345:", lay in the northeast corner of the amphitheatre. It measured approximately 1,780 metres (5,840 ft) in length, 1,230 metres (4,040 ft) in width, and had a circumference of about 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi). Its water, with a high salinity, appeared murky green and emitted an unpleasant odour. Although time constraints prevented soundings, it was inferred that the lake was shallow except in its northern part. The smaller lake, dubbed as "male", situated around 800 metres (2,600 ft) south, had fresher water. Its dimensions were approximately 1,420 metres (4,660 ft) in length, 820 metres (2,690 ft) in width, with a circumference of about 910 metres (2,990 ft). Rising nearly vertically from the water's edge, the crater walls reached heights of around 120–210 metres (390–690 ft), except for the northern rim, which sloped gently. Like its counterpart, this lake exhibited a greenish hue and a faint sulphuric aroma.
349:
stems from the isolation of these waters near the geographical centre of the
African continent, coupled with the known chemical differences between the various streams and lakes (Hunting Technical Services, 1958). During the five-week expedition, numerous samples were collected from various sites, including the two saline crater lakes. Chemical analyses were conducted both in the field and at the University of Khartoum. The team also conducted the first bathymetric survey of the lakes, using a calibrated echo sounder and an inflatable rubber dinghy. The larger lake was found to be shallow, with a maximum depth of 11.6 metres (38 ft), while the smaller lake featured unique characteristics, including a conical funnel.
136:
45:
382:
Plateau, to the north-east of the range, are thought to be of volcanic origin. The plateau rests on
Archean rocks on an uplift between the Chad and Middle Nile basins and extends westwards to the Sudanese border, forming an undulating peneplain called the Basement Complex, with elevations ranging from 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in the east to 600 metres (2,000 ft) in the west. Isolated hills and ridges, such as the 1,413 metres (4,636 ft) Tebella Massif, possibly remnants of an older erosional surface, dot the peneplain.
129:
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402:
their sources. A large silt or clay plain north-east of Kutum is thought to be a playa, while a former erg, the qoz, retains dune relief, immobilised by the prevailing savannah. The W. Ibra conveys river runoff south of Jebel Marra, and the Qoz Dango continues the extension of the erg, with no western counterpart on the volcanic highlands.
386:
including small plateaus and inselbergs such as the Dagu Hills and the
Gennung at 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). The eastern and northern regions of Zalingei are dominated by acid crystalline schists and gneisses, while the western counterpart consists mainly of paraschists, calc-silicate gneisses and other rock formations.
397:
Andrew (1948) suggests that volcanic activity in Jebel Marra began in the Upper
Tertiary (Miocene). The Deriba crater, thought to be a recent culmination, has a diameter of over 4.8 kilometres (3 mi) and contains two lakes with distinct saline characteristics. Lava peaks surround the crater, one
393:
About 160 kilometres (100 mi) east of Jebel Marra, the
Archaean rocks are covered by Nubian sandstones, with evidence of a westward extension near El Geneina. Recent geological surveys suggest the extensive presence of Nubian sandstones southwest of El Fasher under wind-borne sands, challenging
353:
crater. Evidence from dead trees and comparison with historical maps and photographs revealed changes in lake dimensions and levels over time. The study concluded by suggesting a steady rise in the level of the great lake due to the influx of sediment, which could lead to its eventual disappearance.
389:
South of the
Tebella massif, the Wadi Debarei basin appears to be a clinal trough intruded and occupied by foliated unfoliated granite. Geologists from the Sudan Geological Survey have recently carried out work near El Fasher and Nyala, but their results are not yet published. Jebel Nyala, the Dagu
352:
Further investigation, including depth checks using a variety of methods, revealed evidence of significant water level rises in both lakes in relatively recent times. Clear evidence of former beach levels suggested abrupt rises, probably caused by large landslides on the unstable inner walls of the
385:
To the southeast and south of Jebel Marra, the plateau maintains an elevation of 600–700 metres (2,000–2,300 ft), revealing
Archaean rocks beneath sand and clay deposits at distances of 24–113 kilometres (15–70 mi) from the base of the mountain. Similar features are observed in the west,
401:
The region is characterised by widespread surficial deposits of fluviatile and aeolian origin, with the Wadi 'Azum and its tributaries showing broad channels and terraces. The eastward and southeastward flowing rivers have sandy beds that change to silts within 48–80 kilometres (30–50 mi) of
337:
The two lakes at Deriba, as described by Hobbs' 1918 notes, were presumably the only two in Jebel Marra. Hobbs situated them at an altitude of approximately 518 m (1700 feet, as indicated in his note) above the plain and 1,463 m (4,804 feet) above sea level (modern measurements, however, indicate
381:
Jebel Marra, an extinct late
Tertiary volcanic massif with a peak elevation of 3,042 metres (9,980 ft), extends north-south for about 89 kilometres (55 mi), widens to 64 kilometres (40 mi), and continues north for another 97 kilometres (60 mi). The Tagabo Hills and the Meidob
348:
Since the first exploration by Hobbs and Gillan in 1918 (Gillan 1918, Hobbs 1918.), Jebel Marra has been visited by many geologists, botanists and zoologists. In 1964 an expedition made the first biological survey of the streams and two Deriba lakes. The hydrobiological importance of Jebel Marra
338:
2100 m). They were described as being located within a vast amphitheatre, approximately 4.8 to 6.4 km (3 to 4 miles) in diameter, formed by a continuous circular (or slightly oval) range of steeply sloping heights, varying from about 244 to 610 m (800 to 2,000 feet) above the surrounding area.
398:
of which may be the highest point in the range. The volcanic history shows periods of continuous lava eruption, erosion and explosive events that shaped the existing large crater. Outlying volcanic areas and an intrusive phase represented by dykes near Kutum remain topics for further study.
302:
in Niger which are on the border of the Sahara proper, the Marrah
Mountains are the only major mountain range in the otherwise flat Sahel, rising up to 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above the plain, but are relatively unknown owing to lack of development and political conflict in the region.
405:
In summary, the geological and topographical features of Jebel Marra include its volcanic origin, diverse rock compositions, sedimentary deposits and history of volcanic activity. Ongoing geological surveys and the need for further investigation underline the complex nature of this region.
554:
Hunting
Technical Services Ltd, 1958: Jebel Marra Investigations, Report on Phase I Studies, Ministry of Irrigation and Hydro-electric Power, Ministry of Agriculture, Government, Rermhlic of the Sudan. 112
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275:. The upper reaches of the massif is a small area of temperate climate with high rainfall and permanent springs of water amidst the dry savanna and scrub of the
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previous beliefs. Limestone near Zalingei, derived from calcareous waters from springs, is the only recorded sedimentary deposit within the Archaean outcrop.
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Lebon, J. H. G., and V. C. Robertson. “The Jebel Marra, Darfur, and Its Region.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 127, no. 1, 1961, pp. 30–45. JSTOR,
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Jebels and the Wana Hills show granitic and gneissic compositions, while the areas between El Fasher and Nyala show predominantly quartzose rocks.
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Hammerton, D. "Recent Discoveries in the Caldera of Jebel Marra".Sudan Notes and Records, vol. 49, 1968, pp. 136-48.
496:
Hobbs, H. F. C. “Notes on Jebel Marra, Darfur.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 52, no. 6, 1918, pp. 357–63. JSTOR,
373:. The mountains remained one of the group's most important strongholds, housing several of its bases, as of 2021.
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Andrew, G. 1948 Geology of the Sudan, in Agriculture in the Sudan, J. pp. 84-129. Geoffrey Cumberledge,
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that rises up to 3,042 metres (9,980 ft). They are the highest mountains in
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Gillan, J. A., 1918: "Jebel Marra and the Deriba Lakes." SNR 1 :263-267.
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The last eruption occurred around 1500 BC. The centre of activity was
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474:
Flora of Jebel Marra (Sudan Republic) and its Geographical Affinities
1041:
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which travelled over 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the volcano.
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567:"In Darfur's rebel-held mountains, the war is far from over"
243:
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365:, the Marrah Mountains came under the control of the rebel
1264:
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267:, with a smaller part of the range in the state of
565:Philip Kleinfeld; Mohammed Amin (21 April 2021).
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251:The mountains are located in the center of the
1380:
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1753:Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha
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286:Topographic map of the Marrah Mountains
14:
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1733:French Southern & Antarctic Lands
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227:) are a range of volcanic peaks in a
49:Inner and outer crater, Deriba Crater
989:West and Central African Rift System
665:Major African geological formations
314:collapse following the eruption of
220:
24:
441:
25:
1810:
1697:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1467:Democratic Republic of the Congo
424:Famine that Kills: Darfur, Sudan
325:The vegetation was described by
134:
127:
43:
27:Range of volcanic peaks in Sudan
597:
592:https://doi.org/10.2307/1793193
584:
558:
548:
498:https://doi.org/10.2307/1780270
449:"Jebel Marra: Eruptive History"
341:The larger lake, known as the "
259:on the border of the states of
539:
530:
521:
512:
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490:
476:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
465:
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367:Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
13:
1:
610:
1738:Heard & McDonald Islands
409:
294:Detail of the Marrah Caldera
238:
73:3,042 m (9,980 ft)
7:
10:
1815:
803:Central African Shear Zone
376:
356:
1710:
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1402:
1303:
1180:Central Pangean Mountains
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909:
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833:Western Meseta Shear Zone
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670:
430:(Revised edition), 2005,
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1779:Mountain ranges of Sudan
1452:Central African Republic
1396:Highest points of Africa
623:Global Volcanism Program
500:. Accessed 31 Jan. 2024.
472:Wickens, Gerald (1976).
454:Global Volcanism Program
333:Description of the lakes
628:Smithsonian Institution
459:Smithsonian Institution
428:Oxford University Press
271:. The highest point is
1200:Eastern Rift mountains
1122:Tanzania Coastal Basin
901:Terra Australis Orogen
295:
287:
248:
1612:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1472:Republic of the Congo
1215:Great Karas Mountains
1195:Eastern Arc Mountains
735:Arabian-Nubian Shield
293:
285:
246:
101:12.95000°N 24.27000°E
1112:Somali Coastal Basin
823:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
571:The New Humanitarian
1689:limited recognition
1290:Teffedest Mountains
1205:Ethiopian Highlands
896:Pan-African orogens
866:East African Orogen
798:Broodkop Shear Zone
770:West African Craton
713:Victoria Microplate
97: /
1784:Volcanoes of Sudan
1354:List of inselbergs
1324:Jugurtha Tableland
1275:Sankwala Mountains
1270:Rwenzori Mountains
1087:Ouled Abdoun Basin
1082:Orange River Basin
1004:Sedimentary basins
813:Foumban Shear Zone
755:Saharan Metacraton
371:Abdul Wahid al Nur
296:
288:
249:
106:12.95000; 24.27000
55:Highest point
1761:
1760:
1716:other territories
1487:Equatorial Guinea
1362:
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1295:Tibesti Mountains
1255:Mitumba Mountains
1245:Mandara Mountains
1230:Imatong Mountains
1185:Chaillu Mountains
1165:Bambouk Mountains
1102:Rio del Rey Basin
1072:Niger Delta Basin
1057:Iullemmeden Basin
949:Gulf of Suez Rift
944:East African Rift
929:Bahr el Arab rift
876:Gondwanide Orogen
808:Chuan Shear Zones
369:faction loyal to
320:pyroclastic flows
197:
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143:Location in Sudan
16:(Redirected from
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1774:Marrah Mountains
1404:Sovereign states
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1250:Marrah Mountains
1225:Hoggar Mountains
1220:Guinea Highlands
1210:Great Escarpment
974:Sangha Aulacogen
891:Mauritanide Belt
818:Kandi Fault Zone
793:Aswa Dislocation
708:Seychelles Plate
698:Madagascar Plate
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1319:Mount Gorongosa
1299:
1160:Aurès Mountains
1155:Atlas Mountains
1142:Mountain ranges
1136:
1022:Blue Nile Basin
998:
994:White Nile rift
905:
871:Eburnean Orogen
837:
828:Todi Shear Zone
779:
775:Zimbabwe Craton
760:Tanzania Craton
750:Kalahari Craton
745:Kaapvaal Craton
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298:Apart from the
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1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Serra da Leba
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Rif Mountains
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Jebel Uweinat
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Cameroon line
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:AĂŻr Mountains
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1132:Turkana Basin
1130:
1128:
1127:Tindouf Basin
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Reggane Basin
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
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952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:Afar Triangle
917:
916:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Kuunga Orogen
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Damara Orogen
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Alpine Orogen
849:
848:
846:
844:
840:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
782:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
765:Tuareg Shield
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:Lwandle Plate
691:Microplates:
690:
688:
684:
682:
681:African Plate
678:
677:
675:
673:
669:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
640:
637:
629:
625:
624:
619:
618:"Jebel Marra"
615:
614:
600:
593:
587:
572:
568:
561:
551:
542:
533:
524:
515:
506:
499:
493:
485:
483:9780112411000
479:
475:
468:
460:
456:
455:
450:
444:
437:
436:0-19-518163-8
433:
429:
425:
419:
415:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:War in Darfur
354:
350:
346:
344:
339:
330:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
300:AĂŻr Mountains
292:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
245:
236:
234:
230:
226:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
189:Last eruption
186:
182:
180:
176:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
130:
120:
115:
110:
82:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
63:Deriba crater
62:
58:
53:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1712:Dependencies
1646:
1637:South Africa
1627:Sierra Leone
1432:Burkina Faso
1307:(aka koppie)
1249:
1092:Owambo Basin
1077:Ogaden Basin
1067:Murzuq Basin
1037:Douala Basin
1012:Angola Basin
984:Urema Valley
969:Red Sea Rift
964:Muglad Basin
934:Benue Trough
740:Congo Craton
703:Rovuma Plate
687:Somali Plate
621:
599:
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:
560:
550:
541:
532:
523:
514:
505:
492:
473:
467:
452:
443:
423:
418:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
360:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
324:
305:
297:
269:North Darfur
261:South Darfur
250:
224:
212:
204:
200:
198:
179:Type of rock
1687:States with
1642:South Sudan
1532:Ivory Coast
1190:Drakensberg
1107:Sirte Basin
1062:Kufra Basin
1052:Gabon Basin
1047:Karoo Basin
1032:Congo Basin
979:Atbara rift
959:Melut Basin
924:Anza trough
785:Shear zones
361:During the
225:Jebel Marra
104: /
79:Coordinates
38:Jebel Marra
18:Jebel Marra
1768:Categories
1702:Somaliland
1622:Seychelles
1587:Mozambique
1572:Mauritania
1557:Madagascar
1447:Cape Verde
1329:Mount Mabu
1314:Anti-Atlas
1305:Inselbergs
1027:Chad Basin
611:References
255:region of
247:Waterfall.
213:Fugo Marra
92:24°16′12″E
89:12°57′00″N
1723:Bir Tawil
1577:Mauritius
1497:Swaziland
1349:Zuma Rock
1344:Wase Rock
410:Footnotes
239:Geography
117:Geography
69:Elevation
1677:Zimbabwe
1652:Tanzania
1502:Ethiopia
1477:Djibouti
1442:Cameroon
1427:Botswana
1042:El Djouf
576:23 April
1748:RĂ©union
1743:Mayotte
1662:Tunisia
1632:Somalia
1617:Senegal
1602:Nigeria
1592:Namibia
1582:Morocco
1547:Liberia
1542:Lesotho
1492:Eritrea
1462:Comoros
1437:Burundi
1412:Algeria
843:Orogens
727:shields
723:Cratons
438:, p. 36
377:Geology
357:History
312:caldera
279:below.
221:جبل مرة
193:2000 BC
173:Geology
153:Country
1799:Darfur
1672:Zambia
1667:Uganda
1607:Rwanda
1562:Malawi
1522:Guinea
1512:Gambia
1417:Angola
1017:Aoukar
672:Plates
480:
434:
343:female
316:pumice
253:Darfur
229:massif
217:Arabic
167:Darfur
163:Region
1794:Sahel
1647:Sudan
1597:Niger
1552:Libya
1537:Kenya
1517:Ghana
1507:Gabon
1482:Egypt
1422:Benin
911:Rifts
277:Sahel
257:Sudan
233:Sudan
157:Sudan
1657:Togo
1567:Mali
1457:Chad
725:and
578:2021
478:ISBN
432:ISBN
318:and
263:and
199:The
60:Peak
1714:and
555:nn.
209:Fur
203:or
1770::
626:.
620:.
569:.
457:.
451:.
426:,
329:.
235:.
223:,
219::
215:;
211:,
1388:e
1381:t
1374:v
658:e
651:t
644:v
630:.
594:.
580:.
486:.
461:.
207:(
20:)
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