japanese-backed
21606:
20382:
18707:
18420:
16424:
15139:
10496:
6266:
5712:
5561:
Long-standing differences in national interest and political stance among China, the United States, and the United Kingdom remained in place. British Prime Minister
10345:
6810:
The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the
6318:
were Hui. The Japanese attempted to approach Ma Bufang but were unsuccessful in making any agreement with him. Ma Bufang ended up supporting the anti-Japanese Imam
4069:, took over as the leader of the Fengtian clique in Manchuria. Later in the same year, Zhang declared his allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing under
21699:
21589:
21539:
8126:
7821:
5965:. In spite of non-aggression pacts or trade connections, Hitler's assault threw the world into a frenzy of re-aligning political outlooks and strategic prospects.
3537:
16751:
22221:
22141:
20862:
19783:
18892:
16347:
16319:
15463:
14868:
6617:
5257:
and Japan's drive south to procure from the resource-rich European colonies in Southeast Asia by force the resources which the United States had denied to them.
18917:
5116:
By 1943, Guangdong had experienced famine. As the situation worsened, New York Chinese compatriots received a letter stating that 600,000 people were killed in
3375:, resulting in the Communists losing around 90% of their men. As a Japanese invasion became imminent, Chiang still refused to form a united front before he was
23508:
23175:
22231:
20553:
18399:
17071:
16758:
15885:
3368:
2071:
5490:
Most of China's industry had already been captured or destroyed by Japan, and the Soviet Union refused to allow the United States to supply China through the
5320:, taxed it, and engaged in its trade—including selling to Japanese-occupied and KMT-controlled provinces. The Red Army fought alongside KMT forces during the
17374:
16737:
16039:
15664:
2529:
2172:
6330:
Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons. Many Hui fought in the war against the Japanese such as Bai Chongxi, Ma Hongbin, Ma Hongkui, Ma Bufang,
5059:
routed the Imperial Japanese Army and their puppet Inner Mongol forces and prevented the planned Japanese advance into northwest China. Ma Hongbin's father
21638:
21492:
21330:
20570:
19813:
19320:
18702:
18656:
16380:
16326:
15512:
12920:
11878:
10557:
10525:
5072:
6478:
fighting and there was starvation and famine in the wake of the war. Many towns and cities were destroyed, and millions were rendered homeless by floods.
6084:), was initialized to provide training to Chinese guerrilla troops. The mission conducted two operations, mostly in the provinces of Yunnan and Jiangxi.
5316:
and Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border regions were created, under the control of the CCP. In Shaan-Gan-Ning, Communists in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Base Area fostered
21388:
20455:
20271:
19214:
16844:
16333:
15949:
11559:
8705:
1986:
10174:
22216:
20996:
15359:
14996:
13744:
12456:
8765:
7417:
7168:
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and the juridical person should be the people and the juridical person of the ROC. Both the PRC and ROC governments base their claims to Taiwan on the
6461:
2331:
2264:
1618:
1086:
8008:
3785:
is considered derogatory by China and therefore the media in Japan often paraphrase with other expressions like "The Japan–China Incident" (Japanese:
21310:
21133:
21105:
21095:
20710:
20705:
20575:
19194:
19159:
16730:
16170:
16046:
6546:
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3300:, and often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and has been described as "the Asian
1658:
12101:
8178:
7852:
7003:
the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on
6345:
Xining was subjected to aerial bombardment by Japanese warplanes in 1941, causing all ethnicities in Qinghai to unite against the Japanese. General
22430:
21148:
21143:
20417:
18551:
16023:
15403:
10684:
8743:
5569:; Stilwell, on the other hand, believed that reopening the road was vital, as all China's mainland ports were under Japanese control. The Allies' "
5416:"; his primary reason for elevating China to such a status was the belief that after the war it would serve as a bulwark against the Soviet Union.
4668:
2165:
13024:
12746:
12721:
11895:
10820:
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to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts.
6190:
created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina, against the French and Japanese. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the
5721:, provided much equipment and training to crack units of the National Revolutionary Army of China, including some aerial-combat training with the
4565:"Claude" fighters into the Shanghai-Nanjing theater of operations, beginning on 18 September 1937, helped the Japanese achieve a certain level of
21522:
21128:
21046:
20563:
19347:
16460:
15772:
15134:
12873:
5578:
strategy that American general Claire Lee Chennault supported but which Stilwell strongly opposed. In addition, Chiang voiced his support of the
4546:
fighter squadrons; suffering heavy (50%) losses from the defending Chinese pilots (14 August was subsequently commemorated by the KMT as China's
4501:
were ordered to capture or destroy the Japanese strongholds in Shanghai, leading to bitter street fighting. In an attack on the Japanese cruiser
10152:
10028:
9400:
5336:
militia who refused to switch their allegiance were often labelled "collaborators" and attacked by CCP forces. For example, the Red Army led by
22879:
22810:
21970:
21325:
19224:
19030:
19000:
18983:
16279:
15581:
15001:
10208:
9998:
9566:
7153:
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was finished in early 1945, the majority of US and British supplies to the Chinese had to be delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the
2042:
18292:
11164:
6143:
5427:. Philippine and Japanese ocean weather was affected by weather originating near northern China. The base of SACO was located in Yangjiashan.
4793:
2701:
1831:
23483:
22820:
22609:
22191:
21849:
21153:
19025:
17078:
17041:
17018:
16532:
15454:
15424:
14873:
13185:
Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang,中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations (Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005)
11649:
9190:
Muscolino, Micah S. (2014). The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950. Cambridge University Press.
6840:
that led to starvation deaths of 2 to 3 million people, Guangdong famine caused more than 3 million people to flee or die, and the
5938:
3950:
of China was proclaimed in March 1912, after which Yuan Shikai began to amass power for himself. In 1913, the parliamentary political leader
3864:, which Japan claims were uninhabited, in early 1895 as a result of its victory at the end of the war. Japan had also attempted to annex the
3434:, and with Japan's lines of communications stretched deep into the interior, the war reached a stalemate. The Japanese were unable to defeat
1079:
16793:
12517:
11383:
6183:, later to be Ho's Prime Minister. The front was later broadened and renamed the Viet Nam Giai Phong Dong Minh (Vietnam Liberation League).
23324:
22008:
21924:
21709:
20928:
20289:
18958:
18823:
17171:
17027:
17011:
16983:
16224:
15431:
15164:
15042:
14339:
13983:
12131:
11601:
6693:
6673:
5865:
in May – September 1939, leaving the Japanese reluctant to fight the Soviets again. In April 1941, Soviet aid to China ended with the
5697:
5573:" policy did not sit well with Chiang, while the later British insistence that China send more and more troops to Indochina for use in the
5230:
17:
6186:
The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Chinese KMT General
5923:
exports in 1938. However, in July 1939, negotiations between Japanese Foreign Minister Arita Khatira and the British Ambassador in Tokyo,
23498:
22634:
22246:
22201:
22196:
22052:
20543:
20422:
19803:
19734:
19040:
17935:
16995:
16907:
16851:
16814:
16089:
14615:
13693:
12850:
11422:
10464:
9718:
9679:
9640:
7985:
7930:
7187:
This number does not include the casualties of the large numbers of Chinese collaborator government troops fighting on the Japanese side.
6227:
6130:". Flying over the Himalayas was extremely dangerous, but the airlift continued daily to August 1945, at great cost in men and aircraft.
5591:
4906:. There were three long-term strategic intentions behind the decision to cause the flooding: firstly, the flood in Henan safeguarded the
3494:
2054:
1546:
18687:
13657:
13194:
12943:
12811:
12027:
12008:
11989:
11970:
11500:
11077:
7891:
7243:
6795:
According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation (
5931:(steel and scrap iron up to 16 October 1940, petrol and petroleum products up to 26 June 1941), and various other much-needed supplies.
22560:
22398:
21039:
19219:
19199:
16900:
15625:
14002:
13930:
9963:
7087:
5649:
peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units. Approximately 10% of these peasants died before reaching their units.
5532:
3600:
issued a directive stating that textbooks were to refer to the war as the "Fourteen Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese:
2483:
2411:
1903:
1753:
1043:
This number does not include Japanese killed by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign and does not include Japanese killed in Manchuria.
10304:
7401:
4577:, and Capt. Chan Kee-Wong, even in their older and slower biplanes, proved more than able to hold their own against the sleek A5Ms in
3801:
The name "Second Sino-Japanese War" is not commonly used in Japan as the China it fought a war against in 1894 to 1895 was led by the
23493:
23093:
22672:
22256:
22038:
21914:
20673:
20518:
20137:
19747:
19629:
19257:
18413:
17034:
15417:
15375:
13821:
12654:
12569:
12540:
8679:
7158:
6494:
Soviet invasion of Manchuria in the belief that the Soviet Union would cooperate only with the Nationalist government after the war.
6368:
5677:
5512:
5253:
in China. This pressure, which was intended to disparage a continuation of the war and bring Japan into negotiation, resulted in the
4980:
4784:
With Japanese casualties and costs mounting, the Imperial General Headquarters attempted to break Chinese resistance by ordering the
4325:
3517:
2047:
1173:
12978:
11843:
7617:
7059:
Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the
5289:. This resulted in great casualties for his Northeast Army, which received no support in manpower or weaponry from Chiang Kai-shek.
22286:
21874:
21160:
21003:
19530:
19520:
19154:
18262:
16067:
15841:
15604:
15470:
15281:
9362:
8950:
7163:
5565:
was reluctant to devote British troops, many of whom had been routed by the Japanese in earlier campaigns, to the reopening of the
4569:. However the few experienced Chinese veteran pilots, as well as several Chinese-American volunteer fighter pilots, including Maj.
2522:
2495:
1942:
1867:
1794:
11946:
9926:
9311:
Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945". In Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John (eds.).
8204:
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21465:
21340:
21113:
20831:
20814:
20448:
19009:
17150:
16947:
16599:
15977:
15477:
15389:
15325:
12087:
10625:"Powerless and Frustrated: Britain's Relationship With China During the Opening Years of the Second Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1939"
6692:
regarding the war and post-war developments, while the KMT held its own exhibit in the KMT headquarters. Whereas the KMT won the
6160:
2625:
19325:
13538:
6005:
was scouted as a potential staging area and springboard for the future military landing of the Allies of World War II in Japan.
5353:
of CCP power under his authority, and his teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as
23488:
22324:
21822:
21774:
21668:
21648:
20335:
20309:
18579:
17353:
16865:
15708:
15246:
13737:
13047:
12306:
11789:
11283:
8820:
7584:
7512:
6245:. Chiang further named Ma as Reclamation Commissioner, to threaten Sheng's southern flank in Xinjiang, which bordered Tsaidam.
5420:
2324:
9486:
22925:
22550:
22206:
22013:
21797:
21345:
21100:
20948:
20857:
20809:
20528:
20492:
20279:
18897:
17956:
17861:
17381:
17127:
17002:
16081:
16055:
15912:
15618:
15535:
15083:
13521:
13435:
13377:
13238:
13209:
13113:
12988:
12914:
12503:
12394:
12191:
12059:
11742:
11197:
11110:
11071:
11044:
10092:
9911:
9852:
9774:
9712:
9673:
9634:
9607:
9469:
9010:
8902:
8804:
8646:
8619:
8534:
8247:
7979:
7924:
7885:
7383:
7298:
7274:
7237:
7148:
6549:. Issues regarding the current historical outlook on the war exist. For example, the Japanese government has been accused of
6139:
5226:
4920:
4527:
2635:
2478:
2293:
1801:
1714:
1680:
1651:
1526:
1437:
13565:
13441:
12328:
11690:
11461:
11344:
11315:
11231:
11203:
8493:
7643:
7340:
6545:
Today, the war is a major point of contention and resentment between China and Japan. The war remains a major roadblock for
3989:
to extort further political and commercial privilege from China, which was accepted by the regime of Yuan Shikai. Following
3351:. This is sometimes marked as the beginning of the war. From 1931 to 1937, China and Japan engaged in skirmishes, including
22423:
21643:
21574:
21254:
20847:
20695:
20107:
19863:
19739:
19639:
19624:
19535:
19495:
18544:
18189:
17589:
17475:
16640:
16100:
16096:
16074:
15678:
14645:
14525:
13689:
Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U.S. Army Map Service, 1950– . Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War.
10114:
5845:. In September 1937, they signed the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and approved Operation Zet, the formation of a secret
5519:) have suggested it was largely due to the corruption and inefficiency of the Kuomintang government, while others (such as
4602:
4596:
4405:
3532:. The war resulted in the deaths of around 20 million people, mostly Chinese civilians. China was recognized as one of the
2544:
2515:
1957:
1915:
1748:
1599:
1293:
1234:
12800:. Vol. 150 of NATO science series: Mathematics, physics, and chemistry (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 19.
10486:
5165:. Up until the mid-1930s, China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression.
4493:
positions in Shanghai, with Japanese army troops and marines in turn crossing into the city with naval gunfire support at
22251:
22226:
21628:
21315:
21118:
20668:
20558:
20508:
20407:
20402:
20122:
19619:
18833:
18104:
17561:
16893:
16879:
16085:
14061:
12457:"Washington Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare — World War I Document Archive"
6068:. It's aim was to assist prisoners of war and internees to escape from Japanese camps. This led to the formation of the
5866:
5795:
4625:
system. Japan moved into these areas after its 1941 declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom.
2681:
2059:
1724:
1492:
1239:
20548:
12767:
of a film showing imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo in 1940. (Daniel Barenblatt,
12628:
12259:
11820:
7813:
4061:
As the National Revolutionary Army approached Beijing, Zhang Zuolin decided to retreat back to Manchuria, before he was
4013:
and was unable to resist foreign incursions. For the purpose of unifying China and defeating the regional warlords, the
23578:
23568:
23006:
22857:
22841:
22212:
United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party
22023:
21929:
21829:
21689:
21335:
21090:
21021:
20663:
20580:
20441:
19974:
19969:
19868:
19808:
19599:
19589:
19280:
19112:
18988:
18599:
18313:
18182:
18060:
17631:
17346:
17297:
17055:
16610:
15855:
15694:
15542:
15396:
14595:
14099:
14089:
13851:
11758:
the final years of the civil war up to 1949 was won through field battles that the Soviets taught the CCP how to fight.
10329:
10058:
9337:
6910:
5954:
in September 1940 to prevent China from receiving the 10,000 tons of materials delivered monthly by the Allies via the
4789:
4785:
4586:
with Hawk III fighter-attack planes and P-26/281 fighter escorts, and the Japanese intercepted most of the attack with
4490:
4317:
2642:
2209:
1719:
1486:
13626:
Issue 40 of China, a collection of pamphlets. Original from Pennsylvania State University. Digitized 15 September 2009
5968:
On 21 July, Japan occupied the southern part of French Indochina (southern Vietnam and Cambodia), contravening a 1940
5919:. Australia also prevented a Japanese government-owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia, and banned
23473:
23153:
22018:
21982:
21205:
21069:
20819:
20717:
20618:
19290:
19285:
19209:
19134:
19080:
19060:
18828:
18770:
18737:
18661:
18594:
18429:
17304:
17276:
17093:
16675:
16387:
16354:
15193:
15149:
13918:
13730:
13683:, China 1:250,000, Series L500, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954– . Topographic Maps of China during the Second World War.
13592:
13559:
13393:
13345:
13317:
13287:
13257:
13190:
13159:
13098:
13057:
12844:
12805:
12300:
12228:
11779:
Sven Saaler: Politics, Memory and Public Opinion: The History Textbook Controversy and Japanese Society. Munich: 2005
11494:
11455:
11416:
11377:
11144:
11017:
10984:
10957:
10930:
10893:
10860:
10757:
10349:
9749:
9452:
Saich, Tony; Van De Ven, Hans J. (2015). "The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade".
8689:
7685:
7552:
7458:
7334:
5916:
5006:
4778:
4508:
3285:
2556:
2317:
988:
766:
275:
243:
15570:
7070:
4988:
23163:
23123:
23034:
22311:
22099:
21992:
21839:
21616:
20901:
20879:
20722:
20658:
20314:
20299:
20294:
20004:
19763:
19696:
19485:
19305:
19300:
19166:
18902:
18850:
18840:
18466:
17617:
17554:
16689:
16518:
15641:
15154:
15078:
14858:
13968:
13473:
Steiner, Zara. "Thunder from the East: The Sino-Japanese Conflict and the European Powers, 1933=1938": in Steiner,
11627:
9802:
Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War",
8344:
6642:
6376:
5491:
4281:), more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement. The northern provinces affected by this policy were
3513:
2353:
2269:
1644:
64:
19100:
16195:
6977:
were used more than 2,000 times against Chinese soldiers and civilians in the war in China in the 1930s and 1940s
2691:
23222:
22815:
22577:
22565:
22416:
22338:
22261:
22126:
21844:
21460:
21429:
20913:
20867:
19997:
18855:
18537:
17990:
17831:
17820:
17649:
17408:
17367:
17260:
17198:
16578:
15848:
15717:
15685:
13175:
12683:
Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II (Materials on poison gas warfare), Kaisetsu, Hōkan 2, Jugonen Sensō Gokuhi Shiryōshu
10443:
American Neutrality Policy: Hearings ... on Present Neutrality Law (public Res. No. 27)... April 11 – May 2, 1939
5955:
5693:
5633:
Hanoi, it did so too late to impact the result of the broader war. American bombers in Chengdu were moved to the
5245:
3955:
3541:
3415:
2666:
2603:
2452:
2435:
1969:
19035:
16365:
15933:
13264:
13168:
12904:
8310:
6913:, article V of the Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare, article 171 of the
6523:
which their guerrilla tactics were less effective, and generally limited their combat to guerrilla actions (the
5606:
which attempted to provide assistance to the Chinese Nationalist Army. The first phase in 1942 under command of
2686:
23401:
23339:
23227:
22555:
22317:
21894:
21455:
21320:
21210:
20933:
20377:
20019:
19720:
19490:
19295:
19189:
19144:
18727:
18717:
18376:
18348:
18226:
18019:
17249:
16700:
16626:
16415:
15786:
15505:
15410:
15295:
14640:
14560:
14079:
14037:
13791:
8766:"Mitsubishi A5M (Claude) – Development and Operational History, Performance Specifications and Picture Gallery"
7027:
6921:
6191:
5044:
4984:
4903:
4849:
4777:
After their victory at Wuhan, Japan advanced deep into Communist territory and redeployed 50,000 troops to the
4229:
4140:
3609:
3565:
3447:
3340:
3321:
3086:
3019:
2952:
2885:
2818:
2737:
2615:
2283:
2244:
1896:
1886:
1396:
1124:
11553:
10255:
8713:
7708:
5450:". In Burma, on 16 April 1942, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the
5214:—kill all, loot all, burn all. It was during this period that the bulk of Japanese war crimes were committed.
23478:
23237:
23190:
23133:
23018:
22931:
22271:
21694:
21215:
20923:
20680:
20304:
19729:
19644:
19634:
19250:
18877:
18862:
18785:
18755:
18732:
18574:
18436:
18369:
18320:
18251:
18076:
17575:
17526:
17290:
17283:
16886:
16647:
16431:
15484:
15093:
14797:
14752:
14565:
14545:
14146:
13411:
11592:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 385.
7945:
7128:
7035:
6864:, the military death toll of Japan in China is about 700,000 since 1937 (excluding the deaths in Manchuria).
6833:
6771:
6554:
6428:
6024:
both to reach an agreement and prevent war. British public opinion would swing in favor of the Chinese after
5994:
5528:
5093:
5028:
4932:
4841:
4729:
The Japanese then attempted to surround and destroy the Chinese armies in the Xuzhou region with an enormous
4483:
4399:
4374:
4313:
3597:
3557:
3470:
3313:
3100:
3033:
2966:
2899:
2832:
2751:
2579:
2561:
2086:
1811:
1422:
1361:
1207:
1146:
21228:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China
10239:
10223:
8773:
6432:
5637:
where, along with bombers from bases in Saipan and Tinian, they could still bomb the Japanese home islands.
5365:
23195:
23118:
23050:
23024:
22711:
22241:
22156:
21879:
21502:
21165:
20938:
20633:
20284:
20155:
19609:
19550:
19540:
19204:
19085:
19075:
19065:
18953:
18801:
18775:
18765:
18651:
18510:
18406:
17781:
17735:
16654:
16482:
16467:
16394:
16373:
16191:
15869:
15655:
15648:
15632:
15343:
15302:
15274:
15062:
14935:
14878:
14848:
14701:
14119:
13400:- Book about the Chinese from Canada as well as Americans who fought against Japan in the Second World War.
13274:: Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2015. Chapters on military, economic, diplomatic aspects of the war.
10920:
10850:
8986:
6669:
6616:
islands were put under the administrative control of the Republic of China (ROC) government in 1945 by the
6372:
6279:
Japan attempted to reach out to Chinese ethnic minorities in order to rally them to their side against the
6096:
5870:
5681:
5607:
5579:
5313:
4475:
4056:
3705:
3466:
3394:, which prompted a full-scale Japanese invasion of the rest of China. The Japanese captured the capital of
2647:
2447:
2396:
2126:
1836:
1741:
1692:
1591:
5717:
Before the start of full-scale warfare of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Germany had since the time of the
4749:
Following Xuzhou, the IJA changed its strategy and deployed almost all of its existing armies in China to
2676:
23583:
23538:
23503:
23344:
23185:
23138:
23103:
23072:
22481:
22359:
22301:
22186:
22176:
21960:
21677:
21412:
20792:
19959:
19778:
19649:
19095:
19055:
19050:
18780:
18712:
18473:
17797:
17742:
17360:
17332:
17185:
16800:
16779:
16293:
15956:
15862:
15352:
14767:
14570:
14046:
14027:
14017:
12105:
10816:
8053:
7844:
7069:
was also used against the Japanese. A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at
7000:
6776:
6524:
6069:
5301:
5207:
5027:
From the beginning of 1939, the war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at
4889:
4531:
4082:
4044:
3490:
3451:
3423:
3419:
2630:
2608:
2551:
1991:
1430:
1224:
176:
141:
9425:
Tai-Chun Kuo, "A Strong Diplomat in a Weak Polity: TV Soong and wartime US–China relations, 1940–1943."
9280:
8735:
8583:
8170:
4800:
and most other major cities in unoccupied China, leaving many people either dead, injured, or homeless.
4373:, a crucial access-route to Beijing. What began as confused, sporadic skirmishing soon escalated into a
4259:. Other sections of China were essentially in the hands of local Chinese warlords. Japan sought various
73:
23180:
23044:
23039:
23012:
22902:
22846:
22793:
22296:
21417:
21400:
21249:
20989:
20852:
20643:
20246:
20215:
19171:
19129:
19117:
19090:
19045:
18978:
18722:
18697:
18624:
18609:
18604:
18271:
17760:
17679:
17624:
17512:
17468:
17118:
16744:
16668:
16563:
16440:
16312:
16305:
16265:
16238:
15970:
15903:
15498:
15309:
15239:
14747:
14600:
13876:
13836:
13230:
11902:
9903:
8894:
6882:
starvation. Of the 1,740,955 Japanese soldiers who died during World War II, 22 percent died in China.
6570:
of World War II, all historical issues which have faced challenges from ultranationalists in the past.
6515:
6180:
5817:
5439:
5435:
4618:
4362:
4341:
4309:
3387:
2574:
2440:
2418:
2081:
1910:
1881:
1765:
1202:
22624:
4433:
2671:
23553:
23349:
23148:
23098:
22469:
22291:
22236:
22146:
22116:
21291:
21223:
Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
20471:
20205:
20200:
20127:
20082:
19873:
19560:
19107:
18872:
18692:
18646:
18173:
18090:
17875:
17728:
17700:
17533:
17438:
17228:
16661:
15728:
15382:
14822:
14681:
14605:
14590:
14550:
14417:
14129:
14104:
13806:
13796:
13219:
Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide".
12422:
ed. Coox, Alvin and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 296.
12167:
Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.
11583:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration"
10144:
10020:
9392:
7133:
6987:'s units were also profusely used. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force bombed
6966:
6689:
6171:(Vietnamese Independence League, usually known as the Viet Minh) was formed and based in the town of
6025:
5924:
5467:
5409:
5317:
5192:
5162:
5032:
4936:
4931:
were located. Thirdly, the floods in Henan and Anhui destroyed much of the tracks and bridges of the
4240:
4232:
that arose from widespread outrage over the policy of non-resistance to Japan. On 15 April 1932, the
4225:
4120:
3831:
3529:
3427:
3245:
2457:
2423:
1981:
1580:
1520:
1479:
1375:
1178:
1168:
581:
23359:
20062:
19352:
15926:
11926:
10204:
9994:
9576:
5515:. For many reasons, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down. Many historians (such as
3779:
Although the Japanese government still uses the term "China Incident" in formal documents, the word
23573:
23563:
23558:
23329:
22771:
22667:
21734:
20906:
20787:
20319:
20044:
19992:
19614:
19442:
19243:
19122:
18907:
18882:
18682:
17912:
17889:
16935:
16928:
16585:
16245:
16217:
15047:
14807:
14717:
13712:
13352:
Laureau, Patrick (June 1993). "Des Français en Chine (2ème partie)" [The French in China].
13151:
12051:
11160:
10624:
9844:
9220:
8611:
6705:
6108:
5981:
5969:
5342:
4969:
4534:. However, the Imperial Japanese Navy encountered unexpected resistance from the defending Chinese
4088:
3629:
3219:
1927:
1787:
1447:
23088:
15942:
15919:
13133:
12771:, 2004, p. 32.) All these weapons were experimented with on humans before being used in the field.
11875:
11653:
7579:
6557:
omitting or glossing over Japan's militant past, although the most recent controversial book, the
5732:
through the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact from 1937 to 1941. When the Imperial Japanese invaded
5430:
Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive supplies from the United States. However, in contrast to the
3884:. The Qing dynasty was on the brink of collapse due to internal revolts and the imposition of the
2276:
23548:
23543:
23533:
23528:
23523:
23263:
23258:
23143:
22716:
22373:
22161:
21633:
21371:
20983:
20918:
20690:
20596:
20513:
20142:
20014:
19944:
19753:
19505:
19432:
19149:
19070:
19020:
19015:
19005:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18948:
18938:
18639:
18619:
18560:
18334:
18278:
18148:
18008:
17686:
17339:
17235:
17141:
16709:
16570:
16540:
16504:
16489:
16361:
16253:
16231:
16177:
16163:
16145:
15809:
15590:
15318:
15267:
14945:
14742:
14655:
14555:
14432:
14124:
14114:
13935:
12483:
12221:
War, nation, memory : international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks
12127:
11367:
7758:
Bix, Herbert P. (1992), "The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility",
7697:
Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953, Harvard University Press, 1953. p. 252
6626:
5946:" issued to American Volunteer Group pilots requesting all Chinese to offer rescue and protection
5862:
5673:
5555:
5536:
5080:
5036:
4973:
4837:
4821:
4813:
4610:
in his P-26/281; the Japanese Army reinforcements succeeded in landing in northern Shanghai. The
4606:, shooting down several of the Chinese planes while losing a single A4N in the dogfight with Lt.
4566:
4233:
4216:
Incessant fighting followed the Mukden Incident. In 1932, Chinese and Japanese troops fought the
4116:
3963:
3842:
3819:
3749:
3556:
In China, the war is most commonly known as the "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression" (
3521:
3506:
3435:
3431:
2510:
2369:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2112:
1932:
1611:
1459:
1442:
1382:
1346:
1316:
856:
677:
585:
300:
18529:
13717:
12155:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015
11582:
11269:"Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China"
9139:
Di Wu, "The cult of geography: Chinese riverine defence during the Battle of Wuhan, 1937-1938".
9127:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015
6745:
5391:
The 18 February 1943 address by Soong Mei-ling before both houses of the United States Congress.
5304:
against Japan; this had salutary effects for the beleaguered Communists, who agreed to form the
4127:, following the policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance" (Chinese:
2391:
22896:
22439:
22331:
22266:
22166:
21965:
21899:
21869:
21544:
20763:
20638:
20092:
19854:
19818:
19794:
19691:
19676:
19525:
19437:
18806:
18760:
18677:
18629:
18026:
17919:
17714:
17665:
17568:
17461:
17431:
17214:
17102:
16828:
16619:
16203:
16184:
16154:
15701:
15671:
15057:
14925:
14883:
14585:
14094:
14084:
14032:
14022:
13831:
12945:
Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film
11009:
10885:
9285:. 朝雲新聞社. pp. 77–78, 125 – via ebook on Japan National Institute for Defense Studies.
6811:
6650:
6592:
6550:
6528:
6057:
6018:
5846:
5254:
5129:
4611:
4543:
4515:
4503:
4369:
On the night of 7 July 1937, Chinese and Japanese troops exchanged fire in the vicinity of the
4305:
4124:
3458:
3407:
2620:
2539:
1976:
1687:
1472:
1402:
1253:
270:
128:
21259:
13697:
12834:
11406:
11034:
10974:
10947:
10458:
10441:
10424:
10407:
10390:
10279:
To the Banks of the Halha: The Nomohan Incident and the Northern Limits of the Japanese Empire
10265:
9702:
9663:
9624:
9599:
9327:
8636:
7969:
7955:
7914:
6385:
5419:
Knowledge of Japanese naval movements in the Pacific was provided to the American Navy by the
5331:
Despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich
5236:
After the Lend-Lease Act was passed, American financial and military aid began to trickle in.
4205:, as its puppet ruler. Militarily too weak to challenge Japan directly, China appealed to the
3371:
the Chinese Communists in an attempt to finally destroy them, forcing the Communists into the
23452:
23364:
23299:
23067:
22862:
22835:
22825:
22804:
22732:
22534:
22509:
21919:
21909:
21904:
21817:
21722:
21653:
21475:
21395:
21366:
21280:
20601:
19878:
19340:
18912:
18887:
18845:
18614:
18584:
18517:
18240:
18083:
17979:
17949:
17905:
17774:
17638:
17603:
17596:
17519:
17417:
16858:
16835:
16682:
16286:
15823:
15563:
15549:
15232:
14732:
14727:
14630:
14575:
13846:
13826:
13661:
12952:
12795:
12652:
12567:
12538:
12024:
12005:
11986:
11967:
11734:
11730:
11484:
11134:
11100:
11061:
10249:
10233:
7875:
7227:
7060:
6841:
6412:
on 2 September 1945, in a ceremony where several Allied commanders including Chinese general
6199:
5912:
5547:
5451:
4723:
4719:
4704:
3967:
3873:
3857:
3501:
linking India to China. China launched large counteroffensives in South China and repulsed a
2696:
2131:
1891:
1734:
1512:
1453:
1388:
1286:
251:
219:
84:
20748:
16121:
13481:
Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".
10773:
Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".
10422:
10388:
9971:
5281:
improvise while not offering support. After losing Manchuria to the Japanese, Zhang and his
2157:
23518:
23421:
23394:
23369:
23319:
23108:
22852:
22798:
22737:
22476:
22111:
21812:
21749:
21682:
21470:
20889:
20009:
19833:
19823:
19335:
18922:
18341:
18196:
17847:
17804:
17767:
17693:
17503:
17482:
16401:
15878:
15556:
14787:
14691:
14650:
14620:
14520:
14274:
14136:
13973:
13841:
11650:"Leavenworth Papers No. 7 (August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria)"
10302:
9380:
9165:
7398:
6914:
6750:
6483:
6406:
5985:
5962:
5894:
5858:
5669:
5599:
5500:
5434:
to the Soviet Union which stayed open through most of the war, sea routes to China and the
5237:
4797:
4758:
4535:
4413:
3502:
2652:
2076:
2064:
1952:
1758:
1605:
1557:
1539:
1329:
1310:
171:
21264:
14304:
14244:
13458:
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945
10730:
6176:
5825:
1938 in favour of an alliance with Japan as its main anti-Communist partner in East Asia.
4224:, which forbade the Chinese to deploy troops in their own city. In Manchukuo there was an
8:
23447:
23128:
22984:
22972:
22960:
22936:
22830:
22787:
22629:
22582:
22106:
21769:
21579:
21569:
21549:
21450:
21424:
21405:
21303:
21274:
21200:
20780:
20743:
20648:
20623:
20241:
20188:
20161:
20151:
20097:
20087:
20072:
19949:
19773:
19452:
19447:
19330:
18459:
18233:
18111:
18067:
17582:
16716:
16475:
16002:
15832:
15816:
15765:
14920:
14757:
14722:
13988:
13871:
13801:
10918:
9156:
Dutch, Steven I. (November 2009). "The Largest Act of Environmental Warfare in History".
7614:
7138:
6677:
6646:
6431:(on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month) and because "nine" is a
6405:
to the Allies on 15 August 1945. The official surrender was signed aboard the battleship
6219:
6123:
6053:
5834:
5199:
5088:
4443:", which—with slightly reworked lyrics—became the National Revolutionary Army's standard
4256:
4217:
4062:
4022:
4006:
3998:
3869:
3380:
3352:
3305:
2706:
2586:
2229:
1947:
1821:
1163:
760:
353:
22914:
20024:
14279:
13300:, New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946. Critical account of Chiang's government by
11896:"Disputes over Taiwan Sovereignty and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Since World War II"
11524:"The Chinese Islamic 'Goodwill Mission to the Middle East' During the Anti-Japanese War"
9255:
9253:
9169:
8954:
5399:
A United States poster from the United China Relief organization advocating aid to China
5348:
Afterwards, the Second United Front completely broke down and Chinese Communists leader
23294:
23242:
23061:
22998:
22978:
22954:
22759:
22662:
22592:
22504:
22464:
22171:
22151:
22028:
21889:
21739:
21599:
21190:
20943:
20533:
20210:
20147:
19964:
19934:
19475:
18452:
18285:
18210:
18164:
18134:
18042:
17882:
17540:
17424:
17318:
17269:
17207:
16963:
16914:
16723:
16340:
15995:
15793:
14955:
14888:
14853:
14832:
14827:
14777:
14696:
14686:
14580:
14540:
14505:
13722:
13498:
13468:
13144:
12509:
11938:
11002:
10878:
10790:
10678:
10644:
9517:
9354:
9016:
8662:
8567:
8555:
8292:
8200:
8108:
8100:
7971:
The New York Times Living History: World War II, 1942–1945: The Allied Counteroffensive
7783:
6980:
6402:
6362:
6152:
6104:
5928:
5849:, in which Soviet technicians upgraded and ran some of China's transportation systems.
5516:
5354:
4574:
4497:, leading to the Battle of Shanghai. On 14 August, Chinese forces under the command of
4465:
4191:
4112:
4010:
3986:
3980:
3947:
3901:
3865:
3733:), the first step of the "eight corners of the world under one roof" slogan (Japanese:
3701:
3665:
2359:
2239:
2105:
2098:
2037:
2027:
2001:
1853:
1775:
1625:
1585:
1552:
1465:
1354:
1334:
1218:
1141:
136:
104:
22408:
14427:
11408:
Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication
10922:
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954
6680:
DPP does not see the relevancy of celebrating events that happened in mainland China.
23314:
22965:
22776:
22705:
22306:
22281:
22181:
22033:
21859:
21378:
21242:
21195:
21185:
20824:
20770:
20251:
19939:
19919:
19686:
19315:
18634:
18443:
18327:
18217:
18157:
18118:
18051:
18033:
17999:
17942:
17896:
17840:
17658:
17396:
17388:
17325:
17178:
16772:
16297:
15758:
15737:
15447:
15209:
15199:
15129:
14812:
14792:
14737:
14676:
14671:
14635:
14625:
14515:
14510:
14051:
13866:
13856:
13781:
13588:
13582:
13555:
13535:
13517:
13511:
13502:
13431:
13389:
13373:
13357:
13341:
13313:
13283:
13253:
13234:
13205:
13186:
13155:
13109:
13094:
13053:
12984:
12910:
12840:
12801:
12756:
12513:
12499:
12390:
12366:
and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 308.
12296:
12234:
12224:
12187:
12065:
12055:
11748:
11738:
11593:
11490:
11451:
11412:
11373:
11193:
11140:
11106:
11067:
11040:
11013:
10980:
10953:
10926:
10889:
10856:
10794:
10753:
10648:
10460:
Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress, Volume 113, Part 1
10325:
9907:
9848:
9770:
9745:
9708:
9669:
9630:
9603:
9592:
9521:
9509:
9465:
9333:
9250:
9020:
9006:
8898:
8849:
Fu Jing-hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, pp. 109–111
8800:
8685:
8664:"New Songs of the Battlefield": Songs and Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
8642:
8615:
8530:
8284:
8243:
8140:
8112:
7975:
7920:
7881:
7775:
7681:
7574:
7548:
7504:
7454:
7379:
7330:
7294:
7270:
7233:
6873:
6796:
6657:
6482:
Yan'an and elsewhere in the communist controlled areas, Mao Zedong was able to adapt
6456:
6420:
6029:
5783:
5762:
5623:
5611:
5562:
5551:
5504:
5321:
5293:
5269:
5211:
5203:
5105:
5068:
4885:
4653:
4607:
4582:
4409:
4378:
4370:
4206:
3756:
3620:
3478:
3443:
3395:
3376:
3364:
3355:
and in Northern China. Chinese Nationalist and Communist forces, respectively led by
2591:
2430:
2406:
2259:
2138:
2091:
1996:
1841:
1826:
1770:
1573:
1565:
1507:
1497:
1298:
1266:
1247:
1156:
1151:
132:
19395:
14447:
14269:
13405:
Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations' Proxy War with Japan, 1935–1941
13120:
Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan",
12282:
11793:
11268:
8918:
4308:, which forbade the KMT to conduct party operations in Hebei. In the same year, the
4263:
and helped them establish governments friendly to Japan. This policy was called the
3759:. When both sides formally declared war in December 1941, the name was replaced by "
3588:). It was also called the "Eight Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese:
1012:
c. 3,000,000–3,600,000 military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and
23431:
23304:
23170:
22948:
22868:
22782:
22639:
22614:
22380:
22121:
22089:
21594:
21554:
21512:
21269:
21232:
20968:
20775:
20700:
20653:
20538:
20392:
20112:
19828:
19500:
18589:
18362:
18355:
18299:
17963:
17721:
17707:
17610:
17547:
17498:
17311:
17164:
17111:
16921:
16872:
16786:
16009:
15986:
15519:
14950:
14930:
14863:
14782:
14772:
14535:
14234:
13861:
13490:
13324:– Book about the Chinese and Mongolians who fought for the Japanese during the war.
12491:
12288:
11254:
War, Leadership and Ethnopolitics: Chiang Kai-shek and China's frontiers, 1941–1945
11136:
The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher
10782:
10636:
9501:
9457:
9173:
8998:
8990:
8276:
8092:
7845:"Breaking Silence: Exhibit on 'Forgotten Holocaust' Focuses on Japanese War Crimes"
7767:
7011:
6961:
6720:
6665:
6638:
6633:
6621:
6206:
6175:. The pro-VNQDD nationalist Ho Ngoc Lam, a KMT army officer and former disciple of
6045:
5951:
5854:
5733:
5479:
5324:, and the high point of their cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan.
5158:
4712:
4661:
4657:
4639:
4634:
4539:
4444:
4162:
3885:
3639:) is most commonly used because of its perceived objectivity. When the invasion of
3573:
3461:
and declared war on the United States. The US increased its aid to China under the
3399:
3056:
2989:
2922:
2855:
2774:
2401:
2379:
2032:
1860:
1846:
1816:
1729:
1709:
1502:
1407:
1367:
1341:
1280:
1272:
1258:
1212:
1188:
908:
3,800,000–10,600,000+ military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and
539:
214:
167:
151:
20367:
15528:
13310:
Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo
12389:
Liu Feng, (2007). "血祭太阳旗: 百万侵华日军亡命实录". Central Compilation and Translation Press.
11876:
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Taiwan : Overview
10084:
6965:
also used during the invasion of Changde. Those orders were transmitted either by
6733:
Three major museums in China commemorate China's War of Resistance, including the
6676:
in 2000, these national holidays commemorating the war have been cancelled as the
2252:
23055:
22920:
22765:
22619:
22597:
22570:
22488:
22136:
22131:
22094:
22074:
21975:
21945:
21781:
21623:
21584:
21497:
21361:
20799:
20738:
20685:
20523:
20412:
20117:
20034:
19954:
19427:
19266:
18867:
18385:
18097:
18012:
17970:
17868:
17811:
17672:
17454:
17445:
16974:
16549:
16525:
15779:
15124:
15114:
14762:
14610:
14530:
14422:
14294:
14289:
14254:
14188:
14173:
14141:
14056:
13953:
13786:
13686:
13650:
13611:
13549:
13542:
13425:
13415:
13271:
13224:
A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945
13179:
12794:
Chevrier, Marie Isabelle; Chomiczewski, Krzysztof; Garrigue, Henri, eds. (2004).
12752:
12495:
12432:
12401:: This Chinese publication analyses statistics provided by Japanese publications.
12031:
12012:
11993:
11974:
11882:
11694:
11687:
11445:
11338:
11309:
11225:
11187:
10640:
10308:
9571:
8497:
8490:
8136:
7637:
7621:
7424:
7405:
7324:
7066:
6970:
6860:
6575:
6172:
5774:
5718:
5634:
5583:
5524:
5374:
5305:
5296:
that took place on 12 December 1936, Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek in
5282:
5183:
5140:
5064:
5040:
4941:
4911:
4828:
4750:
4730:
4387:
4358:
4350:
4282:
4186:
4154:
4092:
4070:
3935:
3925:
3861:
3648:
3544:. The Chinese Civil War resumed in 1946, ending with a communist victory and the
3403:
3356:
3332:
3289:
2569:
2490:
2234:
2190:
1962:
1937:
1806:
1323:
1129:
937:
722:
611:
378:
315:
310:
247:
161:
43:
22587:
20029:
18497:
13280:從大歷史的角度讀蔣介石日記 (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's Diary from a Macro History Perspective)
13093:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. xxxiii, 555p.
12619:
11404:
9193:
9177:
7733:
6753:. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939.
6510:
6382:
approximately 50,000 military fatalities each year and 200,000 wounded per year.
6233:
As the war went on, Nationalist General Ma Buqing was in virtual control of the
5104:
By 1941, Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam, but
3608:), reflecting a focus on the broader conflict with Japan going back to the 1931
1052:
Excluding more than 1 million who were disarmed following the surrender of Japan
599:
23354:
23273:
23232:
23113:
22908:
22646:
22604:
21854:
21717:
21517:
21445:
21286:
20958:
20804:
20362:
20256:
20077:
20067:
19924:
19888:
19310:
18392:
17928:
17854:
15892:
15751:
14817:
14324:
14239:
13811:
13776:
13139:
12699:
11282:(1). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program: 115–135.
10439:
9895:
9375:
John McVickar Haight, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Naval Quarantine of Japan."
8886:
8096:
7570:
7074:
6996:
6824:
6804:
6499:
6413:
6339:
6296:
5905:
5770:
5741:
5574:
5455:
5413:
5370:
5309:
5149:: 25 October 1938 – December 1941 (the Allied declaration of war on Japan)
5019:
4899:
4893:
4562:
4523:
4498:
4448:
4382:
4301:
4066:
4038:
3938:
that swept across China's southern provinces. The Qing responded by appointing
3897:
3881:
3752:
3533:
3462:
2505:
2500:
2020:
1874:
1782:
1704:
1305:
1183:
1013:
963:
909:
736:
569:
209:
20397:
20372:
13551:
China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952
13494:
12764:
12069:
11752:
10786:
9002:
6984:
5590:
supplies (signaling bomber destruction of railroads, bridges). Chinese forces
5586:, which further soured the relationship between China and the United Kingdom.
5408:. Almost immediately, Chinese troops achieved another decisive victory in the
4617:
Japan did not immediately occupy the Shanghai International Settlement or the
3743:
23467:
23157:
22753:
22514:
22084:
21986:
21864:
21764:
21759:
21754:
21237:
21074:
20963:
19883:
19604:
19594:
19422:
19387:
18203:
16114:
15963:
15802:
15159:
15052:
14802:
14349:
14314:
14299:
14284:
14264:
14208:
14193:
13680:
13361:
13108:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. xxx, 674p.
12760:
12238:
11816:
11597:
9900:
The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War
9536:
9513:
9313:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13: Republican China 1912-1949, part 2
9144:
8935:
Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History",
8891:
The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War
8559:
8288:
8144:
8131:
7779:
6878:
6602:
6567:
6394:
6284:
6253:
6155:
retreating to the Chinese border after the Japanese coup d'état in March 1945
5890:
5842:
5431:
5378:
5332:
5249:
5241:
4796:
on civilian targets. Japanese raiders hit the Kuomintang's newly established
4700:
4417:
4248:
4210:
4145:
3994:
3913:
3893:
3877:
3301:
1134:
557:
544:
155:
19984:
13119:
10054:
6807:
and authorized on 3 December 1941, by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.
6735:
Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression
6514:
China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where the
4470:
3934:
In 1911, factions of the Qing Army uprose against the government, staging a
2309:
23426:
22682:
22677:
22459:
22352:
22276:
21955:
21807:
21611:
21532:
21527:
20872:
20753:
19480:
19357:
18995:
18502:
18306:
16592:
16497:
16128:
15491:
15255:
15213:
15203:
14442:
14437:
14329:
14249:
13816:
12486:. In Friedrich, B.; Hoffmann, D.; Renn, J.; Schmaltz, F.; Wolf, M. (eds.).
12206:
12184:
Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces
12045:
11722:
11628:"A SHORT JOURNEY THROUGH NORTHWESTERN KANSU AND THE TIBETAN BORDER COUNTRY"
11366:
Frederick Roelker Wulsin; Joseph Fletcher (1979). Mary Ellen Alonso (ed.).
7673:
7540:
7120:
7106:
6335:
6238:
5808:
5570:
5405:
5260:
5110:
5084:
4915:
4881:
4591:
4587:
4244:
4182:
4170:
4026:
3951:
3943:
3802:
3781:
3678:
3640:
3344:
3297:
3063:
2996:
2929:
2862:
2781:
2342:
2203:
2011:
2006:
1920:
1071:
488:
51:
20054:
19671:
12484:"No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II"
12292:
12253:
9505:
9461:
9212:
8994:
6148:
5740:
against Japan and froze all Japanese assets in 1941, and with it came the
5043:. These outcomes encouraged the Chinese to launch their first large-scale
4436:
on 9 August escalated the skirmishes and battles into full scale warfare.
23406:
23334:
23268:
22519:
22079:
22062:
21835:
United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders
21485:
20973:
20953:
20758:
20132:
19681:
18141:
18127:
17789:
16451:
16272:
16257:
15611:
15119:
14401:
14386:
14354:
14334:
14259:
14213:
13421:
12488:
One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences
12082:
11939:"Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo"
11928:
FOCUS: Taiwan–Japan ties back on shaky ground as Taipei snubs Tokyo envoy
11708:
11372:. The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press. p. 50.
10175:"Remembering Hazel Lee, the first Chinese-American female military pilot"
7476:
Hsu Long-hsuen "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" Taipei 1972
6949:
6937:
6829:
6661:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6280:
6195:
6187:
6077:
6014:
5989:
5786:
in Germany for aerial-gunnery training by the Chinese Air Force in 1936.
5766:
5737:
5657:
5646:
5603:
5446:
in 1945, foreign aid was largely limited to what could be flown in over "
5265:
4876:
from June 1938 to January 1947 created by the intentional destruction of
4808:
4622:
4440:
4268:
4178:
3990:
3939:
3929:
3889:
3760:
3613:
2466:
2384:
2298:
1697:
1668:
652:
469:
180:
47:
9289:
5173:
4892:(NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The first wave of floods hit
4119:(CCP) previously fought openly against the Nanjing government after the
4073:, and consequently, China was nominally reunified under one government.
3868:
following the war, though was forced to return it to China following an
23278:
22067:
21663:
21383:
20894:
19929:
19545:
17489:
17242:
17221:
16107:
15440:
15368:
15088:
14462:
14452:
14396:
14391:
14359:
14344:
14319:
14203:
14198:
14178:
13923:
13645:
Full text of the Chinese declaration of war against Japan on Wikisource
12363:
11365:
10346:"Memorandum by Mr J. McEwen, Minister for External Affairs 10 May 1940"
8296:
8104:
8083:
Linebarger, Paul M. A. (May 1941). "The Status of the China Incident".
8009:"China rewrites history books to extend Sino-Japanese war by six years"
7376:
Avoiding Armageddon: From the Great Wall to the Fall of France, 1918–40
6974:
6941:
6894:
6784:
6346:
6311:
6303:
6115:
6044:
British and Australian troops from 'Mission 204' march to the front in
5980:
In mid-1941, the United States government financed the creation of the
5943:
5804:
5653:
5566:
5395:
5349:
5286:
5285:
were given the duty of suppressing the Red Army in Shaanxi after their
5052:
4928:
4645:
4429:
4425:
4354:
4014:
3668:
the following month, it was changed to "The China Incident" (Japanese:
3372:
3360:
3336:
2374:
2364:
796:
647:
507:
450:
431:
412:
392:
288:
145:
19838:
13675:
12653:
United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).
12568:
United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).
12539:
United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).
10379:Д. Г. Наджафов. Нейтралитет США. 1935–1941. М., "Наука", 1990. стр.157
10021:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years"
9440:
Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942
9393:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years"
8529:. New Approaches to International History series. London: Bloomsbury.
8240:
Struggle for democracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese revolution
7787:
7075:
strapped explosives, such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies
5684:
hastened Japanese surrender and these plans were not put into action.
4652:
Building on the hard-won victory in Shanghai, the IJA advanced on and
4346:
4091:(CER) further increased the tensions in the Northeast that led to the
93:
23309:
22873:
22057:
22044:
21885:
Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act
21480:
20628:
20613:
20261:
20236:
20231:
20039:
19910:
19843:
19515:
18943:
18816:
17752:
17157:
16954:
16765:
16556:
16511:
14218:
13963:
13958:
13182:
Historiographical overview of major books from the 1970s through 2006
12906:
Modern China: the fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present
12047:
China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism
11063:
The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis
10491:
10423:
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).
10389:
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).
8410:(China University of Political Science and Law Press, 1987), pp. 238.
8264:
6901:
The article reports on the casualty situation of the war up to 1940.
6424:
6315:
6223:
6168:
6119:
6100:
5838:
5837:, the Soviet Union hoped to keep China fighting, in order to deter a
5723:
5595:
5520:
5483:
5443:
5154:
5056:
4924:
4907:
4558:
4321:
4198:
4197:
After five months of fighting, Japan established the puppet state of
4018:
3525:
3498:
3411:
3348:
3293:
2120:
962:
2,500,000+ military casualties (1937 to 1945 excluding Manchuria and
340:
335:
328:
323:
16032:
13513:
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China
12714:"Okunoshima Journal; A Museum to Remind Japanese of Their Own Guilt"
11336:
8280:
6450:
6363:
End of the Pacific War and the surrender of Japanese troops in China
4958:
4134:
23389:
22345:
20340:
19768:
19459:
19403:
16016:
15744:
11844:"History Education: The Source of Conflict Between China and Japan"
11523:
7771:
7015:
6945:
6563:
6398:
6127:
5920:
5886:
5542:
5495:
5459:
5447:
5297:
5188:
5071:
led Hui, Salar and Dongxiang cavalry to defeat the Japanese at the
4765:
4578:
4570:
4439:
The 29th Army's resistance (and poor equipment) inspired the 1937 "
4300:
This Japanese policy was most effective in the area of what is now
4221:
4209:
for help. The League's investigation led to the publication of the
4150:
4096:
4002:
3909:
3486:
3474:
3184:
3158:
2795:
526:
19235:
13408:
10919:
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982).
6668:) and Taiwan's Retrocession Day on 25 October. However, after the
6163:(VNQDD) in its battle against French and Japanese imperialism. In
6040:
5800:
22991:
22529:
22524:
19510:
18559:
14457:
14183:
13475:
The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939
11706:
Hans Van De Ven, "A call to not lead humanity into another war",
9329:
Brokering Belonging: Chinese in Canada's Exclusion Era, 1885–1945
7004:
6828:
famines during the war caused by drought affected both China and
6818:
6292:
6288:
6242:
6164:
6065:
5757:
5701:
5665:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5337:
5219:
5128:
The basis of Chinese strategy before the entrance of the Western
5060:
4948:
4741:
4554:
4286:
4260:
4174:
3644:
3439:
3391:
14941:
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
13658:"World War II Newspaper Archives – War in China, 1937–1945"
13584:
When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945
11340:
Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 4–5
9932:
9414:
of war seemed preferable to the ignominy of a disgraceful peace.
7575:"Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, July 1937 to August 1945"
6597:
5177:
National Revolutionary Army soldiers march to the front in 1939.
4643:
A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a
3383:
in late 1936 in order to resist the Japanese invasion together.
23416:
22454:
20193:
19362:
16633:
15224:
15144:
13222:
In Roger Chickering, Stig Förster and Bernd Greiner, eds.,
12951:(PhD thesis). University of Zurich. p. 518. Archived from
11307:
8608:
China's good war: how World War II is shaping a new nationalism
8040:
China's Good War: how World War II is shaping a new nationalism
7043:
6988:
6845:
6685:
6613:
6606:
6435:
in Chinese (to suggest that the peace won would last forever).
6061:
6002:
5850:
5661:
5458:, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted a massive sweep through
5424:
5273:
4857:
4519:
4494:
4294:
4166:
4017:(KMT, alternatively known as the Chinese Nationalist Party) in
3905:
3853:
3849:
23040:
Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
13713:
Photographs of the war from a Presbyterian mission near Canton
10844:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10405:
8364:
Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, p. 45
5075:. Ma Biao fought against the Japanese in the Boxer Rebellion.
4695:
4304:
and Hebei. In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the
3572:), and shortened to "Resistance against Japanese Aggression" (
3292:
between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to
1636:
23411:
21507:
21299:
Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
21064:
20978:
20884:
20476:
20466:
19555:
16821:
12839:. Jeffrey A. Larsen, Managing Editor. ABC-CLIO. p. 171.
11632:
Journal Of The Royal Central Asian Society – Vol.21; Pt. 1- 4
11405:
Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006).
9767:
In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War
9149:
9133:
8119:
7605:
Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan, 1995. "关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题".
6837:
6271:
6234:
5820:
to China to help the KMT government reform its armed forces.
5602:. The British and Commonwealth forces had their operation in
5168:
4877:
4873:
4757:
sometimes reversing the Japanese advances, as in the case of
4722:(March–April 1938), where the Chinese used night attacks and
4452:
4290:
3482:
3132:
2187:
113:
22367:
Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept
13638:
12793:
12702:, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, pp. 360–364
9359:
Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942
9272:
8201:"How uninhabited islands soured China-Japan ties – BBC News"
8127:"The Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands: Narrative of an empty space"
7144:
List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War
5761:
of Japan; over a dozen Chinese-American aviators, including
5487:
Ningbo's population had already fled before battle started.
4671:, which estimate at least 200,000 murders and 20,000 rapes.
3377:
placed under house arrest by his subordinates who forced him
21951:
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
14309:
12209:, Who Actually Fought the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945? 1978
11486:
Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise
10835:
8929:
8552:
The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific
7793:
6992:
6792:
335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.
6696:
in 2008, the ROC government resumed commemorating the war.
6107:
who also operated in China, mostly while on their way into
5117:
5051:
During the offensive, Hui forces in Suiyuan under generals
4202:
3465:, becoming its main financial and military supporter. With
13694:"Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War, Harvard University"
13368:
MacKinnon, Stephen R., Diana Lary and Ezra F. Vogel, eds.
12284:
China's Bloody Century Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
11558:. China Information Publishing Company. 1940. p. 16.
9993:
Chan, Andy; Gong, John; Little, Michael (7 October 2015).
9537:"How the War with Japan Saved the Chinese Communist Party"
9231:
9036:
Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
8481:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), pp. 290–291.
5240:
commanded the 1st American Volunteer Group (nicknamed the
4561:
combat-aircraft designs. The introduction of the advanced
4553:
The skies of China had become a testing zone for advanced
4474:
A baby sits in the remains of a Shanghai train station on
3700:) was used by Japan, as neither country had made a formal
21659:
Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States
21607:
Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks
15140:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
11314:. Printed by the Human Relations Area Files. p. 74.
10671:
The War against Japan, Vol 2: India's Most Dangerous Hour
10205:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story"
9995:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story"
9097:
Wuhan 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
9042:
7258:
6904:
6267:
Chinese ethnic minorities in the Second Sino-Japanese War
5713:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
4621:, areas which were outside of China's control due to the
4320:
were established. There in the empty space of Chahar the
21745:
Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)
21700:
Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections
21590:
Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals
21540:
United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
13752:
13602:
Zarrow, Peter (2005). "The War of Resistance, 1937–45".
13106:
Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia
13052:(illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94.
11132:
10972:
10440:
United States. Congress. House. Foreign AFfairs (1939).
9821:
5652:
By the end of 1944, Chinese troops under the command of
5261:
Relationship between the Nationalists and the Communists
4872:'Huayuankou Dam Burst Incident') was a man-made
4687:
effectively lost control of the Japanese army in China.
4404:
On 11 July, in accordance with the Goso conference, the
4095:
and eventually the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Soviet
3406:
in 1938, then China's de facto capital at the time, the
22438:
22142:
Air route authority between the United States and China
20863:
Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters
14869:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
13338:
The Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China
11482:
10704:. Hong Kong Volunteer & Ex.PoW Association of NSW.
10456:
10055:"Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Template"
8265:"The Rise of Military Power in Modern China, 1895–1912"
6749:
Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese
6618:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
6502:
and the retreat of the Nationalists to Taiwan in 1949.
6306:
on their side failed, as many Chinese generals such as
5915:
to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to
5195:, in which heavy casualties were inflicted on the IJA.
4514:
In the three days from 14 August through 16, 1937, the
3536:, regained all territories lost, and became one of the
3308:
against Chinese civilians. It is known in China as the
22232:
Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction
20554:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China
15886:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
13530:
Van de Ven, Hans, Diana Lary, Stephen MacKinnon, eds.
13516:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
13456:
Peattie, Mark. Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven, eds.
12743:
Japan triggered bubonic plague outbreak, doctor claims
12590:
11790:"Foreign Correspondent – 22/04/2003: Japan – Unit 731"
11189:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
10750:
Escape to Fight on: With 204 Military Mission in China
8073:. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1935. Pp 164.
7814:"Douglas Todd: Lest we overlook the 'Asian Holocaust'"
7313:丁星, 《新四军初期的四个支队—新四军组织沿革简介(2)》【J】, 铁军, 2007年第2期, 38–40页
7293:(in Chinese). 中国人民解放军历史资料丛书编审委员会. 1994. pp. 第3页.
7164:
War crimes in World War II#Crimes perpetrated by Japan
5687:
5423:(SACO) which was run by the Chinese intelligence head
4711:
With many victories achieved, Japanese field generals
3813:
3805:, and thus is called the Qing-Japanese War (Japanese:
3793:
3771:
3741:
3728:
3695:
3676:
3659:
3634:
3580:) or the "War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese:
3250:
3224:
23514:
Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
13653:
Links to selected documents, photos, maps, and books.
13250:
China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945
13248:
Hsiung, James Chieh; Levine, Steven I., eds. (1992),
13091:
Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945
12157:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393.
11792:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
10731:"BADGE, UNIT, BRITISH, BRITISH ARMY AID GROUP (BAAG)"
9809:
9665:
The Rice Paddy Navy: U.S. Sailors Undercover in China
9594:
Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950
9559:
9129:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393.
8468:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), p. 290.
7326:
China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937–1945
6920:
According to Walter E. Grunden, history professor at
6249:
provide protection for Chinese settling in the area.
6159:
The Chinese Kuomintang also supported the Vietnamese
4769:
wounded,</ref> and the Japanese up to 200,000.
4335:
3068:
3001:
2934:
2867:
2800:
2786:
21639:
United States Department of Defense China Task Force
13049:
China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture
10949:
The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại
10880:
The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence
9970:. United states Army. 3 October 2003. Archived from
8951:""The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends""
8736:"War hero's son seeks to establish museum in Taiwan"
8684:. University of California Press. pp. 280–281.
8373:
Palmer and Colton, A History of Modern World, p. 725
7096:
6803:) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general
6423:
ordered all Japanese forces within China (excluding
6389:
WWII victory parade at Chongqing on 3 September 1945
6205:
After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General
5454:
and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. After the
4690:
4247:
established in its aftermath, gave Japan control of
4009:
in China. The country remained fragmented under the
3919:
3852:
and recognize the full and complete independence of
3720:, the invasion of China became a crusade (Japanese:
3450:, and in August 1940, communist forces launched the
22222:
National Committee on United States–China Relations
21389:
Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War
11004:
America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history
10809:"A Look Back ... "Free Thai" Movement is Born"
9700:
9622:
8527:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
7565:
7563:
7561:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7225:
6033:countries had rocky relations in the interwar era.
5438:had been closed since 1940. Therefore, between the
5312:under the nominal control of the NRA. In addition,
5096:to maintain public security in the occupied areas.
4025:from 1926 to 1928 with limited assistance from the
3896:measures. In 1905, Japan successfully defeated the
3798:), which were used by media as early as the 1930s.
22217:Kissinger Institute on China and the United States
20997:The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries
13169:Gordon, David M. "The China–Japan War, 1931–1945"
13143:
12627:. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 110–112, 170.
11888:
11001:
10999:
10877:
10584:"Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service"
10284:
9873:
9861:
9591:
8491:Political Strategy Prior to Outbreak of War Part I
8237:
7632:
7630:
7169:Women in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War
7154:Timeline of events leading to World War II in Asia
5833:After Germany and Japan signed the anti-communist
5023:The extent of Japanese occupation in 1940 (in red)
4718:The Japanese were then decisively defeated at the
4201:in 1932, and installed the last Emperor of China,
21493:1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an
21311:State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States
20711:China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands
20706:Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands
18898:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
12128:"Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan"
12050:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of
10875:
10848:
10042:dependent on the United States and Great Britain.
9944:
9707:. University of California Press. pp. 497–.
9629:. University of California Press. pp. 309–.
9547:
8634:
7392:
6470:included profiteering, speculation and hoarding.
6451:Post-war struggle and resumption of the civil war
6419:After the Allied victory in the Pacific, General
6092:successfully before withdrawal in November 1944.
5360:
5139:: 7 July 1937 – 25 October 1938 (end of the
4628:
4220:battle. This resulted in the demilitarization of
4135:Prelude: invasion of Manchuria and Northern China
3386:The full-scale war began on 7 July 1937 with the
23465:
21331:2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement
20418:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
13372:. Stanford University Press, 2007. xviii, 380p.
12358:
12356:
12354:
11443:
11311:A regional handbook on Northwest China, Volume 1
11059:
10747:
10463:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 474.
9920:
9704:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service
9626:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service
9090:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9069:
8446:
8443:Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 121
8425:
8413:
8388:
8376:
8085:American Academy of Political and Social Science
7558:
7492:
7430:
7322:
5950:Japan invaded and occupied the northern part of
5157:and had little military-industrial strength, no
4812:National Revolutionary Army soldiers during the
4669:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4511:, which led to more than 3,000 civilian deaths.
4489:On 13 August 1937, Kuomintang soldiers attacked
4050:
3619:In Japan, nowadays, the name "Japan–China War" (
3402:. After failing to stop the Japanese capture of
21523:1996 United States campaign finance controversy
20388:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
15135:Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War
13616:. China Information Committee. 1938. p. 66
13427:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945
12983:(illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112.
12833:Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J., eds. (2005).
12613:
12611:
12609:
12607:
12605:
12404:
11098:
11036:Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6
10429:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266.
10412:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266.
10324:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 591–597, 601.
9451:
8219:
7627:
6699:
6222:accompanied by Soviet troops to defeat General
5728:Union became the primary supporter for China's
3507:recaptured Japanese occupied regions of Guangxi
3446:. In November 1939, Chinese nationalist forces
3296:that started in 1931. It is considered part of
22880:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
22811:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
21326:State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States
19372:
15002:Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army
13218:
12223:. Charlotte, NC: Information Age. p. 90.
12219:Crawford, Keith A.; Foster, Stuart J. (2007).
12218:
11266:
11185:
11105:. University of California Press. p. 41.
9992:
9694:
7453:(in Chinese). Haichao chubanshe. p. 312.
6218:In 1937, then pro-Soviet General Sheng Shicai
5123:
4949:1939–1940: Chinese counterattack and stalemate
4898:NRA commanders intended the flood to act as a
4005:province, leading to nationwide anti-Japanese
3546:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
3331:On 18 September 1931, the Japanese staged the
832:3,000,000–4,000,000+ military dead and missing
23509:Military history of China during World War II
22821:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
22424:
22192:Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy
21047:
20449:
19251:
18561:History of World War II by region and country
18545:
15240:
14874:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
13738:
13146:The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941
13017:"Chinese Tank Forces and Battles before 1949"
12351:
11871:
11869:
11337:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (1982).
11161:"The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960"
11032:
10945:
10852:The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941
9890:
9888:
9296:傅應川; 洪小夏 (2015). "第十章 重探徐州會戰". In 郭岱君 (ed.).
9081:
9038:. University of California Press. p. 32.
8671:
8479:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew
8466:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7484:
7482:
7355:
7026:Chinese armies deployed "dare to die corps" (
6890:were largely based on Japanese publications.
6817:In addition, the war created 95 million
6814:of Japan at that time (US$ 7.7 billion).
6714:
6660:government has held celebrations marking the
4526:medium-heavy land-based bombers and assorted
4236:led by the Communists declared war on Japan.
3310:War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression
3189:
3163:
3137:
3105:
3091:
3038:
3024:
2971:
2957:
2904:
2890:
2837:
2823:
2756:
2742:
2339:
2325:
2173:
1652:
1087:
197:7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945
21925:United States Innovation and Competition Act
20929:Japan-China Joint History Research Committee
20571:China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement
15165:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
15043:Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China
13460:(Stanford University Press, 2011); 614 pages
13354:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire
13330:History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)
13247:
13122:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
12602:
11678:, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 154–201
11447:China Political Reports 1911–1960: 1942–1945
10683:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9938:
9616:
9355:"Chinese Nationalist Armour in World War II"
8668:University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh), 2004.
8262:
8135:. No. Christmas Specials 2012. London:
7799:
7052:) or "suicide squads" against the Japanese.
5698:History of the cooperative movement in China
5132:can be divided into two periods as follows:
4507:, Kuomintang planes accidentally bombed the
4393:
3457:In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise
1101:
22202:Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association
22197:Congressional-Executive Commission on China
22053:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
20564:Japan–South Korea Joint Declaration of 1998
20544:Sino-Japanese Journalist Exchange Agreement
19735:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
14616:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
13532:Negotiating China's Destiny in World War II
13336:Lary, Diana and Stephen R. Mackinnon, eds.
12832:
11885:United Nations High Commission for Refugees
11489:. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 232.
9278:
8983:People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam
8794:
8641:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 152–.
7919:. Cambridge University Press. p. 123.
6357:
6213:
6060:(B.A.A.G.) was set up and headquartered in
5857:, supplies and advisors arrived, headed by
5369:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his wife
5276:with a KMT "Blue Sky, White Sun" emblem cap
4987:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4867:
3651:used "The North China Incident" (Japanese:
22431:
22417:
21971:U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue
21054:
21040:
20456:
20442:
19258:
19244:
18552:
18538:
15247:
15233:
13745:
13731:
13547:
13534:(Stanford University Press, 2014) 336 pp.
13202:Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45
12437:. Millard Publishing Co. 1940. p. 187
12152:
11866:
11681:
11343:. King Abdulaziz University. p. 299.
11139:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 63.
10673:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
9885:
9661:
9454:New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution
9315:. Cambridge University Press. p. 555.
9158:Environmental & Engineering Geoscience
9145:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344520961548
9124:
8082:
7664:He Yingqin, "Eight Year Sino-Japanese War"
7527:
7479:
7088:Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War
5594:in late 1943, besieged Japanese troops in
5169:Second phase: October 1938 – December 1941
4106:
3367:since 1927. In late 1933, Chiang Kai-shek
2332:
2318:
2180:
2166:
1659:
1645:
1094:
1080:
735:1,124,900 (1945) (excluding Manchuria and
22673:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
22257:Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China
22039:Anti-American sentiment in mainland China
21915:Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
21850:United States–China Relations Act of 2000
21106:Ambassadors of the United States to China
21096:Ambassadors of China to the United States
20674:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine
20576:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
20519:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty
20138:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
19748:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
13639:Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China
13370:China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945
12941:
12380:Dower, John "War Without Mercy", pp. 297.
12376:
12374:
12372:
11817:"What Japanese history lessons leave out"
11528:DÎVÂN DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ
10855:. Cornell University Press. p. 272.
10748:Whitehead, John; Bennett, George (1990).
10691:
10669:Kirby, Major General Woodburn, S (1958).
9655:
9094:
9033:
7906:
7867:
7642:(in Japanese). 読売新聞社. 1983. p. 186.
7219:
7206:
7159:Timeline of events preceding World War II
7021:
6369:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
6076:A British-Australian commando operation,
5678:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
5231:scrap metal and oil embargo against Japan
5007:Learn how and when to remove this message
4914:, a major northwestern route used by the
4087:The July–November 1929 conflict over the
3518:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1001:Middle estimate: 960,000 dead and wounded
845:3,211,000–10,000,000+ military casualties
22287:Human Rights Record of the United States
22009:History of China–United States relations
21875:Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act
21161:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
19521:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
13328:Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang Ming-kai (1972).
13199:
12980:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze
11308:Human Relations Area Files, inc (1956).
10976:The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam
10658:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
10487:"Ace served with Flying Tigers in China"
10319:
9769:. Harvard University Press. p. 28.
9668:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 206–.
9143:Volume: 29 issue: 1, page(s): 185-204.
9112:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941
9063:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941
8628:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8263:Nihart, F. B.; Powell, Ralph L. (1955).
8238:Liew, Kit Siong; Sung Chiao-jen (1971).
7967:
7738:Faculty of History, University of Oxford
7232:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 14–15.
7054:
6744:
6596:
6540:
6509:
6460:
6433:homophone of the word for "long lasting"
6384:
6270:
6147:
6144:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
6039:
5937:
5885:
5799:
5614:offensive in 1944 compelled evacuation.
5541:
5394:
5383:
5364:
5264:
5172:
5018:
4827:
4807:
4745:Chinese troops advancing near Wanjialing
4740:
4694:
4638:
4469:
4390:strongly shook public opinion in Japan.
4345:
4144:
2284:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
2225:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
22247:US–China Peoples Friendship Association
21565:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations
21004:New Life+: Young Again in Another World
20832:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations
20815:Japanese history textbook controversies
13651:IBIBLIO World War II: China Burma India
13351:
13332:. Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210.
12976:
12871:
12712:Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 August 1995).
12711:
12481:
12186:]. Iwanami Bukkuretto. p. 43.
12088:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
11674:Robert A. Pape. Why Japan Surrendered.
11580:
10772:
10406:United States. Congress. House (1939).
9764:
9310:
9300:. Taipei: 聯經. p. 437-440, 447-449.
9109:
9060:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8677:
8638:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict
8058:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
6844:that killed about 3 million Indians in
6788:346,543 for 1939, and 299,483 for 1941.
6302:The Japanese attempt to get the Muslim
5904:From December 1937, events such as the
5153:Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for
4923:, where the Chinese wartime capital of
4772:
4530:with the expectation of destroying the
4076:
4065:by the Kwantung Army in 1928. His son,
3448:launched a large scale winter offensive
3442:, who waged a campaign of sabotage and
14:
23466:
22399:Category:China–United States relations
22325:A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China
21823:Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992
21775:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
21669:Timeline of the Cox Report controversy
21649:Chinese espionage in the United States
20336:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
17101:
17079:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
13687:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection
13681:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection
13420:
13386:Canadians Behind Enemy Lines 1939–1945
13296:Annalee Jacoby and Theodore H. White,
13138:
12596:
12383:
12369:
12280:
12251:
12177:
12043:
11721:
10581:
10261:
10245:
10229:
9839:
9589:
9352:
9295:
9048:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8746:from the original on 24 September 2021
8706:"-Brief history of military airplanes"
8610:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of
8605:
8037:
7951:
7877:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945
7706:
7472:
7470:
7264:
6905:Use of chemical and biological weapons
6465:Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in 1945
5656:attacking from India, and those under
5421:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
4361:on 10 July 1937, three days after the
4357:policy of resistance against Japan at
3503:failed Japanese invasion of West Hunan
3426:. By 1939, after Chinese victories at
22926:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
22412:
22207:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China
21798:United States sanctions against China
21101:Embassy of the United States, Beijing
21035:
20949:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China
20858:Chinese influence on Japanese culture
20810:Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy
20529:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement
20437:
19239:
18533:
17957:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
17382:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
17028:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
16984:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
16082:Rape during the occupation of Germany
15228:
14972:
14909:
14487:
13893:
13765:
13726:
13604:China in War and Revolution 1895–1949
12902:
12617:
12339:from the original on 30 December 2014
12134:from the original on 28 November 2015
11943:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
11854:from the original on 11 November 2017
11625:
11411:. Taylor & Francis. p. 261.
11276:The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly
11167:from the original on 17 December 2008
10884:. Columbia University Press. p.
10752:. Robert Hale. pp. 132, 174–78.
10711:from the original on 23 December 2021
10668:
10622:
10499:from the original on 12 December 2019
10185:from the original on 11 February 2018
10125:from the original on 5 September 2008
10095:from the original on 25 November 2020
9894:
9598:. Stanford University Press. p.
9484:
9155:
8980:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8948:
8885:
8797:Mitsubishi A5M Claude (Yellow Series)
8601:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8549:
8524:
8503:
8242:. Berkeley : Univ. of California Pr.
8171:"Senkaku/Diaoyu: Islands of Conflict"
8151:from the original on 26 February 2014
7912:
7880:. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 40.
7873:
7709:"The Origins of World War II in Asia"
7587:from the original on 27 December 2015
7373:
7329:. New York: M. E. Sharpe publishing.
7316:
7283:
7149:Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy
6350:rubble, though he was later rescued.
6140:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
5227:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
5099:
4803:
4459:
3974:
3958:, becoming the new emperor of China.
2313:
2161:
1640:
1075:
27:1937–1945 war between China and Japan
23484:Wars involving the Republic of China
21644:2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan
21575:Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon
21560:United States diplomatic cables leak
21255:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
20696:2010 Senkaku boat collision incident
19740:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
19496:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
17072:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
16097:Rape during the liberation of France
13568:from the original on 12 October 2022
13444:from the original on 12 October 2022
13383:
13340:. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001. 210p.
13173:(January 2006). v. 70#1, pp, 137–82.
13066:from the original on 12 October 2022
12997:from the original on 12 October 2022
12923:from the original on 12 October 2022
12853:from the original on 12 October 2022
12814:from the original on 12 October 2022
12634:from the original on 28 October 2022
12520:from the original on 16 October 2022
12490:. Springer, Cham. pp. 259–271.
11949:from the original on 12 January 2016
11841:
11562:from the original on 12 October 2022
11503:from the original on 12 October 2022
11464:from the original on 12 October 2022
11425:from the original on 12 October 2022
11386:from the original on 12 October 2022
11347:from the original on 12 October 2022
11318:from the original on 12 October 2022
11234:from the original on 12 October 2022
11206:from the original on 12 October 2022
11192:. Taylor & Francis. p. 58.
11080:from the original on 12 October 2022
11008:. Indiana University Press. p.
10723:
10623:Perry, J. K. J. (7 September 2011).
10467:from the original on 12 October 2022
10322:A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt
10155:from the original on 30 January 2018
10061:from the original on 13 October 2007
9827:
9739:
9721:from the original on 12 October 2022
9682:from the original on 12 October 2022
9643:from the original on 12 October 2022
9534:
8831:from the original on 5 November 2020
8207:from the original on 8 November 2019
8181:from the original on 1 February 2019
8006:
7988:from the original on 12 October 2022
7933:from the original on 12 October 2022
7894:from the original on 12 October 2022
7855:from the original on 19 January 2022
7842:
7646:from the original on 12 October 2022
7515:from the original on 13 October 2016
7418:Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1964
7343:from the original on 12 October 2022
7246:from the original on 12 October 2022
7226:David Murray Horner (24 July 2003).
6944:that the Japanese consistently used
6260:
5617:
5499:repelling major Japanese offensives
4985:adding citations to reliable sources
4952:
4594:fighters from the aircraft carriers
4406:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
23030:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
22252:Massachusetts International Academy
22227:Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association
21629:U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump
21466:Twain–Ament indemnities controversy
21341:United States–China talks in Alaska
21316:Presidential Rule of Law Initiative
20669:Association of Returnees from China
20559:State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan
20509:Japanese missions to Imperial China
20408:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
19650:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
19265:
15012:Japanese armoured fighting vehicles
14062:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
13480:
13124:, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107–134.
13045:
12872:Morgans, Julian (22 October 2015).
12463:from the original on 4 October 2009
12333:The International Churchill Society
11697:(page visited on 3 September 2015).
11521:
9879:
9867:
9487:"Opium, Empire, and Modern History"
9478:
9445:
9365:from the original on 21 March 2011.
9325:
9259:
9237:
9218:
9199:
8852:
8712:. 19 September 2006. Archived from
7757:
7707:Carter, James (20 September 2023).
7467:
7448:
6133:
5796:China-Germany relations (1912-1949)
5750:
5688:Chinese industrial base and the CIC
5063:had fought against Japanese in the
4456:to describe the Japanese invaders.
3643:began in earnest in July 1937 near
3516:on 2 September 1945, following the
3414:in the Chinese interior. After the
24:
23007:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
22858:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
22842:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
21930:Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act
21830:United States-Hong Kong Policy Act
21690:Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay
21336:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
21091:Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.
20664:Japanese repatriation from Huludao
20581:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
17298:German invasion of the Netherlands
15571:Weather events during World War II
14973:
13601:
13580:
13509:
13307:
13282:. China Times Publishing Company.
12884:from the original on 6 August 2020
12545:. War Department. pp. 69–86.
11814:
11688:Act of Surrender, 9 September 1945
11534:from the original on 18 March 2014
11483:Hisao Kimura; Scott Berry (1990).
11289:from the original on 29 March 2019
10979:. Random House, Inc. p. 235.
10348:. Info.dfat.gov.au. Archived from
10290:
10211:from the original on 26 March 2019
10001:from the original on 26 March 2019
9575:. 13 November 1944. Archived from
8969:
8590:
8452:
8431:
8419:
8394:
8382:
8334:《时局未宁之内阁问题》, 《满洲报》1922年7月27日, "论说"
8225:
8091:. Sage Publications, Inc.: 36–43.
8046:
7913:Paine, S. C. M. (20 August 2012).
7569:
7442:
7436:
6911:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
6553:by allowing the approval of a few
6283:, but only succeeded with certain
5841:of Siberia and save itself from a
5442:in 1942 and its re-opening as the
4790:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
4786:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
4736:
4336:1937: Full-scale invasion of China
3339:event fabricated to justify their
25:
23595:
22014:Hong Kong–United States relations
21346:United States–China Working Group
21206:Shanghai International Settlement
20820:2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
20619:North China Buffer State Strategy
17936:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
15150:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
14488:
13631:
13277:
13130:War And Diplomacy in Eastern Asia
13023:(#4). Summer 2001. Archived from
12663:from the original on 2 April 2023
12656:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare
12578:from the original on 2 April 2023
12571:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare
12549:from the original on 2 April 2023
12542:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare
12262:from the original on 30 June 2020
11823:from the original on 16 June 2018
11607:from the original on 2 April 2015
11450:. Archive Editions. p. 311.
11133:Elizabeth Jane Errington (1990).
11039:. Psychology Press. p. 119.
10973:Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1985).
10699:"The Hong Kong Volunteer Company"
10119:www.century-of-flight.freeola.com
9950:
9815:
9553:
9099:. University of California Press.
9075:
7451:中国抗日战争与第二次世界大战系年要录·统计荟萃 1931–1945
7229:The Second World War: The Pacific
6842:1943–1945 Indian famine in Bengal
6728:
6008:
5963:Germany attacked the Soviet Union
5876:
5404:conflict, the Pacific theatre of
4832:A map of the flooded area in 1938
4779:Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region
4691:Battles of Xuzhou and Taierzhuang
4522:of the then-advanced long-ranged
4509:Shanghai International Settlement
4416:, two combined brigades from the
4032:
3920:Warlords in the Republic of China
246:recovers all territories lost to
23494:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
23164:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
23124:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
23035:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
22394:
22393:
22312:Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit
22100:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
21993:Permanent normal trade relations
21840:Forced Abortion Condemnation Act
21073:
21063:
21017:
21016:
20880:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
20848:History of China–Japan relations
20723:Exclusive economic zone of Japan
20659:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
20475:
20465:
20108:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
19371:
18496:
15254:
15208:
15198:
15189:
15188:
15155:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
13969:East Hebei Autonomous Government
13894:
13089:Bayly, C. A., and T. N. Harper.
13039:
13009:
12970:
12935:
12896:
12865:
12826:
12787:
12774:
12763:received a special screening by
12736:
12705:
12688:
12675:
12646:
12561:
12532:
12475:
12449:
12425:
12416:
12321:
12309:from the original on 3 June 2018
12274:
12245:
12212:
12200:
12170:
12161:
12146:
12120:
12094:
12076:
12037:
12018:
11999:
11980:
11961:
11931:
11920:
11835:
11808:
11782:
11773:
11763:
11731:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
11715:
11700:
11668:
11642:
11619:
11574:
11546:
11515:
11476:
11437:
11398:
11359:
11330:
11301:
11267:Hsiao-ting Lin (February 2007).
11260:
11246:
11218:
11179:
11153:
11126:
11092:
11053:
11026:
10993:
10966:
10939:
10912:
10869:
10801:
10766:
10741:
10662:
10616:
10575:
10543:
10511:
10479:
10457:United States. Congress (1967).
10450:
10433:
10416:
10399:
10382:
10373:
10364:
10338:
10313:
10296:
10271:
10197:
10167:
10137:
10107:
10077:
10047:
10031:from the original on 25 May 2013
10013:
9986:
9956:
9833:
9796:
9783:
9758:
9733:
9583:
9541:Nippon Communications Foundation
9528:
9432:
9419:
9403:from the original on 25 May 2013
9385:
9298:重探抗戰史(一):從抗日大戰略的形成到武漢會戰1931-1938
8019:from the original on 25 May 2021
7824:from the original on 9 July 2021
7811:
7639:戦争: 中国侵略(War: Invasion of China)
7615:Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery
7181:
7113:
7099:
6645:which specifically accepted the
6643:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
6377:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
5988:fighters heavily armed with six
5881:
5736:, the United States enacted the
4957:
4820:This section is an excerpt from
4798:provisional capital of Chongqing
4408:authorized the deployment of an
4007:protests and mass demonstrations
3664:), and with the outbreak of the
3304:", in reference to the scale of
2265:German Pacific possesions (1914)
981:
974:
930:
849:
789:
759:
752:
745:
715:
703:
670:
640:
628:
605:
593:
575:
563:
551:
543:
533:
519:
501:
494:
482:
475:
463:
456:
444:
437:
425:
418:
406:
399:
385:
371:
346:
334:
322:
309:
294:
282:
269:
160:Chinese machine gun nest in the
112:
103:
92:
83:
72:
63:
22816:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
22339:The Art of Investing in America
22262:International School of Beijing
22127:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
21845:Taiwan Security Enhancement Act
21461:Chae Chan Ping v. United States
21430:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
20914:China-Japan Friendship Hospital
20868:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
20123:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
14646:West Henan–North Hubei campaign
13613:China at war, Volume 1, Issue 3
13327:
13082:
12434:China monthly review, Volume 95
12410:
12104:. History.co.uk. Archived from
11626:Scott, John (17 October 1934).
11102:Vietnam 1946: how the war began
10925:. Michael Glazier. p. 56.
10819:. 30 April 2013. Archived from
10115:"Major 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui"
9456:. Routledge. pp. 263–297.
9369:
9346:
9319:
9304:
9184:
9118:
9103:
9054:
9027:
8942:
8911:
8843:
8813:
8799:. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus.
8788:
8758:
8728:
8698:
8655:
8543:
8484:
8471:
8458:
8437:
8400:
8367:
8358:
8337:
8328:
8303:
8256:
8231:
8193:
8163:
8076:
8063:
8031:
8000:
7961:
7836:
7805:
7751:
7726:
7700:
7691:
7667:
7658:
7608:
7599:
7411:
7361:
6114:After the Japanese blocked the
5867:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
5694:Chinese Industrial Cooperatives
4656:of Nanjing (December 1937) and
3888:, while Japan had emerged as a
3836:
3687:The word "incident" (Japanese:
3542:United Nations Security Council
3416:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
3363:, had fought each other in the
3014:Fourth alternative Chinese name
2880:Second alternative Chinese name
2240:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
1666:
1055:
1046:
1037:
989:Puppet states and collaborators
767:Puppet states and collaborators
23499:China–Japan military relations
23402:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
22318:The Coming Conflict with China
22024:Taiwan–United States relations
21895:Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act
21456:Cheong Ah Moy v. United States
21211:American Concession (Shanghai)
21022:Category:China–Japan relations
20378:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
19491:Imperial Rescript on Education
18183:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
15879:Territorial changes of Germany
15787:Indonesian National Revolution
14080:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
13979:Provisional Chinese Government
13852:Hebei–Chahar Political Council
13792:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
13766:
13649:"CBI Theater of Operations" –
13278:Huang, Ray (31 January 1994).
12942:Schaedler, Luc (Autumn 2007).
12574:. War Department. p. 69.
11530:. cilt 15 (sayı 29): 139–141.
10556:. 24 June 2015. Archived from
9806:34.3 (November 2003): 243–259.
9535:Nobu, Iwatani (27 July 2021).
8408:Ji Nan Can An (Jinan Massacre)
8007:Cain, Sian (13 January 2017).
7874:Hotta, E. (25 December 2007).
7378:. A&C Black. p. 171.
7367:
7307:
7048:
7039:
7031:
6922:Bowling Green State University
6688:held a series of talks in the
6325:
6192:Three Principles of the People
6169:Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi
6118:in April 1942, and before the
5990:0.50-inch caliber machine guns
5780:Nationalist Air Force of China
5706:
5361:Entrance of the Western Allies
4904:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
4862:
4853:
4845:
4629:Battle of Nanjing and massacre
4318:Hebei–Chahar Political Council
4277:
4230:Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies
4141:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
3711:
3610:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
3605:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3569:
3561:
3325:
3317:
3251:
3225:
3106:
3092:
3081:Fifth alternative Chinese name
3069:
3039:
3025:
3002:
2972:
2958:
2947:Third alternative Chinese name
2935:
2905:
2891:
2868:
2838:
2824:
2801:
2787:
2757:
2743:
1119:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes)
13:
1:
23489:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia
23191:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
23154:China–United States trade war
23019:Internment of Chinese-Indians
22932:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
22272:Yixian glazed pottery luohans
22019:Macau–United States relations
21983:China–United States trade war
21216:United States Court for China
21070:China–United States relations
20924:Yokohama Specie Bank Building
20681:Boycotts of Japanese products
20493:Ambassadors of China to Japan
19824:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
19730:Imperial General Headquarters
19321:Foreign commerce and shipping
17576:Japanese invasion of Thailand
17527:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
17291:German invasion of Luxembourg
15665:Mediterranean and Middle East
15094:Declaration by United Nations
14910:
14859:Yan'an Rectification Movement
14798:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
14147:Collaborationist Chinese Army
11842:Wang, Zheng (23 April 2014).
11581:Goodman, David S. G. (2004).
10320:Pederson, William D. (2011).
9427:Journal of Contemporary China
9268:(PhD). pp. 23–24, 72–73.
8795:Januszewski, Tadeusz (2013).
8678:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1996).
7194:
7081:
6740:
6664:on 9 September (now known as
6429:Armistice of 11 November 1918
6179:, was named as the deputy of
5995:United States Army Air Forces
5094:Collaborationist Chinese Army
5083:headed by former KMT premier
4654:captured the KMT capital city
4581:, and it also proved to be a
4484:Imperial General Headquarters
4314:East Hebei Autonomous Council
4051:Reunification of China (1928)
3952:Song Jiaoren was assassinated
3825:
3598:Chinese Ministry of Education
3471:United States Army Air Forces
2530:Mediterranean and Middle East
953:1,934,820 wounded and missing
950:455,700–700,000 military dead
23196:Boycotts of Chinese products
23119:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
23051:1969 race riots of Singapore
23025:1964 race riots in Singapore
22712:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
22157:Protestant missions in China
21880:Tibet Policy and Support Act
21503:Lamont v. Postmaster General
21166:Office of China Coordination
21125:American Consulate-Generals
20939:Emperor at home, king abroad
20902:China–Japan football rivalry
20718:Ryūkyū independence movement
20634:Greater East Asia Conference
20549:Japan–China Joint Communiqué
20156:Hirohito surrender broadcast
19551:Greater East Asia Conference
17483:Invasion of the Soviet Union
17172:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
16483:Independent State of Croatia
15063:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
14936:Chinese Communist Revolution
14879:Hirohito surrender broadcast
14849:Nine Power Treaty Conference
14586:Zhongtiao Mountains campaign
13104:Bayly, C. A., T. N. Harper.
12496:10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_14
12153:Clodfelter, Michael (2015).
11815:Oi, Mariko (14 March 2013).
10641:10.1080/09592296.2011.599641
9793:, Westviewpres, 1996, p. 138
9701:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003).
9623:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003).
9266:East China Normal University
9244:East China Normal University
9206:East China Normal University
9125:Clodfelter, Michael (2017).
8987:University of Michigan Press
8681:Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937
7916:The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949
7199:
7010:Japan gave its own soldiers
6848:and parts of Southern India.
6700:Japanese women left in China
6670:Democratic Progressive Party
6620:. The ROC proclaimed Taiwan
6505:
6373:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
5682:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
5580:Indian independence movement
4713:escalated the war in Jiangsu
4371:Marco Polo (or Lugou) Bridge
4173:against the Soviet Union in
4057:Chinese reunification (1928)
3942:, commander of the loyalist
3706:Neutrality Acts of the 1930s
3524:and subsequent invasions of
3398:in 1937 and perpetrated the
3070:dì èr cì zhōng rì zhàn zhēng
2511:Manchuria and Northern Korea
2113:Manchuria and Northern Korea
18:Japanese occupation of China
7:
23186:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
23176:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
23073:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
22360:The Transpacific Experiment
22302:China Human Rights Biweekly
22187:Chinese Educational Mission
22177:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
21961:Strategic Economic Dialogue
21678:American espionage in China
21413:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
21110:Chinese Consulate-Generals
19536:Supreme Court of Judicature
18474:End of World War II in Asia
18314:Western invasion of Germany
17821:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
17798:Second Battle of El Alamein
17361:Hundred Regiments Offensive
17333:Battle of the Mediterranean
17186:Italian invasion of Albania
15353:Air warfare of World War II
14768:Zhengding Missionary Murder
14596:1941-1942 Changsha campaign
14571:Hundred Regiments Offensive
13984:Reformed Chinese Government
13676:Annals of the Flying Tigers
13252:, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe,
13171:Journal of Military History
12836:Weapons of Mass Destruction
12681:Y. Yoshimi and S. Matsuno,
12178:Himeta, Mitsuyoshi (1995).
11163:. The History Place. 1999.
11000:Larry H. Addington (2000).
10817:Central Intelligence Agency
9485:Hevia, James Louis (2003).
9332:. Oxford University Press.
9246:(PhD). pp. 38, 41, 73.
9208:(PhD). pp. 37, 38, 72.
9178:10.2113/gseegeosci.15.4.287
9095:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008).
9034:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008).
7760:Journal of Japanese Studies
7092:
7001:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
6852:
6525:Hundred Regiments Offensive
6393:In less than two weeks the
6070:Hong Kong Volunteer Company
5956:Haiphong–Yunnan Fou Railway
5124:Chinese resistance strategy
4902:defensive line against the
4890:National Revolutionary Army
4083:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
4045:National Revolutionary Army
3956:restore the imperial system
3814:
3794:
3772:
3742:
3729:
3696:
3677:
3660:
3635:
3604:; traditional Chinese:
3592:; traditional Chinese:
3584:; traditional Chinese:
3491:Chinese Expeditionary Force
3452:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3420:National Revolutionary Army
3418:, Soviet aid bolstered the
1911:Dutch East Indies (1941–42)
1868:Strategic bombing (1944–45)
1547:North Burma and West Yunnan
918:266,800–1,000,000 POWs dead
884:584,267 military casualties
177:Chinese Expeditionary Force
142:National Revolutionary Army
10:
23600:
23181:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
23045:13 May incident (Malaysia)
23013:Chinese Confession Program
22903:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
22847:Chinese head tax in Canada
22794:San Francisco riot of 1877
22297:New Federal State of China
21418:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
21401:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
21321:Beijing–Washington hotline
21250:PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks
20934:Japan–Ming trade-ship flag
20247:Second Philippine Republic
20020:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
18400:Naval bombardment of Japan
17761:First Battle of El Alamein
17680:Battle of Christmas Island
17625:Japanese invasion of Burma
17389:Italian invasion of Greece
17305:German invasion of Belgium
17277:German invasion of Denmark
17250:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
17119:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
15376:Comparative military ranks
14823:Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
14803:Execution of Huang Yiguang
14748:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
14601:Japanese invasion of Burma
14561:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
14526:Northern and Eastern Henan
14411:Japanese and collaborators
14228:Japanese and collaborators
14073:Japanese and collaborators
13947:Japanese and collaborators
13877:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
13587:. New York: Viking Press.
13312:. Helion and Company Ltd.
13231:Cambridge University Press
12287:. Routledge. p. 348.
12258:. Transaction Publishers.
11522:Lei, Wan (February 2010).
10952:. Greenwood. p. 106.
10876:James P. Harrison (1989).
10849:William J. Duiker (1976).
10629:Diplomacy & Statecraft
10582:Bergin, Bob (March 2009).
10085:"Before the Flying Tigers"
9968:Center of Military History
9904:Cambridge University Press
9765:Schoppa, R. Keith (2011).
9494:China Review International
8895:Cambridge University Press
8893:. Cambridge New York, NY:
8635:Edwin Palmer Hoyt (2001).
8500:Japanese monograph No. 144
8097:10.1177/000271624121500106
7968:Brinkley, Douglas (2003).
7843:Kang, K. (4 August 1995).
7449:Liu, Tinghua 刘庭华 (1995).
7129:Aviation Martyrs' Cemetery
7085:
6909:Despite Article 23 of the
6761:
6718:
6715:Korean women left in China
6703:
6590:
6516:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
6490:1.2 million by 1945.
6454:
6366:
6264:
6137:
6012:
5847:Soviet volunteer air force
5818:Alexander von Falkenhausen
5793:
5710:
5691:
5621:
5592:advanced to northern Burma
5191:in 1939, and again in the
4921:invading the Sichuan basin
4819:
4792:to launch the war's first
4632:
4619:Shanghai French Concession
4463:
4397:
4363:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
4342:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
4339:
4322:Mongol military government
4138:
4080:
4054:
4036:
3985:In 1915, Japan issued the
3978:
3923:
3840:
3829:
3661:Hokushi Jihen/Kahoku Jihen
3477:. In 1944, Japan launched
3388:Marco Polo Bridge incident
2189:Military campaigns of the
2060:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
23569:Campaigns of World War II
23440:
23382:
23287:
23251:
23215:
23208:
23149:2015 Aksu colliery attack
23099:2008 Kunming bus bombings
23081:
22889:
22746:
22725:
22698:
22691:
22655:
22543:
22497:
22470:The Unparalleled Invasion
22447:
22390:
22292:USA pavilion at Expo 2010
22237:US-China Business Council
22117:Peaceful Evolution theory
22001:
21938:
21790:
21708:
21438:
21354:
21292:Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing
21176:
21083:
21013:
20840:
20731:
20589:
20501:
20485:
20355:
20328:
20270:
20224:
20181:
20174:
20128:Japan during World War II
20083:Pacification of Manchukuo
20053:
19983:
19975:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
19970:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
19908:
19901:
19852:
19839:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
19792:
19718:
19711:
19658:
19576:
19569:
19561:Imperial Japanese Airways
19468:
19415:
19380:
19369:
19273:
19180:
18931:
18794:
18748:
18670:
18567:
18489:
18321:Bratislava–Brno offensive
18261:
18252:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
17989:
17876:Allied invasion of Sicily
17830:
17729:Aleutian Islands campaign
17701:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
17648:
17639:Greek famine of 1941–1944
17534:Second Battle of Changsha
17439:German invasion of Greece
17407:
17284:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
17259:
17197:
17092:
16973:
16699:
16609:
16450:
16153:
16144:
15902:
15727:
15619:North and Central Pacific
15580:
15342:
15335:
15262:
15184:
15102:
15071:
15035:
15022:Japanese infantry weapons
14989:
14985:
14968:
14916:
14905:
14841:
14710:
14664:
14606:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
14498:
14494:
14483:
14410:
14379:
14372:
14227:
14166:
14159:
14072:
14010:
14001:
13946:
13911:
13904:
13900:
13889:
13807:Defense of the Great Wall
13797:Pacification of Manchukuo
13772:
13761:
13554:. London: Profile Books.
13548:van de Ven, Hans (2017).
13495:10.1080/03068370500039151
13465:Far Eastern War 1937 1941
12874:"A Brief History of Meth"
12751:12 September 2011 at the
11444:Robert L. Jarman (2001).
11066:. McFarland. p. 21.
11060:Van Nguyen Duong (2008).
10787:10.1080/03068370500039151
9845:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
9377:Pacific Historical Review
8345:"北洋军阀时期中华民族共同体的构建路径与效应分析"
8203:. BBC. 10 November 2014.
7620:16 September 2018 at the
7408:. Retrieved 17 April 2016
7323:Hsiung, James C. (1992).
7269:. Routledge. p. 79.
7134:Japan during World War II
6834:Chinese famine of 1942–43
6690:Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall
6586:
6535:
6474:insufficiently defended.
6095:Commandos and members of
6026:Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen
5982:American Volunteer Groups
5869:and the beginning of the
5828:
5789:
5513:China-Burma-India Theater
5468:Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign
5440:closing of the Burma Road
5029:Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang
4927:and China's southwestern
4400:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin
4394:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin
4272:
4149:Japanese troops entering
4128:
4121:Shanghai massacre of 1927
3860:. Japan also annexed the
3806:
3786:
3764:
3734:
3721:
3688:
3669:
3652:
3624:
3612:. According to historian
3577:
3522:Soviet declaration of war
3343:and establishment of the
3274:
3244:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3183:
3157:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3099:
3085:
3080:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3032:
3018:
3013:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2965:
2951:
2946:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2898:
2884:
2879:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2831:
2817:
2812:
2794:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2750:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2350:
2230:Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
2200:
1676:
1169:Pacification of Manchukuo
1115:
1033:
1023:
779:
620:
361:
261:
189:
57:
41:
36:
23474:Second Sino-Japanese War
23134:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
22943:Second Sino-Japanese War
22772:Chinese massacre of 1871
22668:Asiatic Exclusion League
22242:US–China Education Trust
21735:American Volunteer Group
21730:Second Sino-Japanese War
20907:2004 AFC Asian Cup final
20788:Racial Equality Proposal
20609:Second Sino-Japanese War
20103:Second Sino-Japanese War
20045:Racial Equality Proposal
19625:Agriculture and Commerce
17913:Allied invasion of Italy
17890:Solomon Islands campaign
17632:Third Battle of Changsha
17229:First Battle of Changsha
17135:Second Sino-Japanese War
16068:German military brothels
15934:United States war crimes
15048:American Volunteer Group
14808:New Fourth Army incident
14793:Tientsin Incident (1939)
14718:Tientsin Incident (1931)
14702:Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou
14641:1944-1945 Burma campaign
14566:Zaoyang–Yichang campaign
14546:Suixian–Zaoyang campaign
14018:Nationalist Armed Forces
13754:Second Sino-Japanese War
13356:(in French) (4): 32–38.
13308:Jowett, Phillip (2005).
13152:Cornell University Press
12903:Fenby, Jonathan (2008).
12281:Rummel, Rudolph (1991).
12052:Harvard University Press
11727:Maoism: A Global History
11099:Stein Tønnesson (2010).
9939:Hsiung & Levine 1992
9114:. Casemate. p. 119.
9065:. Casemate. p. 111.
8612:Harvard University Press
8496:25 February 2021 at the
7800:Hsiung & Levine 1992
7734:"China's War with Japan"
7450:
7399:RKKA General Staff, 1939
7290:
7174:
6973:. Gases manufactured in
6960:According to historians
6777:People's Liberation Army
6706:Japanese people in China
6439:a "botched liberation."
6358:Conclusion and aftermath
6214:Central Asian rebellions
5373:with Lieutenant General
5343:New Fourth Army Incident
5229:when the U.S. imposed a
5033:First Battle of Changsha
4863:Huāyuánkǒu Juédī Shìjiàn
4751:attack the city of Wuhan
4089:Chinese Eastern Railroad
3795:Nikka Jiken/Nisshi Jiken
3551:
3473:airlifted material over
3282:Second Sino-Japanese War
3190:
3164:
3138:
3087:Traditional Chinese
3020:Traditional Chinese
2953:Traditional Chinese
2886:Traditional Chinese
2819:Traditional Chinese
2738:Traditional Chinese
2723:Second Sino-Japanese War
2516:pre-war border conflicts
2299:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)
2147:Second Sino-Japanese War
1987:Estevan Point Lighthouse
1742:Indian Ocean (1941–1945)
1693:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
1106:Second Sino-Japanese War
772:900,000–1,006,086 (1945)
123:Clockwise from top left:
37:Second Sino-Japanese War
23264:Ita Martadinata Haryono
23144:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
23094:Abacus Bank prosecution
22717:Sangley Massacre (1662)
22374:Red Chinese Battle Plan
22162:Elijah Coleman Bridgman
21803:U.S. immigration policy
21634:COVID-19 misinformation
21372:China Relief Expedition
20919:Bank of Taiwan Building
20793:Lansing–Ishii Agreement
20691:Senkaku Islands dispute
20597:First Sino-Japanese War
20015:Washington Naval Treaty
19960:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
19945:First Sino-Japanese War
19764:Nuclear weapons program
19506:Great Japan Youth Party
19433:National seals of Japan
18335:Second Guangxi campaign
18190:Philippines (1944–1945)
17687:Battle of the Coral Sea
17590:Fall of the Philippines
17236:Battle of South Guangxi
17142:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
16541:Italian Social Republic
15079:Sino-German cooperation
14946:Treaty of San Francisco
14743:Murder of Pamela Werner
14682:1944 Battle of Changsha
14677:Battle of Central Henan
14656:Second Guangxi campaign
14433:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
14111:Manchukuo Armed Forces
13936:Chinese Communist Party
13822:Inner Mongolia Campaign
13046:Ong, Siew Chey (2005).
12977:Harmsen, Peter (2013).
12030:12 October 2022 at the
12011:12 October 2022 at the
11992:12 October 2022 at the
11973:12 October 2022 at the
11230:. Asia Magazine. 1940.
11186:Hsiao-ting Lin (2010).
10597:: 75–78. Archived from
10591:Studies in Intelligence
9353:L, Klemen (1999–2000).
9326:Mar, Lisa Rose (2010).
9110:Harmsen, Peter (2018).
9061:Harmsen, Peter (2018).
8923:Encyclopædia Britannica
8525:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
8071:The Case for Manchoukuo
8054:Embargoes and Sanctions
7624:Retrieved 10 March 2016
7427:Retrieved 11 March 2016
6981:Bacteriological weapons
6627:Treaty of San Francisco
6547:Sino-Japanese relations
5906:Japanese attack on USS
5863:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
5582:in a 1942 meeting with
5533:South West Pacific Area
5081:Wang Jingwei Government
5037:Battle of South Guangxi
4838:1938 Yellow River flood
4822:1938 Yellow River flood
4814:1938 Yellow River flood
4677:
4241:attacked the Great Wall
4234:Chinese Soviet Republic
4117:Chinese Communist Party
4107:Chinese Communist Party
3964:National Protection War
3843:First Sino-Japanese War
3820:First Sino-Japanese War
3750:Japanese Prime Minister
3436:Chinese Communist Party
3284:was fought between the
3101:Simplified Chinese
3034:Simplified Chinese
2967:Simplified Chinese
2900:Simplified Chinese
2833:Simplified Chinese
2752:Simplified Chinese
2294:French Indochina (1940)
1749:Japanese merchant raids
23139:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
23104:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
22897:White Australia policy
22440:Anti-Chinese sentiment
22332:The New Chinese Empire
22267:SARS conspiracy theory
22167:Divie Bethune McCartee
21966:Summer Palace Dialogue
21900:Hong Kong Autonomy Act
21870:Hong Kong Be Water Act
21545:Hainan Island incident
20853:Japan–Taiwan relations
20764:Convention of Tientsin
20644:Chin–Doihara Agreement
20093:Motherland controversy
20063:Shōwa financial crisis
19855:Imperial Japanese Navy
19795:Imperial Japanese Army
19526:Peace Preservation Law
17920:Armistice of Cassibile
17715:Battle of Dutch Harbor
17666:Battle of the Java Sea
17569:Attack on Pearl Harbor
17469:Syria–Lebanon campaign
17462:Battle of South Shanxi
17432:Invasion of Yugoslavia
17215:Battle of the Atlantic
16829:Korean Liberation Army
16535:(until September 1943)
16492:(until September 1944)
16470:(until September 1944)
15058:Soviet Volunteer Group
14926:Double Tenth Agreement
14884:Chongqing Negotiations
14591:1941 Changsha campaign
14556:First Guangxi campaign
14551:1939 Changsha campaign
14418:Prince Kan'in Kotohito
14047:Communist Armed Forces
13837:Chin–Doihara Agreement
13414:3 October 2017 at the
13384:MacLaren, Roy (1981).
13200:Hastings, Max (2009).
13193:. On line in Chinese:
12784:, 2004, pages 220–221.
12782:A Plague upon Humanity
12769:A Plague upon Humanity
12482:Grunden, W.E. (2017).
12255:China's Bloody Century
12252:Rummel, R. J. (1991).
11676:International Security
11033:Peter Neville (2007).
10946:Oscar Chapuis (2000).
10737:. Imperial War Museum.
10149:1859 Oregon's Magazine
9929:Retrieved 9 March 2016
9740:Slim, William (1956).
9429:18.59 (2009): 219–231.
8311:"谁是刺杀宋教仁的幕后元凶?_资讯_凤凰网"
7678:China's Bloody Century
7545:China's Bloody Century
7374:Black, Jeremy (2012).
7267:China's Bitter Victory
7214:China's Bitter Victory
7063:
7022:Use of suicide attacks
6967:Prince Kan'in Kotohito
6934:
6812:gross domestic product
6754:
6609:
6593:Legal status of Taiwan
6551:historical revisionism
6529:Battle of Pingxingguan
6519:
6466:
6390:
6276:
6275:Chinese Muslim cavalry
6161:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
6156:
6153:French colonial troops
6058:British Army Aid Group
6056:in December 1941, the
6049:
6019:British Army Aid Group
5947:
5897:
5812:
5784:Lagerlechfeld Air Base
5558:
5436:Yunnan–Vietnam Railway
5400:
5392:
5381:
5277:
5255:Attack on Pearl Harbor
5187:successful defense of
5178:
5024:
4833:
4816:
4746:
4708:
4649:
4612:Imperial Japanese Army
4528:carrier-based aircraft
4516:Imperial Japanese Navy
4479:
4366:
4310:Chin–Doihara Agreement
4239:In 1933, the Japanese
4157:
4125:Encirclement Campaigns
3538:five permanent members
3459:attack on Pearl Harbor
3408:Nationalist government
2048:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1892:Burma and India (1944)
1715:Gilberts and Marshalls
1600:West Henan–North Hubei
362:Commanders and leaders
129:Imperial Japanese Navy
23579:China–Japan relations
23453:Hong Kong nationalism
23089:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
23068:1997 Banjarmasin riot
22863:Hells Canyon Massacre
22836:Rock Springs massacre
22826:Issaquah riot of 1885
22805:Chinese Exclusion Act
22733:1740 Batavia massacre
22535:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
22510:Andrew Jackson Bryant
21920:Executive Order 14032
21910:Executive Order 13959
21905:Executive Order 13936
21818:Executive Order 12711
21723:Alice Dollar incident
21695:2023 balloon incident
21654:Cyberwarfare by China
21476:USS Monocacy incident
21396:Cross-Strait conflict
21367:Eight-Nation Alliance
20602:Treaty of Shimonoseki
20472:China–Japan relations
20005:Siberian Intervention
19814:Railways and Shipping
19630:Commerce and Industry
19326:Industrial production
18084:Second Battle of Guam
17980:Bengal famine of 1943
17950:Second Battle of Kiev
17906:Battle of the Dnieper
17775:Kokoda Track campaign
17604:Battle of Wake Island
17476:East African campaign
17418:Battle of South Henan
17063:atrocities by Germans
16836:Korean Volunteer Army
15810:Occupation of Germany
15564:Music in World War II
14733:North Chahar incident
14728:Pingdingshan massacre
13847:December 9th Movement
13827:North Chahar incident
13581:Wilson, Dick (1982).
13403:Macri, Franco David.
13178:14 March 2020 at the
12909:. Ecco. p. 284.
12694:Yoshimi and Matsuno,
12618:Utley, Freda (1939).
12293:10.4324/9781315081328
12180:日本軍による「三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって
12044:Mitter, Rana (2020).
10307:13 March 2010 at the
9506:10.1353/cri.2004.0076
9462:10.4324/9781315702124
9379:40.2 (1971): 203–226
9221:"全面抗战时期苏联对国共两党援助比较研究"
8995:10.3998/mpub.11413902
8949:Askew, David (2002).
8937:Sino-Japanese Studies
8606:Mitter, Rana (2020).
8550:Iriye, Akira (1987).
8139:. December 22, 2012.
8069:Rea, George Bronson.
8038:Mitter, Rana (2020).
7580:University of Hawaiʻi
7423:11 March 2016 at the
7404:25 April 2016 at the
7061:Battle of Taierzhuang
7058:
6929:
6748:
6694:presidential election
6674:presidential election
6600:
6541:China-Japan relations
6513:
6464:
6388:
6274:
6200:Franklin D. Roosevelt
6151:
6054:Hong Kong was overrun
6043:
6013:Further information:
5970:gentlemen's agreement
5941:
5889:
5803:
5738:oil and steel embargo
5711:Further information:
5548:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5545:
5452:Battle of Yenangyaung
5398:
5390:
5368:
5268:
5176:
5022:
4937:Tianjin–Pukou railway
4933:Beijing–Wuhan railway
4831:
4811:
4744:
4724:close quarters combat
4720:Battle of Taierzhuang
4705:Battle of Taierzhuang
4698:
4642:
4473:
4349:
4261:Chinese collaborators
4148:
4139:Further information:
3993:, Japan acquired the
3968:military dictatorship
3858:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3832:China–Japan relations
3761:Greater East Asia War
3341:invasion of Manchuria
3003:shí sì nián kàng zhàn
2441:Yugoslavian Partisans
1958:Philippines (1944–45)
1916:Philippines (1941–42)
1029:15,000,000–22,000,000
945:Japanese medical data
869:160,603 military dead
780:Casualties and losses
252:Treaty of Shimonoseki
23479:Wars involving Japan
23109:2011 Kashgar attacks
22853:Seattle riot of 1886
22799:New Zealand head tax
22738:1782 Saigon massacre
22477:Japanese nationalism
22112:Triangular diplomacy
21813:Taiwan Relations Act
21750:China Air Task Force
21683:Hugh Francis Redmond
21471:1905 Chinese boycott
20423:Political dissidence
20272:Occupied territories
20010:General Election Law
19834:Taiwan Army of Japan
18370:Surrender of Germany
17848:Battle of West Hubei
17805:Guadalcanal campaign
17768:Battle of Stalingrad
17694:Battle of Madagascar
16461:Albania protectorate
16248:(formerly Swaziland)
15957:Wehrmacht war crimes
15773:Expulsion of Germans
15557:Art and World War II
15455:British contribution
15404:Governments in exile
15027:Military engagements
14788:1938 Dalfram dispute
14692:Battle of Mount Song
14576:South Henan campaign
14521:Bombing of Chongqing
14275:Naruhiko Higashikuni
14137:Inner Mongolian Army
13974:Great Way Government
13842:August 1 Declaration
13606:. London: Routledge.
13541:26 June 2015 at the
13510:Taylor, Jay (2009).
13298:Thunder out of China
13270:7 March 2021 at the
13150:. Ithaca, New York:
12335:. 18 November 2008.
12329:"The Bengali Famine"
11881:28 July 2011 at the
11725:(3 September 2019).
11693:2 April 2023 at the
10907:Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd.
10519:"軍統局對美國戰略局的認識與 合作開展"
10352:on February 21, 2011
10151:. 10 November 2016.
9841:The Second World War
9590:Westad, Odd (2003).
9579:on 20 November 2007.
9282:支那事変陸軍作戦<2>昭和十四年九月まで
9279:防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室 (1976).
8981:Opper, Marc (2020).
8939:, November 1990, 16.
8821:"Martyr Qin Jia-zhu"
8742:. 13 February 2012.
6915:Treaty of Versailles
6751:bombing of Chongqing
6649:which refers to the
6581:New History Textbook
6559:New History Textbook
5986:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
5895:Claire Lee Chennault
5859:Aleksandr Cherepanov
5763:John "Buffalo" Huang
5238:Claire Lee Chennault
5159:mechanized divisions
4981:improve this section
4773:Communist resistance
4699:Chinese soldiers in
4447:and popularized the
4169:), and a protective
4077:1929 Sino-Soviet war
3495:its advance in Burma
1759:Homfreyganj massacre
995:288,140–574,560 dead
797:Chinese Nationalists
648:Chinese Nationalists
172:bombing of Chongqing
154:on the shore of the
23448:Chinese imperialism
23129:2014 Kunming attack
22985:Home Office 213/926
22973:Sook Ching massacre
22961:Japanese war crimes
22937:Wanpaoshan Incident
22831:Tacoma riot of 1885
22788:Trout Creek Outrage
22107:Ping-pong diplomacy
21770:Operation Beleaguer
21570:Murder of Shao Tong
21550:Operation Shady RAT
21451:Chy Lung v. Freeman
21425:CIA Tibetan program
21406:Operation King Kong
21304:Goldwater v. Carter
21275:Nixon goes to China
21260:Shanghai Communiqué
21201:Gresham-Yang Treaty
21139:Hong Kong and Macau
20990:Memoirs of a Geisha
20781:May Fourth Movement
20744:Jiajing wokou raids
20649:Japanese war crimes
20624:Anti-Comintern Pact
20242:Wang Jingwei regime
20152:Potsdam Declaration
20143:Soviet–Japanese War
20098:Anti-Comintern Pact
20088:January 28 incident
20073:London Naval Treaty
19950:Triple Intervention
19779:Supreme War Council
19663:deliberative bodies
19010:Carpathian Ruthenia
18460:Potsdam Declaration
18349:Italy (Spring 1945)
18112:Liberation of Paris
17562:Siege of Sevastopol
16573:(until August 1944)
16476:Wang Jingwei regime
16298:from September 1943
16258:from September 1944
16196:from September 1944
16056:Romanian war crimes
16047:Persecution of Jews
16033:Croatian war crimes
16003:Japanese war crimes
15817:Occupation of Japan
15766:First Indochina War
15478:Military production
15390:Declarations of war
15110:Japanese propaganda
14921:Occupation of Japan
14758:Guanganmen incident
14723:January 28 incident
14631:1944 Burma campaign
14621:West Hubei campaign
13989:Wang Jingwei regime
13872:Second United Front
13802:January 28 incident
13664:on 29 November 2003
13463:Quigley, Harold S.
13304:magazine reporters.
12780:Daniel Barenblatt,
12459:. Wwi.lib.byu.edu.
12108:on 24 November 2015
12102:"Sino-Japanese War"
11634:. pp. 25, 26.
11590:The China Quarterly
10446:. pp. 263–302.
10057:. 13 October 2007.
9974:on 11 November 2014
9941:, pp. 162–166.
9830:, pp. 200–220.
9818:, pp. 299–300.
9744:. London: Cassell.
9742:Defeat into Victory
9662:Linda Kush (2012).
9170:2009EEGeo..15..287D
9051:, pp. 149–150.
8925:. 13 December 2022.
8770:militaryfactory.com
8477:Michael M. Walker,
8464:Michael M. Walker,
7680:. Transaction 1991
7547:. Transaction 1991
7489:Manchuria or Burma.
7139:Japanese war crimes
7028:traditional Chinese
6656:Traditionally, the
6647:Potsdam Declaration
6220:invaded Dunganistan
6124:Himalayan Mountains
5929:strategic materials
5871:Great Patriotic War
5835:Anti-Comintern Pact
5664:, joined forces in
5600:captured Mount Song
5529:Pacific Ocean Areas
5466:, now known as the
5432:Arctic supply route
5113:in Western Europe.
4942:to areas near Wuhan
4850:traditional Chinese
4583:battle of attrition
4557:and new-generation
4544:P-26/281 Peashooter
4386:such violence, the
4257:Yangtze River Delta
4218:January 28 Incident
4023:Northern Expedition
3999:sphere of influence
3912:and establishing a
3818:), rather than the
3718:Japanese propaganda
3649:government of Japan
3596:), but in 2017 the
3566:traditional Chinese
3381:Second United Front
3322:traditional Chinese
3306:Japanese war crimes
2270:Siberia (1918–1922)
1527:Sichuan (cancelled)
915:1,000,000+ captured
354:Wang Jingwei regime
23584:Sino-Japanese Wars
23539:Invasions of China
23504:Invasions by Japan
23062:Cambodian genocide
22999:Mergosono massacre
22979:Changkiao massacre
22955:Nanshitou Massacre
22760:Lambing Flat riots
22663:Anti-Chinese Union
22593:Racism in Malaysia
22505:Adriaan Valckenier
22465:Chinese emigration
22172:The 1990 Institute
22152:TPE (cable system)
22029:Americans in China
21939:Economic relations
21890:Proclamation 10043
21740:Black Cat Squadron
21710:Military relations
21600:Trial of Anming Hu
21281:Nixon's China Game
21191:Treaty of Tientsin
20944:TPE (cable system)
20749:María Luz incident
20639:He–Umezu Agreement
20534:Twenty-One Demands
20514:Ryūkyū Disposition
19965:Russo-Japanese War
19935:Two Lords Incident
19590:Imperial Household
18600:French West Africa
18580:British Somaliland
18453:Surrender of Japan
18286:Battle of Iwo Jima
18135:Belgrade offensive
17541:Siege of Leningrad
17425:Battle of Shanggao
17354:British Somaliland
17319:Dunkirk evacuation
17270:Norwegian campaign
17208:Invasion of Poland
17035:Japanese prisoners
15996:Italian war crimes
15927:British war crimes
15842:Soviet occupations
15626:South-West Pacific
15513:Allied cooperation
15471:Military equipment
15017:Japanese campaigns
14997:Aerial engagements
14956:Murayama Statement
14889:Surrender of Japan
14854:Konoe Declarations
14833:Gegenmiao massacre
14828:Changjiao massacre
14778:USS Panay incident
14697:Battle of Hengyang
14687:Siege of Myitkyina
13832:He–Umezu Agreement
13477:(2011) pp 474–551.
12718:The New York Times
12659:. pp. 82–83.
11256:, Informaworld.com
10207:. 7 October 2015.
10089:Air Force Magazine
9003:20.500.12657/23824
8919:"Nanjing Massacre"
8614:. pp. 90–94.
8576:|access-date=
7505:"Rummel, Table 6A"
7064:
7036:simplified Chinese
6755:
6610:
6605:and the island of
6520:
6467:
6391:
6277:
6157:
6105:Free Thai Movement
6103:, worked with the
6050:
5948:
5898:
5813:
5559:
5517:Barbara W. Tuchman
5410:Battle of Changsha
5401:
5393:
5382:
5355:Mao Zedong Thought
5278:
5246:Sino-Soviet Treaty
5179:
5100:Japanese expansion
5073:Battle of Huaiyang
5025:
4842:simplified Chinese
4834:
4817:
4804:Yellow River flood
4747:
4709:
4707:, March–April 1938
4650:
4575:John Wong Pan-yang
4480:
4466:Battle of Shanghai
4460:Battle of Shanghai
4367:
4326:Chahar and Suiyuan
4306:He–Umezu Agreement
4192:Russo-Japanese War
4158:
4113:Central Plains War
4011:Beiyang Government
3987:Twenty-One Demands
3981:Twenty-One Demands
3975:Twenty-One Demands
3948:Beiyang government
3902:Russo-Japanese War
3866:Liaodong Peninsula
3702:declaration of war
3666:Battle of Shanghai
3558:simplified Chinese
3497:and completed the
3481:, the invasion of
3454:in central China.
3314:simplified Chinese
2788:kàng rì zhàn zhēng
2643:French West Africa
2484:South West Pacific
2392:Denmark and Norway
2106:Japanese surrender
2072:Naval bombardments
2002:Fire balloon bombs
1725:Volcano and Ryukyu
1720:Marianas and Palau
1317:Yellow River flood
1231:Railway Operation
857:Chinese Communists
678:Chinese Communists
170:bomber during the
137:Battle of Shanghai
133:military gas masks
23461:
23460:
23395:Chinaman's chance
23378:
23377:
23345:Mi Gao Huang Chen
23315:Franklin Feng Tao
23204:
23203:
22966:Three Alls Policy
22777:Pigtail Ordinance
22706:Sangley Rebellion
22406:
22405:
22307:Far East Reporter
22282:William H. Hinton
22182:China Aid Society
22034:Chinese Americans
21860:Taiwan Travel Act
21379:Chinese Civil War
21265:Three Communiqués
21243:China White Paper
21196:Burlingame Treaty
21186:Treaty of Wanghia
21029:
21028:
20825:Nobukatsu Fujioka
20771:Nagasaki incident
20431:
20430:
20403:Socialist thought
20351:
20350:
20290:Dutch East Indies
20252:Empire of Vietnam
20170:
20169:
19940:Satsuma Rebellion
19920:Meiji Restoration
19897:
19896:
19707:
19706:
19645:Greater East Asia
19531:Political parties
19486:Foreign relations
19233:
19232:
18824:Dutch East Indies
18662:Southern Rhodesia
18595:French Somaliland
18527:
18526:
18485:
18484:
18328:Battle of Okinawa
18227:Burma (1944–1945)
18061:Mariana and Palau
17841:Tunisian campaign
17659:Fall of Singapore
17583:Fall of Hong Kong
17326:Battle of Britain
17179:Operation Himmler
17088:
17087:
16752:Dutch East Indies
16388:Southern Rhodesia
16140:
16139:
16040:Genocide of Serbs
15943:German war crimes
15920:Soviet war crimes
15913:Allied war crimes
15759:Division of Korea
15738:Chinese Civil War
15536:Strategic bombing
15448:Manhattan Project
15222:
15221:
15180:
15179:
15176:
15175:
15130:On Protracted War
15007:Japanese Aircraft
14964:
14963:
14901:
14900:
14897:
14896:
14813:Panjiayu massacre
14753:Langfang Incident
14672:Battle of Lanfeng
14651:Zhijiang campaign
14636:Operation Ichi-Go
14581:Shanggao campaign
14541:Nanchang campaign
14506:Shanghai campaign
14479:
14478:
14475:
14474:
14471:
14470:
14368:
14367:
14305:Shigetarō Shimada
14245:Kiichirō Hiranuma
14160:Political Leaders
14155:
14154:
14052:Eighth Route Army
13997:
13996:
13919:Republic of China
13885:
13884:
13857:Wayaobu Manifesto
13782:Chinese Civil War
13718:"The Route South"
13523:978-0-674-03338-2
13437:978-0-547-84056-7
13378:978-0-8047-5509-2
13240:978-0-521-83432-2
13211:978-0-307-27536-3
13204:. Vintage Books.
13114:978-0-674-02153-2
13027:on 7 October 2012
13021:TANKS! E-Magazine
12990:978-1-61200-167-8
12916:978-0-06-166116-7
12757:Tsuneyoshi Takeda
12685:, 1997, pp. 27–29
12505:978-3-319-51663-9
12395:978-7-80109-030-0
12193:978-4-00-003317-6
12061:978-0-674-98426-4
11908:on March 26, 2009
11744:978-0-525-65605-0
11712:, 31 August 2015.
11199:978-0-415-58264-3
11112:978-0-520-25602-6
11073:978-0-7864-3285-1
11046:978-0-415-35848-4
10823:on 13 August 2016
10145:"Sky's the Limit"
9964:"China Offensive"
9913:978-1-009-29761-5
9854:978-0-297-84497-6
9776:978-0-674-05988-7
9714:978-0-520-92876-3
9675:978-1-78200-312-0
9636:978-0-520-92876-3
9609:978-0-8047-4484-3
9471:978-1-317-46391-7
9012:978-0-472-90125-8
8904:978-1-009-29761-5
8806:978-83-61421-99-3
8716:on 26 August 2016
8648:978-0-8154-1118-5
8621:978-0-674-98426-4
8536:978-1-350-23394-2
8352:shehui.pku.edu.cn
8249:978-0-520-01760-3
8052:Jerald A. Combs.
7981:978-0-805-07247-1
7926:978-1-139-56087-0
7887:978-0-230-60992-1
7849:Los Angeles Times
7713:The China Project
7385:978-1-441-12387-9
7300:978-7-506-52290-8
7276:978-1-563-24246-5
7239:978-0-415-96845-4
7073:. Chinese troops
6874:War Without Mercy
6797:Three Alls Policy
6658:Republic of China
6651:Cairo Declaration
6457:Chinese Civil War
6421:Douglas MacArthur
6261:Ethnic minorities
6228:KMT 36th Division
6030:Gloster Gladiator
5961:On 22 June 1941,
5839:Japanese invasion
5730:war of resistance
5624:Operation Ichi-Go
5618:Operation Ichi-Go
5612:Operation Ichi-Go
5563:Winston Churchill
5552:Winston Churchill
5546:Chiang Kai-shek,
5388:
5345:in January 1941.
5322:Battle of Taiyuan
5270:Eighth Route Army
5212:Three Alls Policy
5200:resistance forces
5045:counter-offensive
5017:
5016:
5009:
4896:on 13 June 1938.
4886:Huayuankou, Henan
4870:
4794:massive air raids
4532:Chinese Air Force
4476:'Bloody Saturday'
4410:infantry division
4375:full-scale battle
4207:League of Nations
3812:
3792:
3770:
3757:Taisei Yokusankai
3740:
3727:
3694:
3675:
3658:
3633:
3479:Operation Ichi-Go
3444:guerrilla warfare
3365:Chinese Civil War
3286:Republic of China
3278:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3122:
3121:
3076:
3075:
3057:Standard Mandarin
3009:
3008:
2990:Standard Mandarin
2942:
2941:
2936:bā nián kàng zhàn
2923:Standard Mandarin
2875:
2874:
2856:Standard Mandarin
2808:
2807:
2775:Standard Mandarin
2715:
2714:
2636:Strategic bombing
2552:Mediterranean Sea
2307:
2306:
2235:China (1899–1901)
2155:
2154:
1997:Lookout Air Raids
1904:Southwest Pacific
1634:
1633:
1493:Yunnan-Burma Road
1431:Hundred Regiments
1203:Marco Polo Bridge
1070:
1069:
864:Official PRC data
812:1,761,335 wounded
804:Official ROC data
653:regional warlords
634:14,000,000 total
257:
256:
131:landing force in
16:(Redirected from
23591:
23554:1940s in Vietnam
23432:Sick man of Asia
23422:Locust/Wongchung
23340:Leung Chi-cheung
23213:
23212:
23171:China Initiative
22949:Nanking Massacre
22915:Torreón massacre
22869:Scott Act (1888)
22783:Page Act of 1875
22696:
22695:
22640:China Initiative
22433:
22426:
22419:
22410:
22409:
22397:
22396:
22381:The China Hustle
22122:Linkage (policy)
22090:Cold War in Asia
21595:China Initiative
21555:Operation Aurora
21513:Project Sabre II
21270:One-China policy
21233:Marshall Mission
21084:Diplomatic posts
21078:
21077:
21068:
21067:
21056:
21049:
21042:
21033:
21032:
21020:
21019:
20969:Satoru Mizushima
20776:Shandong Problem
20701:Baodiao movement
20654:Nanjing Massacre
20539:Treaty of Taipei
20486:Diplomatic posts
20480:
20479:
20470:
20469:
20458:
20451:
20444:
20435:
20434:
20393:Shinmin no Michi
20383:Internment camps
20295:French Indochina
20179:
20178:
20025:Taishō Democracy
19906:
19905:
19829:Japanese holdout
19716:
19715:
19640:Colonial Affairs
19574:
19573:
19501:Yokusan Sonendan
19407:
19399:
19391:
19375:
19374:
19301:Economic history
19260:
19253:
19246:
19237:
19236:
18984:Military history
18738:Native Americans
18554:
18547:
18540:
18531:
18530:
18520:
18513:
18506:
18503:World portal
18501:
18500:
18476:
18469:
18462:
18455:
18446:
18439:
18432:
18423:
18416:
18409:
18402:
18395:
18388:
18379:
18372:
18365:
18363:Prague offensive
18358:
18356:Battle of Berlin
18351:
18344:
18337:
18330:
18323:
18316:
18309:
18302:
18300:Vienna offensive
18295:
18288:
18281:
18279:Battle of Manila
18274:
18254:
18245:
18236:
18229:
18220:
18213:
18206:
18199:
18192:
18185:
18178:
18169:
18160:
18153:
18144:
18137:
18130:
18123:
18114:
18107:
18100:
18093:
18086:
18079:
18072:
18063:
18056:
18047:
18038:
18029:
18022:
18020:Korsun–Cherkassy
18015:
18004:
17982:
17973:
17966:
17959:
17952:
17945:
17938:
17931:
17922:
17915:
17908:
17901:
17892:
17885:
17878:
17871:
17864:
17862:Bombing of Gorky
17857:
17850:
17843:
17823:
17816:
17807:
17800:
17793:
17784:
17777:
17770:
17763:
17756:
17745:
17738:
17731:
17724:
17722:Battle of Midway
17717:
17710:
17708:Battle of Gazala
17703:
17696:
17689:
17682:
17675:
17668:
17661:
17641:
17634:
17627:
17620:
17618:Battle of Borneo
17613:
17611:Malayan campaign
17606:
17599:
17592:
17585:
17578:
17571:
17564:
17557:
17555:Bombing of Gorky
17550:
17548:Battle of Moscow
17543:
17536:
17529:
17522:
17515:
17508:
17492:
17485:
17478:
17471:
17464:
17457:
17448:
17441:
17434:
17427:
17420:
17400:
17391:
17384:
17377:
17370:
17363:
17356:
17349:
17342:
17335:
17328:
17321:
17314:
17312:Battle of France
17307:
17300:
17293:
17286:
17279:
17272:
17252:
17245:
17238:
17231:
17224:
17217:
17210:
17188:
17181:
17174:
17167:
17165:Munich Agreement
17160:
17153:
17144:
17137:
17130:
17121:
17114:
17099:
17098:
17081:
17074:
17065:
17058:
17051:
17050:Soviet prisoners
17044:
17037:
17030:
17021:
17014:
17005:
16998:
16991:
16990:German prisoners
16986:
16966:
16957:
16950:
16943:
16938:
16931:
16924:
16917:
16910:
16903:
16896:
16889:
16882:
16875:
16868:
16861:
16854:
16847:
16838:
16831:
16824:
16817:
16810:
16803:
16796:
16789:
16782:
16775:
16768:
16761:
16754:
16747:
16740:
16733:
16726:
16719:
16712:
16692:
16685:
16678:
16671:
16664:
16657:
16650:
16643:
16636:
16629:
16622:
16602:
16595:
16588:
16581:
16574:
16566:
16559:
16552:
16543:
16536:
16528:
16521:
16519:French Indochina
16514:
16507:
16500:
16493:
16485:
16478:
16471:
16463:
16443:
16434:
16427:
16418:
16411:
16404:
16397:
16390:
16383:
16376:
16369:
16366:from August 1944
16357:
16350:
16343:
16336:
16329:
16322:
16315:
16308:
16301:
16289:
16282:
16275:
16268:
16261:
16249:
16241:
16234:
16227:
16220:
16213:
16206:
16199:
16187:
16180:
16173:
16166:
16151:
16150:
16131:
16124:
16117:
16110:
16103:
16092:
16077:
16070:
16063:
16058:
16049:
16042:
16035:
16026:
16019:
16012:
16010:Nanjing Massacre
16005:
15998:
15989:
15987:Nuremberg trials
15980:
15973:
15966:
15959:
15952:
15945:
15936:
15929:
15922:
15915:
15895:
15888:
15881:
15872:
15865:
15858:
15851:
15844:
15837:
15828:
15819:
15812:
15805:
15798:
15789:
15782:
15775:
15768:
15761:
15754:
15747:
15740:
15720:
15711:
15704:
15697:
15688:
15681:
15674:
15667:
15658:
15651:
15644:
15635:
15628:
15621:
15614:
15607:
15600:
15593:
15591:Asia and Pacific
15573:
15566:
15559:
15552:
15545:
15538:
15531:
15522:
15520:Mulberry harbour
15515:
15508:
15501:
15494:
15487:
15480:
15473:
15466:
15457:
15450:
15443:
15434:
15427:
15420:
15413:
15406:
15399:
15392:
15385:
15378:
15371:
15362:
15355:
15340:
15339:
15328:
15321:
15312:
15305:
15298:
15291:
15284:
15277:
15270:
15249:
15242:
15235:
15226:
15225:
15212:
15202:
15192:
15191:
14987:
14986:
14970:
14969:
14951:Treaty of Taipei
14931:Retrocession Day
14907:
14906:
14864:Cairo Conference
14842:Political events
14818:Rape of Nancheng
14783:Kweilin incident
14773:Nanking Massacre
14626:Changde campaign
14516:Nanjing campaign
14511:Taiyuan campaign
14496:
14495:
14485:
14484:
14377:
14376:
14373:Military Leaders
14280:Seishirō Itagaki
14235:Emperor Hirohito
14164:
14163:
14100:Navy Air Service
14090:Army Air Service
14008:
14007:
13909:
13908:
13902:
13901:
13891:
13890:
13862:Suiyuan campaign
13763:
13762:
13747:
13740:
13733:
13724:
13723:
13708:
13706:
13705:
13696:. Archived from
13672:
13670:
13669:
13660:. Archived from
13625:
13623:
13621:
13607:
13598:
13577:
13575:
13573:
13527:
13506:
13453:
13451:
13449:
13399:
13365:
13333:
13323:
13293:
13262:
13244:
13226:(pp. 53–68)
13215:
13165:
13149:
13128:Buss, Claude A.
13076:
13075:
13073:
13071:
13043:
13037:
13036:
13034:
13032:
13013:
13007:
13006:
13004:
13002:
12974:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12963:
12957:
12950:
12939:
12933:
12932:
12930:
12928:
12900:
12894:
12893:
12891:
12889:
12869:
12863:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12830:
12824:
12823:
12821:
12819:
12791:
12785:
12778:
12772:
12740:
12734:
12733:
12731:
12729:
12720:. Archived from
12709:
12703:
12692:
12686:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12668:
12650:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12639:
12633:
12626:
12615:
12600:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12585:
12583:
12565:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12554:
12536:
12530:
12529:
12527:
12525:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12468:
12453:
12447:
12446:
12444:
12442:
12429:
12423:
12420:
12414:
12408:
12402:
12387:
12381:
12378:
12367:
12360:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12344:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12316:
12314:
12278:
12272:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12249:
12243:
12242:
12216:
12210:
12204:
12198:
12197:
12174:
12168:
12165:
12159:
12158:
12150:
12144:
12143:
12141:
12139:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12113:
12098:
12092:
12080:
12074:
12073:
12041:
12035:
12022:
12016:
12003:
11997:
11984:
11978:
11965:
11959:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11935:
11929:
11924:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11913:
11907:
11901:. Archived from
11900:
11892:
11886:
11873:
11864:
11863:
11861:
11859:
11839:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11812:
11806:
11805:
11803:
11801:
11796:on 3 August 2016
11786:
11780:
11777:
11771:
11767:
11761:
11760:
11719:
11713:
11704:
11698:
11685:
11679:
11672:
11666:
11665:
11663:
11661:
11652:. Archived from
11646:
11640:
11639:
11623:
11617:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11606:
11587:
11578:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11550:
11544:
11543:
11541:
11539:
11519:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11508:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11471:
11469:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11430:
11402:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11391:
11363:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11334:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11305:
11299:
11298:
11296:
11294:
11288:
11273:
11264:
11258:
11257:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11239:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11183:
11177:
11176:
11174:
11172:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11130:
11124:
11123:
11121:
11119:
11096:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11085:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11007:
10997:
10991:
10990:
10970:
10964:
10963:
10943:
10937:
10936:
10916:
10910:
10909:
10904:
10902:
10883:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10846:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10828:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10745:
10739:
10738:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10710:
10703:
10695:
10689:
10688:
10682:
10674:
10666:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10620:
10614:
10613:
10611:
10609:
10603:
10588:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10562:
10555:
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10530:
10524:. Archived from
10523:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10504:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10472:
10454:
10448:
10447:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10420:
10414:
10413:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10386:
10380:
10377:
10371:
10368:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10342:
10336:
10335:
10317:
10311:
10300:
10294:
10288:
10282:
10277:Douglas Varner,
10275:
10269:
10259:
10253:
10243:
10237:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10171:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10111:
10105:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10081:
10075:
10074:
10072:and negotiation.
10068:
10066:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10038:
10036:
10017:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10006:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9960:
9954:
9948:
9942:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9892:
9883:
9877:
9871:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9837:
9831:
9825:
9819:
9813:
9807:
9800:
9794:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9698:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9648:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9597:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9563:
9557:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9491:
9482:
9476:
9475:
9449:
9443:
9436:
9430:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9410:
9408:
9389:
9383:
9373:
9367:
9366:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9257:
9248:
9247:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9197:
9191:
9188:
9182:
9181:
9153:
9147:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9092:
9079:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9058:
9052:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9031:
9025:
9024:
8978:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8953:. Archived from
8946:
8940:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8883:
8850:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8772:. Archived from
8762:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8675:
8669:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8603:
8588:
8587:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8571:
8563:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8522:
8501:
8488:
8482:
8475:
8469:
8462:
8456:
8450:
8444:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8386:
8380:
8374:
8371:
8365:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8349:
8341:
8335:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8269:Military Affairs
8260:
8254:
8253:
8235:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8080:
8074:
8067:
8061:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8042:. Belknap Press.
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7965:
7959:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7704:
7698:
7695:
7689:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7634:
7625:
7612:
7606:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7567:
7556:
7538:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7501:
7490:
7486:
7477:
7474:
7465:
7464:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7415:
7409:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7320:
7314:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7223:
7217:
7210:
7188:
7185:
7123:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7071:Sihang Warehouse
7050:
7041:
7033:
7012:methamphetamines
6962:Yoshiaki Yoshimi
6721:Koreans in China
6666:Armed Forces Day
6639:Taiwanese people
6634:Treaty of Taipei
6622:Retrocession Day
6555:school textbooks
6484:Marxism–Leninism
6134:French Indochina
6046:Jiangxi province
5952:French Indochina
5751:Overseas Chinese
5734:French Indochina
5556:Cairo Conference
5389:
5318:opium production
5204:Chinese Red Army
5079:prominently the
5012:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4961:
4953:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4855:
4847:
4662:Nanjing Massacre
4635:Nanjing Massacre
4518:(IJN) sent many
4445:marching cadence
4297:, and Shandong.
4279:
4274:
4226:ongoing campaign
4130:
3886:unequal treaties
3817:
3811:romanized:
3810:
3808:
3797:
3791:romanized:
3790:
3788:
3775:
3769:romanized:
3768:
3766:
3747:
3739:romanized:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:romanized:
3725:
3723:
3699:
3693:romanized:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3674:romanized:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3657:romanized:
3656:
3654:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3400:Nanjing Massacre
3327:
3319:
3266:
3265:
3240:
3239:
3211:
3210:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3095:
3094:
3072:
3071:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3028:
3027:
3005:
3004:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2938:
2937:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2871:
2870:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2813:Alternative name
2804:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2720:
2719:
2702:French Indochina
2345:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2127:Manchuria (1945)
1982:Aleutian Islands
1832:Indochina (1945)
1802:Indochina (1940)
1788:2nd Indian Ocean
1771:1st Indian Ocean
1766:Christmas Island
1671:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1521:Zhejiang–Jiangxi
1397:Winter Offensive
1294:North-East Henan
1225:Sihang Warehouse
1110:
1109:
1107:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1025:Total casualties
986:
985:
984:
979:
978:
977:
956:22,293+ captured
935:
934:
933:
854:
853:
852:
835:500,000 captured
809:1,319,958 killed
794:
793:
792:
764:
763:
757:
756:
755:
750:
749:
748:
732:1,015,000 (1939)
720:
719:
718:
709:4,100,000 total
708:
707:
706:
693:1,200,000 (1945)
675:
674:
673:
664:5,700,000 (1945)
661:2,600,000 (1939)
658:1,700,000 (1937)
645:
644:
643:
633:
632:
631:
610:
609:
608:
598:
597:
596:
580:
579:
578:
568:
567:
566:
556:
555:
554:
547:
538:
537:
536:
524:
523:
522:
506:
505:
504:
499:
498:
497:
487:
486:
485:
480:
479:
478:
468:
467:
466:
461:
460:
459:
449:
448:
447:
442:
441:
440:
430:
429:
428:
423:
422:
421:
411:
410:
409:
404:
403:
402:
390:
389:
388:
376:
375:
374:
352:
350:
349:
339:
338:
327:
326:
314:
313:
299:
298:
297:
287:
286:
285:
274:
273:
191:
190:
168:Mitsubishi Ki-21
152:Nanjing Massacre
116:
107:
96:
87:
76:
67:
34:
33:
21:
23599:
23598:
23594:
23593:
23592:
23590:
23589:
23588:
23574:Interwar period
23564:1940s conflicts
23559:1930s conflicts
23464:
23463:
23462:
23457:
23436:
23374:
23283:
23247:
23200:
23077:
23056:Malari incident
22921:1918 Kudus riot
22885:
22766:Anti-Coolie Act
22742:
22721:
22687:
22651:
22598:Ketuanan Melayu
22571:Racism in Japan
22539:
22493:
22489:De-Sinicization
22443:
22437:
22407:
22402:
22386:
22137:Hong (business)
22132:Thucydides Trap
22095:Second Cold War
22075:Chinese Century
21997:
21976:Senior Dialogue
21946:Old China Trade
21934:
21786:
21782:Exercise RIMPAC
21704:
21624:TikTok v. Trump
21585:Havana syndrome
21580:Trump–Tsai call
21498:Shen Chong case
21434:
21362:Boxer Rebellion
21350:
21172:
21079:
21072:
21062:
21060:
21030:
21025:
21009:
20836:
20800:Hankou incident
20739:Ningbo incident
20727:
20686:Senkaku Islands
20585:
20524:Nishihara Loans
20497:
20481:
20474:
20464:
20462:
20432:
20427:
20413:Yasukuni Shrine
20347:
20324:
20266:
20220:
20166:
20118:Tripartite Pact
20113:Rape of Nanking
20049:
20035:Tapani incident
19979:
19955:Boxer Rebellion
19913:
19893:
19857:
19848:
19797:
19788:
19723:
19703:
19697:Representatives
19665:
19662:
19661:Legislative and
19654:
19620:Foreign Affairs
19583:
19580:
19565:
19464:
19443:Government Seal
19428:Rising Sun Flag
19411:
19405:
19397:
19389:
19376:
19367:
19269:
19267:Empire of Japan
19264:
19234:
19229:
19225:Pacific Islands
19220:Solomon Islands
19200:Gilbert Islands
19182:
19176:
19155:Channel Islands
18927:
18790:
18744:
18666:
18563:
18558:
18528:
18523:
18516:
18509:
18495:
18493:
18481:
18472:
18465:
18458:
18451:
18442:
18435:
18428:
18419:
18414:Atomic bombings
18412:
18405:
18398:
18391:
18384:
18375:
18368:
18361:
18354:
18347:
18340:
18333:
18326:
18319:
18312:
18305:
18298:
18291:
18284:
18277:
18270:
18257:
18250:
18239:
18232:
18225:
18216:
18209:
18202:
18195:
18188:
18181:
18172:
18163:
18156:
18147:
18140:
18133:
18126:
18117:
18110:
18105:Eastern Romania
18103:
18098:Warsaw Uprising
18096:
18091:Tannenberg Line
18089:
18082:
18077:Western Ukraine
18075:
18066:
18059:
18050:
18041:
18032:
18025:
18018:
18007:
17998:
17985:
17978:
17969:
17962:
17955:
17948:
17941:
17934:
17927:
17918:
17911:
17904:
17895:
17888:
17881:
17874:
17869:Battle of Kursk
17867:
17860:
17853:
17846:
17839:
17826:
17819:
17810:
17803:
17796:
17787:
17780:
17773:
17766:
17759:
17750:
17741:
17734:
17727:
17720:
17713:
17706:
17699:
17692:
17685:
17678:
17673:St Nazaire Raid
17671:
17664:
17657:
17644:
17637:
17630:
17623:
17616:
17609:
17602:
17595:
17588:
17581:
17574:
17567:
17560:
17553:
17546:
17539:
17532:
17525:
17518:
17511:
17497:
17488:
17481:
17474:
17467:
17460:
17455:Anglo-Iraqi War
17453:
17446:Battle of Crete
17444:
17437:
17430:
17423:
17416:
17403:
17394:
17387:
17380:
17375:Eastern Romania
17373:
17366:
17359:
17352:
17345:
17338:
17331:
17324:
17317:
17310:
17303:
17296:
17289:
17282:
17275:
17268:
17255:
17248:
17241:
17234:
17227:
17220:
17213:
17206:
17193:
17184:
17177:
17170:
17163:
17156:
17149:
17140:
17133:
17126:
17117:
17110:
17084:
17077:
17070:
17061:
17054:
17049:
17040:
17033:
17026:
17017:
17010:
17001:
16994:
16989:
16982:
16969:
16962:
16953:
16946:
16941:
16936:Western Ukraine
16934:
16927:
16920:
16913:
16906:
16899:
16892:
16885:
16880:Northeast China
16878:
16871:
16864:
16857:
16850:
16843:
16834:
16827:
16820:
16813:
16806:
16799:
16792:
16785:
16778:
16771:
16764:
16757:
16750:
16743:
16736:
16729:
16722:
16715:
16708:
16695:
16688:
16681:
16674:
16667:
16660:
16653:
16646:
16639:
16632:
16625:
16618:
16605:
16598:
16591:
16584:
16579:Slovak Republic
16577:
16569:
16562:
16555:
16550:Empire of Japan
16548:
16539:
16531:
16524:
16517:
16510:
16503:
16496:
16488:
16481:
16474:
16466:
16459:
16446:
16439:
16430:
16423:
16414:
16407:
16400:
16393:
16386:
16379:
16372:
16360:
16353:
16346:
16339:
16332:
16325:
16318:
16311:
16304:
16292:
16285:
16278:
16271:
16264:
16252:
16244:
16237:
16230:
16223:
16216:
16209:
16202:
16190:
16183:
16176:
16169:
16162:
16136:
16127:
16120:
16113:
16106:
16095:
16080:
16073:
16066:
16062:Sexual violence
16061:
16054:
16045:
16038:
16031:
16022:
16015:
16008:
16001:
15994:
15985:
15976:
15969:
15962:
15955:
15948:
15941:
15932:
15925:
15918:
15911:
15898:
15891:
15884:
15877:
15868:
15861:
15854:
15847:
15840:
15831:
15822:
15815:
15808:
15801:
15792:
15785:
15780:Greek Civil War
15778:
15771:
15764:
15757:
15750:
15743:
15736:
15723:
15716:
15707:
15700:
15693:
15684:
15677:
15670:
15663:
15654:
15647:
15640:
15631:
15624:
15617:
15610:
15605:South-East Asia
15603:
15596:
15589:
15576:
15569:
15562:
15555:
15548:
15541:
15534:
15527:
15518:
15511:
15504:
15497:
15490:
15483:
15476:
15469:
15464:Military awards
15462:
15453:
15446:
15439:
15430:
15423:
15416:
15409:
15402:
15395:
15388:
15381:
15374:
15367:
15358:
15351:
15331:
15324:
15317:
15308:
15301:
15294:
15289:
15280:
15273:
15266:
15258:
15253:
15223:
15218:
15172:
15115:Kumul Rebellion
15098:
15067:
15031:
14981:
14980:
14960:
14912:
14893:
14837:
14763:Tongzhou mutiny
14706:
14660:
14611:Linnan campaign
14536:Xuzhou campaign
14490:
14467:
14428:Yoshijirō Umezu
14423:Hajime Sugiyama
14406:
14364:
14295:Mitsumasa Yonai
14290:Korechika Anami
14255:Mitsumasa Yonai
14223:
14189:Kung Hsiang-hsi
14174:Chiang Kai-shek
14151:
14142:East Hebei Army
14068:
14057:New Fourth Army
13993:
13954:Empire of Japan
13942:
13931:Communist China
13896:
13881:
13787:Mukden Incident
13768:
13757:
13751:
13703:
13701:
13700:on 13 July 2001
13692:
13667:
13665:
13656:
13634:
13629:
13619:
13617:
13610:
13595:
13571:
13569:
13562:
13543:Wayback Machine
13524:
13447:
13445:
13438:
13416:Wayback Machine
13396:
13320:
13290:
13272:Wayback Machine
13260:
13241:
13212:
13180:Wayback Machine
13162:
13140:Duiker, William
13085:
13080:
13079:
13069:
13067:
13060:
13044:
13040:
13030:
13028:
13015:
13014:
13010:
13000:
12998:
12991:
12975:
12971:
12961:
12959:
12958:on 19 July 2014
12955:
12948:
12940:
12936:
12926:
12924:
12917:
12901:
12897:
12887:
12885:
12870:
12866:
12856:
12854:
12847:
12831:
12827:
12817:
12815:
12808:
12792:
12788:
12779:
12775:
12753:Wayback Machine
12741:
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12426:
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12409:
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12388:
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12370:
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12340:
12327:
12326:
12322:
12312:
12310:
12303:
12279:
12275:
12265:
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12250:
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12231:
12217:
12213:
12205:
12201:
12194:
12175:
12171:
12166:
12162:
12151:
12147:
12137:
12135:
12126:
12125:
12121:
12111:
12109:
12100:
12099:
12095:
12081:
12077:
12062:
12054:. p. 111.
12042:
12038:
12032:Wayback Machine
12023:
12019:
12013:Wayback Machine
12004:
12000:
11994:Wayback Machine
11985:
11981:
11975:Wayback Machine
11966:
11962:
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11937:
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11925:
11921:
11911:
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11898:
11894:
11893:
11889:
11883:Wayback Machine
11874:
11867:
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11778:
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11764:
11745:
11720:
11716:
11705:
11701:
11695:Wayback Machine
11686:
11682:
11673:
11669:
11659:
11657:
11656:on 2 March 2008
11648:
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11624:
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11399:
11389:
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11380:
11364:
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11335:
11331:
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11319:
11306:
11302:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11271:
11265:
11261:
11252:
11251:
11247:
11237:
11235:
11227:Asia, Volume 40
11224:
11223:
11219:
11209:
11207:
11200:
11184:
11180:
11170:
11168:
11159:
11158:
11154:
11147:
11131:
11127:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11097:
11093:
11083:
11081:
11074:
11058:
11054:
11047:
11031:
11027:
11020:
10998:
10994:
10987:
10971:
10967:
10960:
10944:
10940:
10933:
10917:
10913:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10874:
10870:
10863:
10847:
10836:
10826:
10824:
10807:
10806:
10802:
10771:
10767:
10760:
10746:
10742:
10729:
10728:
10724:
10714:
10712:
10708:
10701:
10697:
10696:
10692:
10676:
10675:
10667:
10663:
10653:
10651:
10621:
10617:
10607:
10605:
10604:on 4 March 2016
10601:
10586:
10580:
10576:
10566:
10564:
10563:on 24 June 2015
10560:
10553:
10549:
10548:
10544:
10534:
10532:
10531:on 25 June 2015
10528:
10521:
10517:
10516:
10512:
10502:
10500:
10485:
10484:
10480:
10470:
10468:
10455:
10451:
10438:
10434:
10421:
10417:
10404:
10400:
10387:
10383:
10378:
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10365:
10355:
10353:
10344:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10318:
10314:
10309:Wayback Machine
10301:
10297:
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10285:
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10260:
10256:
10244:
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10228:
10224:
10214:
10212:
10203:
10202:
10198:
10188:
10186:
10181:. 25 May 2017.
10173:
10172:
10168:
10158:
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10143:
10142:
10138:
10128:
10126:
10113:
10112:
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10098:
10096:
10083:
10082:
10078:
10064:
10062:
10053:
10052:
10048:
10034:
10032:
10025:www.ibiblio.org
10019:
10018:
10014:
10004:
10002:
9991:
9987:
9977:
9975:
9962:
9961:
9957:
9949:
9945:
9937:
9933:
9927:Cox, 1980 pp. 2
9925:
9921:
9914:
9896:Coble, Parks M.
9893:
9886:
9878:
9874:
9866:
9862:
9855:
9838:
9834:
9826:
9822:
9814:
9810:
9801:
9797:
9788:
9784:
9777:
9763:
9759:
9752:
9738:
9734:
9724:
9722:
9715:
9699:
9695:
9685:
9683:
9676:
9660:
9656:
9646:
9644:
9637:
9621:
9617:
9610:
9588:
9584:
9565:
9564:
9560:
9552:
9548:
9533:
9529:
9489:
9483:
9479:
9472:
9450:
9446:
9437:
9433:
9424:
9420:
9406:
9404:
9397:www.ibiblio.org
9391:
9390:
9386:
9374:
9370:
9351:
9347:
9340:
9324:
9320:
9309:
9305:
9294:
9290:
9277:
9273:
9258:
9251:
9236:
9232:
9217:
9213:
9198:
9194:
9189:
9185:
9154:
9150:
9141:War in History.
9138:
9134:
9123:
9119:
9108:
9104:
9093:
9082:
9074:
9070:
9059:
9055:
9047:
9043:
9032:
9028:
9013:
8979:
8970:
8960:
8958:
8957:on 5 April 2018
8947:
8943:
8934:
8930:
8917:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8887:Coble, Parks M.
8884:
8853:
8848:
8844:
8834:
8832:
8819:
8818:
8814:
8807:
8793:
8789:
8779:
8777:
8776:on 3 March 2016
8764:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8747:
8734:
8733:
8729:
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8717:
8704:
8703:
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8692:
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8672:
8660:
8656:
8649:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8604:
8591:
8579:
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8574:
8565:
8564:
8548:
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8537:
8523:
8504:
8498:Wayback Machine
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8368:
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8359:
8347:
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8342:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8319:
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8309:
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8281:10.2307/1983349
8261:
8257:
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8236:
8232:
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8220:
8210:
8208:
8199:
8198:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8152:
8137:Economist Group
8125:
8124:
8120:
8081:
8077:
8068:
8064:
8051:
8047:
8036:
8032:
8022:
8020:
8005:
8001:
7991:
7989:
7982:
7966:
7962:
7950:
7946:
7936:
7934:
7927:
7911:
7907:
7897:
7895:
7888:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7812:Todd, Douglas.
7810:
7806:
7798:
7794:
7756:
7752:
7742:
7740:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7717:
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7663:
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7649:
7647:
7636:
7635:
7628:
7622:Wayback Machine
7613:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7571:Rummel, Rudolph
7568:
7559:
7539:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7503:
7502:
7493:
7487:
7480:
7475:
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7461:
7452:
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7443:
7435:
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7425:Wayback Machine
7416:
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7397:
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7308:
7301:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7277:
7265:Hsiung (1992).
7263:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7240:
7224:
7220:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7119:
7114:
7112:
7105:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7067:Suicide bombing
7024:
7014:in the form of
6971:Hajime Sugiyama
6907:
6861:Yomiuri Shimbun
6855:
6764:
6743:
6731:
6723:
6717:
6708:
6702:
6678:pro-independent
6612:Taiwan and the
6595:
6589:
6576:Manila massacre
6543:
6538:
6508:
6459:
6453:
6379:
6367:Main articles:
6365:
6360:
6328:
6269:
6263:
6216:
6146:
6136:
6099:who had formed
6021:
6011:
5884:
5879:
5831:
5798:
5792:
5753:
5719:Weimar Republic
5715:
5709:
5704:
5692:Main articles:
5690:
5660:attacking from
5635:Mariana Islands
5626:
5620:
5584:Mohandas Gandhi
5535:, employing an
5525:Hans van de Ven
5384:
5375:Joseph Stilwell
5363:
5306:New Fourth Army
5263:
5208:major offensive
5184:Joseph Stilwell
5171:
5163:armoured forces
5141:Battle of Wuhan
5126:
5120:by starvation.
5102:
5065:Boxer Rebellion
5041:Battle of Zaoyi
5013:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4978:
4962:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4912:Longhai railway
4910:section of the
4825:
4806:
4775:
4739:
4737:Battle of Wuhan
4731:pincer movement
4693:
4680:
4658:Northern Shanxi
4637:
4631:
4567:air superiority
4536:Curtiss Hawk II
4491:Japanese Marine
4468:
4462:
4402:
4396:
4388:Tongzhou mutiny
4351:Chiang Kai-shek
4344:
4338:
4187:Mukden incident
4155:Mukden Incident
4143:
4137:
4109:
4093:Mukden Incident
4085:
4079:
4071:Chiang Kai-shek
4059:
4053:
4041:
4035:
3983:
3977:
3932:
3926:1911 Revolution
3924:Main articles:
3922:
3862:Senkaku Islands
3845:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3714:
3554:
3534:Big Four Allies
3512:Japan formally
3489:. In 1945, the
3357:Chiang Kai-shek
3333:Mukden incident
3290:Empire of Japan
3264:
3238:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3153:
3152:
3151:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2598:Other campaigns
2592:Southern France
2501:Burma and India
2496:South-East Asia
2491:Franco-Thai War
2346:
2340:
2338:
2308:
2303:
2289:China (1937–45)
2260:Tsingtao (1914)
2247:
2196:
2192:Empire of Japan
2191:
2188:
2186:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2055:Mariana Islands
1928:Solomon Islands
1897:Burma (1944–45)
1887:Burma (1942–43)
1882:Burma (1941–42)
1875:Burma and India
1807:Franco-Thai War
1754:Andaman Islands
1681:Central Pacific
1672:
1667:
1665:
1635:
1630:
1423:Zaoyang–Yichang
1362:Suixian–Zaoyang
1208:Beiping–Tianjin
1147:Nenjiang Bridge
1111:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1019:
998:742,000 wounded
982:
980:
975:
973:
931:
929:
923:
890:Other estimates
872:290,467 wounded
850:
848:
827:Other estimates
815:130,116 missing
790:
788:
775:
771:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
716:
714:
704:
702:
698:
671:
669:
641:
639:
629:
627:
616:
612:Hajime Sugiyama
606:
604:
594:
592:
582:Prince Kotohito
576:
574:
564:
562:
552:
550:
534:
532:
520:
518:
512:
502:
500:
495:
493:
483:
481:
476:
474:
464:
462:
457:
455:
445:
443:
438:
436:
426:
424:
419:
417:
407:
405:
400:
398:
386:
384:
379:Chiang Kai-shek
372:
370:
347:
345:
333:
321:
308:
295:
293:
283:
281:
268:
239:
233:Chinese victory
225:
224:
185:
162:Battle of Wuhan
150:Victims of the
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
109:
108:
99:
98:
97:
89:
88:
79:
78:
77:
69:
68:
48:Pacific theatre
44:interwar period
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23597:
23587:
23586:
23581:
23576:
23571:
23566:
23561:
23556:
23551:
23549:1940s in Japan
23546:
23544:1930s in Japan
23541:
23536:
23534:1940s in China
23531:
23529:1930s in China
23526:
23524:Tunnel warfare
23521:
23516:
23511:
23506:
23501:
23496:
23491:
23486:
23481:
23476:
23459:
23458:
23456:
23455:
23450:
23444:
23442:
23438:
23437:
23435:
23434:
23429:
23424:
23419:
23414:
23409:
23404:
23399:
23398:
23397:
23386:
23384:
23380:
23379:
23376:
23375:
23373:
23372:
23367:
23362:
23357:
23355:Teoh Beng Hock
23352:
23347:
23342:
23337:
23332:
23330:Jiansheng Chen
23327:
23322:
23317:
23312:
23307:
23302:
23297:
23291:
23289:
23285:
23284:
23282:
23281:
23276:
23274:Velma Demerson
23271:
23266:
23261:
23255:
23253:
23249:
23248:
23246:
23245:
23240:
23235:
23230:
23225:
23223:Chae Chan Ping
23219:
23217:
23210:
23206:
23205:
23202:
23201:
23199:
23198:
23193:
23188:
23183:
23178:
23173:
23168:
23167:
23166:
23151:
23146:
23141:
23136:
23131:
23126:
23121:
23116:
23114:Wolf Amendment
23111:
23106:
23101:
23096:
23091:
23085:
23083:
23079:
23078:
23076:
23075:
23070:
23065:
23059:
23053:
23048:
23042:
23037:
23032:
23027:
23022:
23016:
23010:
23004:
23003:
23002:
22988:
22982:
22976:
22970:
22969:
22968:
22963:
22958:
22952:
22940:
22934:
22929:
22923:
22918:
22912:
22909:Beipu uprising
22906:
22900:
22893:
22891:
22887:
22886:
22884:
22883:
22877:
22871:
22866:
22860:
22855:
22850:
22844:
22839:
22833:
22828:
22823:
22818:
22813:
22808:
22802:
22796:
22791:
22785:
22780:
22774:
22769:
22763:
22757:
22750:
22748:
22744:
22743:
22741:
22740:
22735:
22729:
22727:
22723:
22722:
22720:
22719:
22714:
22709:
22702:
22700:
22693:
22689:
22688:
22686:
22685:
22680:
22675:
22670:
22665:
22659:
22657:
22656:By institution
22653:
22652:
22650:
22649:
22644:
22643:
22642:
22632:
22627:
22622:
22617:
22612:
22607:
22602:
22601:
22600:
22595:
22585:
22580:
22575:
22574:
22573:
22563:
22558:
22553:
22547:
22545:
22541:
22540:
22538:
22537:
22532:
22527:
22522:
22517:
22512:
22507:
22501:
22499:
22495:
22494:
22492:
22491:
22486:
22485:
22484:
22474:
22473:
22472:
22467:
22457:
22451:
22449:
22445:
22444:
22436:
22435:
22428:
22421:
22413:
22404:
22403:
22391:
22388:
22387:
22385:
22384:
22377:
22370:
22363:
22356:
22349:
22342:
22335:
22328:
22321:
22314:
22309:
22304:
22299:
22294:
22289:
22284:
22279:
22274:
22269:
22264:
22259:
22254:
22249:
22244:
22239:
22234:
22229:
22224:
22219:
22214:
22209:
22204:
22199:
22194:
22189:
22184:
22179:
22174:
22169:
22164:
22159:
22154:
22149:
22144:
22139:
22134:
22129:
22124:
22119:
22114:
22109:
22104:
22103:
22102:
22092:
22087:
22082:
22077:
22072:
22071:
22070:
22060:
22055:
22050:
22049:
22048:
22036:
22031:
22026:
22021:
22016:
22011:
22005:
22003:
21999:
21998:
21996:
21995:
21990:
21980:
21979:
21978:
21968:
21963:
21958:
21953:
21948:
21942:
21940:
21936:
21935:
21933:
21932:
21927:
21922:
21917:
21912:
21907:
21902:
21897:
21892:
21887:
21882:
21877:
21872:
21867:
21862:
21857:
21855:Wolf Amendment
21852:
21847:
21842:
21837:
21832:
21827:
21826:
21825:
21815:
21810:
21805:
21800:
21794:
21792:
21788:
21787:
21785:
21784:
21779:
21778:
21777:
21772:
21767:
21762:
21757:
21752:
21747:
21742:
21737:
21727:
21726:
21725:
21718:Yangtze Patrol
21714:
21712:
21706:
21705:
21703:
21702:
21697:
21692:
21687:
21686:
21685:
21675:
21674:
21673:
21672:
21671:
21661:
21656:
21646:
21641:
21636:
21631:
21626:
21621:
21620:
21619:
21609:
21604:
21603:
21602:
21592:
21587:
21582:
21577:
21572:
21567:
21562:
21557:
21552:
21547:
21542:
21537:
21536:
21535:
21530:
21520:
21518:Yinhe incident
21515:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21489:
21488:
21478:
21473:
21468:
21463:
21458:
21453:
21448:
21446:Rover incident
21442:
21440:
21436:
21435:
21433:
21432:
21427:
21422:
21421:
21420:
21415:
21410:
21409:
21408:
21393:
21392:
21391:
21381:
21376:
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21343:
21338:
21333:
21328:
21323:
21318:
21313:
21308:
21307:
21306:
21296:
21295:
21294:
21289:
21287:Harvey Feldman
21284:
21277:
21272:
21267:
21262:
21252:
21247:
21246:
21245:
21240:
21230:
21225:
21220:
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21213:
21203:
21198:
21193:
21188:
21182:
21180:
21174:
21173:
21171:
21170:
21169:
21168:
21158:
21157:
21156:
21151:
21146:
21141:
21136:
21131:
21123:
21122:
21121:
21116:
21108:
21103:
21098:
21093:
21087:
21085:
21081:
21080:
21059:
21058:
21051:
21044:
21036:
21027:
21026:
21014:
21011:
21010:
21008:
21007:
21000:
20993:
20986:
20981:
20976:
20971:
20966:
20961:
20959:Kosei Fukunaga
20956:
20951:
20946:
20941:
20936:
20931:
20926:
20921:
20916:
20911:
20910:
20909:
20899:
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20887:
20877:
20876:
20875:
20865:
20860:
20855:
20850:
20844:
20842:
20838:
20837:
20835:
20834:
20829:
20828:
20827:
20822:
20812:
20807:
20805:Jinan incident
20802:
20797:
20796:
20795:
20785:
20784:
20783:
20773:
20768:
20767:
20766:
20756:
20751:
20746:
20741:
20735:
20733:
20729:
20728:
20726:
20725:
20720:
20715:
20714:
20713:
20708:
20703:
20698:
20693:
20683:
20678:
20677:
20676:
20671:
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20661:
20656:
20651:
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20641:
20636:
20631:
20626:
20621:
20616:
20606:
20605:
20604:
20593:
20591:
20587:
20586:
20584:
20583:
20578:
20573:
20568:
20567:
20566:
20556:
20551:
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20541:
20536:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20516:
20511:
20505:
20503:
20499:
20498:
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20495:
20489:
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20482:
20461:
20460:
20453:
20446:
20438:
20429:
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20426:
20425:
20420:
20415:
20410:
20405:
20400:
20395:
20390:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20365:
20359:
20357:
20353:
20352:
20349:
20348:
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20345:
20344:
20343:
20332:
20330:
20326:
20325:
20323:
20322:
20317:
20312:
20307:
20302:
20297:
20292:
20287:
20282:
20276:
20274:
20268:
20267:
20265:
20264:
20259:
20257:State of Burma
20254:
20249:
20244:
20239:
20234:
20228:
20226:
20222:
20221:
20219:
20218:
20213:
20208:
20203:
20198:
20185:
20183:
20176:
20172:
20171:
20168:
20167:
20165:
20164:
20159:
20145:
20140:
20135:
20130:
20125:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20105:
20100:
20095:
20090:
20085:
20080:
20078:Musha Incident
20075:
20070:
20068:Jinan incident
20065:
20059:
20057:
20051:
20050:
20048:
20047:
20042:
20037:
20032:
20027:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20007:
20002:
20001:
20000:
19989:
19987:
19981:
19980:
19978:
19977:
19972:
19967:
19962:
19957:
19952:
19947:
19942:
19937:
19932:
19927:
19925:Beipu uprising
19922:
19916:
19914:
19909:
19903:
19899:
19898:
19895:
19894:
19892:
19891:
19889:Treaty Faction
19886:
19881:
19876:
19871:
19866:
19860:
19858:
19853:
19850:
19849:
19847:
19846:
19841:
19836:
19831:
19826:
19821:
19819:Imperial Guard
19816:
19811:
19806:
19800:
19798:
19793:
19790:
19789:
19787:
19786:
19781:
19776:
19771:
19766:
19761:
19760:
19759:
19744:
19743:
19742:
19737:
19726:
19724:
19719:
19713:
19709:
19708:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19701:
19700:
19699:
19694:
19684:
19679:
19674:
19668:
19666:
19659:
19656:
19655:
19653:
19652:
19647:
19642:
19637:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19612:
19607:
19602:
19597:
19592:
19586:
19584:
19579:Administration
19577:
19571:
19567:
19566:
19564:
19563:
19558:
19553:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19513:
19508:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19483:
19478:
19472:
19470:
19466:
19465:
19463:
19462:
19457:
19456:
19455:
19450:
19445:
19440:
19430:
19425:
19419:
19417:
19413:
19412:
19410:
19409:
19401:
19393:
19384:
19382:
19378:
19377:
19370:
19368:
19366:
19365:
19360:
19355:
19350:
19345:
19344:
19343:
19333:
19328:
19323:
19318:
19313:
19308:
19303:
19298:
19293:
19288:
19283:
19277:
19275:
19271:
19270:
19263:
19262:
19255:
19248:
19240:
19231:
19230:
19228:
19227:
19222:
19217:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19197:
19192:
19186:
19184:
19178:
19177:
19175:
19174:
19169:
19164:
19163:
19162:
19157:
19152:
19147:
19145:British Empire
19140:United Kingdom
19137:
19132:
19127:
19126:
19125:
19120:
19115:
19113:Basque Country
19105:
19104:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19023:
19018:
19013:
19003:
18998:
18993:
18992:
18991:
18989:Basque Country
18986:
18976:
18971:
18966:
18961:
18959:Czechoslovakia
18956:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18935:
18933:
18929:
18928:
18926:
18925:
18920:
18915:
18910:
18905:
18900:
18895:
18890:
18885:
18880:
18875:
18870:
18865:
18860:
18859:
18858:
18848:
18843:
18838:
18837:
18836:
18831:
18821:
18820:
18819:
18809:
18804:
18798:
18796:
18792:
18791:
18789:
18788:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18752:
18750:
18746:
18745:
18743:
18742:
18741:
18740:
18735:
18730:
18725:
18720:
18715:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18685:
18680:
18674:
18672:
18668:
18667:
18665:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18649:
18644:
18643:
18642:
18637:
18627:
18622:
18617:
18612:
18607:
18602:
18597:
18592:
18587:
18582:
18577:
18571:
18569:
18565:
18564:
18557:
18556:
18549:
18542:
18534:
18525:
18524:
18522:
18521:
18514:
18507:
18490:
18487:
18486:
18483:
18482:
18480:
18479:
18478:
18477:
18470:
18463:
18449:
18448:
18447:
18433:
18430:South Sakhalin
18426:
18425:
18424:
18410:
18403:
18396:
18389:
18382:
18381:
18380:
18366:
18359:
18352:
18345:
18338:
18331:
18324:
18317:
18310:
18303:
18296:
18289:
18282:
18275:
18267:
18265:
18259:
18258:
18256:
18255:
18248:
18247:
18246:
18230:
18223:
18222:
18221:
18207:
18200:
18193:
18186:
18179:
18170:
18161:
18154:
18145:
18138:
18131:
18124:
18115:
18108:
18101:
18094:
18087:
18080:
18073:
18064:
18057:
18048:
18039:
18030:
18023:
18016:
18005:
17995:
17993:
17987:
17986:
17984:
17983:
17976:
17975:
17974:
17967:
17953:
17946:
17939:
17932:
17925:
17924:
17923:
17909:
17902:
17893:
17886:
17879:
17872:
17865:
17858:
17855:Battle of Attu
17851:
17844:
17836:
17834:
17828:
17827:
17825:
17824:
17817:
17808:
17801:
17794:
17785:
17778:
17771:
17764:
17757:
17748:
17747:
17746:
17739:
17725:
17718:
17711:
17704:
17697:
17690:
17683:
17676:
17669:
17662:
17654:
17652:
17646:
17645:
17643:
17642:
17635:
17628:
17621:
17614:
17607:
17600:
17597:Battle of Guam
17593:
17586:
17579:
17572:
17565:
17558:
17551:
17544:
17537:
17530:
17523:
17520:Battle of Kiev
17516:
17509:
17495:
17494:
17493:
17479:
17472:
17465:
17458:
17451:
17450:
17449:
17435:
17428:
17421:
17413:
17411:
17405:
17404:
17402:
17401:
17392:
17385:
17378:
17371:
17364:
17357:
17350:
17343:
17336:
17329:
17322:
17315:
17308:
17301:
17294:
17287:
17280:
17273:
17265:
17263:
17257:
17256:
17254:
17253:
17246:
17239:
17232:
17225:
17218:
17211:
17203:
17201:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17191:
17190:
17189:
17182:
17175:
17168:
17161:
17147:
17146:
17145:
17138:
17124:
17123:
17122:
17107:
17105:
17096:
17090:
17089:
17086:
17085:
17083:
17082:
17075:
17068:
17067:
17066:
17059:
17047:
17046:
17045:
17031:
17024:
17023:
17022:
17019:United Kingdom
17015:
17008:
17007:
17006:
16987:
16979:
16977:
16971:
16970:
16968:
16967:
16960:
16959:
16958:
16951:
16939:
16932:
16925:
16918:
16911:
16904:
16897:
16890:
16883:
16876:
16869:
16862:
16855:
16848:
16841:
16840:
16839:
16832:
16818:
16811:
16804:
16797:
16790:
16783:
16776:
16769:
16762:
16755:
16748:
16741:
16734:
16727:
16720:
16713:
16705:
16703:
16697:
16696:
16694:
16693:
16686:
16679:
16672:
16665:
16658:
16651:
16644:
16637:
16630:
16623:
16615:
16613:
16607:
16606:
16604:
16603:
16596:
16589:
16582:
16575:
16567:
16560:
16553:
16546:
16545:
16544:
16529:
16522:
16515:
16508:
16501:
16494:
16486:
16479:
16472:
16464:
16456:
16454:
16448:
16447:
16445:
16444:
16437:
16436:
16435:
16421:
16420:
16419:
16416:British Empire
16409:United Kingdom
16405:
16398:
16391:
16384:
16377:
16370:
16358:
16351:
16344:
16337:
16330:
16323:
16316:
16309:
16302:
16290:
16283:
16276:
16269:
16262:
16250:
16242:
16235:
16228:
16225:Czechoslovakia
16221:
16214:
16207:
16200:
16188:
16181:
16174:
16167:
16159:
16157:
16148:
16142:
16141:
16138:
16137:
16135:
16134:
16133:
16132:
16125:
16122:Rape of Manila
16118:
16111:
16104:
16093:
16078:
16071:
16059:
16052:
16051:
16050:
16043:
16029:
16028:
16027:
16020:
16013:
15999:
15992:
15991:
15990:
15983:
15982:
15981:
15974:
15960:
15953:
15939:
15938:
15937:
15930:
15923:
15908:
15906:
15900:
15899:
15897:
15896:
15893:United Nations
15889:
15882:
15875:
15874:
15873:
15866:
15859:
15852:
15838:
15829:
15820:
15813:
15806:
15799:
15790:
15783:
15776:
15769:
15762:
15755:
15752:Decolonization
15748:
15741:
15733:
15731:
15725:
15724:
15722:
15721:
15714:
15713:
15712:
15698:
15691:
15690:
15689:
15682:
15675:
15661:
15660:
15659:
15652:
15638:
15637:
15636:
15629:
15622:
15615:
15608:
15601:
15586:
15584:
15578:
15577:
15575:
15574:
15567:
15560:
15553:
15546:
15539:
15532:
15525:
15524:
15523:
15516:
15502:
15495:
15488:
15481:
15474:
15467:
15460:
15459:
15458:
15444:
15437:
15436:
15435:
15428:
15425:United Kingdom
15421:
15407:
15400:
15393:
15386:
15379:
15372:
15365:
15364:
15363:
15348:
15346:
15337:
15333:
15332:
15330:
15329:
15322:
15315:
15314:
15313:
15306:
15299:
15287:
15286:
15285:
15271:
15263:
15260:
15259:
15252:
15251:
15244:
15237:
15229:
15220:
15219:
15217:
15216:
15206:
15196:
15185:
15182:
15181:
15178:
15177:
15174:
15173:
15171:
15170:
15167:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15106:
15104:
15100:
15099:
15097:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15075:
15073:
15069:
15068:
15066:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15039:
15037:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14993:
14991:
14983:
14982:
14979:
14978:
14977:Related topics
14974:
14966:
14965:
14962:
14961:
14959:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14917:
14914:
14913:
14903:
14902:
14899:
14898:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14845:
14843:
14839:
14838:
14836:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14765:
14760:
14755:
14750:
14745:
14740:
14738:Xi'an Incident
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14714:
14712:
14708:
14707:
14705:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14668:
14666:
14662:
14661:
14659:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14531:Wuhan campaign
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14502:
14500:
14492:
14491:
14481:
14480:
14477:
14476:
14473:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14466:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14448:Koshirō Oikawa
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14414:
14412:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14404:
14399:
14394:
14389:
14383:
14381:
14374:
14370:
14369:
14366:
14365:
14363:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14325:Demchugdongrub
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14270:Kantarō Suzuki
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14240:Fumimaro Konoe
14237:
14231:
14229:
14225:
14224:
14222:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14170:
14168:
14161:
14157:
14156:
14153:
14152:
14150:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14133:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14109:
14108:
14107:
14105:Naval Infantry
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14076:
14074:
14070:
14069:
14067:
14066:
14065:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14044:
14043:
14042:
14041:
14040:
14030:
14025:
14014:
14012:
14005:
13999:
13998:
13995:
13994:
13992:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13950:
13948:
13944:
13943:
13941:
13940:
13939:
13938:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13915:
13913:
13906:
13898:
13897:
13887:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13880:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13867:Xi'an Incident
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13812:Battle of Rehe
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13777:Nanjing decade
13773:
13770:
13769:
13759:
13758:
13750:
13749:
13742:
13735:
13727:
13721:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13690:
13684:
13678:
13673:
13654:
13647:
13642:
13633:
13632:External links
13630:
13628:
13627:
13608:
13599:
13593:
13578:
13560:
13545:
13528:
13522:
13507:
13478:
13471:
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13454:
13436:
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12845:
12825:
12806:
12786:
12773:
12735:
12704:
12687:
12674:
12645:
12601:
12599:, p. 166.
12589:
12560:
12531:
12504:
12474:
12448:
12424:
12415:
12413:, p. 565.
12403:
12382:
12368:
12350:
12320:
12301:
12273:
12244:
12229:
12211:
12199:
12192:
12169:
12160:
12145:
12119:
12093:
12091:, 2001, p. 364
12075:
12060:
12036:
12017:
11998:
11979:
11968:Mackerras 2003
11960:
11945:. March 2007.
11930:
11919:
11887:
11865:
11834:
11807:
11781:
11772:
11762:
11743:
11714:
11699:
11680:
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11573:
11545:
11514:
11495:
11475:
11456:
11436:
11417:
11397:
11378:
11358:
11329:
11300:
11259:
11245:
11217:
11198:
11178:
11152:
11145:
11125:
11111:
11091:
11072:
11052:
11045:
11025:
11018:
10992:
10985:
10965:
10958:
10938:
10931:
10911:
10894:
10868:
10861:
10834:
10800:
10765:
10758:
10740:
10735:www.iwm.org.uk
10722:
10690:
10661:
10635:(3): 408–430.
10615:
10574:
10542:
10510:
10478:
10449:
10432:
10415:
10398:
10395:. p. 266.
10381:
10372:
10363:
10337:
10331:978-1444395174
10330:
10312:
10295:
10293:, p. 156.
10283:
10270:
10254:
10238:
10222:
10196:
10166:
10136:
10106:
10076:
10046:
10012:
9985:
9955:
9953:, p. 420.
9943:
9931:
9919:
9912:
9884:
9872:
9860:
9853:
9832:
9820:
9808:
9795:
9791:Hidden Horrors
9782:
9775:
9757:
9750:
9732:
9713:
9693:
9674:
9654:
9635:
9615:
9608:
9582:
9558:
9556:, p. 259.
9546:
9527:
9500:(2): 307–326.
9477:
9470:
9444:
9431:
9418:
9384:
9368:
9345:
9339:978-0199780549
9338:
9318:
9303:
9288:
9271:
9249:
9230:
9211:
9192:
9183:
9164:(4): 287–297.
9148:
9132:
9117:
9102:
9080:
9078:, p. 168.
9068:
9053:
9041:
9026:
9011:
8968:
8941:
8928:
8910:
8903:
8851:
8842:
8825:air.mnd.gov.tw
8812:
8805:
8787:
8757:
8727:
8697:
8690:
8670:
8654:
8647:
8627:
8620:
8589:
8542:
8535:
8502:
8483:
8470:
8457:
8445:
8436:
8424:
8412:
8399:
8387:
8375:
8366:
8357:
8336:
8327:
8315:news.ifeng.com
8302:
8255:
8248:
8230:
8218:
8192:
8162:
8118:
8075:
8062:
8045:
8030:
7999:
7980:
7960:
7944:
7925:
7905:
7886:
7866:
7835:
7804:
7802:, p. 171.
7792:
7772:10.2307/132824
7766:(2): 295–363,
7750:
7725:
7699:
7690:
7666:
7657:
7626:
7607:
7598:
7557:
7526:
7491:
7478:
7466:
7459:
7441:
7429:
7410:
7391:
7384:
7366:
7364:, p. 535.
7354:
7335:
7315:
7306:
7299:
7282:
7275:
7257:
7238:
7218:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7110:
7094:
7091:
7086:Main article:
7083:
7080:
7023:
7020:
6997:bubonic plague
6906:
6903:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6825:Rudolph Rummel
6822:
6815:
6808:
6805:Yasuji Okamura
6793:
6789:
6780:
6768:
6763:
6760:
6742:
6739:
6730:
6729:Commemorations
6727:
6719:Main article:
6716:
6713:
6704:Main article:
6701:
6698:
6672:(DPP) won the
6591:Main article:
6588:
6585:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6507:
6504:
6500:mainland China
6455:Main article:
6452:
6449:
6416:were present.
6414:Hsu Yung-chang
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6340:Tibetan Empire
6327:
6324:
6310:, Ma Hongbin,
6265:Main article:
6262:
6259:
6215:
6212:
6135:
6132:
6010:
6009:United Kingdom
6007:
5925:Robert Craigie
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Western allies
5875:
5830:
5827:
5822:Some divisions
5794:Main article:
5791:
5788:
5771:Hazel Ying Lee
5752:
5749:
5742:Lend-Lease Act
5708:
5705:
5689:
5686:
5622:Main article:
5619:
5616:
5575:Burma Campaign
5537:island hopping
5456:Doolittle Raid
5414:Four Policemen
5371:Soong Mei-ling
5362:
5359:
5314:Shaan-Gan-Ning
5310:8th Route Army
5294:Xi'an Incident
5283:Northeast Army
5262:
5259:
5198:Local Chinese
5170:
5167:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5125:
5122:
5101:
5098:
5015:
5014:
4965:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4900:scorched earth
4894:Zhongmu County
4826:
4818:
4805:
4802:
4774:
4771:
4738:
4735:
4692:
4689:
4679:
4676:
4633:Main article:
4630:
4627:
4499:Zhang Zhizhong
4464:Main article:
4461:
4458:
4449:racial epithet
4434:Ōyama Incident
4398:Main article:
4395:
4392:
4383:Boxer Protocol
4353:announced the
4340:Main article:
4337:
4334:
4302:Inner Mongolia
4278:huáběitèshūhùa
4265:Specialization
4228:to pacify the
4136:
4133:
4108:
4105:
4081:Main article:
4078:
4075:
4067:Zhang Xueliang
4055:Main article:
4052:
4049:
4039:Jinan incident
4037:Main article:
4034:
4033:Jinan incident
4031:
3979:Main article:
3976:
3973:
3921:
3918:
3898:Russian Empire
3841:Main article:
3838:
3835:
3830:Main article:
3827:
3824:
3753:Fumimaro Konoe
3713:
3710:
3553:
3550:
3463:Lend-Lease Act
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:Nittyuu sensou
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3214:Transcriptions
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:Transcriptions
3111:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3051:Transcriptions
3044:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2984:Transcriptions
2977:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2917:Transcriptions
2910:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2850:Transcriptions
2843:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2769:Transcriptions
2762:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Baltic Nations
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
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2476:
2463:
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2460:
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2445:
2444:
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2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2415:
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2409:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Ganghwa (1875)
2212:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2082:South Sakhalin
2079:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:Malacca Strait
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:Southeast Asia
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Doolittle Raid
1702:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:Guilin–Liuzhou
1588:
1583:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1235:Beiping–Hankou
1229:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1174:Inner Mongolia
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1014:Burma campaign
1010:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
971:
970:
969:
968:
967:
964:Burma campaign
957:
954:
951:
926:
924:
922:
921:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:Burma campaign
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
887:
886:
885:
879:
876:
875:87,208 missing
873:
870:
846:
840:
839:
838:
837:
836:
833:
824:
823:
822:
816:
813:
810:
785:
782:
781:
777:
776:
774:
773:
742:
741:
740:
737:Burma campaign
733:
730:
729:600,000 (1937)
711:
699:
697:
696:
695:
694:
691:
690:488,744 (1940)
688:
687:166,700 (1938)
685:
684:640,000 (1937)
667:
666:
665:
662:
659:
636:
623:
622:
618:
617:
615:
614:
602:
590:
572:
570:Yasuji Okamura
560:
548:
530:
515:
513:
511:
510:
491:
472:
453:
434:
415:
396:
382:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
357:
356:
343:
331:
305:
304:
303:
291:
264:
263:
259:
258:
255:
254:
241:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
212:
210:Mainland China
206:
205:
203:
199:
198:
195:
187:
186:
184:
183:
174:
164:
158:
148:
139:
125:
111:
110:
102:
101:
100:
91:
90:
82:
81:
80:
71:
70:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23596:
23585:
23582:
23580:
23577:
23575:
23572:
23570:
23567:
23565:
23562:
23560:
23557:
23555:
23552:
23550:
23547:
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23542:
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23537:
23535:
23532:
23530:
23527:
23525:
23522:
23520:
23517:
23515:
23512:
23510:
23507:
23505:
23502:
23500:
23497:
23495:
23492:
23490:
23487:
23485:
23482:
23480:
23477:
23475:
23472:
23471:
23469:
23454:
23451:
23449:
23446:
23445:
23443:
23439:
23433:
23430:
23428:
23425:
23423:
23420:
23418:
23415:
23413:
23410:
23408:
23405:
23403:
23400:
23396:
23393:
23392:
23391:
23388:
23387:
23385:
23381:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23351:
23348:
23346:
23343:
23341:
23338:
23336:
23333:
23331:
23328:
23326:
23323:
23321:
23318:
23316:
23313:
23311:
23308:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23296:
23293:
23292:
23290:
23286:
23280:
23277:
23275:
23272:
23270:
23267:
23265:
23262:
23260:
23257:
23256:
23254:
23250:
23244:
23241:
23239:
23236:
23234:
23231:
23229:
23228:Fong Yue Ting
23226:
23224:
23221:
23220:
23218:
23214:
23211:
23207:
23197:
23194:
23192:
23189:
23187:
23184:
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23177:
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23172:
23169:
23165:
23162:
23161:
23159:
23158:Trump tariffs
23155:
23152:
23150:
23147:
23145:
23142:
23140:
23137:
23135:
23132:
23130:
23127:
23125:
23122:
23120:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23086:
23084:
23080:
23074:
23071:
23069:
23066:
23063:
23060:
23057:
23054:
23052:
23049:
23046:
23043:
23041:
23038:
23036:
23033:
23031:
23028:
23026:
23023:
23020:
23017:
23014:
23011:
23008:
23005:
23000:
22997:
22996:
22994:
22993:
22989:
22986:
22983:
22980:
22977:
22974:
22971:
22967:
22964:
22962:
22959:
22956:
22953:
22950:
22947:
22946:
22944:
22941:
22938:
22935:
22933:
22930:
22928:(1920s–1930s)
22927:
22924:
22922:
22919:
22916:
22913:
22910:
22907:
22904:
22901:
22898:
22895:
22894:
22892:
22888:
22881:
22878:
22875:
22872:
22870:
22867:
22864:
22861:
22859:
22856:
22854:
22851:
22848:
22845:
22843:
22840:
22837:
22834:
22832:
22829:
22827:
22824:
22822:
22819:
22817:
22814:
22812:
22809:
22806:
22803:
22800:
22797:
22795:
22792:
22789:
22786:
22784:
22781:
22778:
22775:
22773:
22770:
22767:
22764:
22761:
22758:
22755:
22754:Buckland Riot
22752:
22751:
22749:
22745:
22739:
22736:
22734:
22731:
22730:
22728:
22724:
22718:
22715:
22713:
22710:
22707:
22704:
22703:
22701:
22697:
22694:
22690:
22684:
22681:
22679:
22676:
22674:
22671:
22669:
22666:
22664:
22661:
22660:
22658:
22654:
22648:
22645:
22641:
22638:
22637:
22636:
22635:United States
22633:
22631:
22628:
22626:
22623:
22621:
22618:
22616:
22613:
22611:
22608:
22606:
22603:
22599:
22596:
22594:
22591:
22590:
22589:
22586:
22584:
22581:
22579:
22576:
22572:
22569:
22568:
22567:
22564:
22562:
22559:
22557:
22554:
22552:
22549:
22548:
22546:
22542:
22536:
22533:
22531:
22528:
22526:
22523:
22521:
22518:
22516:
22515:Denis Kearney
22513:
22511:
22508:
22506:
22503:
22502:
22500:
22498:By persecutor
22496:
22490:
22487:
22483:
22480:
22479:
22478:
22475:
22471:
22468:
22466:
22463:
22462:
22461:
22458:
22456:
22453:
22452:
22450:
22446:
22441:
22434:
22429:
22427:
22422:
22420:
22415:
22414:
22411:
22401:
22400:
22389:
22383:
22382:
22378:
22376:
22375:
22371:
22369:
22368:
22364:
22362:
22361:
22357:
22355:
22354:
22350:
22348:
22347:
22343:
22341:
22340:
22336:
22334:
22333:
22329:
22327:
22326:
22322:
22320:
22319:
22315:
22313:
22310:
22308:
22305:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22285:
22283:
22280:
22278:
22275:
22273:
22270:
22268:
22265:
22263:
22260:
22258:
22255:
22253:
22250:
22248:
22245:
22243:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22218:
22215:
22213:
22210:
22208:
22205:
22203:
22200:
22198:
22195:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22178:
22175:
22173:
22170:
22168:
22165:
22163:
22160:
22158:
22155:
22153:
22150:
22148:
22145:
22143:
22140:
22138:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22125:
22123:
22120:
22118:
22115:
22113:
22110:
22108:
22105:
22101:
22098:
22097:
22096:
22093:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22085:China watcher
22083:
22081:
22078:
22076:
22073:
22069:
22066:
22065:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22047:
22046:
22042:
22041:
22040:
22037:
22035:
22032:
22030:
22027:
22025:
22022:
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22007:
22006:
22004:
22000:
21994:
21991:
21988:
21987:Trump tariffs
21984:
21981:
21977:
21974:
21973:
21972:
21969:
21967:
21964:
21962:
21959:
21957:
21954:
21952:
21949:
21947:
21944:
21943:
21941:
21937:
21931:
21928:
21926:
21923:
21921:
21918:
21916:
21913:
21911:
21908:
21906:
21903:
21901:
21898:
21896:
21893:
21891:
21888:
21886:
21883:
21881:
21878:
21876:
21873:
21871:
21868:
21866:
21865:EQUITABLE Act
21863:
21861:
21858:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21848:
21846:
21843:
21841:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21824:
21821:
21820:
21819:
21816:
21814:
21811:
21809:
21806:
21804:
21801:
21799:
21796:
21795:
21793:
21789:
21783:
21780:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21766:
21765:Flying Tigers
21763:
21761:
21760:Dixie Mission
21758:
21756:
21755:China Marines
21753:
21751:
21748:
21746:
21743:
21741:
21738:
21736:
21733:
21732:
21731:
21728:
21724:
21721:
21720:
21719:
21716:
21715:
21713:
21711:
21707:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21684:
21681:
21680:
21679:
21676:
21670:
21667:
21666:
21665:
21662:
21660:
21657:
21655:
21652:
21651:
21650:
21647:
21645:
21642:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21632:
21630:
21627:
21625:
21622:
21618:
21615:
21614:
21613:
21610:
21608:
21605:
21601:
21598:
21597:
21596:
21593:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21581:
21578:
21576:
21573:
21571:
21568:
21566:
21563:
21561:
21558:
21556:
21553:
21551:
21548:
21546:
21543:
21541:
21538:
21534:
21531:
21529:
21526:
21525:
21524:
21521:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21487:
21484:
21483:
21482:
21479:
21477:
21474:
21472:
21469:
21467:
21464:
21462:
21459:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21447:
21444:
21443:
21441:
21437:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21419:
21416:
21414:
21411:
21407:
21404:
21403:
21402:
21399:
21398:
21397:
21394:
21390:
21387:
21386:
21385:
21382:
21380:
21377:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21364:
21363:
21360:
21359:
21357:
21353:
21347:
21344:
21342:
21339:
21337:
21334:
21332:
21329:
21327:
21324:
21322:
21319:
21317:
21314:
21312:
21309:
21305:
21302:
21301:
21300:
21297:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21283:
21282:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21257:
21256:
21253:
21251:
21248:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21238:Loss of China
21236:
21235:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21209:
21208:
21207:
21204:
21202:
21199:
21197:
21194:
21192:
21189:
21187:
21184:
21183:
21181:
21179:
21175:
21167:
21164:
21163:
21162:
21159:
21155:
21152:
21150:
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21127:
21126:
21124:
21120:
21117:
21115:
21112:
21111:
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21092:
21089:
21088:
21086:
21082:
21076:
21071:
21066:
21057:
21052:
21050:
21045:
21043:
21038:
21037:
21034:
21024:
21023:
21012:
21006:
21005:
21001:
20999:
20998:
20994:
20992:
20991:
20987:
20985:
20982:
20980:
20977:
20975:
20972:
20970:
20967:
20965:
20964:Yang Shoujing
20962:
20960:
20957:
20955:
20952:
20950:
20947:
20945:
20942:
20940:
20937:
20935:
20932:
20930:
20927:
20925:
20922:
20920:
20917:
20915:
20912:
20908:
20905:
20904:
20903:
20900:
20896:
20893:
20891:
20888:
20886:
20883:
20882:
20881:
20878:
20874:
20871:
20870:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20859:
20856:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20845:
20843:
20839:
20833:
20830:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20817:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20801:
20798:
20794:
20791:
20790:
20789:
20786:
20782:
20779:
20778:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20765:
20762:
20761:
20760:
20757:
20755:
20752:
20750:
20747:
20745:
20742:
20740:
20737:
20736:
20734:
20730:
20724:
20721:
20719:
20716:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20704:
20702:
20699:
20697:
20694:
20692:
20689:
20688:
20687:
20684:
20682:
20679:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20655:
20652:
20650:
20647:
20645:
20642:
20640:
20637:
20635:
20632:
20630:
20627:
20625:
20622:
20620:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20611:
20610:
20607:
20603:
20600:
20599:
20598:
20595:
20594:
20592:
20588:
20582:
20579:
20577:
20574:
20572:
20569:
20565:
20562:
20561:
20560:
20557:
20555:
20552:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20515:
20512:
20510:
20507:
20506:
20504:
20500:
20494:
20491:
20490:
20488:
20484:
20478:
20473:
20468:
20459:
20454:
20452:
20447:
20445:
20440:
20439:
20436:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20368:Fukoku kyōhei
20366:
20364:
20361:
20360:
20358:
20354:
20342:
20339:
20338:
20337:
20334:
20333:
20331:
20327:
20321:
20318:
20316:
20313:
20311:
20308:
20306:
20303:
20301:
20298:
20296:
20293:
20291:
20288:
20286:
20283:
20281:
20278:
20277:
20275:
20273:
20269:
20263:
20260:
20258:
20255:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20245:
20243:
20240:
20238:
20235:
20233:
20230:
20229:
20227:
20225:Puppet states
20223:
20217:
20214:
20212:
20209:
20207:
20204:
20202:
20199:
20196:
20195:
20190:
20187:
20186:
20184:
20180:
20177:
20173:
20163:
20160:
20157:
20153:
20149:
20146:
20144:
20141:
20139:
20136:
20134:
20131:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20121:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20081:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20060:
20058:
20056:
20052:
20046:
20043:
20041:
20038:
20036:
20033:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
19999:
19996:
19995:
19994:
19991:
19990:
19988:
19986:
19982:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19958:
19956:
19953:
19951:
19948:
19946:
19943:
19941:
19938:
19936:
19933:
19931:
19928:
19926:
19923:
19921:
19918:
19917:
19915:
19912:
19907:
19904:
19900:
19890:
19887:
19885:
19884:Fleet Faction
19882:
19880:
19877:
19875:
19872:
19870:
19867:
19865:
19864:General Staff
19862:
19861:
19859:
19856:
19851:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19804:General Staff
19802:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19791:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19770:
19767:
19765:
19762:
19758:
19757:military code
19756:
19752:
19751:
19750:
19749:
19745:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19733:
19732:
19731:
19728:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19717:
19714:
19710:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19689:
19688:
19687:Imperial Diet
19685:
19683:
19680:
19678:
19677:Privy Council
19675:
19673:
19670:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19657:
19651:
19648:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19636:
19633:
19631:
19628:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19616:
19613:
19611:
19608:
19606:
19603:
19601:
19598:
19596:
19595:Home Ministry
19593:
19591:
19588:
19587:
19585:
19582:
19575:
19572:
19568:
19562:
19559:
19557:
19554:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19542:
19539:
19537:
19534:
19532:
19529:
19527:
19524:
19522:
19519:
19517:
19514:
19512:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19484:
19482:
19479:
19477:
19474:
19473:
19471:
19467:
19461:
19458:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19438:Imperial Seal
19436:
19435:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19423:Flag of Japan
19421:
19420:
19418:
19414:
19408:
19402:
19400:
19394:
19392:
19386:
19385:
19383:
19379:
19364:
19361:
19359:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19342:
19339:
19338:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19327:
19324:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19307:
19304:
19302:
19299:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19278:
19276:
19272:
19268:
19261:
19256:
19254:
19249:
19247:
19242:
19241:
19238:
19226:
19223:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19201:
19198:
19196:
19193:
19191:
19188:
19187:
19185:
19179:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19165:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19148:
19146:
19143:
19142:
19141:
19138:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19124:
19121:
19119:
19116:
19114:
19111:
19110:
19109:
19106:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19088:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19036:Liechtenstein
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19011:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18990:
18987:
18985:
18982:
18981:
18980:
18977:
18975:
18972:
18970:
18967:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18936:
18934:
18930:
18924:
18921:
18919:
18916:
18914:
18911:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18857:
18854:
18853:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18825:
18822:
18818:
18815:
18814:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18803:
18800:
18799:
18797:
18793:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18771:Latin America
18769:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18753:
18751:
18749:South America
18747:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18729:
18726:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18710:
18709:
18708:United States
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18675:
18673:
18671:North America
18669:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18632:
18631:
18628:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18608:
18606:
18603:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18575:Belgian Congo
18573:
18572:
18570:
18566:
18562:
18555:
18550:
18548:
18543:
18541:
18536:
18535:
18532:
18519:
18515:
18512:
18508:
18505:
18504:
18499:
18492:
18491:
18488:
18475:
18471:
18468:
18464:
18461:
18457:
18456:
18454:
18450:
18445:
18441:
18440:
18438:
18437:Kuril Islands
18434:
18431:
18427:
18422:
18418:
18417:
18415:
18411:
18408:
18404:
18401:
18397:
18394:
18390:
18387:
18383:
18378:
18374:
18373:
18371:
18367:
18364:
18360:
18357:
18353:
18350:
18346:
18343:
18339:
18336:
18332:
18329:
18325:
18322:
18318:
18315:
18311:
18308:
18304:
18301:
18297:
18294:
18290:
18287:
18283:
18280:
18276:
18273:
18269:
18268:
18266:
18264:
18260:
18253:
18249:
18244:
18243:
18238:
18237:
18235:
18231:
18228:
18224:
18219:
18215:
18214:
18212:
18208:
18205:
18204:Syrmian Front
18201:
18198:
18194:
18191:
18187:
18184:
18180:
18177:
18176:
18171:
18168:
18167:
18162:
18159:
18155:
18152:
18151:
18150:Market Garden
18146:
18143:
18139:
18136:
18132:
18129:
18125:
18122:
18121:
18116:
18113:
18109:
18106:
18102:
18099:
18095:
18092:
18088:
18085:
18081:
18078:
18074:
18071:
18070:
18065:
18062:
18058:
18055:
18054:
18049:
18046:
18045:
18040:
18037:
18036:
18031:
18028:
18024:
18021:
18017:
18014:
18010:
18009:Monte Cassino
18006:
18003:
18002:
17997:
17996:
17994:
17992:
17988:
17981:
17977:
17972:
17968:
17965:
17961:
17960:
17958:
17954:
17951:
17947:
17944:
17940:
17937:
17933:
17930:
17926:
17921:
17917:
17916:
17914:
17910:
17907:
17903:
17900:
17899:
17894:
17891:
17887:
17884:
17880:
17877:
17873:
17870:
17866:
17863:
17859:
17856:
17852:
17849:
17845:
17842:
17838:
17837:
17835:
17833:
17829:
17822:
17818:
17815:
17814:
17809:
17806:
17802:
17799:
17795:
17792:
17791:
17786:
17783:
17779:
17776:
17772:
17769:
17765:
17762:
17758:
17755:
17754:
17749:
17744:
17740:
17737:
17733:
17732:
17730:
17726:
17723:
17719:
17716:
17712:
17709:
17705:
17702:
17698:
17695:
17691:
17688:
17684:
17681:
17677:
17674:
17670:
17667:
17663:
17660:
17656:
17655:
17653:
17651:
17647:
17640:
17636:
17633:
17629:
17626:
17622:
17619:
17615:
17612:
17608:
17605:
17601:
17598:
17594:
17591:
17587:
17584:
17580:
17577:
17573:
17570:
17566:
17563:
17559:
17556:
17552:
17549:
17545:
17542:
17538:
17535:
17531:
17528:
17524:
17521:
17517:
17514:
17510:
17506:
17505:
17500:
17496:
17491:
17487:
17486:
17484:
17480:
17477:
17473:
17470:
17466:
17463:
17459:
17456:
17452:
17447:
17443:
17442:
17440:
17436:
17433:
17429:
17426:
17422:
17419:
17415:
17414:
17412:
17410:
17406:
17399:
17398:
17393:
17390:
17386:
17383:
17379:
17376:
17372:
17369:
17368:Baltic states
17365:
17362:
17358:
17355:
17351:
17348:
17344:
17341:
17337:
17334:
17330:
17327:
17323:
17320:
17316:
17313:
17309:
17306:
17302:
17299:
17295:
17292:
17288:
17285:
17281:
17278:
17274:
17271:
17267:
17266:
17264:
17262:
17258:
17251:
17247:
17244:
17240:
17237:
17233:
17230:
17226:
17223:
17219:
17216:
17212:
17209:
17205:
17204:
17202:
17200:
17196:
17187:
17183:
17180:
17176:
17173:
17169:
17166:
17162:
17159:
17155:
17154:
17152:
17148:
17143:
17139:
17136:
17132:
17131:
17129:
17125:
17120:
17116:
17115:
17113:
17109:
17108:
17106:
17104:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17091:
17080:
17076:
17073:
17069:
17064:
17060:
17057:
17053:
17052:
17048:
17043:
17039:
17038:
17036:
17032:
17029:
17025:
17020:
17016:
17013:
17012:United States
17009:
17004:
17000:
16999:
16997:
16993:
16992:
16988:
16985:
16981:
16980:
16978:
16976:
16972:
16965:
16961:
16956:
16952:
16949:
16948:Quốc dân Đảng
16945:
16944:
16940:
16937:
16933:
16930:
16926:
16923:
16919:
16916:
16912:
16909:
16905:
16902:
16898:
16895:
16891:
16888:
16884:
16881:
16877:
16874:
16870:
16867:
16863:
16860:
16856:
16853:
16849:
16846:
16842:
16837:
16833:
16830:
16826:
16825:
16823:
16819:
16816:
16812:
16809:
16805:
16802:
16798:
16795:
16791:
16788:
16784:
16781:
16777:
16774:
16770:
16767:
16763:
16760:
16756:
16753:
16749:
16746:
16742:
16739:
16735:
16732:
16728:
16725:
16721:
16718:
16714:
16711:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16702:
16698:
16691:
16687:
16684:
16680:
16677:
16673:
16670:
16666:
16663:
16659:
16656:
16652:
16649:
16648:Liechtenstein
16645:
16642:
16638:
16635:
16631:
16628:
16624:
16621:
16617:
16616:
16614:
16612:
16608:
16601:
16600:Collaboration
16597:
16594:
16590:
16587:
16583:
16580:
16576:
16572:
16568:
16565:
16561:
16558:
16554:
16551:
16547:
16542:
16538:
16537:
16534:
16530:
16527:
16523:
16520:
16516:
16513:
16509:
16506:
16502:
16499:
16495:
16491:
16487:
16484:
16480:
16477:
16473:
16469:
16465:
16462:
16458:
16457:
16455:
16453:
16449:
16442:
16438:
16433:
16429:
16428:
16426:
16425:United States
16422:
16417:
16413:
16412:
16410:
16406:
16403:
16399:
16396:
16392:
16389:
16385:
16382:
16378:
16375:
16371:
16367:
16363:
16359:
16356:
16352:
16349:
16345:
16342:
16338:
16335:
16331:
16328:
16324:
16321:
16317:
16314:
16310:
16307:
16303:
16299:
16295:
16291:
16288:
16284:
16281:
16277:
16274:
16270:
16267:
16263:
16259:
16255:
16251:
16247:
16243:
16240:
16236:
16233:
16229:
16226:
16222:
16219:
16215:
16212:
16208:
16205:
16201:
16197:
16193:
16189:
16186:
16182:
16179:
16175:
16172:
16168:
16165:
16161:
16160:
16158:
16156:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16143:
16130:
16126:
16123:
16119:
16116:
16115:Comfort women
16112:
16109:
16105:
16102:
16099: /
16098:
16094:
16091:
16088: /
16087:
16084: /
16083:
16079:
16076:
16075:Camp brothels
16072:
16069:
16065:
16064:
16060:
16057:
16053:
16048:
16044:
16041:
16037:
16036:
16034:
16030:
16025:
16021:
16018:
16014:
16011:
16007:
16006:
16004:
16000:
15997:
15993:
15988:
15984:
15979:
15975:
15972:
15968:
15967:
15965:
15964:The Holocaust
15961:
15958:
15954:
15951:
15950:forced labour
15947:
15946:
15944:
15940:
15935:
15931:
15928:
15924:
15921:
15917:
15916:
15914:
15910:
15909:
15907:
15905:
15901:
15894:
15890:
15887:
15883:
15880:
15876:
15871:
15867:
15864:
15860:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15846:
15845:
15843:
15839:
15836:
15835:
15830:
15827:
15826:
15821:
15818:
15814:
15811:
15807:
15804:
15803:Marshall Plan
15800:
15797:
15796:
15791:
15788:
15784:
15781:
15777:
15774:
15770:
15767:
15763:
15760:
15756:
15753:
15749:
15746:
15742:
15739:
15735:
15734:
15732:
15730:
15726:
15719:
15715:
15710:
15706:
15705:
15703:
15699:
15696:
15692:
15687:
15683:
15680:
15676:
15673:
15669:
15668:
15666:
15662:
15657:
15656:Eastern Front
15653:
15650:
15649:Western Front
15646:
15645:
15643:
15639:
15634:
15630:
15627:
15623:
15620:
15616:
15613:
15609:
15606:
15602:
15599:
15595:
15594:
15592:
15588:
15587:
15585:
15583:
15579:
15572:
15568:
15565:
15561:
15558:
15554:
15551:
15547:
15544:
15543:Puppet states
15540:
15537:
15533:
15530:
15526:
15521:
15517:
15514:
15510:
15509:
15507:
15503:
15500:
15496:
15493:
15489:
15486:
15485:Naval history
15482:
15479:
15475:
15472:
15468:
15465:
15461:
15456:
15452:
15451:
15449:
15445:
15442:
15438:
15433:
15432:United States
15429:
15426:
15422:
15419:
15415:
15414:
15412:
15408:
15405:
15401:
15398:
15394:
15391:
15387:
15384:
15380:
15377:
15373:
15370:
15366:
15361:
15357:
15356:
15354:
15350:
15349:
15347:
15345:
15341:
15338:
15334:
15327:
15323:
15320:
15316:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15300:
15297:
15293:
15292:
15288:
15283:
15279:
15278:
15276:
15272:
15269:
15265:
15264:
15261:
15257:
15250:
15245:
15243:
15238:
15236:
15231:
15230:
15227:
15215:
15211:
15207:
15205:
15201:
15197:
15195:
15187:
15186:
15183:
15169:Stubborn Army
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15160:Dixie Mission
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15107:
15105:
15101:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15076:
15074:
15070:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15053:Flying Tigers
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15040:
15038:
15034:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14994:
14992:
14988:
14984:
14976:
14975:
14971:
14967:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14918:
14915:
14908:
14904:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14840:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14709:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14669:
14667:
14665:Major Battles
14663:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14503:
14501:
14497:
14493:
14489:Course of War
14486:
14482:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14415:
14413:
14409:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14384:
14382:
14378:
14375:
14371:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14350:Liang Hongzhi
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14315:Zhang Jinghui
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14300:Zengo Yoshida
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14285:Shunroku Hata
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14265:Kuniaki Koiso
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14232:
14230:
14226:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14209:Zhang Wentian
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14194:Soong Tse-ven
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14165:
14162:
14158:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14112:
14110:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14082:
14081:
14078:
14077:
14075:
14071:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14049:
14048:
14045:
14039:
14036:
14035:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14020:
14019:
14016:
14015:
14013:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14000:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13951:
13949:
13945:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13914:
13910:
13907:
13903:
13899:
13892:
13888:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13774:
13771:
13764:
13760:
13755:
13748:
13743:
13741:
13736:
13734:
13729:
13728:
13725:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13699:
13695:
13691:
13688:
13685:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13663:
13659:
13655:
13652:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13640:
13636:
13635:
13615:
13614:
13609:
13605:
13600:
13596:
13594:0-670-76003-X
13590:
13586:
13585:
13579:
13567:
13563:
13561:9781781251942
13557:
13553:
13552:
13546:
13544:
13540:
13537:
13536:online review
13533:
13529:
13525:
13519:
13515:
13514:
13508:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13483:Asian Affairs
13479:
13476:
13472:
13470:
13466:
13462:
13459:
13455:
13443:
13439:
13433:
13429:
13428:
13423:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13410:
13406:
13402:
13397:
13395:0-7748-1100-5
13391:
13388:. UBC Press.
13387:
13382:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13350:
13347:
13346:0-7748-0840-3
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13319:1-874622-21-3
13315:
13311:
13306:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13291:
13289:957-13-0962-1
13285:
13281:
13276:
13273:
13269:
13266:
13261:
13259:0-87332-708-X
13255:
13251:
13246:
13242:
13236:
13232:
13229:. Cambridge:
13228:
13225:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13207:
13203:
13198:
13196:
13192:
13191:7-214-03034-9
13188:
13184:
13181:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13167:
13163:
13161:0-8014-0951-9
13157:
13153:
13148:
13147:
13141:
13137:
13135:
13132:(1941) 570pp
13131:
13127:
13125:
13123:
13118:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13100:
13099:0-674-01748-X
13096:
13092:
13088:
13087:
13065:
13061:
13059:981-261-067-7
13055:
13051:
13050:
13042:
13026:
13022:
13018:
13012:
12996:
12992:
12986:
12982:
12981:
12973:
12954:
12947:
12946:
12938:
12922:
12918:
12912:
12908:
12907:
12899:
12883:
12879:
12875:
12868:
12852:
12848:
12846:1-85109-490-3
12842:
12838:
12837:
12829:
12813:
12809:
12807:1-4020-2097-X
12803:
12799:
12798:
12790:
12783:
12777:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12761:Prince Mikasa
12758:
12754:
12750:
12747:
12744:
12739:
12724:on 8 May 2019
12723:
12719:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12697:
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12658:
12657:
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12630:
12623:
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12614:
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12598:
12593:
12577:
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12572:
12564:
12548:
12544:
12543:
12535:
12519:
12515:
12511:
12507:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12478:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12436:
12435:
12428:
12419:
12412:
12407:
12400:
12396:
12392:
12386:
12377:
12375:
12373:
12365:
12359:
12357:
12355:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12324:
12308:
12304:
12302:9781315081328
12298:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12285:
12277:
12261:
12257:
12256:
12248:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12230:9781607526599
12226:
12222:
12215:
12208:
12203:
12195:
12189:
12185:
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12164:
12156:
12149:
12133:
12129:
12123:
12107:
12103:
12097:
12090:
12089:
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12079:
12071:
12067:
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12053:
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12040:
12033:
12029:
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12021:
12014:
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12002:
11995:
11991:
11988:
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11976:
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11969:
11964:
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11934:
11927:
11923:
11904:
11897:
11891:
11884:
11880:
11877:
11872:
11870:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11838:
11822:
11818:
11811:
11795:
11791:
11785:
11776:
11766:
11759:
11754:
11750:
11746:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11723:Lovell, Julia
11718:
11711:
11710:
11703:
11696:
11692:
11689:
11684:
11677:
11671:
11655:
11651:
11645:
11638:
11633:
11629:
11622:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11584:
11577:
11561:
11557:
11556:
11549:
11533:
11529:
11525:
11518:
11502:
11498:
11496:0-906026-24-5
11492:
11488:
11487:
11479:
11463:
11459:
11457:1-85207-930-4
11453:
11449:
11448:
11440:
11424:
11420:
11418:0-415-36835-9
11414:
11410:
11409:
11401:
11385:
11381:
11379:0-674-11968-1
11375:
11371:
11370:
11362:
11346:
11342:
11341:
11333:
11317:
11313:
11312:
11304:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11270:
11263:
11255:
11249:
11233:
11229:
11228:
11221:
11205:
11201:
11195:
11191:
11190:
11182:
11166:
11162:
11156:
11148:
11146:0-275-93560-4
11142:
11138:
11137:
11129:
11114:
11108:
11104:
11103:
11095:
11079:
11075:
11069:
11065:
11064:
11056:
11048:
11042:
11038:
11037:
11029:
11021:
11019:0-253-21360-6
11015:
11011:
11006:
11005:
10996:
10988:
10986:0-345-30823-9
10982:
10978:
10977:
10969:
10961:
10959:0-313-31170-6
10955:
10951:
10950:
10942:
10934:
10932:9780894532870
10928:
10924:
10923:
10915:
10908:
10897:
10895:0-231-06909-X
10891:
10887:
10882:
10881:
10872:
10864:
10862:0-8014-0951-9
10858:
10854:
10853:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10804:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10775:Asian Affairs
10769:
10761:
10759:9780709041313
10755:
10751:
10744:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10707:
10700:
10694:
10686:
10680:
10672:
10665:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10619:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10585:
10578:
10559:
10552:
10546:
10527:
10520:
10514:
10498:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10482:
10466:
10462:
10461:
10453:
10445:
10444:
10436:
10428:
10427:
10419:
10411:
10410:
10402:
10394:
10393:
10385:
10376:
10367:
10351:
10347:
10341:
10333:
10327:
10323:
10316:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10299:
10292:
10287:
10280:
10274:
10267:
10263:
10262:Mitter (2013)
10258:
10251:
10247:
10246:Mitter (2013)
10242:
10235:
10231:
10230:Mitter (2013)
10226:
10210:
10206:
10200:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10170:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10140:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10110:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10073:
10060:
10056:
10050:
10043:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10016:
10000:
9996:
9989:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9959:
9952:
9947:
9940:
9935:
9928:
9923:
9915:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9891:
9889:
9882:, p. 73.
9881:
9876:
9870:, p. 70.
9869:
9864:
9856:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9836:
9829:
9824:
9817:
9812:
9805:
9804:Asian Affairs
9799:
9792:
9789:Yuki Tanaka,
9786:
9778:
9772:
9768:
9761:
9753:
9751:0-304-29114-5
9747:
9743:
9736:
9720:
9716:
9710:
9706:
9705:
9697:
9681:
9677:
9671:
9667:
9666:
9658:
9642:
9638:
9632:
9628:
9627:
9619:
9611:
9605:
9601:
9596:
9595:
9586:
9578:
9574:
9573:
9568:
9562:
9555:
9550:
9542:
9538:
9531:
9523:
9519:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9473:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9438:Daniel Ford,
9435:
9428:
9422:
9415:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9388:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9349:
9341:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9322:
9314:
9307:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9283:
9275:
9267:
9263:
9262:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究
9256:
9254:
9245:
9241:
9240:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究
9234:
9226:
9222:
9215:
9207:
9203:
9202:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究
9196:
9187:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9152:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9128:
9121:
9113:
9106:
9098:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9077:
9072:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9045:
9037:
9030:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8985:. Ann Arbor:
8984:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8956:
8952:
8945:
8938:
8932:
8924:
8920:
8914:
8906:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8846:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8816:
8808:
8802:
8798:
8791:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8693:
8691:0-520-20761-0
8687:
8683:
8682:
8674:
8667:
8666:, p. 85.
8665:
8661:Lei, Bryant.
8658:
8650:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8631:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8585:
8569:
8561:
8560:j.ctv9zckzn.9
8557:
8554:. Routledge.
8553:
8546:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8487:
8480:
8474:
8467:
8461:
8455:, p. 83.
8454:
8449:
8440:
8434:, p. 82.
8433:
8428:
8422:, p. 79.
8421:
8416:
8409:
8403:
8397:, p. 57.
8396:
8391:
8385:, p. 33.
8384:
8379:
8370:
8361:
8354:(in Chinese).
8353:
8346:
8340:
8331:
8316:
8312:
8306:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8251:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8222:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8180:
8176:
8175:History Today
8172:
8166:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8132:The Economist
8128:
8122:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8079:
8072:
8066:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8041:
8034:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8003:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7974:. Macmillan.
7973:
7972:
7964:
7957:
7953:
7952:Mitter (2013)
7948:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7918:
7917:
7909:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7870:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7823:
7819:
7818:Vancouver Sun
7815:
7808:
7801:
7796:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7694:
7687:
7686:0-88738-417-X
7683:
7679:
7675:
7670:
7661:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7633:
7631:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7611:
7602:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7554:
7553:0-88738-417-X
7550:
7546:
7542:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7485:
7483:
7473:
7471:
7462:
7460:7-80054-595-4
7456:
7445:
7439:, p. 72.
7438:
7433:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7414:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7395:
7387:
7381:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7358:
7342:
7338:
7336:1-56324-246-X
7332:
7328:
7327:
7319:
7310:
7302:
7296:
7286:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7261:
7245:
7241:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7222:
7215:
7209:
7205:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7111:
7108:
7097:
7089:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7057:
7053:
7051:
7045:
7037:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6999:. During the
6998:
6995:carrying the
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6936:According to
6933:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6879:John W. Dower
6876:
6875:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6801:sanko sakusen
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6778:
6773:
6770:The official
6769:
6766:
6765:
6759:
6752:
6747:
6738:
6736:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6632:In 1952, the
6630:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6604:
6603:Taiwan Strait
6599:
6594:
6584:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6568:comfort women
6565:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6517:
6512:
6503:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6485:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6463:
6458:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6395:Kwantung Army
6387:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6255:
6254:Ili Rebellion
6250:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6181:Phạm Văn Đồng
6178:
6177:Phan Bội Châu
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6016:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5892:
5891:Flying Tigers
5888:
5882:United States
5874:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5843:two-front war
5840:
5836:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5775:Chan Kee-Wong
5772:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5380:
5379:British Burma
5376:
5372:
5367:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5333:Yangtze River
5329:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5250:Operation Zet
5247:
5243:
5242:Flying Tigers
5239:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5175:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5148:
5147:Second period
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5114:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5011:
5008:
5000:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4966:This section
4964:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4701:urban warfare
4697:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4548:Air Force Day
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4418:Kwantung Army
4415:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4249:Rehe Province
4246:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4211:Lytton Report
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4111:In 1930, the
4104:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4021:launched the
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:German Empire
3992:
3988:
3982:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3908:and southern
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:modernization
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3815:Nisshin–Sensō
3804:
3799:
3796:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3763:" (Japanese:
3762:
3758:
3755:launched the
3754:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3731:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3667:
3662:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3599:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3475:the Himalayas
3472:
3469:cut off, the
3468:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:relocated to
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3127:Japanese name
3125:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2802:ㄎㄤˋ ㄖˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄥ
2799:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Syria–Lebanon
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:Pacific Ocean
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Eastern Front
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:Western Front
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2341:Campaigns of
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:Taishō period
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Ryukyu (1879)
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Taiwan (1874)
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:Kuril Islands
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:North America
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:Borneo (1945)
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Bay of Bengal
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Central Hubei
1441:
1439:
1438:North Vietnam
1436:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:South Guangxi
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:Tianjin–Pukou
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:Lytton Report
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
972:
965:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
939:
928:
927:
925:
917:
914:
911:
907:
906:
904:
901:
895:446,740 total
894:
893:
891:
888:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
865:
862:
861:
859:
858:
847:
844:
841:
834:
831:
830:
828:
825:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
805:
802:
801:
799:
798:
787:
786:
784:
783:
778:
769:
768:
762:
743:
738:
734:
731:
728:
727:
725:
724:
713:
712:
710:
700:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
680:
679:
668:
663:
660:
657:
656:
654:
651:: (including
650:
649:
638:
637:
635:
625:
624:
619:
613:
603:
601:
591:
589:
588:
583:
573:
571:
561:
559:
558:Shunroku Hata
549:
546:
541:
531:
529:
528:
527:Emperor Shōwa
517:
516:
514:
509:
492:
490:
473:
471:
454:
452:
435:
433:
416:
414:
397:
395:
394:
383:
381:
380:
369:
368:
366:
365:
360:
355:
344:
342:
337:
332:
330:
325:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
306:
302:
292:
290:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
253:
249:
245:
242:
237:
236:
232:
229:
228:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
200:
196:
193:
192:
188:
182:
178:
175:
173:
169:
165:
163:
159:
157:
156:Qinhuai River
153:
149:
147:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:
124:
115:
106:
95:
86:
75:
66:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
23288:21st century
23259:Vincent Chin
23252:20th century
23238:Wong Kim Ark
23216:19th century
23082:21st century
22995:(1945–1947)
22990:
22945:(1937-1945)
22942:
22890:20th century
22747:19th century
22726:18th century
22699:17th century
22683:Uyoku dantai
22678:Tsagaan Khas
22610:Nazi Germany
22460:Yellow Peril
22442:(Sinophobia)
22392:
22379:
22372:
22365:
22358:
22353:Peaceful War
22351:
22344:
22337:
22330:
22323:
22316:
22277:Harvard Bixi
22043:
21956:Group of Two
21808:Magnuson Act
21729:
21612:Meng Wanzhou
21533:Liu Chaoying
21528:Johnny Chung
21279:
21015:
21002:
20995:
20988:
20754:Imo Incident
20608:
20356:Other topics
20192:
20102:
20030:Taishō Roman
19784:Conscription
19754:
19746:
19721:Armed Forces
19581:(ministries)
19481:Charter Oath
19476:Constitution
19358:State Shinto
19341:Essentialism
19291:Demographics
19167:Vatican City
19086:Soviet Union
18834:West Sumatra
18811:
18703:Newfoundland
18657:South Africa
18652:Sierra Leone
18630:North Africa
18511:Bibliography
18494:
18307:Project Hula
18272:Vistula–Oder
18241:
18174:
18165:
18149:
18119:
18068:
18052:
18043:
18034:
18000:
17897:
17812:
17788:
17751:
17502:
17395:
17340:North Africa
17134:
17042:Soviet Union
16996:Soviet Union
16922:Soviet Union
16690:Vatican City
16593:Vichy France
16498:German Reich
16395:Soviet Union
16381:South Africa
16374:Sierra Leone
16327:Newfoundland
16210:
16146:Participants
16129:Marocchinate
15833:
15824:
15794:
15672:North Africa
15633:Indian Ocean
15597:
15492:Nazi plunder
15383:Cryptography
15256:World War II
15214:Japan Portal
15204:China Portal
15125:People's war
14443:Soemu Toyoda
14438:Osami Nagano
14330:Wang Jingwei
14250:Nobuyuki Abe
14038:Marine Corps
14003:Armed Forces
13895:Participants
13817:Tanggu Truce
13753:
13702:. Retrieved
13698:the original
13666:. Retrieved
13662:the original
13637:
13618:. Retrieved
13612:
13603:
13583:
13570:. Retrieved
13550:
13531:
13512:
13489:(1): 66–74.
13486:
13482:
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13446:. Retrieved
13426:
13422:Mitter, Rana
13404:
13385:
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13090:
13083:Bibliography
13068:. Retrieved
13048:
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13029:. Retrieved
13025:the original
13020:
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12999:. Retrieved
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12960:. Retrieved
12953:the original
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12796:
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12722:the original
12717:
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12695:
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12665:. Retrieved
12655:
12648:
12636:. Retrieved
12621:China at War
12620:
12592:
12580:. Retrieved
12570:
12563:
12551:. Retrieved
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12254:
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12220:
12214:
12207:Ho Ying-chin
12202:
12183:
12179:
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12106:the original
12096:
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11951:. Retrieved
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11910:. Retrieved
11903:the original
11890:
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11848:The Diplomat
11847:
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11810:
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11794:the original
11784:
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11589:
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11564:. Retrieved
11555:China at War
11554:
11548:
11536:. Retrieved
11527:
11517:
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11485:
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11466:. Retrieved
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10914:
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10821:the original
10812:
10803:
10781:(1): 66–74.
10778:
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10693:
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10350:the original
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9988:
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9972:the original
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9703:
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9625:
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9577:the original
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9265:
9261:
9260:渠长根 (2003).
9243:
9239:
9238:渠长根 (2003).
9233:
9224:
9219:张龙杰 (2019).
9214:
9205:
9201:
9200:渠长根 (2003).
9195:
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8955:the original
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8845:
8833:. Retrieved
8824:
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8778:. Retrieved
8774:the original
8769:
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8748:. Retrieved
8740:Taipei Times
8739:
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8718:. Retrieved
8714:the original
8709:
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8406:Zhen Jiali,
8402:
8390:
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8360:
8351:
8339:
8330:
8318:. Retrieved
8314:
8305:
8272:
8268:
8258:
8239:
8233:
8228:, p. 5.
8221:
8209:. Retrieved
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8130:
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8033:
8021:. Retrieved
8013:the Guardian
8012:
8002:
7990:. Retrieved
7970:
7963:
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7935:. Retrieved
7915:
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7876:
7869:
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7817:
7807:
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7753:
7741:. Retrieved
7737:
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7716:. Retrieved
7712:
7702:
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7677:
7674:R. J. Rummel
7669:
7660:
7648:. Retrieved
7638:
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7601:
7589:. Retrieved
7578:
7544:
7541:R. J. Rummel
7517:. Retrieved
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7345:. Retrieved
7325:
7318:
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7248:. Retrieved
7228:
7221:
7213:
7208:
7183:
7121:China portal
7107:Japan portal
7065:
7047:
7025:
7009:
6983:provided by
6979:
6959:
6955:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6908:
6899:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6856:
6800:
6785:Nationalists
6756:
6732:
6724:
6709:
6682:
6655:
6631:
6611:
6580:
6572:
6558:
6544:
6521:
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6408:
6392:
6380:
6352:
6344:
6336:Ma Zhongying
6329:
6301:
6278:
6251:
6247:
6239:Qaidam Basin
6232:
6217:
6204:
6185:
6158:
6113:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6051:
6048:in June 1942
6035:
6022:
5999:
5979:
5975:
5967:
5960:
5949:
5933:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5832:
5814:
5809:Adolf Hitler
5779:
5754:
5745:
5729:
5722:
5716:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5588:
5571:Europe first
5560:
5554:at the 1943
5509:
5489:
5429:
5418:
5406:World War II
5402:
5347:
5330:
5326:
5302:United Front
5291:
5279:
5235:
5224:
5216:
5197:
5180:
5152:
5146:
5137:First period
5136:
5127:
5115:
5111:Nazi Germany
5103:
5085:Wang Jingwei
5077:
5050:
5026:
5003:
4997:October 2023
4994:
4979:Please help
4967:
4916:Soviet Union
4882:Yellow River
4861:
4835:
4783:
4776:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4728:
4717:
4710:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4666:
4651:
4644:
4616:
4608:Huang Xinrui
4601:
4595:
4552:
4547:
4513:
4502:
4488:
4481:
4451:
4438:
4422:
4403:
4368:
4330:
4299:
4276:
4264:
4253:
4245:Tanggu Truce
4243:region. The
4238:
4215:
4196:
4183:Zhang Zuolin
4171:buffer state
4159:
4110:
4101:
4086:
4063:assassinated
4060:
4042:
4027:Soviet Union
3984:
3960:
3944:Beiyang Army
3933:
3916:over Korea.
3914:protectorate
3892:through its
3870:intervention
3846:
3837:Previous war
3803:Qing dynasty
3800:
3780:
3778:
3773:Daitōa Sensō
3748:). In 1940,
3715:
3686:
3641:China proper
3636:Nitchū Sensō
3618:
3555:
3511:
3456:
3385:
3379:to form the
3345:puppet state
3330:
3309:
3298:World War II
3281:
3279:
3258:Nissi sensou
3246:Kunrei-shiki
3235:Nicchū sensō
3232:Nisshi sensō
3220:Romanization
3064:Hanyu Pinyin
2997:Hanyu Pinyin
2930:Hanyu Pinyin
2863:Hanyu Pinyin
2782:Hanyu Pinyin
2732:Chinese name
2660:
2659:
2648:Indian Ocean
2609:Ecuador–Peru
2597:
2596:
2566:Middle East
2540:North Africa
2528:
2527:
2473:
2467:Asia-Pacific
2465:
2464:
2352:
2343:World War II
2288:
2277:Shōwa period
2275:
2274:
2251:
2250:
2245:Korea (1910)
2204:Meiji period
2202:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2119:
2099:
2065:
2012:
2007:Project Hula
1992:Fort Stevens
1921:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1735:Ocean Island
1698:
1688:Pearl Harbor
1604:
1590:
1581:4th Changsha
1572:
1571:
1564:
1545:
1538:
1519:
1487:3rd Changsha
1485:
1480:2nd Changsha
1478:
1473:South Shanxi
1471:
1464:
1452:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1403:West Suiyuan
1395:
1381:
1376:1st Changsha
1374:
1360:
1353:
1322:
1315:
1279:
1265:
1254:Pingxingguan
1246:
1219:2nd Shanghai
1217:
1164:1st Shanghai
1104:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1024:
1006:
987:
959:
944:
936:
902:
889:
881:
863:
855:
842:
826:
818:
803:
795:
765:
721:
701:
676:
646:
626:
600:Otozō Yamada
586:
525:
489:Xu Yongchang
391:
377:
307:
289:Nationalists
267:
262:Belligerents
179:marching in
144:fighting in
122:
52:World War II
42:Part of the
29:
23519:Pacific War
23427:Shina/Zhina
23407:Ching chong
23370:Michelle Go
23360:Xiaoxing Xi
23350:Sherry Chen
23335:Jiayang Fan
23269:Qian Xuesen
23064:(1975–1979)
23015:(1956–1965)
22987:(1945–1946)
22957:(1942-1945)
22951:(1937–1938)
22899:(1901–1973)
22876:(1892–1943)
22849:(1885–1923)
22807:(1882–1943)
22801:(1881–1944)
22762:(1860–1861)
22692:By incident
22615:Philippines
22520:Hideki Tojo
22080:China Hands
22063:China Lobby
21791:Legislation
21617:Extradition
21486:Qian Xuesen
21114:Los Angeles
20974:Liu Lianren
20954:Pei Shiqing
20759:Gapsin Coup
20398:Shōwa Modan
20373:Hakkō ichiu
20310:Philippines
20197:after 1943)
20175:Territories
20133:Pacific War
19993:World War I
19869:Air Service
19809:Air Service
19682:Gozen Kaigi
19398:(Yoshihito)
19390:(Mutsuhito)
19336:Nationalism
19281:Agriculture
19215:New Zealand
19181:Oceania and
19135:Switzerland
19096:Byelorussia
19051:Netherlands
18893:Philippines
18733:Puerto Rico
18688:El Salvador
18242:Bodenplatte
18128:Gothic Line
17347:West Africa
16894:Philippines
16873:Netherlands
16738:Czech lands
16676:Switzerland
16620:Afghanistan
16564:Philippines
16432:Puerto Rico
16348:Philippines
16334:New Zealand
16320:Netherlands
16273:Free France
16024:Prosecution
15825:Osoaviakhim
15695:West Africa
15679:East Africa
15326:Conferences
15120:On Practice
14402:Ma Zhanshan
14387:Bai Chongxi
14355:Ren Yuandao
14335:Chen Gongbo
14260:Hideki Tojo
14214:Wang Ruofei
13905:Governments
13756:(1937–1945)
13469:online free
13195:中国抗战正向战场作战记
13134:online free
12765:Shirō Ishii
12700:Herbert Bix
12597:Mitter 2013
12364:Coox, Alvin
12112:27 November
12083:Herbert Bix
12025:Teunis 2007
12006:Tanaka 2003
11987:Tanaka 2002
11858:11 November
11733:. pp.
11709:China Daily
11171:28 December
10901:30 November
10715:23 December
10551:"館戴笠與忠義救國軍"
10356:December 2,
10065:13 November
10035:13 November
9978:14 November
9049:Mitter 2013
8155:26 February
7992:2 September
7937:28 November
7898:28 November
6985:Shirō Ishii
6969:or General
6950:mustard gas
6938:Freda Utley
6662:Victory Day
6403:capitulated
6401:officially
6334:, Ma Biao,
6332:Ma Zhanshan
6326:Hui Muslims
6320:Hu Songshan
6308:Bai Chongxi
6281:Han Chinese
6196:Ho Chi Minh
6188:Zhang Fakui
6082:Tulip Force
6078:Mission 204
6015:Mission 204
5767:Arthur Chin
5707:Foreign aid
5658:Wei Lihuang
5604:Mission 204
5206:launched a
5193:1941 battle
5087:. However,
4623:treaty port
4441:Sword March
4414:Chōsen Army
4269:North China
4179:Yuan Shikai
4153:during the
3991:World War I
3940:Yuan Shikai
3930:Warlord Era
3890:great power
3744:Hakkō ichiu
3712:Other names
3614:Rana Mitter
3514:surrendered
3353:in Shanghai
3229:Shina jihen
2631:Air Warfare
2545:East Africa
2132:Mutanchiang
1953:New Britain
1669:Pacific War
1513:Yenangyaung
1454:South Henan
1448:South Anhui
1389:Kunlun Pass
1287:Taierzhuang
878:45,989 POWs
540:Hideki Tōjō
470:Bai Chongxi
238:Territorial
23468:Categories
23365:Yao Pan Ma
23325:Haoyang Yu
23300:Danny Chen
23279:Wen Ho Lee
22544:By country
22448:Background
22068:Asia First
21664:Cox Report
21384:Korean War
20895:Xiao Riben
20162:Occupation
19985:Taishō era
19930:Boshin War
19774:War crimes
19570:Government
19546:Tonarigumi
19453:Privy Seal
19448:State Seal
19406:(Hirohito)
19331:Militarism
19286:Censorship
19210:New Guinea
19190:Antarctica
19183:Antarctica
19172:Yugoslavia
19091:Azerbaijan
19046:Luxembourg
18829:New Guinea
18728:New Mexico
18718:California
18625:Madagascar
18610:Gold Coast
18605:The Gambia
18342:West Hunan
18175:Pointblank
17504:Silver Fox
17490:Summer War
17243:Winter War
17222:Phoney War
17003:Azerbaijan
16964:Yugoslavia
16859:Luxembourg
16701:Resistance
16441:Yugoslavia
16306:Luxembourg
16108:Sook Ching
15904:War crimes
15506:Technology
15499:Opposition
15441:Lend-Lease
15418:Australian
15411:Home front
15369:Blitzkrieg
15319:Casualties
15310:Commanders
15282:Operations
15089:Lend-Lease
15084:Free China
14463:Yang Kuiyi
14453:Li Shouxin
14397:Sun Li-jen
14392:Yan Xishan
14360:Bao Wenyue
14345:Wang Kemin
14340:Chi Zongmo
14320:Yu Zhishan
14204:Chen Cheng
14199:He Yingqin
14179:Mao Zedong
13924:Kuomintang
13767:Background
13704:2007-07-07
13668:2004-08-19
13448:27 January
12667:28 October
12638:28 October
12582:28 October
12553:28 October
12524:28 October
12467:2 December
12343:8 November
12138:2 December
12070:1141442704
11912:August 25,
11753:1078879585
11566:20 October
11293:2 December
11118:18 October
11084:18 October
10654:23 October
10567:8 November
10264:, p.
10248:, p.
10232:, p.
10215:8 November
10189:8 November
10159:8 November
10129:8 November
10099:8 November
10005:20 January
9843:. London:
8835:8 November
8710:mnd.gov.tw
8580:|url=
8275:(2): 105.
7954:, p.
7688:. Table 5A
7650:16 January
7509:hawaii.edu
7195:References
7082:Combatants
6975:Okunoshima
6942:Li Zongren
6895:He Yingqin
6741:Casualties
6566:, and the
6518:took place
6347:Han Youwen
6312:Ma Hongkui
6304:Hui people
6299:elements.
6138:See also:
6126:known as "
6116:Burma Road
5944:blood chit
5893:Commander
5805:H. H. Kung
5654:Sun Li-jen
5647:press-gang
5567:Burma Road
5539:strategy.
5492:Kazakhstan
5350:Mao Zedong
5287:Long March
5272:Commander
5161:, and few
5089:atrocities
5067:. General
5053:Ma Hongbin
4929:home front
4759:Wanjialing
4646:shin gunto
4430:volte-face
4426:Taku Forts
4355:Kuomintang
4163:Depression
4015:Kuomintang
3936:revolution
3904:, gaining
3826:Background
3438:forces in
3373:Long March
3361:Mao Zedong
3337:false flag
3255:Sina zihen
2672:Yugoslavia
2653:Madagascar
2616:Antarctica
2587:Dodecanese
2407:Resistance
2375:Winter War
2365:Phoney War
2077:Sagami Bay
2066:Starvation
1948:New Guinea
1606:West Hunan
1558:Mount Song
1540:West Hubei
1460:West Hubei
1335:Wenxi fire
1330:Wanjialing
1179:Great Wall
508:Li Zongren
451:Cheng Qian
432:Chen Cheng
413:He Yingqin
393:Mao Zedong
301:Communists
250:since the
146:Great Wall
23320:Gang Chen
23310:Eileen Gu
23295:Anming Hu
23233:Mary Tape
23209:By victim
22874:Geary Act
22620:Singapore
22561:Indonesia
22551:Hong Kong
22147:Blue Team
22058:Chimerica
22045:Ruguanxue
21481:Red Scare
21439:Incidents
21355:Conflicts
21178:Diplomacy
21134:Guangzhou
20984:Ling Ling
20732:Incidents
20629:ABCD line
20614:Manchukuo
20590:Conflicts
20502:Diplomacy
20363:Sonnō jōi
20315:Singapore
20300:Hong Kong
20262:Azad Hind
20237:Mengjiang
20232:Manchukuo
20206:Kantō-shū
20148:Surrender
20055:Shōwa era
20040:Truku War
19911:Meiji era
19879:Tokkeitai
19844:Kempeitai
19755:Senjinkun
19672:Daijō-kan
19635:Munitions
19516:Mokusatsu
19306:Education
19195:Australia
19160:Gibraltar
19118:Catalonia
19041:Lithuania
18903:Singapore
18851:Indochina
18841:Hong Kong
18817:Manchuria
18786:Venezuela
18756:Argentina
18693:Greenland
18647:Nyasaland
18407:Manchuria
18293:Indochina
18069:Bagration
17513:Lithuania
17158:Anschluss
16955:Viet Minh
16852:Lithuania
16794:Hong Kong
16557:Manchukuo
16512:Azad Hind
16171:Australia
15971:Aftermath
15834:Paperclip
15729:Aftermath
15529:Total war
15397:Diplomacy
15360:In Europe
15072:Political
14911:Aftermath
14711:Incidents
14499:Campaigns
14219:Ren Bishi
14120:Air Force
14028:Air Force
13964:Mengjiang
13959:Manchukuo
13572:3 January
13503:161326427
13362:1243-8650
13265:Reprinted
12878:VICE News
12755:, Prince
12514:158528688
12239:294758908
11953:13 August
11800:13 August
11598:0305-7410
10795:161326427
10679:cite book
10649:153517917
10492:USA Today
9522:143635262
9514:1527-9367
9407:4 January
9021:211359950
8780:13 August
8750:13 August
8720:13 August
8578:requires
8568:cite book
8289:0026-3931
8211:13 August
8185:13 August
8145:0013-0613
8113:144915586
7780:0095-6848
7519:1 January
7347:5 October
7200:Citations
6506:Aftermath
6425:Manchuria
6407:USS
6316:Ma Bufang
6224:Ma Hushan
6120:Ledo Road
6101:Force 136
5811:in Berlin
5724:Luftwaffe
5596:Myitkyina
5521:Ray Huang
5484:dysentery
5444:Ledo Road
5377:in 1942,
5155:total war
5106:guerrilla
5057:Ma Buqing
4968:does not
4925:Chongqing
4908:Guanzhong
4579:dogfights
4559:monoplane
4412:from the
4199:Manchukuo
4019:Guangzhou
3787:日華事變/日支事變
3653:北支事變/華北事變
3630:romanized
3548:in 1949.
3526:Manchukuo
3499:Ledo Road
3424:Air Force
3412:Chongqing
3369:encircled
3349:Manchukuo
3302:Holocaust
3294:Manchuria
3200:ニッチュウセンソウ
3174:にっちゅうせんそう
2869:kàng zhàn
2523:Australia
2419:Alps 1940
2412:1944–1945
2121:Kantokuen
2028:Air raids
1943:Australia
1933:Coral Sea
1827:Singapore
1822:Hong Kong
1553:Myitkyina
1533:1943–1945
1416:1940–1942
1311:Chongqing
1197:1937–1939
1142:Jiangqiao
1125:Manchuria
821:3,211,409
341:Mengjiang
329:Manchukuo
215:Indochina
166:Japanese
23390:Chinaman
23009:(1950s-)
22630:Thailand
22588:Malaysia
22346:On China
21149:Shenyang
21144:Shanghai
20341:Yen bloc
20329:Ideology
20320:Thailand
20189:Karafuto
20182:Colonies
19769:Kamikaze
19712:Military
19615:Treasury
19469:Policies
19460:Kimigayo
19381:Emperors
19348:Politics
19316:Eugenics
19274:Overview
19081:Slovenia
19076:Slovakia
19066:Portugal
18954:Bulgaria
18908:Thailand
18883:Mongolia
18856:Cambodia
18776:Suriname
18766:Colombia
18590:Ethiopia
18518:Category
18467:document
18377:document
18234:Ardennes
18218:Budapest
18166:Crossbow
18044:Overlord
17883:Smolensk
17094:Timeline
16929:Slovakia
16915:Thailand
16766:Ethiopia
16731:Bulgaria
16655:Portugal
16586:Thailand
16468:Bulgaria
16246:Eswatini
16239:Ethiopia
16192:Bulgaria
16017:Unit 731
15978:Response
15795:Keelhaul
15745:Cold War
15718:Americas
15709:timeline
15702:Atlantic
15582:Theaters
15194:Category
15036:Military
13620:21 March
13566:Archived
13539:Archived
13442:Archived
13424:(2013).
13412:Archived
13268:Archived
13176:Archived
13142:(1976).
13070:24 April
13064:Archived
13031:2 August
13001:24 April
12995:Archived
12962:24 April
12927:24 April
12921:Archived
12888:29 April
12882:Archived
12857:10 March
12851:Archived
12818:10 March
12812:Archived
12749:Archived
12728:17 March
12661:Archived
12629:Archived
12576:Archived
12547:Archived
12518:Archived
12461:Archived
12337:Archived
12313:29 April
12307:Archived
12266:29 April
12260:Archived
12132:Archived
12034:, p. 90.
12028:Archived
12015:, p. 59.
12009:Archived
11996:, p. 59.
11990:Archived
11977:, p. 59.
11971:Archived
11947:Archived
11879:Archived
11852:Archived
11821:Archived
11691:Archived
11602:Archived
11560:Archived
11532:Archived
11501:Archived
11462:Archived
11423:Archived
11384:Archived
11345:Archived
11316:Archived
11284:Archived
11232:Archived
11204:Archived
11165:Archived
11078:Archived
10706:Archived
10497:Archived
10465:Archived
10409:Hearings
10392:Hearings
10305:Archived
10209:Archived
10183:Archived
10179:NBC News
10153:Archived
10123:Archived
10093:Archived
10059:Archived
10029:Archived
9999:Archived
9898:(2023).
9847:. 2012.
9828:MacLaren
9719:Archived
9680:Archived
9641:Archived
9567:"Crisis"
9401:Archived
9363:Archived
8889:(2023).
8829:Archived
8744:Archived
8494:Archived
8205:Archived
8179:Archived
8149:Archived
8017:Archived
7986:Archived
7931:Archived
7892:Archived
7853:Archived
7822:Archived
7644:Archived
7618:Archived
7585:Archived
7513:Archived
7421:Archived
7402:Archived
7341:Archived
7244:Archived
7216:, p. 171
7212:Hsiung,
7093:See also
7049:gǎnsǐduì
7016:Philopon
6946:tear gas
6871:Then in
6853:Japanese
6819:refugees
6779:500,000.
6564:Unit 731
6527:and the
6409:Missouri
6399:Hirohito
6128:The Hump
6109:Thailand
5921:iron ore
5855:fighters
5501:in Hubei
5496:Xinjiang
5460:Zhejiang
5448:The Hump
5308:and the
5189:Changsha
4766:Jiujiang
4571:Art Chin
4540:Hawk III
4379:Tongzhou
4316:and the
4222:Shanghai
4151:Shenyang
4097:Red Army
4003:Shandong
3910:Sakhalin
3621:Japanese
3493:resumed
3487:Changsha
3428:Changsha
3288:and the
3185:Katakana
3159:Hiragana
3107:(日本)侵华战争
3093:(日本)侵華戰爭
2796:Bopomofo
2692:Bulgaria
2621:Atlantic
2604:Americas
2557:Adriatic
2139:Chongjin
2100:Downfall
2038:Yokosuka
1855:Tiderace
1812:Thailand
1586:Hengyang
1466:Shanggao
1355:Nanchang
1273:Massacre
938:Japanese
723:Japanese
621:Strength
202:Location
46:and the
23441:Related
23243:Yick Wo
22992:Bersiap
22647:Vietnam
22605:Myanmar
22530:Pol Pot
22525:Suharto
22482:Minzoku
22002:Related
21129:Chengdu
21119:Houston
20841:Related
19902:History
19874:Marines
19511:Kokutai
19416:Symbols
19396:Taishō
19353:Statism
19296:Economy
19123:Galicia
19101:Ukraine
19071:Romania
19021:Ireland
19016:Iceland
19006:Hungary
18996:Germany
18974:Finland
18969:Estonia
18964:Denmark
18949:Belgium
18944:Austria
18939:Albania
18781:Uruguay
18713:Arizona
18640:Morocco
18635:Tunisia
18620:Liberia
18444:Shumshu
18211:Hungary
18158:Estonia
18142:Lapland
18120:Dragoon
18053:Neptune
18035:Ichi-Go
18001:Tempest
17943:Changde
17898:Cottage
17790:Jubilee
17499:Finland
17397:Compass
17103:Prelude
17056:Finland
16942:Vietnam
16908:Romania
16780:Germany
16759:Estonia
16745:Denmark
16724:Belgium
16717:Austria
16710:Albania
16641:Ireland
16627:Andorra
16611:Neutral
16571:Romania
16505:Hungary
16490:Finland
16362:Romania
16254:Finland
16232:Denmark
16178:Belgium
16164:Algeria
15870:Romania
15856:Hungary
15612:Pacific
15336:General
15290:Leaders
15275:Battles
15268:Outline
14458:Ye Peng
14380:Chinese
14184:Lin Sen
14167:Chinese
14011:Chinese
13912:Chinese
13467:(1942)
13430:. HMH.
13407:(2015)
12441:28 June
12130:. BBC.
11827:21 June
11819:. BBC.
11660:15 July
11611:13 July
11538:19 June
11507:28 June
11468:28 June
11429:28 June
11390:28 June
11351:28 June
11322:28 June
11238:28 June
11210:28 June
10827:20 June
10813:cia.gov
10608:24 June
10535:24 June
9880:Stevens
9868:Stevens
9725:29 July
9686:29 July
9647:29 July
9442:(2007).
9166:Bibcode
8320:30 July
8297:1983349
8105:1022596
7743:13 July
7718:13 July
7591:17 June
7583:(GIF).
7250:6 March
7005:Changde
6762:Chinese
6297:Tibetan
6243:Qinghai
6226:of the
6165:Guangxi
6066:Guangxi
5851:Bombers
5758:Nanning
5702:Gung-ho
5674:Guangxi
5666:Mong-Yu
5505:Changde
5476:typhoid
5472:cholera
5464:Jiangxi
5338:He Long
5292:In the
5220:Shaanxi
5069:Ma Biao
5061:Ma Fulu
4989:removed
4974:sources
4888:by the
4880:on the
4854:花園口決堤事件
4846:花园口决堤事件
4703:in the
4573:, Maj.
4555:biplane
4520:sorties
4287:Suiyuan
4175:Siberia
4167:tariffs
3900:in the
3878:Germany
3856:in the
3645:Beijing
3632::
3574:Chinese
3540:of the
3440:Shaanxi
3432:Guangxi
3396:Nanjing
3392:Beijing
3197:ニッシセンソウ
3171:にっしせんそう
3040:第二次中日战争
3026:第二次中日戰爭
2697:Hungary
2687:Romania
2536:Africa
2436:Balkans
2431:Britain
2385:Lapland
2380:Karelia
2370:Finland
2092:Shumshu
1977:Ellwood
1842:Vietnam
1626:Taihoku
1619:Air War
1612:Guangxi
1574:Ichi-Go
1566:Changde
1508:Toungoo
1498:Tachiao
1299:Lanfeng
1267:Nanking
1248:Taiyuan
1189:Suiyuan
1152:Jinzhou
240:changes
135:in the
23417:Chinky
23305:Ee Lee
23058:(1974)
23047:(1969)
23021:(1962)
23001:(1947)
22981:(1943)
22975:(1942)
22939:(1931)
22917:(1911)
22911:(1907)
22905:(1907)
22882:(1899)
22865:(1887)
22838:(1885)
22790:(1876)
22779:(1873)
22768:(1862)
22756:(1857)
22708:(1603)
22625:Taiwan
22455:Coolie
20890:Jingri
20305:Malaya
20280:Borneo
20216:Taiwan
20211:Nan'yō
20201:Chōsen
20194:naichi
19404:Shōwa
19388:Meiji
19363:Kazoku
19311:System
19130:Sweden
19061:Poland
19056:Norway
19031:Latvia
19001:Greece
18979:France
18932:Europe
18918:Turkey
18878:Malaya
18807:Ceylon
18761:Brazil
18723:Nevada
18698:Mexico
18678:Canada
18568:Africa
18421:Debate
18393:Taipei
18386:Borneo
17964:Tarawa
17151:Europe
17112:Africa
16901:Poland
16887:Norway
16866:Malaya
16845:Latvia
16787:Greece
16773:France
16669:Sweden
16634:Bhutan
16355:Poland
16341:Norway
16313:Mexico
16280:Greece
16266:France
16204:Canada
16185:Brazil
16155:Allies
16101:Serbia
16090:Poland
15863:Poland
15849:Baltic
15642:Europe
15344:Topics
15296:Allied
15145:Ip Man
15103:Others
14130:Guards
13591:
13558:
13520:
13501:
13434:
13409:online
13392:
13376:
13360:
13344:
13316:
13286:
13256:
13237:
13208:
13189:
13158:
13112:
13097:
13056:
12987:
12913:
12843:
12804:
12512:
12502:
12393:
12299:
12237:
12227:
12190:
12068:
12058:
11751:
11741:
11596:
11493:
11454:
11415:
11376:
11196:
11143:
11109:
11070:
11043:
11016:
10983:
10956:
10929:
10892:
10859:
10793:
10756:
10647:
10503:26 May
10471:31 May
10328:
10291:Taylor
10281:(2008)
9910:
9851:
9773:
9748:
9711:
9672:
9633:
9606:
9520:
9512:
9468:
9381:online
9336:
9225:深圳社会科学
9019:
9009:
8961:20 May
8901:
8803:
8688:
8645:
8618:
8558:
8533:
8453:Taylor
8432:Taylor
8420:Taylor
8395:Taylor
8383:Taylor
8295:
8287:
8246:
8226:Wilson
8143:
8111:
8103:
8060:, 2002
7978:
7923:
7884:
7859:2 July
7828:2 July
7788:132824
7786:
7778:
7684:
7551:
7457:
7437:Jowett
7382:
7333:
7297:
7291:八路军·表册
7273:
7236:
7046::
7044:pinyin
7038::
7030::
6989:Ningbo
6846:Bengal
6686:Taipei
6614:Penghu
6607:Taiwan
6587:Taiwan
6536:Legacy
6375:, and
6314:, and
6295:, and
6293:Uyghur
6289:Mongol
6285:Manchu
6207:Lu Han
6173:Jingxi
6062:Guilin
6003:Fujian
5958:line.
5913:France
5829:Soviet
5790:German
5700:, and
5662:Yunnan
5598:, and
5550:, and
5480:plague
5425:Dai Li
5274:Zhu De
5130:Allies
4935:, the
4878:levees
4860::
4858:pinyin
4852::
4844::
4495:Zhabei
4478:, 1937
4359:Lushan
4295:Shanxi
4283:Chahar
4129:攘外必先安內
3906:Tailen
3882:Russia
3880:, and
3874:France
3850:Taiwan
3730:seisen
3647:, the
3576::
3568::
3560::
3324::
3316::
2626:Arctic
2458:Sicily
2360:Poland
2354:Europe
1862:Zipper
1848:Jurist
1817:Malaya
1776:Ceylon
1710:Midway
1503:Oktwin
1408:Wuyuan
1368:Swatow
1347:Hainan
1342:Canton
1281:Xuzhou
1259:Xinkou
1213:Chahar
1157:Harbin
1130:Mukden
960:Total:
882:Total:
843:Total:
819:Total:
584:
542:
351:
230:Result
23412:Chink
23383:Slurs
22578:Korea
22566:Japan
22556:India
21508:Hu Na
21154:Wuhan
20979:Zhapu
20885:Guizi
20873:Shina
20285:Burma
19998:Entry
19692:Peers
19556:Senbu
19541:Tokkō
19205:Nauru
19150:Wales
19108:Spain
19026:Italy
18913:Tibet
18888:Nepal
18873:Japan
18846:India
18812:China
18802:Burma
18615:Kenya
18585:Egypt
18197:Leyte
18027:Narva
18013:Anzio
17971:Makin
17929:Burma
17813:Torch
17782:Rzhev
17736:Kiska
16822:Korea
16808:Japan
16801:Italy
16683:Tibet
16662:Spain
16533:Italy
16294:Italy
16287:India
16211:China
16086:Japan
15686:Italy
15598:China
15550:Women
14990:Lists
13499:S2CID
12956:(PDF)
12949:(PDF)
12632:(PDF)
12625:(PDF)
12510:S2CID
12182:[
11906:(PDF)
11899:(PDF)
11770:32–36
11605:(PDF)
11586:(PDF)
11287:(PDF)
11272:(PDF)
10791:S2CID
10709:(PDF)
10702:(PDF)
10645:S2CID
10602:(PDF)
10587:(PDF)
10561:(PDF)
10554:(PDF)
10529:(PDF)
10522:(PDF)
9951:Huang
9816:Huang
9554:Huang
9518:S2CID
9490:(PDF)
9076:Huang
9017:S2CID
8556:JSTOR
8348:(PDF)
8293:JSTOR
8109:S2CID
8101:JSTOR
8023:4 May
7784:JSTOR
7175:Notes
6993:fleas
6991:with
6838:Henan
6830:India
6799:, or
6235:Gansu
6052:When
5917:China
5908:Panay
5670:Hunan
5494:into
5298:Xi'an
4874:flood
4603:Ryujo
4597:Hosho
4504:Izumo
4453:guizi
4291:Hebei
4273:華北特殊化
4165:-era
3854:Korea
3782:Shina
3765:大東亞戰爭
3697:jihen
3681:Jihen
3679:Shina
3606:十四年抗戰
3602:十四年抗战
3552:Names
3530:Korea
3483:Henan
3467:Burma
3404:Wuhan
3390:near
3194:シナジヘン
3168:しなじへん
3133:Kanji
2973:十四年抗战
2959:十四年抗戰
2707:Japan
2682:Italy
2661:Coups
2562:Malta
2506:Japan
2474:China
2453:Italy
2033:Tokyo
2021:Japan
1938:Timor
1324:Wuhan
1007:Total
903:Total
316:Japan
276:China
248:Japan
244:China
220:Burma
181:India
22583:Laos
19610:Navy
19605:Army
18923:Tuva
18868:Iraq
18863:Iran
18795:Asia
18683:Cuba
18263:1945
17991:1944
17832:1943
17753:Blue
17743:Attu
17650:1942
17409:1941
17261:1940
17199:1939
17128:Asia
16975:POWs
16815:Jews
16526:Iraq
16452:Axis
16402:Tuva
16218:Cuba
15303:Axis
14310:Puyi
14125:Navy
14115:Army
14095:Navy
14085:Army
14033:Navy
14023:Army
13622:2012
13589:ISBN
13574:2020
13556:ISBN
13518:ISBN
13450:2020
13432:ISBN
13390:ISBN
13374:ISBN
13358:ISSN
13342:ISBN
13314:ISBN
13302:Time
13284:ISBN
13254:ISBN
13235:ISBN
13206:ISBN
13187:ISBN
13156:ISBN
13110:ISBN
13095:ISBN
13072:2014
13054:ISBN
13033:2014
13003:2014
12985:ISBN
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