1300:. Scrapes made by the feet in the ground and twisted saplings also seem to be used for communication. Members of other rhino species have a peculiar habit of defecating in massive rhino dung piles and then scraping their back feet in the dung. The Sumatran and Javan rhinos, while defecating in piles, do not engage in the scraping. This adaptation in behavior is thought to be ecological; in the wet forests of Java and Sumatra, the method may not be useful for spreading odors. The Javan rhino is much less vocal than the Sumatran; very few Javan rhino vocalizations have ever been recorded. Adults have no known predators other than humans. The species, particularly in Vietnam, is skittish and retreats into dense forests whenever humans are near. Though a valuable trait from a survival standpoint, it has made the rhinos difficult to study. Nevertheless, when humans approach too closely, the Javan rhino becomes aggressive and will attack, stabbing with the incisors of its lower jaw while thrusting upward with its head. Its comparatively antisocial behavior may be a recent adaptation to population stresses; historical evidence suggests they, like other rhinos, were once more gregarious.
1408:, which was blanketing the park and crowding out the rhinos' food sources. Following the trails of Javan rhinoceros allowed in-depth observation of their feeding habits in their natural habitat. Comparing the acid insoluble ash (MA) content of faeces and in the dry weight of food provided reliable estimates of digestibility, and this method has potential for wider application in situations where total collection of faecal matter is not feasible. There was a strong positive correlation between the size of home range and diversity of food intake, and between the size of home range with the numbers of wallow holes used. The quantity and quality of food intake were variable among rhinoceroses and over time. Overall energy consumption was related to the size of the animal, while the digestibility of plants consumed appeared to be influenced by individual age and habitat conditions.
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112:
181:
1179:, usually less than 20 cm (7.9 in) with the longest recorded only 27 cm (11 in). Only bulls have horns. Cows are the only extant rhinos that remain hornless into adulthood, though they may develop a tiny bump of an inch or two in height. Javan rhinos do not appear to often use their horn for fighting but instead uses it to scrape mud away in wallows, to pull down plants for eating, and to open paths through thick vegetation. Similar to the other browsing species of rhino (
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139:
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1167:. The length of Javan rhinos including their head is 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 ft), and they can reach a height of 1.4â1.7 m (4.6â5.6 ft). Adults are variously reported to weigh between 900 and 2,300 kg (2,000 and 5,100 lb), although a study to collect accurate measurements of the animals has never been conducted and is not a priority because of their extreme conservation status. No substantial
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protected species, which it has remained ever since. A census of the rhinos in Ujung Kulon was first conducted in 1967; only 25 animals were recorded. By 1980, that population had doubled and has remained steady, at about 50, ever since. Although the rhinos in Ujung Kulon have no natural predators, they have to compete for scarce resources with wild cattle, which may keep their numbers below the peninsula's
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will use its horn to enlarge. Salt licks are also very important because of the essential nutrients the rhino receives from the salt. Bull home ranges are larger at 12â20 km (4.6â7.7 sq mi) compared to the cow, which are around 3â14 km (1.2â5.4 sq mi). Bull territories overlap each other less than those of the cow. It is not known if there are territorial fights.
1265:, but surveys of the area have failed to find any evidence of them. In the late 1980s, a small population was found in the Cat Tien area of Vietnam. However, the last known individual of that population was shot in 2010. A population may have existed on the island of Borneo, as well, though these specimens could have been the Sumatran rhinoceros, a small population of which still lives there.
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1347:
rhinoceros' hide was used to make armor for
Chinese soldiers, and some local tribes in Vietnam believed the hide could be used to make an antidote for snake venom. Because the rhinoceros' range encompasses many areas of poverty, it has been difficult to convince local people not to kill a seemingly (otherwise) useless animal which could be sold for a large sum of money. When the
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saplings to reach its food and grabs it with its prehensile upper lip. It is the most adaptable feeder of all the rhino species. Currently, it is a pure browser, but probably once both browsed and grazed in its historical range. The rhino eats an estimated 50 kg (110 lb) of food daily. Like the
Sumatran rhino, it needs salt in its diet. The
400:, as they have plate-like, "armored" protective skin folds, but are slightly smaller, at just 3.1â3.2 m (10â10 ft) long and 1.4â1.7 m (4.6â5.6 ft) tall, on average. The heaviest specimens weigh around 2,300 kg/2.3 tonnes (2.54 short tons), similar to a black rhinoceros. However, unlike the long and potentially lethal horns of the
501:. Nonetheless, rural, potentially rugged park boundaries mean that law enforcement cannot be equally present in all places at all times; in some areas, this lack of security still places the species at risk from poachers, disease exposure and, ultimately, loss of genetic diversityâleading to genetic "bottlenecking" (i.e.,
439:. Today, it is the rarest of all rhinoceros, and among the rarest of all living animal species, with only one currently known wild population, and no individuals successfully kept in captivity. It is among the rarest large mammals on the planet Earth, with a population of approximately 74 rhinos within
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By the early 2000s, their population was feared to have declined past the point of recovery in
Vietnam, with some conservationists estimating as few as three to eight rhinos, and possibly no bulls, survived. Conservationists debated whether or not the Vietnamese rhinoceros had any chance of survival,
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first went into effect in 1975, the Javan rhinoceros was listed under
Appendix I meaning commercial international trade in the Javan rhinoceros and products derived from it is prohibited. Surveys of the rhinoceros horn black market have determined that Asian rhinoceros horn fetches a price as high as
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Genetic analysis of dung samples collected in Cat Tien
National Park in a survey from October 2009 to March 2010 showed only a single individual Javan rhinoceros remained in the park. In early May 2010, the body of a Javan rhino was found in the park. The animal had been shot and its horn removed by
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In March 2011, a hidden-camera video was published showing adults and juveniles, indicating recent matings and breeding. During the period from
January to October 2011, the cameras had captured images of 35 rhinos. As of December 2011, a rhino breeding sanctuary in an area of 38,000 hectares is
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who constructed the temple. It is thought that the Indian priest who died before the construction of the temple might have influenced the use of tubercles on the skin which are based on the Indian rhino while the local Khmer artisans carved the other details of the rhinos based on the more familiar
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In May 2017, Director of the
Biodiversity Conservation at the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bambang Dahono Adji announced plans to transfer the rhinos to the Cikepuh Wildlife Sanctuary located in West Java. The animals will first undergo DNA tests to determine lineage and risk to disease so
1400:
In April 2012, the WWF and
International Rhino Foundation added 120 video cameras to the existing 40 to better monitor rhino movements and judge the size of the animals' population. A recent survey has found far fewer cows than bulls. Only four cows among 17 rhinos were recorded in the eastern half
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in mud is a common behavior for all rhinos; the activity allows them to maintain cool body temperatures and helps prevent disease and parasite infestation. The Javan rhinoceros does not generally dig its own mud wallows, preferring to use other animals' wallows or naturally occurring pits, which it
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and the islands of
Sumatra, Java, and possibly Borneo. The Javan rhino primarily inhabits dense, lowland rain forests, grasslands, and reed beds with abundant rivers, large floodplains, or wet areas with many mud wallows. Although it historically preferred low-lying areas, the subspecies in Vietnam
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Their hairless, splotchy gray or gray-brown skin falls in folds to the shoulder, back and rump. The skin has a natural mosaic pattern, which lends the rhino an armored appearance. The neck folds of Javan rhinos are smaller than those of the Indian rhinoceros, but still, form a saddle shape over the
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Loss of habitat because of agriculture has also contributed to its decline, though this is no longer as significant a factor because the rhinoceros only lives in one nationally protected park. Deteriorating habitats have hindered the recovery of rhino populations that fell victim to poaching. Even
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In 1988, the assumption of the subspecies' extinction was challenged when a hunter shot an adult cow, proving the species had somehow survived the war. In 1989, scientists surveyed
Vietnam's southern forests to search for evidence of other survivors. Fresh tracks belonging to up to 15 rhinos were
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in 1883. The Javan rhinoceros recolonized the peninsula after the event, but humans never returned in large numbers, thus creating a haven for wildlife. In 1931, as the Javan rhinoceros was on the brink of extinction in Sumatra, the government of the Dutch East Indies declared the rhino a legally
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The range of the Javan rhinoceros has been shrinking for at least 3,000 years. Starting around 1000 BC, the northern range of the rhinoceros extended into China, but began moving southward at roughly 0.5 km (0.31 mi) per year, as human settlements increased in the region. It likely
1308:
The Javan rhinoceros is herbivorous, eating diverse plant species, especially their shoots, twigs, young foliage and fallen fruit. Most of the plants favored by the species grow in sunny areas in forest clearings, shrubland and other vegetation types with no large trees. The rhino knocks down
1346:
The main factor in the continued decline of the Javan rhinoceros population has been poaching for horns, a problem that affects all rhino species. The horns have been a traded commodity for more than 2,000 years in China, where they are believed to have healing properties. Historically, the
1223:
Even the most optimistic estimate suggests fewer than 100 Javan rhinos remain in the wild. They are considered one of the most endangered species in the world. The Javan rhinoceros is known to survive in only one place, the Ujung Kulon National Park on the western tip of
542:
samples to gauge health and behavior. Consequently, Javan rhinos are the least-studied of all rhinoceros species. Two adult female Javan rhinoceroses, each with a calf, were filmed using a motion-triggered trail camera, the video being released on 28 February 2011 by
1527:
on the basis of the skinfold on the shoulder which continues along the back in the Javan to give a saddle-like appearance. A depiction of the rhino in the east wing of the South Gallery shows a rhino attacking the damned in the panel depicting
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and Indonesia's National Park Authority, proving they are still breeding in the wild. In April 2012, the National Parks Authority released further trailcam videos showing 35 individuals, including mother-offspring pairs and courting adults.
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Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; DuchĂȘne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; SĂĄnchez-Barreiro, FĂĄtima (24 August 2021).
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The Javan rhinoceros never fared well in captivity. The oldest lived to be 20, about half the age that the rhinos can reach in the wild. No records are known of a captive rhino giving birth. The last captive Javan rhino died at the
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at forest-edges. It is mostly solitary, except for courtship and rearing offspring, though groups may occasionally congregate near wallows and salt licks. Aside from humans, whom they usually avoid, adult rhinos have no natural
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by the middle of the 20th century. By the end of the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese rhinoceros was believed extinct across all of mainland Asia. Local hunters and woodcutters in Cambodia claim to have seen Javan rhinos in the
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is seen between genders, but cows may be slightly bigger. The rhinos in Vietnam appeared to be significantly smaller than those in Java, based on studies of photographic evidence and measurements of their footprints.
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Once widespread in Southeast Asia, the Javan rhinoceros was presumed extinct in Vietnam in the mid-1970s, at the end of the Vietnam War. The combat wrought havoc on the ecosystems of the region through the use of
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or, rarely, crocodiles. Scientists and conservationists rarely study the animals directly due to their extreme rarity and the danger of interfering with such an endangered species. Researchers instead rely on
447:, Indonesia. In 2023, the Indonesian authorities captured two gangs of poachers who confessed to killing 26 rhinos from 2019-2023. No census has been released since 2019. The Javan rhinoceros population in
2406:
Fernando, Prithiviraj; Gert Polet; Nazir Foead; Linda S. Ng; Jennifer Pastorini; Don J. Melnick (June 2006). "Genetic diversity, phylogeny and conservation of the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)".
1483:, and London. At least 22 Javan rhinos have been documented as having been kept in captivity; the true number is possibly greater, as the species was sometimes confused with the Indian rhinoceros.
2060:"Observations on the preserved specimens and skeletons of the Rhinocerotidae in the collection of the British Museum and Royal College of Surgeons, including the descriptions of three new species"
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582:, and surrounding smaller islands. The Javan rhino is also known as the lesser one-horned rhinoceros (in contrast with the greater one-horned rhinoceros, another name for the Indian rhino).
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became locally extinct in India in the first decade of the 20th century. The Javan rhino was hunted to extinction on the Malay Peninsula by 1932. The last ones on Sumatra died out during
2229:
Joordens, J.C.A.; Wesselingh, F.P.; de Vos, J.; Vonhof, H.B.; Kroon, D. (December 2009). "Relevance of aquatic environments for hominins: a case study from Trinil (Java, Indonesia)".
776:
The last common ancestor of living rhinoceroses belonging to the subfamily Rhinocerotinae is suggested to have lived around 16 million years ago, with the ancestors of the genus
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The Javan rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with calves. They sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows.
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1356:
with all the conservation efforts, the prospects for their survival are grim. Because the population is restricted to one small area, they are very susceptible to disease and
2903:
1393:. Ujung Kulon is managed by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. Evidence of at least four baby rhinos was discovered in 2006, the most ever documented for the species.
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2925:
Hariyadi, A. R. S. (July 2015). "Analysis of nutritional quality and food digestibility in male Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park".
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of the god Agni is unique to Khmer culture. Another rhinoceros carving in the centre of a circular arrangement in a column with other circles containing elephants and
1422:
In 2024, officials announced that recently arrested poachers confessed to killing a total of 26 Javan rhinos, potentially cutting the total population by one-third.
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1239:(where their range would have overlapped with both the Sumatran and Indian rhinos) eastward to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and southwards to the
1195:
are used for chewing coarse plants. Like all rhinos, Javan rhinos smell and hear well, but have very poor vision. They are estimated to live for 30 to 45 years.
1463:
with some arguing that rhinos from Indonesia should be introduced in an attempt to save the population, with others arguing that the population could recover.
2737:
Setiawan, R.; Gerber, B. D.; Rahmat, U. M.; Daryan, D.; Firdaus, A. Y.; Haryono, M.; Khairani, K. O.; Kurniawan, Y.; Long, B.; Lyet, A.; Muhiban, M. (2018).
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poachers. In October 2011, the International Rhino Foundation confirmed the Javan rhinoceros was extinct in Vietnam, leaving only the rhinos in Ujung Kulon.
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3406:
van Strien, N. J.; Steinmetz, R.; Manullang, B.; Sectionov; Han, K.H.; Isnan, W.; Rookmaaker, K.; Sumardja, E.; Khan, M. K. M. & Ellis, S. (2008).
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shoulder. Because of the risks of interfering with such an endangered species, however, Javan rhinos are primarily studied through fecal sampling and
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4166:
4140:
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Like the Indian rhino, the Javan rhinos have a single horn (the other extant species have two horns). Its horn is the smallest of all extant
4301:
2312:
2272:
Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (March 2012). "Pleistocene and Holocene rhinocerotids (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Indochinese Peninsula".
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614:
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of Africa, the Javan species' single, somewhat blunted horn (only present on males) is usually shorter than 25 cm (9.8 in).
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2514:
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A Javan rhinoceros has not been exhibited in a zoo for over a century. In the 19th century, at least four rhinos were exhibited in
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3416:
1965:
1412:
as to avoid issues such as "inbreeding" or marriage kinship. As of December 2018, these plans had yet to concretely materialise.
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1946:
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was pushed onto much higher ground (up to 2,000 m or 6,561 ft), probably because of human encroachment and poaching.
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4296:
4158:
2811:
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1624:
4119:
1415:
In December 2018, the remaining Javan rhino population was severely endangered by the tsunami triggered by nearby volcano
4311:
3290:
2968:
1360:. Conservation geneticists estimate a population of 100 rhinos would be needed to preserve the genetic diversity of this
1131:, Java. Molecular estimates suggest the two species diverged from each other earlier, around 4.3 million years ago.
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also became a serious threat. Loss of habitat and massive human population growth (especially post-wartimes, such as the
490:) have also contributed to its decline and hindered the species' recovery. The remaining range is within one nationally-
4291:
4256:
3191:"Some observations on the presence of one-horned rhinos in the bas reliefs of the Angkor Wat temple complex, Cambodia"
1818:
Brook, S. M.; Dudley, N.; Mahood, S. P.; Polet, G.; Williams, A. C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Van Ngoc, T.; Long, B. (2014).
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species across South Asia and Africa. The Javan rhinoceros is one of the smallest rhinoceros species, along with the
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are long and sharp; when Javan rhinos fight, they use these teeth. Behind the incisors, two rows of six low-crowned
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704:
314:
3125:
1459:. Largely because of the rhinoceros, the region they inhabited became part of the Cat Tien National Park in 1992.
3445:
1519:. The west wing of the North Gallery has a relief that shows a rhino mounted by a god thought to be the fire god
2710:
Hutchins, M.; M.D. Kreger (2006). "Rhinoceros behaviour: implications for captive management and conservation".
2356:
Munro, Margaret (2002). "Their trail is warm: Scientists are studying elusive rhinos by analyzing their feces".
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in Australia in 1907, where the species was so little known that it had been exhibited as an Indian rhinoceros.
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1983:
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common in its historical range do not exist in Ujung Kulon but the rhinos there have been observed drinking
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pictured here is the species most closely related to the Javan rhinoceros; they are the two members of the
508:
The Javan rhinoceros can live around 30â45 years in the wild. It historically inhabited dense lowland
471:
1540:
priest named Divakarapandita (1040â1120 AD) who served king Jayavarman VI, Dharanindravarman I as well as
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2047:. Vol. 1 (DeuxiĂšme, revue, corrigĂ©e et augmentĂ©e ed.). Paris: Pourrat FrĂšres. pp. 514â515.
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around 50 million years ago. The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in
598:
291:
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825:
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180:
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The Return of the Unicorns; The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros
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MĂ©moires concernant l'Histoire naturelle de l'Empire chinois; par des PĂšres de la Compagnie de JĂ©sus
1523:. The rhinos are thought to be Javan rhinoceros rather than the somewhat similar looking one-horned
1819:
1770:
1675:
1572:
689:
322:
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2106:, and the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla (+ Cetacea)"
2010:
1870:
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3453:
2739:"Preventing Global Extinction of the Javan Rhino: Tsunami Risk and Future Conservation Direction"
2591:
Corlett, R. T. (2007). "The Impact of Hunting on the Mammalian Fauna of Tropical Asian Forests".
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diverging from the ancestors of other living rhinoceroses around 15 million years ago. The genus
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4286:
4106:
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2306:
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452:
2827:
Dursin, R. (16 January 2001). "Environment-Indonesia: Javan Rhinoceros Remains At High Risk".
1701:
1127:. The oldest known record of Javan rhinoceros is from Early Pleistocene (~1.5 Ma) deposits at
606:
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4205:
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3599:
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Poole, C. M.; Duckworth, J. W. (2005). "A documented 20th century record of Javan Rhinoceros
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1932:
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in their range. Very small juveniles may be preyed upon, if left unsupervised, typically by
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1838:
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1187:), Javan rhinos have a long, pointed, upper lip which helps in grabbing food. Their lower
8:
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Rhino tormenting the damned in the "heaven and hell" gallery at Angkor Wat (12th century)
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In 2012, the Asian Rhino Project was working out the best eradication programme for the
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3340:"Bacuyaâą the rhino bounds in as Official Mascot of FIFA U-20 World Cup Indonesia 2023âą"
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2806:. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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377:
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2172:"Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family"
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1820:"Lessons learned from the loss of a flagship: The extinction of the Javan rhinoceros
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1630:
1620:
1390:
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956:
791:
769:, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the
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111:
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3012:"Poachers claim to have killed one-third of all Javan rhinos, Indonesian police say"
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1793:"Poachers claim to have killed one-third of all Javan rhinos, Indonesian police say"
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3884:
3840:
3816:
3630:
3584:
3425:
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3254:
Stönner, H. (1925). "ErklÀrung des Nashornreiters auf den Reliefs von Angkor-Vat".
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1557:. It has been at the centre of anachronistic speculation that it might represent a
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883:
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showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus
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405:
401:
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in 1867 were two rhinoceros skulls from Borneo and one from Sumatra, respectively.
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3310:"Meet Bacuya, the Javanese rhinoceros and mascot of the 2023 #U20WC Indonesia!"
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2188:
2171:
2145:
Lacombat, F. (2005). "The evolution of the rhinoceros". In Fulconis, R. (ed.).
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1405:
1349:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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796:
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comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of
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491:
483:
382:
232:
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words áż„ÎŻÏ (ris) meaning 'nose' and ÎșÎÏÎ±Ï (keras) meaning 'horn of an animal'.
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of Ujung Kulon, which is a potential setback in efforts to save the species.
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750:
561:
148:
62:
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de Longh, H. H.; Prins, H. H. T.; van Strien, N.; Rookmaaker, L. G. (2005).
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2102:"The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Greater Indian Rhinoceros,
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being finalized to help reach the target of 70 to 80 Javan rhinos by 2015.
1310:
1249:
754:
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1921:
WWF â Critically Endangered Javan Rhinos and Calves Captured on Video
800:) than to living African rhinoceroses, thought there appears to have been
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3150:
WWF â Inadequate protection causes Javan rhino extinction in Vietnam
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1200:
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517:
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37:
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3308:
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (18 September 2022).
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1451:, aerial bombing, use of landmines, and overhunting by local poachers.
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and other Europeans in its range increased, peaking in the 1700-1800s,
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3346:. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 September 2022
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The Indian and Javan rhinoceros, the living only members of the genus
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in the past and there are at least three depictions of rhinos in the
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31:
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van Strien, Nico (2005). "Javan Rhinoceros". In Fulconis, R. (ed.).
1384:
The Ujung Kulon peninsula of Java was devastated by the eruption of
730:
335:
3973:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3126:"Javan rhino driven to extinction in Vietnam, conservationists say"
2853:
1987:
1554:
1508:
1499:
1480:
1476:
1385:
1372:
1352:$ 30,000 per kg, three times the value of African rhinoceros horn.
1314:
1139:
804:
between the ancestors of living African rhinoceroses and the genus
522:
463:
212:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
786:
has been found to be overall slightly more closely related to the
749:
Ancestral rhinoceroses are held to have first diverged from other
3875:
3831:
3542:
3325:
1933:
New video documents nearly all the world's remaining Javan rhinos
1616:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1537:
1430:
1188:
770:
766:
762:
526:
467:
448:
420:
92:
67:
2512:
2497:
Newsletter of the Rhino Foundation of Nature in North-East India
2493:"Historical records of the Javan rhinoceros in North-East India"
1920:
1721:"Javan Rhinoceros Population, Habitat, & Facts (Britannica)"
1561:
due to the leaves behind it that give the impression of plates.
4067:
3648:
3639:
3624:
3493:
2320:
1546:
1536:. An architect of the temple is thought to have been an Indian
1529:
1444:
1236:
1128:
579:
495:
466:, for the males' horns, whichâdespite merely being composed of
462:
The decline of the Javan rhinoceros is primarily attributed to
432:
222:
202:
3152:. Wwf.panda.org (25 October 2011). Retrieved 24 February 2012.
3039:"World's Rarest Rhinos Found in War-Ravaged Region of Vietnam"
2684:
Inadequate protection causes Javan rhino extinction in Vietnam
2565:
Asian Rhinos â Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
2228:
1203:. They are rarely encountered, observed or measured directly.
4218:
3858:
3671:
3657:
3610:
3569:
2896:
1619:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 636.
1348:
1232:
1211:
668:
664:
As of 2005, three Javan rhinoceros subspecies are considered
539:
412:
165:
159:
2955:"Badak Jawa Akan Jalani Tes DNA Sebelum Dipindah ke Cikepuh"
2941:"Javan Rhinos to be Transferred to Cikepuh Wildlife Reserve"
2081:
Heude, P. M. (1892). "Ătude sur les suillens. Chapitre II".
1545:
local Javan rhino. The association of the rhinoceros as the
396:, or "hairy", rhinoceros. They are superficially similar to
3057:"Javan Rhinoceros; Rare, mysterious, and highly threatened"
2462:"Racing to Know the Rarest of Rhinos, Before It's Too Late"
1533:
1520:
1225:
1156:
602:
444:
416:
1972:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1953:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
632:
in 1838 was a female rhinoceros without horns shot in the
2804:
African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
2168:
2366:
415:, the Javan rhinoceros had ranged beyond the islands of
3077:
1963:
1944:
1123:, first appear in the fossil record in Asia During the
830:
based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al., 2021.
3558:
2099:
1914:
2868:
1706:
Mammalogie, ou, Description des espĂšces de mammifĂšres
1650:
122:
in the London Zoo from March 1874 until January 1885
3365:
2785:"Scientists Find Surviving Members of Rhino Species"
976:
953:
848:
578:
region that comprises the islands of Sumatra, Java,
2709:
2562:
1708:. Vol. 2. Paris: Mme Agasse. pp. 399â400.
2904:"Cameras Used to Help Save Endangered Javan Rhino"
2891:Cameras show 35 rare rhinos in Indonesia: official
4238:
2650:
2634:Ismail, F. (1998). "On the horns of a dilemma".
1986:. International Rhino Foundation. Archived from
1718:
1699:
808:, as well as between the ancestors of the genus
2969:"Badak jawa akan huni Suaka Margasatwa Cikepuh"
2801:
2567:. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.
2064:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1695:
1693:
812:and the ancestors of the woolly rhinoceros and
474:, fetching as much as US$ 30,000 per kg on the
3214:
1926:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1676:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19495A18493900.en
3461:
2986:"Endangered Javan rhino at risk from tsunami"
2586:
2584:
2374:"Top 10 most endangered species in the world"
2332:
2330:
2328:
2038:
2080:
2011:"The type locality of the Javan Rhinoceros (
1923:. wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
1868:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1690:
1339:A painting from 1861 depicts the hunting of
423:and onto the mainland of Southeast Asia and
4247:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
3431:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19495A8925965.en
2875:Rare rhinos captured on camera in Indonesia
2513:Cranbook, Earl of; Philip J. Piper (2007).
2486:
2484:
2339:Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6
2147:Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6
2057:
1857:
1206:
27:Temporal range: Early Pleistocene â Recent
3468:
3454:
3288:
3161:
2846:
2581:
2508:
2506:
2490:
2336:
2325:
2307:images and movies of the Javan Rhinoceros
2008:
1738:
1219:is the home of all remaining Javan rhinos.
615:National Museum of Natural History, France
334:
137:
110:
3429:
3399:dedicated to the conservation of rhinos:
3143:
2842:
2840:
2762:
2197:
2187:
2121:
1727:
1674:
411:Up until the mid-19th to about the early
4322:Critically endangered fauna of Indonesia
3123:
3117:
3085:"Rare Javan rhino found dead in Vietnam"
2924:
2730:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2481:
2343:European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
2151:European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
2144:
2138:
1498:
1429:
1371:
1334:
1317:, likely for the same nutritional need.
1272:
1210:
1138:
729:
3417:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3253:
3036:
2884:
2795:
2782:
2627:
2590:
2503:
2349:
2271:
2100:Xu, X.; Janke, A.; Arnason, U. (1996).
1964:Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940).
1945:Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940).
621:of hornless rhinoceros were described:
4239:
3873:
3155:
3100:"Javan rhino 'now extinct in Vietnam'"
3097:
3091:
2837:
2826:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2653:Cardamom Mountains biodiversity survey
2633:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2300:
2041:"Le Rhinocéros sans cornes ou Gaindar"
1646:
1644:
1593:
1591:
3955:
3954:
3449:
2980:
2978:
2881:, 1 March 2011 (Expires: 30 May 2011)
2847:Williamson, Lucy (1 September 2006).
2563:Foose, T. J.; van Strien, N. (1997).
2551:
2401:
2399:
2355:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2123:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025681
1935:. Mongabay.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
1651:Ellis, S. & Talukdar, B. (2020).
1597:
2456:
1984:"Javan Rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus)"
1438:shot in Perak on the Malay Peninsula
1231:The animal was once widespread from
660:in 1892 was a specimen from Vietnam.
16:Rare species of rhinoceros from Asia
4302:Critically endangered fauna of Asia
3291:"Stegosaurus, Rhinoceros, or Hoax?"
3124:Gersmann, Hanna (25 October 2011).
3049:
3030:
2820:
2771:
2696:
2644:
2443:
1662:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1641:
1588:
1568:is a Javan rhinoceros named Kaka.
13:
2975:
2849:"Baby boom for near-extinct rhino"
2396:
2157:
1894:
1719:Dinerstein, Eric (24 April 2009).
1147:Javan rhinos are smaller than the
14:
4333:
3361:
2659:: Fauna and Flora International.
2651:Daltry, J.C.; F. Momberg (2000).
1702:"RhinocĂ©ros des Ăles de La Sonde"
1507:The Javan rhinoceros occurred in
1159:and the second-largest animal in
1155:. They are the largest animal in
3935:
3934:
3721:
3368:
2724:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00150.x
2613:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00271.x
2380:. 4 January 2010. Archived from
1822:Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus
1277:A museum specimen of a juvenile
1143:Captive Javan rhino, around 1900
385:, and one of the five remaining
315:Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus
179:
35:
3531:
3332:
3301:
3282:
3247:
3208:
3182:
3037:Raeburn, Paul (24 April 1989).
3004:
2961:
2947:
2933:
2918:
2783:Stanley, Bruce (22 June 1993).
2673:
2526:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
2265:
2222:
2110:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2093:
2074:
2051:
2032:
2002:
1976:
1957:
1938:
1895:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1888:
1470:
1320:
1151:, and are close in size to the
794:and the extinct Eurasian genus
617:. In the 19th century, several
3397:International Rhino Foundation
3098:Kinver, M. (24 October 2011).
2802:Emslie, R.; M. Brooks (1999).
2022:Zeitschrift fĂŒr SĂ€ugetierkunde
1811:
1785:
1763:
1712:
1367:
1134:
601:in 1822 for a rhinoceros from
309:Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus
1:
1871:"Javan rhinoceros in Vietnam"
1582:
1494:
1447:, extensive defoliation from
984:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis
4297:Conservation-reliant species
2532:(1): 217â220. Archived from
2251:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.06.003
1901:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1851:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.03.014
1575:is a Javan rhinoceros named
1553:is known from the temple of
1362:conservation-reliant species
719:
551:
494:, and Ujung Kulon is also a
472:traditional Chinese medicine
443:, at the far western tip of
381:, of the rhinoceros family,
369:lesser one-horned rhinoceros
323:Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis
7:
3016:Mongabay Environmental News
2893:, PhysOrg, 30 December 2011
1897:"Ujung Kulon National Park"
1797:Mongabay Environmental News
1425:
1376:A Dutch hunter with a dead
1268:
790:(as well as to the extinct
726:Rhinoceros § Evolution
710:Vietnamese Javan rhinoceros
684:Indonesian Javan rhinoceros
585:
10:
4338:
4312:Extinct animals of Vietnam
2712:International Zoo Yearbook
2491:Rookmaaker, L. C. (2002).
2294:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.03.002
2231:Journal of Human Evolution
2189:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032
1771:"Rhino population figures"
1564:One of the mascots of the
1324:
826:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
723:
4292:Mammals described in 1822
4257:Mammals of Southeast Asia
3963:
3932:
3857:
3829:
3805:
3781:
3748:
3731:
3720:
3716:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3488:
3162:Rookmaaker, L.C. (2005).
2429:10.1007/s10592-006-9139-4
2315:27 September 2011 at the
2009:Rookmaaker, L.C. (1982).
1869:Santiapillai, C. (1992).
1747:Columbia University Press
1700:Desmarest, A. G. (1822).
1331:Conservation in Indonesia
1252:. They were extinct from
1217:Ujung Kulon National Park
1062:
1042:
1035:
1006:
974:
951:
944:
937:
930:
901:
881:
874:
867:
846:
838:
441:Ujung Kulon National Park
342:
333:
304:
299:
281:
274:
176:Scientific classification
174:
157:
135:
126:
118:
109:
23:
4307:Extinct animals of India
1573:2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup
1207:Distribution and habitat
1013:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
699:lesser Indian rhinoceros
599:Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest
560:is a combination of the
1970:A Greek-English Lexicon
1951:A Greek-English Lexicon
1831:Biological Conservation
1739:Dinerstein, E. (2003).
1303:
1296:with dung piles and by
961:Coelodonta antiquitatis
853:Elasmotherium sibiricum
695:Indian Javan rhinoceros
343:Javan rhinoceros range
3903:South American tapir (
2910:. 2012. Archived from
2515:"The Javan Rhinoceros
2309:(Rhinoceros sondaicus)
2274:Comptes Rendus Palevol
2039:Lesson, R. P. (1838).
1613:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1504:
1439:
1381:
1343:
1294:mark their territories
1281:
1220:
1144:
746:
654:Rhinoceros annamiticus
470:âare highly valued in
453:Cat Tien National Park
4262:Mammals of Bangladesh
4206:Paleobiology Database
3793:Sumatran rhinoceros (
3392:Rhino Resource Center
3233:10.1515/mamm.2005.039
3164:"A Javan rhinoceros,
3043:Associated Press News
2789:Associated Press News
2409:Conservation Genetics
2182:(19): 4874â4885.e16.
2045:Compléments de Buffon
1669:: e.T19495A18493900.
1502:
1433:
1375:
1358:inbreeding depression
1338:
1276:
1214:
1142:
733:
714:Vietnamese rhinoceros
503:inbreeding depression
478:. As the presence of
373:critically endangered
144:Critically Endangered
4272:Mammals of Indonesia
4009:Rhinoceros_sondaicus
3995:Rhinoceros sondaicus
3965:Rhinoceros sondaicus
3600:Przewalski's horse (
3480:(Odd-toed ungulates)
3424:: e.T19495A8925965.
3410:Rhinoceros sondaicus
3295:Smithsonian Magazine
3217:Rhinoceros sondaicus
3166:Rhinoceros sondaicus
2743:Conservation Letters
2689:5 March 2016 at the
2517:Rhinoceros Sondaicus
2104:Rhinoceros unicornis
2058:Gray, J. E. (1864).
2013:Rhinoceros sondaicus
1655:Rhinoceros sondaicus
1605:Rhinoceros sondaicus
1380:in Ujung Kulon, 1895
1069:Rhinoceros unicornis
1049:Rhinoceros sondaicus
619:zoological specimens
591:Rhinoceros sondaicus
375:member of the genus
356:Rhinoceros sondaicus
285:Rhinoceros sondaicus
4277:Mammals of Malaysia
3760:Indian rhinoceros (
3483:species by suborder
3289:Switek, B. (2009).
3087:. WWF. 10 May 2010.
3062:World Wildlife Fund
2830:Inter Press Service
2755:2018ConL...11E2366S
2605:2007Biotr..39..292C
2421:2006ConG....7..439F
2378:The Daily Telegraph
2286:2012CRPal..11..159A
2243:2009JHumE..57..656J
2089:: 85â115, XIXâXXIX.
1843:2014BCons.174...21B
1009:Sumatran rhinoceros
888:Ceratotherium simum
788:Sumatran rhinoceros
680:nominate subspecies
607:Pierre-MĂ©dard Diard
499:World Heritage Site
435:, and the south of
129:Conservation status
4282:Mammals of Vietnam
4252:Rhinoceros (genus)
3841:Black rhinoceros (
3817:White rhinoceros (
3769:Javan rhinoceros (
3631:African wild ass (
3172:Zoologische Garten
3168:, in Bali in 1839"
2992:. 28 December 2018
2764:10.1111/conl.12366
2682:(25 October 2011)
2467:The New York Times
1773:. SaveTheRhino.org
1571:The mascot of the
1505:
1440:
1382:
1344:
1327:Rhinoceros's Horns
1282:
1263:Cardamom Mountains
1221:
1145:
980:Merck's rhinoceros
747:
658:Pierre Marie Heude
644:Rhinoceros floweri
640:Rhinoceros nasalis
626:Rhinoceros inermis
406:white rhinoceroses
4234:
4233:
4193:Open Tree of Life
3957:Taxon identifiers
3948:
3947:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3867:
3853:
3852:
3742:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3602:E. f. przewalskii
3575:
3552:
3481:
2813:978-2-8317-0502-6
2666:978-1-903703-00-7
2637:New Straits Times
2574:978-2-8317-0336-7
2539:on 11 August 2007
2384:on 6 January 2010
2345:. pp. 75â79.
2153:. pp. 46â49.
2015:Desmarest, 1822)"
1756:978-0-231-08450-5
1745:. New York City:
1723:. Britannica.com.
1626:978-0-8018-8221-0
1515:of the temple at
1436:R. s. annamiticus
1391:carrying capacity
1149:Indian rhinoceros
1125:Early Pleistocene
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1065:Indian rhinoceros
1024:
1023:
995:
994:
957:Woolly rhinoceros
919:
918:
792:woolly rhinoceros
759:Mitochondrial DNA
736:Indian rhinoceros
705:R. s. annamiticus
427:, northwest into
347:
346:
267:R. sondaicus
169:
152:
4329:
4267:Mammals of India
4227:
4226:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4123:
4122:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4096:
4084:
4083:
4071:
4070:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4035:
4034:
4022:
4021:
4012:
4011:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3894:Mountain tapir (
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3718:
3717:
3687:Mountain zebra (
3611:Domestic horse (
3574:
3573:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3528:
3527:
3479:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3384:Javan Rhino Info
3378:
3376:Indonesia portal
3373:
3372:
3371:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3227:(3â4): 443â444.
3219:from Cambodia".
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2914:on 23 June 2012.
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2707:
2694:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2523:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2460:(11 July 2006).
2454:
2441:
2440:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2323:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2280:(2â3): 159â168.
2269:
2263:
2262:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2201:
2191:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2116:(9): 1167â1173.
2097:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1828:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1595:
1566:2018 Asian Games
1455:found along the
1153:black rhinoceros
1045:Javan rhinoceros
1038:
1037:
978:
955:
947:
946:
940:
939:
933:
932:
908:Diceros bicornis
904:Black rhinoceros
884:White Rhinoceros
877:
876:
870:
869:
850:
844:Elasmotheriinae
841:
840:
834:
833:
648:John Edward Gray
568:is derived from
365:Sunda rhinoceros
351:Javan rhinoceros
338:
287:
184:
183:
163:
146:
141:
140:
114:
104:
34:
24:Javan rhinoceros
21:
20:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4204:
4196:
4191:
4183:
4180:Observation.org
4178:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4113:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4087:
4079:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3959:
3949:
3944:
3920:
3912:Malayan tapir (
3885:Baird's tapir (
3863:
3862:
3849:
3825:
3801:
3777:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3704:
3696:Grévy's zebra (
3567:
3566:
3564:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3522:
3484:
3478:Perissodactyla
3474:
3436:
3434:
3405:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3319:
3317:
3306:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3268:10.2307/3248014
3252:
3248:
3213:
3209:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3065:. 28 March 2007
3055:
3054:
3050:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2923:
2919:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2879:ABC News Online
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2845:
2838:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2800:
2796:
2781:
2772:
2735:
2731:
2708:
2697:
2691:Wayback Machine
2678:
2674:
2667:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2561:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2521:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2444:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2335:
2326:
2317:Wayback Machine
2305:
2301:
2270:
2266:
2227:
2223:
2167:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2098:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2056:
2052:
2037:
2033:
2017:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1990:on 22 July 2011
1982:
1981:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1826:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1737:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1649:
1642:
1627:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1497:
1473:
1434:Head of a male
1428:
1378:R. s. sondaicus
1370:
1341:R. s. sondaicus
1333:
1323:
1306:
1279:R. s. sondaicus
1271:
1241:Malay Peninsula
1209:
1169:size difference
1137:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1025:
996:
920:
865:Rhinocerotinae
728:
722:
708:, known as the
693:, known as the
682:, known as the
676:R. s. sondaicus
611:Alfred Duvaucel
595:scientific name
588:
576:biogeographical
556:The genus name
554:
531:Sumatran tigers
457:locally extinct
329:
295:
289:
283:
270:
178:
170:
153:
142:
138:
131:
120:R. s. sondaicus
105:
103:
102:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4215:
4202:
4189:
4176:
4163:
4150:
4137:
4124:
4111:
4098:
4085:
4072:
4059:
4049:
4036:
4023:
4013:
4000:
3985:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3946:
3945:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3868:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:D. sumatrensis
3789:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3743:
3739:(Rhinoceroses)
3733:Rhinocerotidae
3729:
3728:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3678:Plains zebra (
3665:
3664:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3578:
3576:
3553:
3549:(Horse family)
3539:
3538:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3518:Laurasiatheria
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3403:
3394:
3380:
3379:
3363:
3362:External links
3360:
3358:
3357:
3331:
3300:
3281:
3262:(2): 128â130.
3246:
3207:
3181:
3154:
3142:
3116:
3090:
3076:
3048:
3029:
3003:
2974:
2971:. 23 May 2017.
2960:
2946:
2932:
2917:
2895:
2883:
2867:
2836:
2819:
2812:
2794:
2770:
2729:
2718:(1): 150â173.
2695:
2672:
2665:
2643:
2626:
2599:(3): 202â303.
2580:
2573:
2550:
2502:
2480:
2442:
2415:(3): 439â448.
2395:
2365:
2348:
2324:
2299:
2264:
2237:(6): 656â671.
2221:
2156:
2137:
2092:
2073:
2050:
2031:
2001:
1975:
1956:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1887:
1856:
1810:
1784:
1762:
1755:
1726:
1711:
1689:
1640:
1625:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1542:Suryavarman II
1496:
1493:
1472:
1469:
1457:Dong Nai River
1427:
1424:
1369:
1366:
1322:
1319:
1305:
1302:
1298:urine spraying
1270:
1267:
1258:the Sunderbans
1208:
1205:
1165:Asian elephant
1136:
1133:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
912:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
880:
875:
873:
868:
866:
862:
861:
858:
857:
845:
839:
837:
832:
814:Stephanorhinus
797:Stephanorhinus
751:perissodactyls
724:Main article:
721:
718:
717:
716:
701:
686:
662:
661:
651:
637:
587:
584:
553:
550:
492:protected area
484:trophy hunting
480:colonial Dutch
383:Rhinocerotidae
345:
344:
340:
339:
331:
330:
328:
327:
319:
311:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
290:
279:
278:
272:
271:
264:
262:
258:
257:
250:
246:
245:
243:Rhinocerotidae
240:
236:
235:
233:Perissodactyla
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
172:
171:
158:
155:
154:
136:
133:
132:
127:
124:
123:
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Fauna of Java
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3943:
3942:
3931:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3905:T. terrestris
3901:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:Ceratotherium
3804:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3366:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3327:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:Artibus Asiae
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:(2): 129â131.
3177:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3018:. 31 May 2024
3017:
3013:
3007:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2908:Jakarta Globe
2905:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:(1): e12366.
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2359:National Post
2352:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:(6): 381â382.
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1824:from Vietnam"
1823:
1814:
1799:. 31 May 2024
1798:
1794:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:water buffalo
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:Anak Krakatau
1413:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
987:
985:
981:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
962:
958:
949:
948:
942:
941:
935:
934:
928:
927:
924:
923:
915:
914:
911:
909:
905:
899:
898:
895:
894:
891:
889:
885:
879:
878:
872:
871:
864:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
854:
843:
842:
836:
835:
831:
829:
827:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
741:
737:
732:
727:
715:
711:
707:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:
690:R. s. inermis
687:
685:
681:
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398:Indian rhinos
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4317:EDGE species
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3896:T. pinchaque
3895:
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3784:Dicerorhinus
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3771:R. sondaicus
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3762:R. unicornis
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3724:Ceratomorpha
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1969:
1959:
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1765:
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1666:
1660:
1654:
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1611:Wilson, D.E.
1604:
1570:
1563:
1525:Indian rhino
1506:
1489:Adelaide Zoo
1485:
1474:
1471:In captivity
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:Agent Orange
1441:
1435:
1421:
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1340:
1321:Conservation
1307:
1291:
1283:
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1250:World War II
1246:
1230:
1222:
1201:Camera traps
1197:
1174:
1146:
1120:
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1068:
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748:
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683:
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656:proposed by
653:
646:proposed by
643:
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628:proposed by
625:
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569:
565:
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555:
536:camera traps
507:
476:black market
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413:20th century
410:
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364:
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355:
354:
350:
348:
321:
313:
308:
284:
282:
266:
265:
253:
119:
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4089:iNaturalist
3989:Wikispecies
3843:D. bicornis
3672:Hippotigris
3651:E. hemionus
3613:E. caballus
3568:(including
3534:Hippomorpha
3516:Superorder
3510:Infraclass
3401:Javan Rhino
3350:12 November
2996:28 December
2499:(4): 11â12.
2199:10230/48693
1994:17 December
1906:7 September
1513:bas reliefs
1406:arenga palm
1368:Ujung Kulon
1135:Description
630:René Lesson
518:floodplains
516:, and vast
488:Vietnam War
361:Javan rhino
300:Subspecies
30:1.5â0
4241:Categories
3914:T. indicus
3887:T. bairdii
3751:Rhinoceros
3437:25 October
3135:25 October
3069:4 November
2860:16 October
2593:Biotropica
2543:4 November
2519:in Borneo"
2473:14 October
2458:Derr, Mark
2341:. London:
2149:. London:
1777:2 February
1682:16 January
1583:References
1517:Angkor Wat
1495:In culture
1325:See also:
1311:salt licks
1254:Chittagong
1163:after the
1121:Rhinoceros
810:Rhinoceros
806:Rhinoceros
784:Rhinoceros
779:Rhinoceros
743:Rhinoceros
740:type genus
634:Sundarbans
558:Rhinoceros
514:grasslands
510:rainforest
459:in 2011.
429:East India
390:rhinoceros
378:Rhinoceros
254:Rhinoceros
162:Appendix I
3859:Tapiridae
3698:E. grevyi
3680:E. quagga
3669:Subgenus
3642:E. asinus
3622:Subgenus
3582:Subgenus
3204:: 98â100.
3198:Pachyderm
2927:Pachyderm
2877:, video,
2657:Cambridge
2208:0092-8674
1878:Pachyderm
1837:: 21â29.
1603:"Species
1599:Grubb, P.
1559:Stegosaur
1286:Wallowing
1161:Indonesia
821:cladogram
802:gene flow
720:Evolution
566:sondaicus
552:Etymology
523:predators
425:Indochina
292:Desmarest
261:Species:
199:Kingdom:
193:Eukaryota
4219:Species+
4159:14100067
4107:11108763
4016:BioLib:
3974:Wikidata
3941:Category
3864:(Tapirs)
3819:C. simum
3689:E. zebra
3660:E. kiang
3649:Onager (
3640:Donkey (
3593:E. ferus
3512:Eutheria
3506:Mammalia
3500:Chordata
3494:Animalia
3492:Kingdom
3388:Pictures
3344:FIFA.com
3241:85394693
3221:Mammalia
3104:BBC News
2990:BBC News
2854:BBC News
2687:Archived
2621:85988264
2437:24586209
2388:19 March
2313:Archived
2259:19683789
2216:34433011
1884:: 25â27.
1635:62265494
1601:(2005).
1555:Ta Prohm
1509:Cambodia
1481:Calcutta
1477:Adelaide
1426:Cat Tien
1386:Krakatoa
1315:seawater
1269:Behavior
1189:incisors
1185:Sumatran
605:sent by
597:used by
593:was the
586:Taxonomy
527:leopards
464:poaching
394:Sumatran
239:Family:
223:Mammalia
213:Chordata
209:Phylum:
203:Animalia
189:Domain:
149:IUCN 3.1
4146:1006114
4081:5220112
3980:Q170311
3876:Tapirus
3832:Diceros
3658:Kiang (
3543:Equidae
3498:Phylum
3476:Extant
3390:on the
3326:Twitter
3276:3248014
3109:19 June
2751:Bibcode
2601:Bibcode
2417:Bibcode
2282:Bibcode
2239:Bibcode
2132:8896369
1839:Bibcode
1538:Brahmin
1215:Java's
771:Miocene
767:Eurasia
763:Equidae
753:in the
613:to the
468:keratin
449:Vietnam
421:Sumatra
249:Genus:
229:Order:
219:Class:
164: (
147: (
99:↓
4211:197767
4198:668145
4172:102233
4120:625004
4068:328342
4052:ECOS:
4032:211164
3625:Asinus
3570:Zebras
3504:Class
3274:
3239:
3022:6 June
2810:
2663:
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2571:
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2321:ARKive
2257:
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2206:
2130:
1966:"ÎșÎÏáŸł"
1803:6 June
1753:
1633:
1623:
1577:Bacuya
1547:vahana
1530:heaven
1445:napalm
1237:Bengal
1193:molars
1177:rhinos
1129:Trinil
678:, the
580:Borneo
574:, the
512:, wet
496:UNESCO
433:Bhutan
387:extant
294:, 1822
4185:87169
4133:19495
4102:IRMNG
4094:43346
4045:4S84X
4019:33429
3585:Equus
3561:Equus
3314:Tweet
3272:JSTOR
3237:S2CID
3194:(PDF)
2617:S2CID
2537:(PDF)
2522:(PDF)
2433:S2CID
2018:(PDF)
1947:"áż„ÎŻÏ"
1874:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1609:. In
1292:Bull
1233:Assam
1181:black
666:valid
571:sunda
540:fecal
437:China
402:black
371:is a
166:CITES
160:CITES
4224:5553
4167:NCBI
4128:IUCN
4115:ITIS
4076:GBIF
4055:3511
4027:BOLD
3439:2019
3422:2008
3386:and
3352:2022
3322:2022
3137:2011
3111:2012
3071:2007
3024:2024
2998:2018
2862:2007
2808:ISBN
2661:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2545:2007
2475:2007
2390:2012
2255:PMID
2212:PMID
2204:ISSN
2176:Cell
2128:PMID
2068:1867
1996:2014
1908:2023
1805:2024
1779:2021
1751:ISBN
1684:2022
1667:2020
1631:OCLC
1621:ISBN
1534:hell
1532:and
1521:Agni
1329:and
1304:Diet
1256:and
1235:and
1226:Java
1183:and
1157:Java
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669:taxa
642:and
609:and
603:Java
538:and
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419:and
417:Java
349:The
38:Preê
4154:MSW
4141:MDD
4063:EoL
4040:CoL
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3264:doi
3229:doi
2759:doi
2720:doi
2680:WWF
2609:doi
2425:doi
2290:doi
2247:doi
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