693:
680:
539:. Many of these crafts, and also agricultural production, feature prominently in the proto-cuneiform tablets – indicating that much of the economy was centrally controlled and administered. In the texts from Jemdet Nasr, the term "SANGA AB" appears, which may denote a high official. The building was probably destroyed by fire. There is no evidence for far-reaching trade-contacts; no precious stones or other exotic materials were found. However, the homogeneity of the pottery that is typical for the Jemdet Nasr period suggests that there must have been intensive regional contacts. This idea is strengthened by the finding of sealings on the tablets of Jemdet Nasr that list a number of cities in southern Mesopotamia, including
568:
74:
46:
67:
679:
362:
39:
650:
1926, between 150 and 180 tablets were found in Mound B; the error margin resulting from gaps in the administration kept by the excavators. Some of these tablets may actually have come from the 1928 excavations under
Watelin. The tablets from the regular excavations are stored in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad. Two Uruk V period (c. 3500-3350 BC) clay tablets, called "numerical tablets" or "impressed tablets", were found at the site.
587:
animals, buildings, containers and more abstract designs. None of the sealings on the tablets was made by the seals that were found at the site, indicating that sealing either occurred outside Jemdet Nasr or that seals could also be made of perishable materials. One sealing, found on thirteen tablets, lists the names of a number of cities surrounding Jemdet Nasr, including Larsa, Nippur, Ur and Uruk.
692:
531:
excavations have resulted in considerable quantities of Middle Uruk period (mid-4th millennium BC) pottery. It seems that during this period, both Mounds A and B were occupied. During the Late Uruk period (late 4th millennium BC), an extensive settlement must have existed at Mound B, but its nature is again hard to ascertain due to a lack of well-excavated archaeological contexts.
673:
grain, the counting of herds of cattle, the distribution of secondary products like beer, fish, fruit and textiles, as well as various objects of undefinable nature. Six tablets deal with the calculation of agricultural field areas from surface measurements, which is the earliest attested occurrence of such calculations.
661:, by the time of the Jemdet Nasr period, there was already a trend toward more abstract and simpler designs. It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge-shaped appearance. While the language in which these tablets were written cannot be identified with certainty, it is thought to have been
551:
distribution of Early
Dynastic pottery on the surface, the settlement seems to have been smaller than during the Jemdet Nasr period. A single Early Dynastic I grave was found on Mound A, but no further evidence for occupation during this period. The building that was visible on the surface of the mound was probably a
672:
The tablets from Jemdet Nasr are primarily administrative accounts; long lists of various objects, foodstuffs and animals that were probably distributed among the population from a centralized authority. Thus, these texts document, among other things, the cultivation, processing and redistribution of
563:
Apart from the proto-cuneiform tablets, Jemdet Nasr gained fame for its painted polychrome and monochrome pottery. Painted pots display both geometric motifs and depictions of animals, including birds, fish, goats, scorpions, snakes and trees. However, the majority of the pottery was undecorated, and
649:
in
Chicago. Another group of tablets was purchased in Kish in the 1930s and of these it was asserted that they came from Jemdet Nasr, although this is unlikely due to stylistic differences between these tablets and those excavated at Jemdet Nasr in 1926. During the first regular excavation season in
530:
and occupied until the Early
Dynastic I period. The Ubaid occupation of the site has not been explored through excavation but is inferred from pottery dating to that period, and clay sickles and a fragment of a clay cone, that were found on the surface of Mound A. Both the 1920s as well as the 1980s
431:
in
Chicago; the latter two co-sponsors of the excavations in Kish and Jemdet Nasr. A second season was organized in 1928, lasting between 13 and 22 March and directed by L.Ch. Watelin, the then-field director at Kish, accompanied by Henry Field. This time, some 120 workmen were employed. Excavation
407:, his record-keeping was very poor. He contracted a fever at Jemdet Nasr from which he never fully recovered, which ended the excavation season. As a result, much information on the exact find spots of artefacts, including the tablets, was lost. A large, 4500 square meter (92 meters by 48 meters),
599:
objects were found in Jemdet Nasr. These included an adze, a fish-hook and a small pendant in the shape of a goose. A particular type of stone vessel with ledge handles and a rim decorated by incised rectangles has so far not been found at any other site. The function of a number of flat polished
550:
After the destruction of the Jemdet Nasr building, occupation of the site seems to have continued uninterrupted, as pottery forms show a gradual transition from Jemdet Nasr forms into the Early
Dynastic I repertoire. At least one building of this period has been excavated at Mound B. Based on the
534:
The Jemdet Nasr period settlement (3100–2900 BC) extended over an area of 4–6 hectares (9.9–14.8 acres) of Mound B. Some 0.4 hectares (0.99 acres) was occupied by the single, large mudbrick building that was excavated by
Langdon, and where the clay tablets were found. In and around this building,
517:
consists of three mounds, A, B, and C, that are located adjacent to each other. Mound A is 160 by 140 metres (520 by 460 ft), 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) high and has a total area of 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres). Mound B, located immediately to the northeast of A, measures 350 by 300 metres
385:
and it was decided that an excavation was necessary after several pictographic tablets were found. Some burnt grain were recovered and later determined to be cone wheat (Triticum turgidum) the earliest exemplar of that in the region. The first season at Jemdet Nasr took place in 1926, directed by
586:
and cylinder seal impressions on the clay tablets have been found at Jemdet Nasr. Stylistically, these seals are a continuation of the preceding Uruk period. The cylinder seals display humans as well as animals in a very crude style. Over 80 of the clay tablets bore a sealing, showing humans,
443:
of the site, to revisit the large building on Mound B that had been excavated by
Langdon but very poorly published, and to explore a Neo-Babylonian or later baked brick building that was visible on the surface of Mound A. During the 1989 season, again directed by Matthews, a dig-house was
418:
was found. The bricks used were of the
Riemchen (20 X 8 5 x 8 cm) and Flachziegel (23 x 9 x 6 5 cm) types, with some of the former baked and all of the latter. All baked bricks were pierced with three one centimeter holes before baking. The finds from this season were divided between the
590:
The exact findspots of many objects retrieved during the 1920s excavations could no longer be reconstructed due to the poor publication standards, so that many can only be dated by comparing them with what has been found at other sites that do have a good
444:
constructed on the site. Research focused on Mound B with the aim to further explore the ancient occupation in that area. No work was carried out on Mound A. Further excavation seasons, although planned, were prevented by the outbreak of the
628:
The clay tablets that were reported to the excavators of Kish in 1925 may not have been the first to come from Jemdet Nasr. Already before 1915, a French antiquities dealer had bought tablets that reportedly came from the site through
432:
ended after 11 days (of the 20 planned) due to a plague of locusts. Watelin kept almost no records of his excavations at the site but from the few notes that survive he seems to have been digging in the same area as
Langdon.
336:
building thought to be the ancient administrative centre of the site. A second season took place in 1928, but this season was very poorly recorded. Subsequent excavations in the 1980s under British archaeologist
685:
A five-day ration list. Each line of proto-cuneiform text mentions rations for one day. The sign for "day" and the numbers 1-5 are easily identifiable. Probably from Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. Circa 3000 BCE. British
398:
and director of the excavations at Kish. The excavation lasted over a month and employed between 12 and 60 workmen. Langdon was not an archaeologist, and even by the standards of his time, as exemplified by
1012:
Roger J. Matthews, Cities, Seals and Writing: Archaic Seal Impressions from Jemdet Nasr and Ur, Materialien zu den frühen Schriftzeugnissen des Vorderen Orients, vol. 2, Berlin: Gebr, Mann Verlag, 1993,
513:. Before the implementation of the Musaiyib irrigation project in the 1950s, the site lay in a semi-desert area. Today, the site is located in an area that is heavily irrigated for agriculture. The
564:
the fact that most painted pottery seems to have come from the large central building suggests that it had a special function. Pottery forms included large jars, bowls, spouted vessels and cups.
353:
periods. Based on texts found there mentioning an ensi of NI.RU that is thought to be its ancient name. During ancient times the city was on a canal linking it to other major Sumerian centers.
1488:
608:
as a raw material is widely available around Jemdet Nasr, clay objects are very common. Clay objects included baked clay bricks, clay sickles, fragments of drain pipes, spatulas,
1483:
448:
in 1990 and no fieldwork has been carried out at the site since then. The excavation archives for this dig are still in Baghdad but field photographs have now been digitized.
381:
had been found by locals at a site called Jemdet Nasr, some 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Kish. The site was subsequently visited on January 6 1926 by Langdon and
698:
Apprentice scribes learned the writing system through lists of related signs, like this one dealing with place names. From Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. 3000-2900 BCE. British Museum
892:
Mónica Palmero Fernández, "Using DSLR to 'Scan' Colour Slides: learning from the Digitising Jemdet Nasr 1988–1989 Project", Internet Archaeology, vol. 55, 2020
321:(3100–2900 BC), and was one of the oldest Sumerian cities. It is adjacent to the much larger site of Tell Barguthiat. The site was first excavated in 1926 by
657:
is thought to have arisen in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. While at first it was characterized by a small set of symbols that were predominantly
341:
were, among other things, undertaken to relocate the building excavated by Langdon. These excavations have shown that the site was also occupied during the
451:
The importance of the findings at Jemdet Nasr were immediately recognized after the 1920s excavations. During a large conference in Baghdad in 1930, the
1437:
The Herbert Weld Collection in the Ashmolean Museum: Pictographic Inscriptions from Jemdet Nasr Excavated by the Oxford and Field Museum Expedition
757:
Ernest Mackay, Report on the Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq, Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropology, Memoirs, vol. I, no. 3, Chicago, 1931
595:
and chronological control. Many of the objects found during the 1920s could be dated from the Uruk period to the Early Dynastic I period. Very few
518:(1,150 by 980 ft) for a total area of 7.5 hectares (19 acres), reaching up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) above the modern level of the plain.
471:. Since then, the assemblage characteristic for the Jemdet Nasr period has been attested at other sites in south–central Iraq, including
127:
1281:
Pollock, Susan (1990), "Political Economy as Viewed from the Garbage Dump: Jemdet Nasr Occupation at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh",
1518:
1493:
646:
1508:
1428:
Harden, D. B., "A Typological Examination of Sumerian Pottery from Jamdat Nasr and Kish", Iraq, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 30–44, 1934
1498:
1335:
1310:
846:
Matthews, Roger J., "Jemdet Nasr: The Site and the Period", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 196–203, 1992
464:
350:
1503:
1018:
804:
Moorey, P. R. S., "The Late Prehistoric Administrative Building at Jamdat Nasr", Iraq, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 95–106, 1976
66:
1272:
1154:
1453:
Matthews, R., "After the archive: Early Dynastic I occupation at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq", Al-Rāfidān 18, pp. 109–17, 1997
1463:
755:
709:
567:
436:
435:
In 1988 and 1989, two further excavation seasons were carried out under the direction of British archaeologist
338:
280:
1523:
1390:
1351:
592:
382:
38:
737:
Englund, Robert K., "Proto-Cuneiform Texts from Diverse Collections", MSVO 4, Berlin:Gebr.MannVerlag, 1996
1528:
600:
stones incised with lines forming a cross is uncertain, but it has been suggested that they were used as
440:
1330:, Oriental Institute Museum Publications, vol. 32, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 33–50,
555:
fortress, but due to a lack of well-dated pottery from this area this dating could not be ascertained.
1149:, Materialien zu den frühen Schriftzeugnissen des Vorderen Orients, vol. 1, Berlin: Gebr. Mann,
572:
728:
Stephen Langdon, New Texts from Jemdet Nasr, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 837-844, 1931
1432:
420:
387:
322:
270:
1450:
Matthews, Roger, and Monica Palmero Fernandez, "Jemdet Nasr field diapositives, 1988-1989", 2021
456:
1513:
1439:, Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. 7, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
642:
8:
170:
113:
1468:
1418:
1410:
1379:
1371:
1252:
1224:
1216:
1188:
1180:
783:
Langdon, S., "Ausgrabungen in Babylonian seit 1918", Der Alte Orient 26, pp. 3–75, 1927
609:
514:
452:
318:
302:
227:
164:
1440:
1422:
1383:
1331:
1306:
1268:
1228:
1192:
1150:
1014:
662:
502:
395:
306:
1147:
The Proto-Cuneiform Texts from Jemdet Nasr. I: Copies, Transliterations and Glossary
1402:
1363:
1290:
1244:
1208:
1172:
612:
and miniature wagon wheels. Beads, small pendants and figurines were made of bone,
424:
495:
The name Jemdet Nasr translates as "Small mound of Nasr", named after a prominent
1235:
Matthews, Roger (1992), "Defining the Style of the Period: Jemdet Nasr 1926-28",
654:
552:
412:
400:
326:
294:
890:
638:
1367:
1477:
1444:
1328:
Visible Language. Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond
893:
613:
579:
361:
142:
129:
1294:
535:
kilns for firing pottery and baking bread were found, and other crafts like
527:
472:
428:
370:
342:
233:
1305:, Case Studies in Early Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
510:
460:
415:
391:
374:
346:
329:
243:
1375:
1320:
746:
McGuire Gibson, The city and area of Kish, Field Research Projects, 1972
1393:; Martin, Richard A. (1935), "Painted Pottery from Jemdet Nasr, Iraq",
1256:
1220:
1184:
583:
544:
1414:
658:
641:, while those resold to Dumani Frères were subsequently purchased by
501:
in the early twentieth century. Jemdet Nasr is located in modern-day
476:
468:
314:
176:
1248:
1212:
1176:
1406:
666:
445:
408:
333:
1356:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
630:
536:
378:
665:. Contemporary archives have been found at Uruk, Tell Uqair and
653:
The Jemdet Nasr tablets are written in proto-cuneiform script.
634:
633:. He sold them in lots to the French dealer Dumani Frères, the
596:
497:
480:
1267:, Iraq Archaeological Reports, vol. 6, Warminster: BSAI,
601:
540:
1199:
Matthews, Roger (1990), "Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, 1989",
1163:
Matthews, Roger (1989), "Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, 1988",
617:
605:
506:
484:
310:
99:
1489:
Populated places disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC
825:
Field, H., "The Track of Man", New York: Doubleday, 1953
1354:(1932), "Human Remains from Jemdet Nasr, Mesopotamia",
404:
1052:
1050:
526:
Occupation is thought to have started at least in the
411:
building was excavated in which a large collection of
1484:
Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC
571:
A Pottery jar from Jemdet Nasr period (3100-2900)B.C
487:. The period is now generally dated to 3100–2900 BC.
1047:
1145:Englund, Robert K.; Grégoire, Jean-Pierre (1991),
922:
490:
1122:
439:. The aims of the 1988 season were to conduct an
1475:
1265:Secrets of the Dark Mound: Jemdet Nasr 1926-1928
1110:
1035:
1023:
994:
970:
958:
767:
765:
763:
604:. They are common in Uruk period sites. Because
1144:
1128:
1056:
982:
934:
946:
872:
860:
1062:
898:
828:
760:
1303:Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was
910:
849:
807:
786:
1389:
1469:Jemdat Nasr page at University of Reading
1086:
1074:
369:In 1925, the team that was excavating at
1262:
1234:
1198:
1162:
1116:
1068:
1041:
1029:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
878:
866:
855:
834:
813:
792:
771:
623:
566:
360:
1431:
1300:
1280:
1098:
916:
904:
467:, with Jemdet Nasr being the eponymous
1476:
313:) that is best known as the eponymous
1350:
1318:
1104:
1092:
1080:
521:
1321:"The Earliest Mesopotamian Writing"
558:
298:
73:
45:
13:
1344:
14:
1540:
1457:
691:
678:
72:
65:
44:
37:
1519:Former populated places in Iraq
1494:1926 archaeological discoveries
1395:American Journal of Archaeology
1326:, in Woods, Christopher (ed.),
1006:
884:
840:
819:
710:Cities of the Ancient Near East
491:Jemdet Nasr and its environment
1509:History of Babylon Governorate
798:
777:
749:
740:
731:
722:
356:
1:
1138:
1499:Archaeological sites in Iraq
7:
1464:Jemdet Nasr tablets at CDLI
1319:Woods, Christopher (2010),
1129:Englund & Grégoire 1991
1057:Englund & Grégoire 1991
703:
16:Archaeological site in Iraq
10:
1545:
365:Sitting bull Louvre AO7021
301:) (also Jamdat Nasr) is a
1504:Archaeological type sites
1368:10.1017/s0035869x00153766
573:Erbil Civilization Museum
264:
256:
251:
221:
216:
200:
184:
158:
143:32.7177806°N 44.7794389°E
121:
107:
93:
31:
24:
1433:Langdon, Stephen Herbert
1263:Matthews, Roger (2002),
715:
1301:Pollock, Susan (1999),
1295:10.3406/paleo.1990.4519
543:, Nippur, Ur, Uruk and
457:Mesopotamian chronology
421:National Museum of Iraq
305:or settlement mound in
271:Stephen Herbert Langdon
81:Jemdet Nasr (Near East)
575:
509:, or ancient southern
455:was inserted into the
373:received reports that
366:
260:1926; 1989; 1988; 1928
148:32.7177806; 44.7794389
894:doi:10.11141/ia.55.10
624:Proto-cuneiform texts
570:
465:Early Dynastic period
441:archaeological survey
364:
276:Louis-Charles Watelin
257:Excavation dates
84:Show map of Near East
1524:Tells (archaeology)
171:archaeological site
139: /
114:Babylon Governorate
21:
1529:Jemdet Nasr period
1059:, pp. 7–8, 16
931:, pp. 225–228
647:Oriental Institute
616:, stone, clay and
576:
522:Occupation history
453:Jemdet Nasr period
427:in Oxford and the
367:
319:Jemdet Nasr period
228:Jemdet Nasr period
19:
1337:978-1-885923-76-9
1312:978-0-521-57568-3
503:Babil Governorate
396:Oxford University
307:Babil Governorate
288:
287:
53:Shown within Iraq
1536:
1447:
1425:
1386:
1340:
1325:
1315:
1297:
1277:
1259:
1231:
1195:
1159:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1119:, pp. 34–35
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1095:, pp. 44–45
1090:
1084:
1083:, pp. 36–37
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1044:, pp. 30–32
1039:
1033:
1032:, pp. 17–19
1027:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1003:, pp. 20–21
998:
992:
986:
980:
979:, pp. 33–34
974:
968:
967:, pp. 33–37
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
853:
847:
844:
838:
832:
826:
823:
817:
811:
805:
802:
796:
790:
784:
781:
775:
769:
758:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
695:
682:
559:Material culture
425:Ashmolean Museum
423:in Baghdad, the
351:Early Dynastic I
300:
284:
283:
277:
273:
247:
246:
240:
239:Early Dynastic I
236:
230:
212:
211:
207:
196:
195:
191:
180:
179:
173:
167:
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
117:
116:
103:
102:
85:
76:
75:
69:
57:
56:Show map of Iraq
48:
47:
41:
22:
18:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1347:
1345:Further reading
1338:
1323:
1313:
1275:
1249:10.2307/4200350
1213:10.2307/4200315
1177:10.2307/4200306
1157:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
854:
850:
845:
841:
833:
829:
824:
820:
812:
808:
803:
799:
791:
787:
782:
778:
770:
761:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
732:
727:
723:
718:
706:
699:
696:
687:
683:
655:Proto-cuneiform
626:
561:
524:
493:
413:proto-cuneiform
401:Leonard Woolley
390:, professor of
388:Stephen Langdon
359:
327:Proto-Cuneiform
323:Stephen Langdon
279:
275:
269:
268:
242:
238:
232:
226:
225:
209:
205:
204:
193:
189:
188:
175:
169:
163:
162:
147:
145:
141:
138:
133:
130:
128:
126:
125:
112:
111:
98:
97:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
49:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1458:External links
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1429:
1426:
1407:10.2307/498618
1401:(3): 310–320,
1387:
1362:(4): 967–970,
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1316:
1311:
1298:
1278:
1273:
1260:
1232:
1196:
1160:
1155:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:, pp. 8–9
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1019:978-3786116868
1005:
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
883:
871:
859:
848:
839:
827:
818:
806:
797:
785:
776:
774:, pp. 1–3
759:
748:
739:
730:
720:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
690:
688:
684:
677:
643:James Breasted
639:British Museum
625:
622:
610:spindle whorls
580:cylinder seals
560:
557:
523:
520:
492:
489:
437:Roger Matthews
358:
355:
339:Roger Matthews
286:
285:
281:Roger Matthews
266:
265:Archaeologists
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
223:
219:
218:
214:
213:
202:
198:
197:
186:
182:
181:
160:
156:
155:
123:
119:
118:
109:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
80:
71:
70:
64:
63:
62:
61:
52:
43:
42:
36:
35:
34:
33:
32:
29:
28:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1541:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1274:0-85668-735-9
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:3-7861-1646-6
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1117:Matthews 2002
1113:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1069:Matthews 2002
1065:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1042:Matthews 2002
1038:
1031:
1030:Matthews 2002
1026:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1002:
1001:Matthews 2002
997:
991:, p. 246
990:
989:Matthews 1989
985:
978:
977:Matthews 2002
973:
966:
965:Matthews 2002
961:
954:
953:Matthews 2002
949:
943:, p. 247
942:
941:Matthews 1989
937:
930:
929:Matthews 1989
925:
918:
913:
906:
901:
895:
891:
887:
880:
879:Matthews 2002
875:
868:
867:Matthews 1990
863:
857:
856:Matthews 1989
852:
843:
836:
835:Matthews 2002
831:
822:
815:
814:Matthews 2002
810:
801:
794:
793:Matthews 2002
789:
780:
773:
772:Matthews 1992
768:
766:
764:
756:
752:
743:
734:
725:
721:
711:
708:
707:
694:
689:
681:
676:
675:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
594:
588:
585:
581:
574:
569:
565:
556:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
532:
529:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
442:
438:
433:
430:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
292:
282:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
245:
235:
229:
224:
220:
215:
203:
199:
187:
183:
178:
172:
166:
161:
157:
152:
134:44°46′45.98″E
124:
120:
115:
110:
106:
101:
96:
92:
68:
40:
30:
23:
1514:Clay tablets
1436:
1398:
1394:
1391:Field, Henry
1359:
1355:
1352:Field, Henry
1327:
1302:
1289:(1): 57–75,
1286:
1282:
1264:
1240:
1236:
1204:
1200:
1168:
1164:
1146:
1124:
1112:
1107:, p. 35
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1037:
1025:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
960:
955:, p. 33
948:
936:
924:
917:Pollock 1999
912:
907:, p. 58
905:Pollock 1990
900:
886:
881:, p. ix
874:
869:, p. 25
862:
851:
842:
830:
821:
809:
800:
788:
779:
751:
742:
733:
724:
671:
652:
627:
593:stratigraphy
589:
578:A number of
577:
562:
549:
533:
528:Ubaid period
525:
496:
494:
473:Abu Salabikh
459:between the
450:
434:
429:Field Museum
416:clay tablets
377:and painted
375:clay tablets
368:
330:clay tablets
325:, who found
290:
289:
234:Ubaid period
131:32°43′4.01″N
1171:: 225–248,
1071:, p. 3
919:, p. 2
837:, p. 6
816:, p. 4
795:, p. 2
659:pictographs
584:stamp seals
511:Mesopotamia
505:in central
461:Uruk period
403:'s work at
392:Assyriology
383:Henry Field
357:Archaeology
332:in a large
291:Jemdet Nasr
244:Uruk period
194:7.5 hectare
190:1.5 hectare
146: /
122:Coordinates
20:Jemdet Nasr
1478:Categories
1283:Paléorient
1139:References
1105:Woods 2010
1093:Woods 2010
1081:Woods 2010
545:Tell Uqair
252:Site notes
1445:251013706
1423:192958282
1384:162544460
1229:134945808
1207:: 25–39,
1193:249897812
483:, Ur and
469:type site
315:type site
210:3.5 metre
206:2.9 metre
177:type site
1435:(1928),
1376:25194618
1243:: 1–34,
704:See also
667:Khafajah
663:Sumerian
645:for the
637:and the
553:Parthian
463:and the
446:Gulf War
409:mudbrick
334:mudbrick
317:for the
299:جمدة نصر
94:Location
1257:4200350
1221:4200315
1185:4200306
631:looting
537:weaving
379:pottery
222:Periods
217:History
26:{{{1}}}
1443:
1421:
1415:498618
1413:
1382:
1374:
1334:
1309:
1271:
1255:
1227:
1219:
1191:
1183:
1153:
1017:
686:Museum
635:Louvre
597:copper
498:sheikh
481:Nippur
295:Arabic
201:Height
108:Region
1419:S2CID
1411:JSTOR
1380:S2CID
1372:JSTOR
1324:(PDF)
1253:JSTOR
1225:S2CID
1217:JSTOR
1189:S2CID
1181:JSTOR
716:Notes
614:shell
602:bolas
541:Larsa
343:Ubaid
1441:OCLC
1332:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1237:Iraq
1201:Iraq
1165:Iraq
1151:ISBN
1015:ISBN
618:frit
606:clay
515:tell
507:Iraq
485:Uruk
477:Fara
371:Kish
349:and
347:Uruk
311:Iraq
303:tell
185:Area
165:tell
159:Type
100:Iraq
1403:doi
1364:doi
1291:doi
1245:doi
1209:doi
1173:doi
394:at
1480::
1417:,
1409:,
1399:39
1397:,
1378:,
1370:,
1360:64
1358:,
1287:16
1285:,
1251:,
1241:54
1239:,
1223:,
1215:,
1205:52
1203:,
1187:,
1179:,
1169:51
1167:,
1049:^
762:^
669:.
620:.
582:,
547:.
479:,
475:,
405:Ur
345:,
297::
278:,
274:,
241:,
237:,
231:,
208:,
192:,
174:,
168:,
1405::
1366::
1293::
1247::
1211::
1175::
309:(
293:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.