Jean-Bédel Bokassa

636: 1433: 4009: 3972: 384: 373: 77: 1232:. Cognizant of the president's intentions, Banza increased his voicing of dissenting political views. A year later, after Banza made a number of remarks highly critical of Bokassa and his management of the economy, the president, perceiving an immediate threat to his power, demoted him from his minister of state position. Banza revealed his intention to stage a coup to Lieutenant Jean-Claude Mandaba, the commanding officer of Camp Kassaï, whom he looked to for support. Mandaba went along with the plan, but his allegiance remained with Bokassa. 3916: 1054:, who commanded the Camp Kassaï military base in northeast Bangui and, like Bokassa, had served in the French Army. Banza was an intelligent, ambitious and capable man who played a major role in the planning of the coup. By December, many people began to anticipate the political turmoil that would soon engulf the CAR. Dacko's personal advisers alerted him that Bokassa "showed signs of mental instability" and needed to be arrested before he sought to bring down the government; Dacko did not heed these warnings. 1358: 1209: 1718:. In another regional innovation, access to the trial was granted to the public; this meant that the courtroom was constantly filled with standing-room-only spectators. There were live French-language broadcasts by Radio Bangui and local television news crews broadcast all over the country, as well as neighbouring French-speaking African countries. The trial was listened to and watched by many in the CAR and in neighbouring countries who had access to a radio or TV set. 742:. Mindogon was forced to organise the rosters of his village people to work for the French Forestière company. After hearing about the efforts of a prophet named Karnu to resist French rule and forced labour, Mindogon decided that he would no longer follow French orders and released some of his fellow villagers who were being held hostage by the Forestière. The company considered this to be a rebellious act, so they detained Mindogon and took him away bound in chains to 1221:

obtain a support base within the army, spending much of his time in the company of soldiers. Bokassa understood what his minister was doing, so he sent military units most sympathetic to Banza to the country's border and brought his own partisan units as close to the capital as possible. In September 1967, he took a special trip to Paris, where he asked for protection from French troops. Two months later, the French government deployed 80 paratroopers to Bangui.

1290: 362: 25: 1480: 1192:, the two decided to help one another if either was in danger of losing power. Soon after, other African countries began to diplomatically recognize the new government. At first, the French government was reluctant to support the Bokassa regime, so Banza went to Paris to meet with French officials to convince them that the coup was necessary to save the country from turmoil. Bokassa met with 1035:, but rejected the budget proposal Bokassa had made for the army. At this point, Bokassa told friends he was annoyed by Dacko's mistreatment and was "going for a coup d'état". Dacko planned to replace Bokassa with Izamo as his personal military adviser, and wanted to promote army officers loyal to the government, while demoting Bokassa and his close associates. 1739:, Bokassa stated: "I'm not a saint. I'm just a man like everyone else." Several times he erupted in rage, once attacking the chief prosecutor M'Boudou: "The aggravating thing about all this is that it's all about Bokassa, Bokassa, Bokassa! I have enough crimes levelled against me without you blaming me for all the murders of the last twenty-one years!" 1173:

communism. He alleged that PRC agents in the countryside had been training and arming locals to start a revolution, and on 6 January 1966 he dismissed communist agents from the country and cut off diplomatic relations with the PRC. Bokassa also believed that the coup was necessary in order to prevent further corruption in the government.

924:, Bokassa was given the task of creating the new country's military. Over a year later, Bokassa became commander-in-chief of the 500 soldiers of the army. Due to his relationship to Dacko and experience abroad in the French military, he was able to quickly rise through the ranks of the new national army, becoming its first 637: 883:. During his stay in Indochina, he married a 17-year-old Vietnamese girl named Nguyễn Thị Huệ. After Huệ bore him a daughter, Bokassa had the child registered as a French national. Bokassa left Indochina without his wife and child, as he believed he would return for another tour of duty in the near future. 1546:

By January 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after food riots in Bangui led to a massacre of civilians. The final straw came when Bokassa tried to force all students in the country, from elementary school to university students, to wear uniforms made by a company owned by one of his

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were substantiated by several testimonies during his eventual trial, including the statement of his former chef that he had repeatedly cooked the flesh of human carcasses stored in the palace's walk-in freezers for Bokassa's table. At his coronation he is said to have told the French ambassador that

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the government's chief of protocol, who admonished him for not following the correct order of seating at presidential tables. At this time Mgboundoulou no longer advocated Bokassa's status as leader of the army. At first, Dacko found his cousin's antics amusing. Despite the number of recent military

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issued a decree rehabilitating Bokassa and calling him "a son of the nation recognised by all as a great builder". The decree went on to hold that "This rehabilitation of rights erases penal condemnations, particularly fines and legal costs, and stops any future incapacities that result from them".

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of Dacko that he could not be positively sure if the photographs he had seen were of dead bodies to be used for consumption, Bokassa's former chef was called to testify that he had cooked human flesh stored in the walk-in freezers and served it to Bokassa on an occasional basis. The prosecution did

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One of the most lurid allegations against Bokassa was that of cannibalism. Former President Dacko was called to the witness stand to testify that he had seen photographs of butchered bodies hanging in the cold-storage rooms of Bokassa's palace immediately after the 1979 coup. Photographs apparently

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during protests against the costly school uniforms which they were forced to purchase from a factory (supposedly owned by one of Bokassa's wives). Several of them testified that on their first night in jail, Bokassa visited the prison and screamed at the children for their insolence. He was said to

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celebrations in July 1965. After attending the celebrations and a 23 July ceremony to mark the closing of a military officer training school he had attended decades earlier, Bokassa decided to return to the CAR. However, Dacko forbade his return, and the infuriated Bokassa spent the next few months

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Bokassa sought recognition for his status as leader of the army. He frequently appeared in public wearing his military decorations, and in ceremonies he often sat next to President Dacko to display his importance in the government. Bokassa frequently got into heated arguments with Jean-Paul Douate,

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Bokassa attempted to justify his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa "stand out" from the rest of the continent and earn the world's respect. Despite generous invitations, no foreign leaders attended the event. By this time, many people inside and outside the CAE

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When Banza contacted his co-conspirators on 8 April 1969, informing them that they would execute the coup the following day, Mandaba immediately phoned Bokassa and informed him of the plan. When Banza entered Camp Kassaï on 9 April, he was ambushed by Mandaba and his soldiers. The men had to break

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Despite the changes in the country, Bokassa had difficulty obtaining international recognition for his new government. He tried to justify the coup by explaining that Izamo and PRC agents were trying to take over the government and that he had to intervene to save the country from the influence of

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to visit one of his ministers' plantations southwest of Bangui. An hour and a half before midnight, Banza gave orders to his officers to begin the coup. Bokassa called Izamo at his headquarters and asked him to come to Camp de Roux to sign some documents that needed his immediate attention. Izamo,

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Two versions concerning the end circumstances of his death differ on one minor detail. Did Bokassa tie him to a pillar before personally carving him with a knife that he had previously used for stirring his coffee in the gold-and-midnight blue Sèvres coffee set, or was the murder committed on the

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Around midnight, Bokassa, Banza, and their supporters left Camp de Roux to take over Bangui. After seizing the capital in a matter of hours, Bokassa and Banza rushed to the Renaissance Palace in order to arrest Dacko, who was nowhere to be found. Bokassa panicked, believing the president had been

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Gabriel-Faustin M'Boudou, the Chief Prosecutor of the CAR, called various witnesses to testify against Bokassa. Their testimonies helped to document victims ranging from political enemies to a newborn son of a palace guard commander who had been executed for attempting to kill Bokassa in 1978; a

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Bokassa and Banza began to argue over the country's budget, as Banza adamantly opposed the new president's extravagant spending. Bokassa moved to Camp de Roux, where he felt he could safely run the government without having to worry about Banza's thirst for power. In the meantime, Banza tried to

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on 7 July 1966, but the French remained noncommittal in offering their support. After Bokassa threatened to withdraw from the CFA franc monetary zone, President de Gaulle decided to make an official visit to the CAR on 17 November 1966. To the Bokassa regime, this visit meant that the French had

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In his address to the nation, Bokassa claimed that the government would hold elections in the future, a new assembly would be formed, and a new constitution would be written. He also told his countrymen that he would give up his power after the communist threat had been eliminated, the economy

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school in Mbaïki. As a child, he was frequently taunted by his classmates about his orphanhood. He was short in stature and physically strong. In his studies, Bokassa became especially fond of a French grammar book by an author named Jean Bédel. His teachers noticed his attachment, and started

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The coronation was estimated to cost his country roughly $ US20 million – one third of the CAE's annual budget and all of France's aid money for that year. His regalia, the lavish coronation, and generally the ceremonies adapted by the newly formed CAE were largely inspired by

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Throughout the trial, Bokassa denied all the charges against him. He attempted to shift the blame away from himself to wayward members of his former cabinet and the army for any misdeeds that might have occurred during his reign as both president and emperor. Testifying in his own

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During Bokassa's seven years in exile, he wrote his memoirs after complaining that his French military pension was insufficient. However, a French court ordered that all 8,000 copies of the book be destroyed because in it Bokassa claimed to have shared women with French President

1554:, where approximately 100 students were beaten to death by the guards. Bokassa is alleged to have participated in the massacre. However, he denied these allegations. After the massacre, Bokassa was condemned by foreign governments and international organizations cut off aid. 1381:, more than the annual budget of the CAR. The ceremony was organized by French artist Jean-Pierre Dupont, and Bokassa's ornate crown was made by Parisian jeweller Claude Bertrand. Bokassa sat on a two-ton throne modeled in the shape of a large eagle made from gilded bronze. 1077:

celebration with friends, reluctantly agreed and travelled to the camp. Upon arrival, he was confronted by Banza and Bokassa, who informed him of the coup in progress. After declaring his opposition to the coup, Izamo was taken by the coup plotters to an underground cellar.

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in December 1980 for the murder of numerous political rivals. He returned from exile on 24 October 1986 and was immediately arrested by the Central African authorities as soon as he stepped off the plane in Bangui. He was tried for fourteen different charges, including

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It is presumed that his conversion to Islam was a ploy calculated to ensure ongoing Libyan financial aid. Issues arose when it became clear no funds promised by Gaddafi were forthcoming. The conversion also clashed with Bokassa's plans to be crowned emperor in the

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trying to obtain support from the French and Central African armed forces, who he hoped would force Dacko to reconsider his decision. Dacko eventually yielded to pressure and allowed Bokassa back in October 1965. Bokassa claimed that Dacko finally gave up after

944:, suggested Dacko name Bokassa to the cabinet, which he hoped would both break the colonel's close connections with the army and satisfy the colonel's desire for recognition. To combat the chance that Bokassa would stage a coup, Dacko created a 500-member 2935: 1341:

declared himself a "friend and family member" of Bokassa. By that time, France supplied its former colony's regime with financial and military backing. In exchange, Bokassa frequently took Giscard on hunting trips in the CAR and supplied France with

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in Bangui, under Father Grüner. Grüner educated him with the intention of making him a priest, but realized that his student did not have the aptitude for study or the piety required for this occupation. He then studied at Father Compte's school in

1791:, and the following year reduced the sentence to twenty years. With the return of democracy to the CAR in 1993, Kolingba declared a general amnesty for all prisoners as one of his final acts as president, and Bokassa was released on 1 August 1993. 1268:

reported that Banza "was dragged before a Cabinet meeting where Bokassa slashed him with a razor. Guards then beat Banza until his back was broken, dragged him through the streets of Bangui and finally shot him." The French daily evening newspaper

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Dacko was arrested by soldiers patrolling Pétévo Junction, on the western border of Bangui. He was taken back to the palace, where Bokassa hugged the president and told him, "I tried to warn you — but now it's too late." Dacko was taken to

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before the local media, showing his countrymen his French army medals, and displaying his strength, fearlessness and masculinity. He formed a new government called the Revolutionary Council, invalidated the constitution and dissolved the

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Dacko did not conceal his plans. He hinted at his intentions to elders of the Bobangui village, who in turn informed Bokassa of the plot. Bokassa realized he had to act quickly, and worried that his 500-man army would be no match for the

1098:). In a move that he thought would boost his popularity with the people, Bokassa ordered prison director Otto Šacher to release all prisoners in the jail. Bokassa then took Dacko to Camp Kassaï, where he forced the president to resign. 1759:

On 12 June 1987, Bokassa was found guilty of murder in at least twenty cases and sentenced to death. The charge of cannibalism was not taken into account for the final verdict, since the consumption of human remains was classified a

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in Africa, he publicly dismissed the likelihood that Bokassa would try to take control of the country. At an official dinner, he said, "Colonel Bokassa only wants to collect medals and he is too stupid to pull off a coup d'état".

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Among the witnesses were twenty-seven teenagers and young adults who identified themselves as the only survivors of the 180 children arrested in April 1979. They had been arrested after children threw rocks at Bokassa's passing

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In the coming months, Bokassa imposed a number of new rules and regulations: men and women between the ages of 18 and 55 had to provide proof that they had jobs, or else they would be fined or imprisoned. Begging was banned.

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wives. In response to this, students began protesting against Bokassa and by April 1979, the students and police "were practically in state of war". Many students were shot dead by the police during these protests.

894:. Bokassa was then stationed as a military technical assistant in December 1958 in Brazzaville, and in 1959 after a twenty-year absence he was posted back to his homeland in Bangui. He was promoted to the rank of 1606:

By 00:30 on 21 September 1979, the pro-French Dacko proclaimed the fall of the CAE and the restoration of the CAR under his presidency. Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on 1 September 1981 by

2932: 3002: 1694:. Now that Bokassa was unexpectedly in the hands of the CAR government, they were required by law to try him in person, granting him the benefit of defence counsel. At Bokassa's court arraignment, the 1980 1115:

is abolished. A new era of equality among all has begun. Central Africans, wherever you may be, be assured that the army will defend you and your property ... Long live the Central African Republic!

982:) and in an attempt to cultivate alternative sources of support and display his ability to make foreign policy without the help of the French government, Dacko established diplomatic relations with the 1584:

Upon arrival of two more French military transport aircraft containing over 300 French troops, a message was then sent by Colonel Brancion-Rouge to Colonel Degenne to trigger the second phase known as

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in February 1964; after receiving word of the coup from the country's vice president, officials in Paris sent paratroopers to Gabon in a matter of hours and M'Ba was quickly restored to power.

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cabinet table with the help of other persons? Late that afternoon, soldiers dragged a still identifiable corpse, with the spinal column smashed, from barrack to barrack to serve as an example.

642:; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996) was a Central African political and military leader. He became the second president of the Central African Republic (CAR) after seizing power in the 4339: 3183: 2730: 746:. On 13 November 1927, he was beaten to death in the town square just outside the prefecture office. A week later Bokassa's mother, unable to bear the grief of losing her husband, committed 4369: 1527:. Suppression of dissenters remained widespread, and torture was said to be especially rampant. Rumours abounded that Bokassa himself occasionally participated in beatings and executions. 1125: 3960: 2811: 4344: 2010: 1895: 1444:(Central African Revolutionary Council). On 4 December, at the MESAN congress, he converted back to Catholicism and instituted a new constitution that transformed the republic into the 2433:

The army Chief of Staff, Lieut. Col. Sangoule Lamizana, seized control of Upper Volta today in the fourth military take-over among the central African countries in the last two months.

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and the presidential guard. He was also concerned with the possibility that the French would come to Dacko's aid after the coup, as had occurred after one in Gabon against President

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were all abolished. Bokassa also opened a public transport system in Bangui made up of three interconnected bus lines through the capital city as well as a ferry service on the

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The Bangui radio announced today that Health Minister Alexandre Banza, 36 years old, had been executed for having plotted to assassinate the President, Col. Jean Bédel Bokassa.

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added to the country's list of problems. Bokassa felt that he needed to take over the government to address these issues—most importantly, to rid the CAR from the influence of

774:, where he developed his abilities as a cook. After graduating in 1939, Bokassa took the advice offered to him by his grandfather, M'Balanga, and Father Grüner, by joining the 4259: 4289: 1835:

In the lead-up to this official rehabilitation, Bokassa has been praised by CAR politicians for his patriotism and for the periods of stability that he brought the country.

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and François Gibault, who faced a panel modelled on the French legal system, composed of six jurors and three judges, presided over by High Court Judge Edouard Franck. The

4249: 1009:. According to Samuel Decalo, a scholar of African government, Bokassa's personal ambitions played the most important role in his decision to launch a coup against Dacko. 1731:

have ordered the prison guards to club the children to death; Bokassa allegedly participated, smashing the skulls of at least five children with his ebony walking stick.

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and take him directly to Bokassa. At his house in Berengo, Bokassa nearly beat Banza to death before Mandaba suggested that Banza be put on trial for appearance's sake.

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by Szpiner and Gibault on the grounds that the CAR's constitution allowed a former head of state to be charged only with treason was rejected by the CAR Supreme Court.

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thought Bokassa was insane. The Western press, mostly in France, the UK and the US, considered him a laughingstock, and often compared his eccentric behavior and

4314: 4279: 4274: 1631:, who had been a frequent guest in the CAR. Bokassa's presence in France proved embarrassing to many government ministers who had supported him during his rule. 4008: 3293: 4309: 3976: 3105: 4424: 3134: 1714:

of a former head of state was unprecedented in the history of post-colonial Africa, where former dictators had previously been tried and executed following

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On 29 February 1988, Kolingba demonstrated his opposition to capital punishment by voiding the death penalty against Bokassa and commuted his sentence to

4384: 3946: 4294: 2555: 3029: 1321:, in February 1970. Over time, Bokassa's domestic and foreign policies became increasingly unpredictable, leading to another assassination attempt at 1145:

stabilized, and corruption rooted out. Bokassa allowed MESAN to continue functioning, but all other political organizations were barred from the CAR.

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he had unknowingly eaten human meat. This did not affect Bokassa's criminal record, however, since the consumption of human remains is considered a

4239: 2720: 1523:. In practice, however, he retained the same dictatorial powers he had held for the past decade as President Bokassa, and the country remained a 1031:

Tensions between Dacko and Bokassa continued to escalate in the coming months. In December, Dacko approved an increase in the budget for Izamo's

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Upon his return to France, Bokassa was stationed at Fréjus, where he taught radio transmissions to African recruits. In 1956, he was promoted to

676:. His "imperial" regime lasted from 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979. Following his overthrow, the CAR was restored under his predecessor, 2803: 659: 4364: 3342: 2846: 1949: 1028:

had personally told Dacko that "Bokassa must be immediately returned to his post. I cannot tolerate the mistreatment of my companion-in-arms".

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playing was allowed only during the nights and weekends. A "morality brigade" was formed in the capital to monitor bars and dance halls.

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began on the evening of 20 September 1979, and ended early the next morning as the first phase of Bokassa's overthrow. An undercover

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a.m. this morning, your army took control of the government. The Dacko government has resigned. The hour of justice is at hand. The

699:, but found him guilty of the murder of schoolchildren and other crimes. The resulting death sentence was later commuted to life in 3907: 722:

Bokassa was born on 22 February 1921, as one of twelve children to Mindogon Mufasa, a village chief, and his wife Marie Yokowo in

4329: 691:. He returned to the CAR in 1986 and was put on trial for treason and murder. In 1987, the jury did not decide on the charges of 1954: 1919: 1578: 1574: 1347: 1322: 1082:

warned of the coup in advance, and immediately ordered his soldiers to search for Dacko in the countryside until he was found.

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Bokassa's trial began on 15 December 1986, taking place in the Palace of Justice in Bangui. Bokassa hired two French lawyers,

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Bokassa remained in the CAR for the rest of his life. In 1996, as his health declined, he proclaimed himself the Thirteenth

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His Imperial Majesty Bokassa the First, Apostle of Peace and Servant of Jesus Christ, Emperor and Marshal of Central Africa

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verdict was overturned and a new trial was ordered for him. Bokassa pleaded not guilty to all of the charges against him.

3436: 1611:. Bokassa, who was visiting Libya on a state visit at the time, fled to Ivory Coast where he spent four years living in 1317:, who became the first woman to hold the position. He had earlier appointed the CAR's first female government minister, 1309:. He survived another coup attempt in December 1974. The following month, on 2 January, he relinquished the position of 3882: 940:

Other members of Dacko's cabinet believed that Bokassa was a genuine threat to the government. Jean-Arthur Bandio, the

2413:"Army Chief of Staff Seizes Power in Upper Volta. Deposed President Asserts He 'Rejoices' at Coup Curfew Is Continued" 4394: 4324: 3277: 2637: 1968: 1399: 1421: 1373:

sent a battalion to secure the ceremony; he also lent seventeen aircraft to Bokassa's government, and even assigned

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The "friendly and fraternal" cooperation with France—according to Bokassa's own terms—reached its peak with the

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before his tour of duty ended in March 1953. For his exploits in battle, he was honoured with membership of the

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van de Walle, Nicholas (July 1991), "The Decline of the Franc Zone: Monetary Politics in Francophone Africa",

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not examine rumours that Bokassa had served some of the flesh of his victims to visiting foreign dignitaries.

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at Camp de Roux, where he admitted to his plan, but stated that he had not planned to kill Bokassa. He was

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Bokassa's extended family decided that it would be best if he received a French-language education at the

4399: 4354: 4284: 1188:. After Bokassa reciprocated by meeting Tombalbaye on 2 April 1966, along the southern border of Chad at 2022: 1998: 1992: 3213: 1275:

reported that Banza was killed in circumstances "so revolting that it still makes one's flesh creep":

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personnel to support the orchestra. The coronation ceremony lasted for two days and cost 10 million

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on 3 November 1996 at his home in Bangui at the age of 75. He had seventeen wives, one of whom was

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military airport in neighbouring Chad to occupy the capital city as a peace-securing intervention.

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by the will of the Central African people, united within the national political party, the MESAN".

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in 2010, leading to an upsurge in his popularity, despite his well-known crimes and extravagances.

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showing a fridge in the palace that contained the bodies of schoolchildren were also published in

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Of this period, Bokassa served about eleven years as president and three years as self-proclaimed

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with the rank of battalion commandant under then-commander-in-chief Mgboundoulou. As a cousin of

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in 1958, and then an independent nation as the Central African Republic (CAR) on 13 August 1960.

680:. Bokassa's self-proclaimed imperial title did not achieve international diplomatic recognition. 176: 134: 102: 1318: 4017: 3776: 3552: 2629: 2623: 1889: 1445: 1162: 831: 647: 1484: 1177: 966:, the bureaucracy was falling apart, and the country's boundaries were constantly breached by 470: 264: 4334: 4075: 3507: 1803: 1764:

under CAR law, and upon seizing power from Dacko in 1981, President Kolingba had declared an

1524: 1465: 1001:). The aid failed to subdue the prospect of a financial collapse for the country. Widespread 673: 3748: 2752: 1914: 989:

A delegation led by Meng Yieng and agents of the Chinese government toured the CAR, showing

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Dacko's government faced a number of problems during 1964 and 1965: the economy experienced

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after the war, studying radio transmissions at an army camp in the French coastal town of

8: 3106:"Former Central African Republic ruler Jean-Bedel Bokassa denied today... - UPI Archives" 2279: 1727: 1722:

hospital nurse testified that Bokassa had ordered the newborn's death through poisoning.

1639: 1601: 1585: 1469: 1391: 963: 870: 758: 454: 2556:"Central Africans Execute Official. Republic's Health Minister Accused of Plotting Coup" 1512:

under CAR law and all previously committed misdemeanours had been forgiven by a general

3804: 3769: 3619: 3611: 3595: 3581: 2883: 2804:"The Coronation of Bokassa I That Spent a Huge Chunk of Central Africa's Annual Budget" 2725: 2560: 2283: 1811: 1807: 1314: 1306: 1248: 1102: 1069: 895: 823: 776: 688: 537: 410: 404: 290: 269: 172: 3214:"Jean-Bédel Bokassa (president of Central African Republic) – Encyclopædia Britannica" 1408:

intelligence service learned of Bokassa's willingness to become a partner of Gaddafi.

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Giscard two diamonds in 1973. This soon became a major political scandal known as the

3886: 3863: 3841: 3824: 3780: 3755: 3732: 3701: 3678: 3659: 3640: 3623: 3556: 3523: 3512: 3285: 3075: 3037: 2994: 2643: 2633: 1901: 1799: 1752: 1669: 1504: 1244: 1229: 1225: 1074: 1025: 887: 839: 692: 684: 588: 581: 509: 282: 39: 4050: 1608: 599: 3920: 3724: 3603: 2275: 1909: 1748: 1620: 1294: 1196: 1091: 903: 874: 862: 803: 609: 341: 76: 34: 902:, part of French Equatorial Africa, had become a semi-autonomous territory of the 806:

broke out in September 1939 following his enlistment. While serving in the second

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Sovereign Knight Commander of the Imperial Order of Agricultural Merit, 1st Class

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The circumstances of Banza's death have been disputed. The American newsmagazine

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to have him come in with helicopters and aircraft. These aircraft took off from

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In September 1976, Bokassa dissolved the government and replaced it with the

1237: 585: 3925: 2879:"But ex-president's past looms large: Giscard's new role at heart of Europe" 2647: 1402:. The Franco-Central African relationship drastically changed when France's 1398:, which contributed significantly to Giscard's losing his reelection bid in 734:

basin located at the edge of the equatorial forest, then a part of colonial

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O'Toole, T. (1982). "Made in France: the Second Central African Republic".

2184: 1819: 1691: 1615:. He then moved to France, where he was allowed to settle in his Chateau d' 1589: 1357: 1236:

Banza's arms before they could overpower and throw him into the trunk of a

1208: 1166: 1150: 1017: 998: 843: 827: 727: 524: 449: 300: 229: 3593:

Decalo, S. (March 1973). "Military Coups and Military Regimes in Africa".

1859:

Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Imperial Order of Bokassa

4158: 4129: 4045: 3993: 3519: 1761: 1744: 1616: 1550:

On 19 April 1979, there were mass arrests of students, who were taken to

1509: 1496:

extravagance with that of another well-known eccentric African dictator,

1374: 1124: 1111: 946: 917: 847: 771: 677: 320: 188: 123: 3808: 2721:"In Central Africa the Sun Sets on a Republic and Comes Up on an Empire" 1255:, taken to an open field behind Camp Kassaï, executed, and buried in an 1141:, which he called "a lifeless organ no longer representing the people". 993:. Soon after, the PRC gave the CAR an interest-free loan of one billion 4380:

Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures

3585: 3572: 1715: 1711: 1289: 951: 891: 782: 567: 3615: 2287: 1050:

Bokassa received substantive support from his co-conspirator, Captain

602:

on 29 February 1988), further reduced to 20 years incarceration (1989)

1871:

Sovereign Knight of the Imperial Decoration of Recognition, 1st Class

1411:

After a meeting with Gaddafi in September 1976, Bokassa converted to

1006: 994: 842:, and fought in southern France and in Germany in early 1945, before 830:'s capital at Brazzaville. On 15 August 1944, he participated in the 4110: 1228:, Bokassa demoted Banza to minister of health, but let him remain a 851: 743: 3408: 3068:"Bokassa Successor Says Dictator Killed Children in April Massacre" 1566: 1497: 1461: 1351: 1337:

aided Bokassa. France also lent support; in 1975, French President

1271: 1154: 835: 811: 723: 225: 3372: 2922:"L’empereur cannibale de Bangui et le conflit oublié de l’Afrique" 1479: 3715:

Knappman, Edward W. (1997). "Jean-Bédel Bokassa Trial: 1986–87".

2931:

by Brian Klass, vice.com, 29 September 2014; English translation

1765: 1683: 1675: 1612: 1513: 1493: 1343: 971: 925: 747: 703:, but he was freed in 1993. Bokassa then lived a private life in 696: 651: 563: 559: 514: 499: 436: 336: 2933:"The cannibal emperor of Bangui and Africa's forgotten conflict" 3570:

Crabb, J. C. (July 1978). "The Coronation of Emperor Bokassa".

2707:

Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya

1987:

Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite

1772: 1679: 1354:

era. Bokassa restored ties with PRC and visited China in 1976.

909:

On 1 January 1962, Bokassa left the French Army and joined the

794: 739: 731: 704: 605: 504: 250: 2952: 2950: 2948: 1768:

for all misdemeanours committed before the start of his rule.

1654:

from 1986 to 1995, when the Cercle purchased it from Bokassa.

4340:

Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa politicians

1570: 1412: 1185: 1181: 1158: 1013: 979: 974:

from the east. Under pressure from political radicals in the

4370:

Prisoners sentenced to death by the Central African Republic

1216:

visits Central African Republic and meets with Bokassa, 1970

1176:

Bokassa first secured diplomatic recognition from President

2945: 1189: 4345:

People convicted of murder by the Central African Republic

3473:

Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation

3313: 3311: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 2686: 1169:, and subsidized the creation of two national orchestras. 3184:"Jean-Bedel Bokassa vend son château à des proches du FN" 2753:"1976年11月15日华国锋到机场欢迎中非总统博卡萨 – 华国锋时政活动年谱（1976年） – 华国锋纪念网" 2139:

Lloyd Garrison (7 January 1966). "Coups, Dahomey Style".

1448:(CAE), with himself as "His Imperial Majesty" Bokassa I. 1378: 1095: 1068:

Early in the evening of 31 December 1965, Dacko left the

4405:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal

857:

Afterwards, Bokassa attended officer training school in

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Like Water on Stone: The Story of Amnesty International

2538: 2536: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2504: 2502: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2470: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2395: 2393: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 978:(Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa, or 4410:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan

3675:

Central African Republic: a failure in de-colonisation

3404:"Ex-President Jean-Bedel Bokassa rehabilitated by CAR" 3239: 3237: 3235: 2164: 2162: 4260:

Central African Republic prisoners sentenced to death

3694:

Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic

3278:"'Cannibal' dictator Bokassa given posthumous pardon" 2771: 2305: 2226: 2224: 2110: 2108: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1925:

Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures

976:

Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique noire

950:

and a 120-member presidential security guard, led by

4375:

Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

4290:

French military personnel of the First Indochina War

2903: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2533: 2514: 2499: 2482: 2467: 2450: 2438: 2390: 2373: 2354: 2329: 2236: 2202: 2017:

Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Independence

1969:

Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast

1132:

In the early days of his regime, Bokassa engaged in

710:

Bokassa was posthumously rehabilitated by President

574: 115:

Himself as President of the Central African Republic

4250:

Central African Republic people convicted of murder

3232: 2159: 1384:On 10 October 1979, the French satirical newspaper 1105:: "This is Colonel Bokassa speaking to you. At 3:00 3879:Dark Age: the political odyssey of Emperor Bokassa 3768: 3747: 3716: 3633:Psychoses of Power: African personal dictatorships 3511: 2826: 2783: 2293: 2221: 2105: 2088: 2064: 2047: 1778: 1346:, which was vital for France's nuclear energy and 2665: 2628:, Boston: Northeastern University Press, p. 1945:Free France Voluntary Service Commemorative Medal 1557: 1224:On 13 April 1968, in another one of his frequent 1200:finally accepted the new changes in the country. 1101:In the morning, Bokassa addressed the public via 865:as the transmissions expert for the battalion of 4216: 4111:Offices and positions held by Jean-Bédel Bokassa 2029:Grand Cross of the National Order of the Leopard 1902:Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Nile 562:on the cannibalism charge (because of a general 3469:"Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3" 3345:. Americancivilrightsreview.com. Archived from 3158:, Jean-Barthélémy Bokassa, Pharos/Laffont, 2006 2704: 1963:Grand Cross of the Order of the Equatorial Star 1623:because of his service in the French military. 1519:Bokassa claimed that the new empire would be a 1243:On 12 April, Banza presented his case before a 738:, some 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of 4315:Heads of state of the Central African Republic 4280:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam 4275:Converts to Sunni Islam from Roman Catholicism 3366: 3364: 3178: 3176: 2138: 2076: 1667:Bokassa had been tried and sentenced to death 1642:, from the 1970s to 1995. He rented it to the 60:"Bokassa" redirects here. For other uses, see 4415:Recipients of the Médaille militaire (France) 4310:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 3954: 3930: 1999:Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion 1993:First Class of the Order of the National Flag 1838: 1427: 861:, Senegal. On 7 September 1950, he headed to 765:During his teenage years, Bokassa studied at 4425:Recipients of the Order of the National Flag 2261: 2023:Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star 1930:Volunteer Combatant Cross Medal of 1939–1945 1503:Tenacious rumours that Bokassa occasionally 1119: 646:on 1 January 1966. He later established the 4245:Central African Republic military personnel 3793: 3546: 3502: 3361: 3329: 3173: 2692: 2082: 1810:, and a reported fifty children, including 1390:reported that Bokassa had offered the then- 4385:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) 3977:Presidents of the Central African Republic 3961: 3947: 3858:(1988). "The emperor who ate his people". 3854: 2698: 1935:Volunteer Combatant Resistance Cross Medal 1569:squad from the French intelligence agency 1301:In 1971, Bokassa promoted himself to full 75: 16:Leader of Central Africa from 1966 to 1979 4295:French military personnel of World War II 4137:President of the Central African Republic 2005:Grand Cross of the Order of the Two Niles 1890:Grand Cross of the National Order of Chad 1798:and claimed to have secret meetings with 1367:imperial coronation ceremony of Bokassa I 162:1 January 1966 – 4 December 1976 4265:Central African Republic Roman Catholics 4235:Central African Republic anti-communists 3714: 3434: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3317: 3263: 3167: 2956: 1981:Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic 1975:Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic 1682:, cannibalism, illegal use of property, 1619:in the suburb of Paris. France gave him 1478: 1431: 1356: 1288: 1284: 1207: 1123: 1016:as part of the CAR's delegation for the 822:, he served with an African unit of the 793: 750:. This left Bokassa an orphan at age 6. 612:(by President Kolingba on 1 August 1993) 4240:Central African Republic former Muslims 3838:Power Mad! A Book of Deranged Dictators 3536: 3030:"SURVIVORS DESCRIBE MASSACRE IN BANGUI" 2323: 2196: 1864:Imperial Order of Central African Merit 1442:Conseil de la Révolution Centrafricaine 1305:, and on 4 March 1972 declared himself 954:and Prosper Mounoumbaye, respectively. 4217: 3876: 3658:(in French). Paris: Jacques Grancher. 3653: 3630: 3592: 3449:from the original on 30 September 2023 3371:Orizio, Riccardo (26 September 2002). 3370: 3343:"Built For Designers & Developers" 3086:from the original on 22 September 2022 2909: 2876: 2801: 2621: 2542: 2527: 2508: 2493: 2476: 2461: 2444: 2399: 2384: 2367: 2348: 2311: 2249: 2215: 2180: 2168: 2153: 2126: 2114: 2099: 2070: 2058: 1955:Indochina Campaign Commemorative Medal 1575:1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment 1452:took place on 4 December 1977 at 10:43 4365:People sentenced to death in absentia 4109: 3942: 3929: 3766: 3691: 3672: 3569: 3391: 3275: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2980: 2978: 2844: 2777: 2680: 2659: 1862:Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the 1595: 1180:of neighbouring Chad, whom he met in 898:on 1 July 1961. The French colony of 869:. Bokassa saw some combat during the 629: 4300:Grand Cordons of the Order of Valour 4255:Central African Republic politicians 3917:Works by or about Jean-Bédel Bokassa 3862:. New York: Knopf. pp. 91–127. 3835: 3815: 2984: 2832: 2789: 2759:from the original on 26 October 2020 2583: 2280:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098439 2230: 1747:magazine. When the defence put up a 1128:Bokassa on a postage stamp from 1967 826:and took part in the capture of the 820:occupation of France by Nazi Germany 18: 4305:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 3745: 3005:from the original on 27 August 2017 2877:Fuller, Thomas (28 February 2002). 2814:from the original on 19 August 2023 2299: 2183:, p. 23, a rank equivalent to 1910:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 1853: 1662: 1646:, a non-profit organization run by 1579:Bangui M'Poko International Airport 1323:Bangui M'Poko International Airport 920:and nephew of Dacko's predecessor, 570:on all other charges (12 June 1987) 97:4 December 1976 – 21 September 1979 13: 4360:People of French Equatorial Africa 3823:(in French). Paris: Alain Moreau. 3416:from the original on 3 August 2023 3190:. 22 November 1995. Archived from 3137:from the original on 14 March 2023 3131:"Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1921-1996) •" 3048:from the original on 14 March 2023 3017: 2987:"Nightmares From Bokassa's Empire" 2975: 1884:Grand Cross of the Order of Valour 1875: 1328: 1203: 957: 789: 14: 4436: 4390:Recipients of the Order of Valour 3901: 3541:(in French), Paris: Carrére Lefon 3435:Lazareva, Inna (25 August 2016). 3379:from the original on 26 June 2022 3296:from the original on 1 March 2017 2891:from the original on 16 July 2014 2568:from the original on 23 July 2018 2423:from the original on 23 July 2018 2011:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 1950:1939–1945 Commemorative War Medal 1896:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 669:, though the country was still a 4007: 3970: 3479:from the original on 21 May 2024 3276:Smith, David (3 December 2010). 3243:"Trying the Butcher of Bangui", 2733:from the original on 8 July 2019 382: 371: 360: 23: 3771:Heads of States and Governments 3461: 3428: 3335: 3323: 3269: 3206: 3149: 3123: 3098: 3060: 2962: 2942:; both retrieved 12 August 2023 2915: 2870: 2838: 2795: 2745: 2713: 2615: 2548: 2405: 2317: 2255: 2190: 2174: 1779:Imprisonment, release and death 1644:Cercle national des combattants 1472:. Bokassa's full title became " 4330:Leaders who took power by coup 3908:Works about Jean-Bédel Bokassa 3750:African Armies and Civil Order 2147: 2132: 2120: 1558:Operations Caban and Barracuda 1057: 846:collapsed. He remained in the 780:(French colonial troops) as a 236:(now Central African Republic) 1: 2985:Dash, Leon (1 October 1979). 2845:Hoyle, Russ (30 March 1981), 2564:. 14 April 1969. p. 20. 2419:. 5 January 1966. p. 6. 2035: 1657: 1542:1979 Ngaragba Prison massacre 1535: 1361:Ceaușescu and Bokassa in 1972 970:from the south and the rebel 717: 707:, and died in November 1996. 3537:Bokassa, Jean-Bédel (1985), 2599:. 4 May 1974. Archived from 2040: 1530: 911:Central African Armed Forces 818:in November 1941. After the 416:Central African Armed Forces 7: 4350:People convicted of treason 3677:. London: Pall Mall Press. 3549:Political Trials in History 3437:"Nostalgia for a nightmare" 3156:Les diamants de la trahison 1487:at their coronation in 1977 1417:Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa. 1064:Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état 644:Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état 32:It has been suggested that 10: 4441: 3495: 3247:(29 December 1986): p. 27. 2415:. Associated Press in the 1839:Titles, styles and honours 1599: 1539: 1428:Proclamation of the Empire 1061: 991:communist propaganda films 984:People's Republic of China 762:calling him "Jean-Bédel." 552: 253:, Central African Republic 59: 4182:Emperor of Central Africa 4179: 4170: 4165: 4150: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4089: 4035: 4016: 4005: 3983: 3936: 3931:Links to related articles 3608:10.1017/S0022278X00008107 2847:"A Campaign Catches Fire" 1920:Croix de guerre 1939–1945 1825: 1636:Château du Grand Chavanon 1474:Emperor of Central Africa 1120:Early years of the regime 986:(PRC) in September 1964. 915:Central African President 890:, and two years later to 877:, and was decorated with 755:École Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc 667:Emperor of Central Africa 658:until his overthrow in a 619: 544: 533: 492: 488: 484: 463: 442: 432: 424: 396: 352: 347: 335: 326: 319: 315: 281: 257: 240: 212: 208: 204: 194: 182: 166: 155: 144: 130: 126:(as President of the CAR) 119: 111: 101: 93: 88:Emperor of Central Africa 86: 74: 69: 49:Proposed since July 2024. 4395:Self-proclaimed monarchy 4325:Leaders ousted by a coup 4037:Central African Republic 3985:Central African Republic 3547:Christenson, R. (1991). 2705:Brian Lee Davis (1990), 1843: 1701: 1638:, a historic chateau in 1629:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 1581:with little resistance. 1464:, who had converted the 1415:and changed his name to 1369:on 4 December 1977. The 1339:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 798:Bokassa in 1939 (age 18) 736:French Equatorial Africa 687:, Bokassa was tried and 631:[ʒɑ̃bedɛlbɔkasa] 378:Central African Republic 234:French Equatorial Africa 149:Central African Republic 62:Bokassa (disambiguation) 4420:Politicide perpetrators 4270:Central African royalty 2802:SOFREP (9 April 2022). 2693:Appiah & Gates 1999 2272:Oxford University Press 2083:Appiah & Gates 1999 1521:constitutional monarchy 1405:Renseignements Généraux 1371:French Defence Minister 4018:Central African Empire 3553:Transaction Publishers 2938:12 August 2023 at the 2927:12 August 2023 at the 2591:"Lord High Everything" 1816:Jean-Bédel Bokassa Jr. 1488: 1483:Emperor Bokassa I and 1446:Central African Empire 1437: 1362: 1298: 1282: 1217: 1129: 1012:Dacko sent Bokassa to 799: 650:(CAE) with himself as 648:Central African Empire 389:Central African Empire 296:Jean-Bédel Bokassa Jr. 3767:Lentz, H. M. (1994). 3754:. New York: Praeger. 3514:Encyclopedia Africana 3074:. 24 September 1979. 3036:. 30 September 1979. 1525:military dictatorship 1482: 1466:French First Republic 1450:His formal coronation 1435: 1360: 1292: 1285:Rule during the 1970s 1277: 1211: 1127: 1090:at around 02:00 838:, France, as part of 797: 695:because of a general 674:military dictatorship 2859:on 21 September 2007 1802:. Bokassa died of a 1789:solitary confinement 1505:consumed human flesh 1319:Marie-Joséphe Franck 1003:political corruption 942:minister of interior 928:on 1 December 1964. 814:in July 1940, and a 701:solitary confinement 593:solitary confinement 200:Himself (as Emperor) 42:into this article. ( 4190:Monarchy abolished 4145:Himself as Emperor 3877:Titley, B. (1997). 3797:Fr. Col. Hist. Soc. 3746:Lee, J. M. (1969). 3654:Delpey, R. (1981). 3631:Decalo, S. (1989). 3412:. 1 December 2010. 3220:. 27 September 2013 2959:, pp. 439–440. 2729:. 5 December 1976. 2622:Powers, J. (2001), 2603:on 22 December 2008 2129:, pp. 166–167. 1830:In 2010, President 1640:Neuvy-sur-Barangeon 1602:Operation Barracuda 1586:Operation Barracuda 1470:First French Empire 1392:Minister of Finance 1178:François Tombalbaye 1163:female circumcision 871:First Indochina War 810:, Bokassa became a 808:bataillon de marche 455:First Indochina War 265:Catherine Denguiadé 4400:Emperors in Africa 4355:People from Lobaye 4285:Dethroned monarchs 4155:Title next held by 4122:Political offices 3840:. London: O'Mara. 3719:Great World Trials 3692:Kalck, P. (2005). 3673:Kalck, P. (1971). 3596:J. Mod. Afr. Stud. 3194:on 1 December 2017 3133:. 7 January 2010. 3072:The New York Times 3034:The New York Times 2970:The Fate of Africa 2884:The New York Times 2726:The New York Times 2561:The New York Times 1812:Jean-Serge Bokassa 1808:Marie-Reine Hassen 1634:Bokassa owned the 1596:Fall of the empire 1516:declared in 1981. 1489: 1438: 1422:Catholic cathedral 1363: 1333:The Libyan leader 1325:in February 1976. 1315:Elisabeth Domitien 1307:president for life 1299: 1249:sentenced to death 1226:cabinet reshuffles 1218: 1212:Romanian dictator 1130: 1070:Renaissance Palace 922:Barthélémy Boganda 824:Free French Forces 800: 777:Troupes coloniales 689:sentenced to death 626:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 538:Capital punishment 425:Service years 411:Free French Forces 405:Troupes coloniales 301:Marie-Ange Bokassa 291:Jean-Serge Bokassa 270:Marie-Reine Hassen 177:Ange-Félix Patassé 173:Elisabeth Domitien 135:Ange-Félix Patassé 70:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 4212: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4195:Republic restored 4103: 4102: 3892:978-0-7735-1602-1 3869:978-0-394-56914-7 3847:978-1-84317-106-5 3836:Shaw, K. (2004). 3786:978-0-89950-926-6 3738:978-0-7876-0805-7 3707:978-0-8108-4913-6 3684:978-0-269-02801-4 3665:978-2-7339-0005-5 3646:978-0-8133-7617-2 3562:978-0-88738-406-6 3551:. New Brunswick: 3529:978-0-465-00071-5 2968:Martin Meredith, 2662:, p. xxxiii. 1800:Pope John Paul II 1753:cross-examination 1485:Empress Catherine 1436:Imperial standard 1245:military tribunal 1230:minister of state 1214:Nicolae Ceaușescu 1139:National Assembly 1026:Charles de Gaulle 888:second lieutenant 840:Operation Dragoon 767:École Saint-Louis 685:trial in absentia 623: 622: 331: 330: 147:President of the 56: 55: 51: 4432: 4320:House of Bokassa 4127:Preceded by 4119: 4118: 4107: 4106: 4095: 4011: 3975: 3974: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3927: 3926: 3921:Internet Archive 3896: 3873: 3851: 3832: 3812: 3790: 3774: 3763: 3753: 3742: 3722: 3711: 3688: 3669: 3650: 3627: 3589: 3566: 3542: 3533: 3517: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3400: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3349:on 22 April 2009 3339: 3333: 3330:Christenson 1991 3327: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3241: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3026: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2982: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2943: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2855:, archived from 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2512: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2465: 2459: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2352: 2346: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2157: 2156:, pp. 9–10. 2151: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2103: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 1854:National honours 1749:reasonable doubt 1663:Exile and return 1621:political asylum 1573:, joined by the 1455: 1295:Giuseppe Saragat 1197:Georges Pompidou 1190:Fort Archambault 1108: 1023:French President 904:French Community 875:Legion of Honour 863:French Indochina 828:Vichy government 804:Second World War 786:on 19 May 1939. 641: 640: 639: 633: 534:Criminal penalty 493:Criminal charges 471:Légion d'Honneur 388: 386: 385: 377: 375: 374: 366: 364: 363: 317: 316: 305:Martine Bokassa 247: 223:22 February 1921 222: 220: 197: 185: 169: 160: 150: 79: 67: 66: 47: 35:House of Bokassa 27: 26: 19: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4176:Empire declared 4174: 4156: 4140: 4132: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4085: 4031: 4012: 4003: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3932: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3870: 3860:African Madness 3848: 3787: 3739: 3708: 3698:Scarecrow Press 3685: 3666: 3656:La manipulation 3647: 3563: 3530: 3510:, eds. (1999). 3498: 3493: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3401: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3369: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3028: 3027: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2991:Washington Post 2983: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2946: 2940:Wayback Machine 2929:Wayback Machine 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2780:, p. xxxv. 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2640: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2515: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2483: 2475: 2468: 2460: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2426: 2424: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2391: 2383: 2374: 2366: 2355: 2347: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2264:African Affairs 2260: 2256: 2248: 2237: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2106: 2098: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 1878: 1876:Foreign honours 1856: 1846: 1841: 1832:François Bozizé 1828: 1781: 1708:Francis Szpiner 1704: 1665: 1660: 1652:Roger Holeindre 1604: 1598: 1563:Operation Caban 1560: 1552:Ngaragba Prison 1544: 1538: 1533: 1453: 1430: 1396:Diamonds Affair 1387:Canard Enchaîné 1350:program in the 1335:Muammar Gaddafi 1331: 1329:Foreign support 1287: 1206: 1204:Threat to power 1122: 1106: 1088:Ngaragba Prison 1066: 1060: 1052:Alexandre Banza 960: 958:Rising tensions 880:Croix de guerre 792: 790:Military career 730:village in the 720: 712:François Bozizé 635: 634: 615: 545:Criminal status 529: 480: 476:Croix de Guerre 459: 420: 392: 383: 381: 372: 370: 361: 359: 348:Military career 311: 308:Georges Bokassa 277: 249: 245: 244:3 November 1996 224: 218: 216: 195: 183: 175: 167: 161: 156: 148: 137: 107:4 December 1977 82: 81:Bokassa in 1970 65: 52: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4438: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4175: 4168: 4167: 4166:Regnal titles 4163: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4039:(1979–present) 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3981: 3980: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3914: 3903: 3902:External links 3900: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3874: 3868: 3856:Shoumatoff, A. 3852: 3846: 3833: 3813: 3791: 3785: 3764: 3743: 3737: 3712: 3706: 3689: 3683: 3670: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3637:Westview Press 3628: 3602:(1): 105–127. 3590: 3567: 3561: 3544: 3534: 3528: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3460: 3427: 3390: 3360: 3334: 3322: 3320:, p. 440. 3307: 3268: 3266:, p. 439. 3249: 3231: 3218:Britannica.com 3205: 3172: 3170:, p. 438. 3160: 3148: 3122: 3097: 3059: 3016: 2974: 2961: 2944: 2914: 2902: 2869: 2837: 2825: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2744: 2712: 2697: 2695:, p. 226. 2685: 2664: 2652: 2638: 2614: 2582: 2547: 2532: 2513: 2498: 2481: 2466: 2449: 2437: 2417:New York Times 2404: 2389: 2372: 2353: 2328: 2316: 2314:, p. 220. 2304: 2302:, p. 100. 2292: 2254: 2235: 2220: 2201: 2189: 2173: 2158: 2146: 2141:New York Times 2131: 2119: 2104: 2087: 2085:, p. 278. 2075: 2063: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1940:Overseas Medal 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1915:Military Medal 1912: 1904: 1898: 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Jefferson: 3773: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725:Gale Research 3721: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3504:Appiah, K. A. 3501: 3500: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3442:The Economist 3438: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3378: 3374: 3373:"Dear Tyrant" 3367: 3365: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3332:, p. 37. 3331: 3326: 3319: 3318:Knappman 1997 3314: 3312: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3264:Knappman 1997 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3168:Knappman 1997 3164: 3157: 3152: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2957:Knappman 1997 2953: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2912:, p. 79. 2911: 2906: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2835:, p. 50. 2834: 2829: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2792:, p. 55. 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2639:1-55553-487-2 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2545:, p. 43. 2544: 2539: 2537: 2530:, p. 42. 2529: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2511:, p. 41. 2510: 2505: 2503: 2496:, p. 30. 2495: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2479:, p. 29. 2478: 2473: 2471: 2464:, p. 35. 2463: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2447:, p. 34. 2446: 2441: 2434: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2402:, p. 33. 2401: 2396: 2394: 2387:, p. 28. 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2370:, p. 27. 2369: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2351:, p. 26. 2350: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2326:, p. 24. 2325: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2252:, p. 25. 2251: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2233:, p. 15. 2232: 2227: 2225: 2218:, p. 24. 2217: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2199:, p. 21. 2198: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2171:, p. 10. 2170: 2165: 2163: 2155: 2150: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1991:North Korea: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1967:Ivory Coast: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1836: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1712:trial by jury 1709: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1291: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1215: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1126: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073:who was at a 1071: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:French francs 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 955: 953: 949: 948: 943: 938: 935: 929: 927: 923: 919: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 881: 876: 872: 868: 867:Saigon-Cholon 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834:' landing in 833: 832:Allied forces 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 796: 787: 785: 784: 779: 778: 773: 768: 763: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 715: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 638: 632: 627: 618: 611: 607: 604: 601: 598: 594: 590: 587: 586:incarceration 583: 579: 577: 576: 572: 569: 565: 561: 557: 555: 554: 553:During trial: 550: 549: 547: 543: 539: 536: 532: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 466: 462: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 445: 441: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 406: 402: 401: 399: 395: 380: 369: 358: 357: 355: 351: 346: 343: 340: 338: 334: 325: 322: 318: 314: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 286: 284: 280: 274:and 15 others 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 260: 256: 252: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 193: 190: 187: 181: 178: 174: 171: 165: 159: 154: 151: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 85: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 50: 45: 41: 37: 36: 30: 21: 20: 4335:Mbaka people 4189: 4180: 4171: 4157: 4151: 4144: 4135: 4026: 3998: 3912:Open Library 3881:. Montreal: 3878: 3859: 3837: 3820: 3800: 3795: 3770: 3749: 3718: 3693: 3674: 3655: 3632: 3599: 3594: 3580:(3): 25–44. 3577: 3571: 3548: 3538: 3518:. New York: 3513: 3508:Gates, H. L. 3481:. Retrieved 3472: 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3440: 3430: 3418:. Retrieved 3407: 3381:. Retrieved 3351:. Retrieved 3347:the original 3337: 3325: 3298:. Retrieved 3282:The Guardian 3281: 3271: 3244: 3222:. Retrieved 3217: 3208: 3196:. Retrieved 3192:the original 3187: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3139:. Retrieved 3125: 3113:. Retrieved 3109: 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3071: 3062: 3050:. Retrieved 3033: 3007:. Retrieved 2990: 2969: 2964: 2917: 2905: 2893:. Retrieved 2882: 2872: 2861:, retrieved 2857:the original 2850: 2840: 2828: 2816:. Retrieved 2807: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761:. Retrieved 2747: 2735:. Retrieved 2724: 2715: 2709:, p. 16 2706: 2700: 2688: 2655: 2624: 2617: 2605:. Retrieved 2601:the original 2594: 2585: 2577: 2570:. Retrieved 2559: 2550: 2440: 2432: 2425:. Retrieved 2407: 2324:Bokassa 1985 2319: 2307: 2295: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2197:Bokassa 1985 2192: 2176: 2149: 2143:. p. 2. 2140: 2134: 2122: 2117:, p. 9. 2102:, p. 8. 2078: 2073:, p. 6. 2066: 2061:, p. 7. 2021:Yugoslavia: 1979:Madagascar: 1848: 1847: 1829: 1820:Kiki Bokassa 1804:heart attack 1793: 1782: 1770: 1762:misdemeanour 1758: 1741: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1705: 1695: 1692:embezzlement 1668: 1666: 1643: 1633: 1625: 1605: 1583: 1561: 1549: 1545: 1518: 1510:misdemeanour 1502: 1490: 1458: 1441: 1439: 1416: 1410: 1403: 1385: 1383: 1364: 1332: 1300: 1293:Bokassa and 1278: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1253:firing squad 1242: 1234: 1223: 1219: 1175: 1171: 1167:Ubangi River 1147: 1143: 1131: 1110: 1103:Radio Bangui 1100: 1094:(01:00 1084: 1080: 1067: 1049: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1018:Bastille Day 1011: 997:(20 million 988: 975: 961: 945: 939: 930: 908: 900:Ubangi-Chari 885: 879: 856: 844:Nazi Germany 807: 801: 781: 775: 766: 764: 754: 752: 721: 709: 682: 670: 664: 655: 625: 624: 573: 551: 525:Embezzlement 450:World War II 403: 246:(1996-11-03) 230:Ubangi-Shari 196:Succeeded by 157: 139:Henri Maïdou 57: 48: 33: 4230:1996 deaths 4225:1921 births 4159:David Dacko 4130:David Dacko 4076:Samba-Panza 4020:(1976–1979) 3987:(1960–1976) 3821:Bokassa Ier 3803:: 136–146. 3727:. pp. 3723:. 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Jean-Bédel Bokassa

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