Jena - Knowledge

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in this area (e.g. at Oberlauengasse), due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades. The Eichplatz, a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre, has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process. The wall's defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates. In these areas, some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse, in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse.

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established between today's Fürstengraben, Löbdergraben, Teichgraben and Leutragraben. The city got a marketplace, main church, town hall, council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a full-fledged town. In this time, the city's economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley. The two monasteries of the

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usually remain for long. During the Middle Ages, Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes. Nowadays, the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated 20 km (12 mi) down Saale river. Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley, wind speeds tend to be very low; predominant direction is SW.

1433:) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between. Due to its jagged surface, the municipal territory isn't very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century. At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines. 3017:

was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification. It connects the major districts with the city centre; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes. Nevertheless, there are some old single-track segments interfering the services. Furthermore,

2847:(Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district. Therefore, it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution. Furthermore, there are two 2108:

and on the Saale's east side in former Wenigenjena. Compared with the city centre, later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas. During the interwar period, the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less, so that new housing complexes were set up relatively

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The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of

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Jena's economy is largely built upon its high-technology infrastructure and research. The precision optical instruments industry is its leading branch to date, although software engineering, other digital businesses, and biotechnology are of growing importance. Furthermore, Jena is also a service hub

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Despite the hilly terrain in some parts, Jena is a cycling city, due to the many students. Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built. There are bike lanes along some main streets, though, in comparison to other cities in Germany, there are

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Most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. The historic city centre is located inside the former wall (which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north, Löbdergraben in the east, Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west). There are only a few historic buildings

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Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point. What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the city's difficult topography and on the other hand by the history, because the two main lines were built

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The birth surplus was 62 in 2012, or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas

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Jena is also a hub of public and private services, specially in education, research and business services. Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringia's solely university hospital. Furthermore, Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping

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Over the centuries, Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870. Then, a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900, 50,000 in 1920, 73,000 in 1940, 81,000 in 1960

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declined in the 17th century, so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city. The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books (and the population's ability to read) in the Lutheran doctrine, and Jena was the

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In the 13th century, the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley: Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jena's constituent communities today – 4 km (2 mi) to the south on the east bank. Around 1230, Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was

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Industry is a great tradition in Jena, reaching back to the mid-19th century. In 2012, there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro. The most important branches are precision machinery,

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in winter (quite cold nights under −20 °C (−4 °F)) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is 585 millimeters (23.0 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not

1375:, 75 km (47 mi) in the southeast. The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valley's edges. The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation, whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m. On the eastern side those are (from north to south): the 991:

period, conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus (communists and social democrats) and the right-wing Nazi milieus. On the one hand, the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence, but on the other hand, it consolidated the Nazi ideology, for

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The city is divided into 30 districts. The inner-city districts are Zentrum, Nord, West, Süd, Wenigenjena (east of Saale, incorporated in 1909), and Kernberge, other big districts are Lobeda (incorporated in 1946) and Winzerla (incorporated in 1922) in the south with large housing complexes.

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settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem. New districts established in the north (near Rautal) and in the south (around Winzerla and Lobeda). The opposition against the GDR government was

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met at the university and established a long lasting friendship, based on their love of Shakespeare. Consequently, the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as liberal and open-minded, but severely self-absorbed, was established and enhanced.

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The city is among Germany's 50 fastest growing regions, with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies, a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure. Jena was awarded the title "Stadt der Wissenschaft" (city of science) by the

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and 104,000 in 1980. The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000. The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population, which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012.

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was professor at the university. The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871. The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the (relatively late) connection to the railway. The

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A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square, town hall, and castle in the former town of Lobeda, which is a district since 1946, located approximately 4 km (2 mi) to the south of Jena's centre.

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is even named after the city. Zeiss, Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general. When Zeiss died in 1889, his company passed to the

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soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle. The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt, Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest. Wine-growing was discontinued during the

4774: 924:). In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from the Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena. 4282: 2109:

far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences. Today's Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region, and urban planning is still a challenge.

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Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century, when industry developed. For most of the 20th century, Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies such as

720:" was composed by students of the university at this time, supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city. 491:) was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students. Furthermore, there are many institutes of the leading German research societies. 1993: 614:

to the south, so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages. The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document. The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of

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Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena. The former academic town became a working-class city; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of

483:, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a population of about 110,000. Jena is a centre of education and research; the 1035:. 709 people were killed, 2,000 injured, and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed, but in parts restored after the end of the war. No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage, except 1004:

in Jena, many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government. This weakened the academic milieu, because many academics were Jews (especially in medicine). During

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Around 1790, the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of the self-centred, idealist philosophy of ‘Ich' (with professors such as

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regions in the east. Owing to its function as a river crossing, Jena was conveniently located. Nevertheless, there were also some more important Saale crossings such as the nearby cities of

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municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries. Moreover, the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of

3116: 1858:. During recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved: the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013. Due to the official policy of atheism in the former 1102:

reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena, fed by academic and clerical circles. In autumn 1989, the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved.

920:, which uses great amounts of the company's profits for social benefits such as research projects at universities etc. This model became an example for other German companies (e.g. the 4317: 458: 5839: 2354:

The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965, including Germany's first high-rise building, the

2412: 4289: 4746: 2903:, approx. 80 km (50 mi) to the northeast, which both serve mostly for holiday flights to the Mediterranean and other touristic regions. The next major airports are 4480: 1526:

system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid; winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes

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of the FDP, who has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:

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The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany. It has an astronomical clock featuring the "Snatching Hans" ("

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Like many other eastern German cities, Jena has a small foreign-born population: circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants (according to

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The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena, with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley, to the west along

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and today, it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany. Furthermore, the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded.

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system started its operation and the university got a new main building (established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castle's site). After the foundation of

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According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions.

2679: 835:, near the district of Vierzehnheiligen. Resistance against the French occupation was strong, especially among the students. Many of the students fought in the 5831: 3092: 1093:

The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning. During the 1960s, another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the

2864: 1920:(botanic garden) at Fürstengraben is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Germany (established in 1794) and hosts 12,000 plants from all over the world. 6042: 4222: 673:

visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine. In the following years, the Dominican and the

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opened in 2017, the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network. As compensation, there are new regional express train services to

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in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season. In addition, since 2000, the university of Jena has a rugby team. Since 2012, the

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As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century, the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring

6007: 4906: 3464: 6067: 5584: 911:). Since that time, production of optical items, precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jena's economy; 4314: 6037: 1116:

Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena. The city's far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the

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https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4

4332:. thueringen-entdecken.de. Thüringer Tourismus (main tourist information office for the state of Thuringia). Retrieved 22 September 2019. 615: 4876: 3062:

founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications. There are also nearly 5,000 students.

2560: 4440: 3054:, established in 1558, was largely extended. Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university. Another college is the 1470:

can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers. Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes

5824: 3085: 6062: 3098: 507:(since 1990). As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany, it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre, such as the 944:. The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west. In 1901, the 6104: 6032: 5551: 5076: 2808: 2378: 1446: 41: 4418: 3143:

In 2013, according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany.

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enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking.

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The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and today's quarter Wenigenjena.

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The St. Peter's Church is the former city church of Jena's southern district Lobeda. The Gothic church was built around 1480.

1863: 1097:. The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion. Big 1032: 561:

river. Due to its rocky landscape, varied substrate and mixed forests, Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild

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Agriculture plays a small role in Jena, only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming (compared to over 60% in

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The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous (built in 1858) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called "Hanfried".

1039:, whose destruction was utter. Today most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. Jena was occupied by 1021: 3018:

there is an extensive network of buses, run (such as the trams) by the "Jenah" organization, a pun on Jena and the German

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west of Jena and later used as the city's cemetery chapel. Since 1811, the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena.

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Beginning in the 16th century, the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions. Initially, Jena remained a part of

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The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg, founders of Jena.

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lit. 'public transport'. Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region.

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The University Main Building stands at the former castle's place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style (

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near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua. The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate (

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at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art.

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at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments such as glasses, microscopes, cameras, and telescopes.

1523: 5546: 5060: 3581: 3222: 3164: 796: 312: 2625:. Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany. 2597:

pharmaceuticals, optics, biotechnology and software engineering. Notable companies in Jena are the traditional

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which can be found within walking distance of the town. Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and

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Studnicka-Mariańczyk, Karolina (2018). "Zakład Karny w Sieradzu w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej 1939–1945".

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The St. Mary's Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style, built in the 15th century.

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is the city's highest skyscraper, built between 1969 and 1972, with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant.

747:, to which it belonged until 1809. From 1809 to 1918, Jena was part of the Duchy (from 1815 Grand Duchy) of 6094: 6000: 5570: 5368: 4609: 4161: 2388: 1986: 392: 4664: 4101: 3073:, an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football. Another state-owned Gymnasium (the 4728: 4149: 4107: 3951: 2436: 566: 5053: 4560: 4017: 3991: 3055: 2908: 1997: 1949: 1393: 1040: 422: 287: 2060: 1839:

as well as foreign countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria.

622:, roughly 6 km (4 mi) south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley. 5922: 4065: 4059: 3969: 3077:) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum. 3074: 2896: 2448: 2188: 1851: 1511: 2801: 2753: 2248: 2614: 2501: 1544: 1498:

sometimes come into the town at night, from the mountains, to raid bins. It is documented that the

1109:. Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s, but finally it managed the transition to the 992:

example with a professorship of social anthropology (which sought to scientifically legitimize the

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The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

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convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 (Carmelite) and 1548 (Dominican).

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in 1922. The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during

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Bau 15 of the Carl Zeiss factory, Germany's first high-rise building, established in 1915

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once. Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in

1600: 5798: 4775:"Zukunftsatlas 2019: Das sind die deutschen Regionen mit den besten Zukunftsaussichten" 4137: 4131: 4023: 3934: 3505: 3290: 3110: 3051: 3036: 2749: 2622: 2489: 2369: 2273:), the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz. 2153: 2036: 1938: 828: 788: 780: 681: 557:

Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia, within the wide valley of the

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via Lobeda. Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas.

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monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557. It has a bronze slab of

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by two different private companies. The connection in north–south direction is the

2544: 2284: 1846:). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are 1499: 1462: 1120:(NSU) terror group. However, the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot. 969: 840: 697: 607: 599: 591: 5045: 2460: 55: 5733: 4830:

In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 16, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990,

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The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a

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at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils.

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against GDR policy. The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet

5753: 5468: 4189: 4177: 4029: 3069:, five state-owned and one Christian (ecumenical). One of the state-owned is a 3059: 2912: 2629: 2590: 2586: 2336: 2332: 1928: 1843: 1584: 1452: 1336:

Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. source:

1110: 701: 582: 5488: 4634: 1596: 1556: 6099: 6088: 5982: 5977: 5788: 5738: 5707: 5237: 5232: 4936: 4643: 4253: 4071: 4041: 4002: 3987: 3981: 3014: 2812: 2792:) and local trains between Weimar, Jena and Gera. The express trains stop at 2618: 2598: 2540: 2310: 2132: 1960: 1832: 1592: 1372: 997: 900: 860: 847: 752: 740: 670: 496: 243: 230: 5687: 5136: 3005: 2707: 1548: 5793: 5773: 5768: 5418: 5207: 5027: 4931: 3963: 2797: 2717: 2657: 2493: 1859: 1471: 1059: 1055: 1028: 1005: 988: 941: 852: 800: 5448: 5358: 5353: 4884: 2957:). Both of these connect points of tourist interest: the former along the 2761: 2166:) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s. 5333: 4167: 3975: 3940: 3923: 3903: 3758: 2880: 2691: 2581: 2509: 1992:

The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections, like

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the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders.

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The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology

1572: 1564: 5763: 5697: 5493: 5483: 5473: 5413: 5398: 5393: 5378: 5292: 5018: 4201: 4195: 4089: 3972:(1752–1827), orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment 3919: 3915: 3111:

Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)

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opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world, with

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can be found in the Jena area. One of the best places to see them is

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near the city centre and Göschwitz, the local trains furthermore at

1862:, most of the population is non-religious. 15.9% are members of the 932: 5702: 5662: 5657: 5503: 5343: 5277: 5217: 5212: 5187: 5126: 5022: 4994: 4709: 4038:(1917–2003), commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War 2978: 2777: 2741: 2606: 2497: 1568: 1460:

close to Ziegenhain a few specimens of the rare true service tree (

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Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the

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Typical street scenery in Jena: The "Holzmarkt" in the city-centre

5677: 5463: 5408: 5328: 5297: 5257: 5156: 5151: 5131: 5100: 5095: 4998: 4940: 4747:"Studie: Lebensqualität in Jena ist deutlich höher als in Erfurt" 4113: 3167:(FDP), who served from 1990 to 2006. In 2006 he was succeeded by 2816: 2773: 2344: 2314: 2146: 1996:. While the collections of antiques and minerals are public, the 1805: 1491: 1467: 1442: 1054:

in post-World War II Germany. In 1949, it became part of the new

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in 1920, Jena was one of the three biggest cities (together with

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Jena und Orchideen – Ein Paradies für Liebhaber und Wandersleute

4170:, inventor of fireproof glass, founder of the Schott glass works 3128:

Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses

763: 739:), the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of 657: 5886: 5866: 5652: 5631: 5605: 5498: 5247: 5222: 5197: 5182: 5121: 5105: 5090: 5032: 4968: 4964: 4610:"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" 4561:"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" 4280: 3960:(1853–1945), historian, and physician, studied medicine at Jena 3050:

After reunification, the educational system was realigned. The

2986: 2982: 2876: 2856: 2769: 2765: 2729: 2725: 2637: 2577: 2573: 1941:

and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena.

1927:

at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of

1836: 1757: 1733: 961: 953: 880: 807: 646: 619: 480: 476: 3159:

The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was

680:

An important step in Jena's history was the foundation of the

145: 5672: 5667: 5508: 5433: 5423: 5373: 5363: 5272: 5141: 4789:""Zukunftsatlas" Deutschland 2019: Leipzig ist Dynamiksieger" 4761:"Zukunftsatlas: Leipzig ist dynamischste Region Deutschlands" 4559:

Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006).

3954:, naturalist, doctor, comparative anatomist, and physiologist 3042: 2958: 2785: 2660:, develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena. 1948:

at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between

1781: 1576: 1356: 1071: 983:

1936 poster marking the 700th anniversary of the city of Jena

642: 603: 595: 558: 4608:

Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007).

3175:(SPD). Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by 2138:

The St. John's Church was the church of the extinct village

727:, but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( 649:, and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously. 514:

Between 1790 and 1850, Jena was a focal point of the German

5881: 5871: 5717: 5626: 5252: 5202: 4990: 4869: 4510:"Schön und gefährdet: Den Wildkatzen bei Jena auf der Spur" 4348: 2994: 2966: 2860: 2789: 2649: 2644:

in Germany. Other IT players with regional offices include

1614:

The residual districts are from a more rural constitution:

1360: 1079: 957: 945: 888: 3088:

is an important research center and offers a Ph.D. program

2804:, approx. 5 km (3 mi) south of the city centre. 5513: 1001: 891:

in the east. Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were

3080:

The various research institutes based in Jena include:

2162:

The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen (dedicated to the

1456:) even grows at a few locations within the town. On the 4853: 4146:, professor of bioinformatics at the University of Jena 4140:, Universitätsmamsell and Jena Romanticist intellectual 1351:

The medieval bridge across the Saale in Burgau district

1105:

After 1990, Jena became part of the refounded state of

435: 2899:, approx. 50 km (31 mi) to the west and the 2127:

The main church, St. Michael's, is one of the biggest

1866:

and 6.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census).

1062:. On the other hand, the GDR government founded a new 688:

founded it, because he had lost his old university in

5592: 4005:(1848–1925), mathematician, logician, and philosopher 3131:

Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis

3093:

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

2555: 1401:

near Drackendorf. On the western side, there are the

4461: 3918:(1840–1905), physicist, social reformer, partner of 2116: 1363:

mountains 85 km (53 mi) in the north, the

846:

During the later 19th century, the famous biologist

5075: 2875:in the south. Furthermore, there are some roads to 2640:as well as several web agencies, Jena is a hub for 3984:(1891–1950), founder of neoliberal economic theory 1994:the collection of pre- and protohistoric artifacts 1985:at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the 1937:at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of 709:second-largest printing location in Germany after 4223:Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht 4044:(1834–1919), evolutionary biologist and zoologist 2628:With companies such as Intershop Communications, 1371:50 km (31 mi) in the southwest and the 6086: 3990:(1846–1926), philosopher and winner of the 1908 2381:is an important nature reserve to the southwest. 1869: 2756:. The connection in west–east direction is the 634:(1301) rounded out Jena's medieval appearance. 4225:, Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024. 2589:around 1800, but is now possible again due to 2368:is a building of early-modern architecture by 2265:The medieval city wall is preserved in parts ( 1959:at Berggasse is the former house of biologist 1494:have been seen on the Saale, within the town. 526:. Notable persons of this period in Jena were 5825: 5578: 5061: 4900: 4122:, composer, pianist, professor, and conductor 2550: 1123: 4804:"Geburtshilfe nach jüdischer Ärztin benannt" 4801: 4656:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3966:(born 1987), retired footballer (goalkeeper) 3019: 2666:Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft 2476:Jena has its own theatre and orchestra, the 1016:in the city, and a subcamp of the prison in 4914: 4080:(1847–1933), obstetrician and gynecologist 2488:Jena is home to professional football club 2351:, another mansion built by Gropius in 1929. 1000:in 1938 led to more discrimination against 5832: 5818: 5585: 5571: 5068: 5054: 4907: 4893: 4858: 3999:, philosopher and early German nationalist 2944:) and the "Thuringian city string track" ( 1974:and the history of his glass factory, the 1534: 859:, opened in 1874) was the connection from 791:(with poets such as Novalis, the brothers 5552:Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants 4633: 4204:(1816–1888), founder of the Zeiss company 3154: 3086:Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology 3027: 2800:. The junction between both lines is the 2668:, a German science association, in 2008. 2500:four times, and reached the final of the 1074:today. In 1953, Jena was a centre of the 4397:(in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 25. 4367:(in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 18. 3902: 3119:, a research center with a Ph.D. program 3099:Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry 3041: 3031: 3004: 2973:, while the latter follows the medieval 2895:The next local airports to Jena are the 2706: 2559: 1970:at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of 1873: 1712:Ten largest groups of foreign residents 1702: 1346: 1084: 978: 931: 762: 656: 581: 4534: 2379:Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth 1963:and hosts an exhibition about his life. 1449:, to the south of the town. Bee orchid 751:, which from 1871 was also part of the 6087: 4802:Schleenvoigt, Anke (9 November 2017). 4552: 4390: 4360: 4086:(1818–1883), philosopher and economist 2867:is a connection along Saale valley to 1669: 1644: 1619: 1142: 652: 586:Lobdeburg Castle above Lobeda district 518:as well as of the student liberal and 328:114.76 km (44.31 sq mi) 5813: 5566: 5049: 4888: 4726: 4281:Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. 4252: 4068:(1646–1716), polymath and philosopher 3186: 2568:is a symbol of East Germany's economy 1887:Jena has a great variety of museums: 1864:Evangelical Church in Central Germany 1043:on 13 April 1945 and was left to the 475:. Together with the nearby cities of 450: 4922: 4727:Statistik, Thüringer Landesamt für. 4601: 4386: 4384: 3978:(1977–2009), footballer (goalkeeper) 3947:Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld 3908:Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld 3122:INNOVENT - a private research center 2732:in the south once a day stopping at 2520:. Also, the city's basketball team, 2471: 843:fraternity was founded in the city. 4729:"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik" 2809:Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway 13: 4138:Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling 3138: 3134:The Jena Center for Bioinformatics 3117:Leibniz Institute for Age Research 3000: 2556:Agriculture, industry and services 2516:. Both clubs' home stadium is the 2289:technology developed by Carl Zeiss 1137: 1031:, Jena was repeatedly targeted by 875:(opened 1876) connected Jena with 785:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 87:Fox tower on the Hausberg mountain 14: 6121: 5845:Urban and rural districts in the 5593:Cities in Thuringia by population 4845: 4697:Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik 4381: 4260:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. 4240:Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik 4198:, (born 1987), retired footballer 4062:(1796–1868), educator and pedagog 3898: 3009:A tram near Jena Paradies Station 2613:as well as new companies such as 2331:is the former house of physicist 2117:Sights and architectural heritage 1707:Population development until 2017 1591:in the south and the district of 787:). It was also home to the early 669:was brought to the city in 1523. 618:with their eponymous castle near 141:Location of Jena within Thuringia 5850: 5840: 5007: 4982: 4974: 4953: 4707: 4535:Cebulla, David (17 April 2020), 4258:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3937:(1891–1958), poet and politician 3876: 3875: 3798: 3797: 3747: 3746: 3736: 3735: 3684: 3683: 3673: 3672: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3634: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3596: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3558: 3532: 3531: 3521: 3520: 3105:Institute of Photonic Technology 2760:with regional express trains to 2675:Together with the photonics lab 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2083: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2035: 2023: 2011: 2004: 1878:The Eichplatz in the city centre 1798: 1774: 1750: 1726: 199: 192: 167: 160: 144: 124: 114: 94: 80: 68: 54: 5077:Cities in Germany by population 4821: 4795: 4781: 4767: 4753: 4739: 4720: 4701: 4689: 4671: 4528: 4502: 4496: 4485: 4474: 4455: 4433: 4009:Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel 3755: 3692: 3654: 3616: 3578: 3540: 3502: 3376: 3358: 3338: 3320: 3302: 3284: 3266: 3240: 3214: 2394:Johannistor, medieval city gate 2259: 2000:are only accessed for research. 1911:Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung 1698: 927: 818: 758: 471:and the second largest city in 6105:Holocaust locations in Germany 4411: 4354: 4335: 4307: 4274: 4246: 4228: 4216: 4158:(born 1969), German politician 4011:, inventor of the kindergarten 3060:University of Applied Sciences 2890: 2835:crossing each other nearby at 1720:Population (31 December 2017) 1413:north of the city centre, the 1118:National Socialist Underground 839:in 1813. Two years later, the 686:John Frederick the Magnanimous 577: 1: 5008: 4954: 4209: 2686:and the Krautspace there are 2532:team has been playing in the 1870:Culture, sights and cityscape 1622:Ammerbach (incorporated 1922) 1524:Köppen climate classification 1417:west of the city centre, the 1342: 1014:Buchenwald concentration camp 994:racial policy of Nazi Germany 777:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 731:). In 1692, after two dukes ( 540:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 489:Friedrich Schiller University 6110:Urban districts of Thuringia 4983: 4975: 4516:(in German). 5 November 2019 4020:(1749–1832), poet and writer 2955:Radweg Thüringer Städtekette 2931:there is the "Saale track" ( 2843:(Frankfurt–Dresden) and the 2697: 2309:is a university building by 2095: 1678:Münchenroda/Remderoda (1994) 200: 168: 7: 4588:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 4441:"Jena Löbstedter Straße 50" 4394:Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905-1945 4364:Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905-1945 4108:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche 3952:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 3149: 2347:style in 1924. Near is the 2121: 1989:during the Napoleonic wars. 1595:with the municipalities of 1543:with the municipalities of 1539:Jena abuts the district of 1027:In 1945, toward the end of 1008:, the Germans operated two 716:The list of the so-called " 684:in 1558. Ernestine Elector 641:in 1331. Jena obtained the 554:for its regional environs. 10: 6126: 4538:Die Rückkehr der Wildkatze 4018:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 3992:Nobel Prize for Literature 3787: 3784: 3762: 3757: 3725: 3722: 3700: 3694: 3662: 3658:Christian Democratic Union 3656: 3624: 3618: 3586: 3580: 3548: 3542: 3510: 3504: 3381: 3378: 3363: 3360: 3345: 3340: 3325: 3322: 3307: 3304: 3289: 3287:Martina Flämmich-Winckler 3286: 3273:Christian Democratic Union 3271: 3268: 3247: 3242: 3221: 3216: 3056:Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena 2918: 2909:Berlin Brandenburg Airport 2826: 2702: 2632:(after the acquisition of 2551:Economy and infrastructure 2242:Church of Vierzehnheiligen 1952:and Jena (only in summer). 1950:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1882: 1650:Jenaprießnitz/Wogau (1994) 1505: 1436: 1124:Geography and demographics 1056:German Democratic Republic 867:along the Saale valley to 767:The battle of Jena in 1806 572: 25:City in Thuringia, Germany 15: 5991: 5895: 5859: 5726: 5640: 5619: 5598: 5532: 5316: 5175: 5114: 5083: 4920: 4635:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 4320:24 September 2020 at the 4102:Johann Karl August Musäus 4066:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4060:Albert Woldemar Hollander 3970:Johann Gottfried Eichhorn 3943:, discoverer of human EEG 3888: 3866:Electorate/voter turnout 3865: 3846: 3829: 3812: 3479: 3462: 3446:Electorate/voter turnout 3445: 3428: 3411: 3394: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3075:Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena 2483: 2149:evangelical church today. 1796: 1772: 1748: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1512:humid continental climate 1335: 1155:— 1052:Soviet zone of occupation 823:On 14 October 1806, 431: 421: 411: 399: 378: 361: 357:970/km (2,500/sq mi) 353: 345: 340: 332: 324: 319: 298: 293: 281: 269: 259: 224: 154: 138: 110: 48: 39: 30: 4283:"Facts and Figures 2017" 4110:(1844–1900), philosopher 4050:(1770–1831), philosopher 3723:Citizens for Jena (BfJ) 2615:Intershop Communications 2543:world record (98.48) by 2430:University Main Building 1987:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 833:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 827:fought and defeated the 602:regions in the west and 336:143 m (469 ft) 5847:Free State of Thuringia 4915:Places adjacent to Jena 4877:Encyclopædia Britannica 4864:(in German and English) 4678:Quartalsbericht IV/2014 4614:Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci 4176:, poet, dramatist, and 4174:Reinhard Johannes Sorge 4164:(born 1973), footballer 3696:Alternative for Germany 3620:Social Democratic Party 3309:Alternative for Germany 3249:Social Democratic Party 3173:Social Democratic Party 2682:4 February 2018 at the 2508:. In women's football, 2182:Main church St. Michael 1681:Vierzehnheiligen (1994) 1535:Administrative division 883:in the west as well as 598:was the border between 548:August Wilhelm Schlegel 6043:North Rhine-Westphalia 6038:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5958:Schmalkalden-Meiningen 4880:(11th ed.). 1911. 4419:"Jena Leutrastraße 32" 4032:(1897–1945), physician 3997:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 3911: 3544:Alliance 90/The Greens 3327:Alliance 90/The Greens 3155:Mayor and city council 3065:Further there are six 3047: 3039: 3028:Education and research 3020: 3010: 2977:closely and runs from 2954: 2941: 2851:crossing in Jena: the 2712: 2656:, a subsidiary of the 2569: 2547:was achieved in Jena. 2090:Museum 1806 in Cospeda 1879: 1708: 1421:near Lichtenhain, the 1387:near Wenigenjena, the 1352: 1090: 1022:German-occupied Poland 984: 937: 773:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 768: 667:Protestant Reformation 662: 587: 536:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 532:Alexander von Humboldt 5973:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 4828:Martin, August Eduard 4733:www.tls.thueringen.de 4683:27 April 2013 at the 4391:Walter, Rolf (1996). 4361:Walter, Rolf (1996). 4184:Johann Gustav Stickel 4092:(1940–2006), composer 3958:Walter von Boetticher 3929:Andreas Bauer Kanabas 3906: 3726:Jürgen Häkanson-Hall 3582:Free Democratic Party 3223:Free Democratic Party 3165:Free Democratic Party 3045: 3035: 3008: 2901:Leipzig/Halle Airport 2897:Erfurt–Weimar Airport 2819:in the north, and to 2710: 2563: 2526:Basketball Bundesliga 2502:UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 2317:style, built in 1930. 2164:Fourteen Holy Helpers 2156:married here in 1790. 1931:in German literature. 1877: 1706: 1441:32 species of native 1350: 1129:Historical population 1088: 1050:Jena fell within the 982: 935: 922:Robert Bosch Stiftung 766: 743:and, in 1741, of the 718:Seven Wonders of Jena 660: 585: 448:German pronunciation: 380: • Summer ( 244:50.92722°N 11.58611°E 215:Show map of Thuringia 18:Jena (disambiguation) 6048:Rhineland-Palatinate 5943:Saale-Holzland-Kreis 5547:Metropolitan regions 5228:Freiburg im Breisgau 4541:(Documentary, Short) 4514:Thüringer Allgemeine 4078:August Eduard Martin 3347:Pirate Party Germany 3015:Jena tramway network 2863:in the east and the 2736:and local trains to 2724:trains running from 2580:). Furthermore, the 2518:Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld 2514:2. Frauen-Bundesliga 2506:Regionalliga Nordost 2254:Church of Ziegenhain 2066:Schillers Gartenhaus 1935:Schillers Gartenhaus 1656:Kunitz/Laasan (1994) 1397:near Lobeda and the 1076:East German Uprising 1033:Allied bombing raids 749:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 745:Duchy of Saxe-Weimar 423:Vehicle registration 354: • Density 16:For other uses, see 6095:Cities in Thuringia 5953:Saalfeld-Rudolstadt 5429:Mülheim an der Ruhr 4665:Final Revised Paper 4626:2007HESS...11.1633P 4580:2006MetZe..15..259K 4464:Zeszyty Historyczne 4351:, December 20, 2022 4344:The First Romantics 4330:Thüringen Entdecken 4295:on 12 November 2018 4126:Friedrich Schelling 4104:(1735–1787), author 4096:Philipp Melanchthon 4054:Friedrich Hölderlin 3891:Wahlen in Thüringen 3511:Lena Saniye Güngör 3476: 3465:Wahlen in Thüringen 3183: 2855:is a connection to 2758:Weimar–Gera railway 2534:2. Rugby-Bundesliga 2512:is a member of the 2492:. The club won the 2478:Jenaer Philharmonie 2454:Pulverturm at night 2442:Ernst Abbe Monument 2030:Phyletisches Museum 1946:Goethe-Gedenkstätte 1903:Phyletisches Museum 1894:Optical Museum Jena 1713: 1522:) according to the 1425:near Winzerla, the 1391:near Wöllnitz, the 1369:Thuringian Highland 1359:river, between the 1130: 1070:, which is part of 918:Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung 873:Weimar–Gera railway 806:In 1794, the poets 653:Early modern period 240: / 183:Show map of Germany 61:Jena skyline (2008) 6068:Schleswig-Holstein 5799:Zeulenroda-Triebes 4808:Jenaer Nachrichten 4132:Friedrich Schiller 4024:John B. Goodenough 3935:Johannes R. Becher 3912: 3625:Katja Glybowskaja 3475: 3182: 3052:University of Jena 3048: 3046:University Library 3040: 3037:University of Jena 3011: 2965:in Bavaria to the 2883:via Ammerbach and 2837:Hermsdorf junction 2713: 2623:Carl Zeiss Meditec 2576:and nearly 50% in 2570: 2490:FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2370:Henry van de Velde 2154:Friedrich Schiller 2078:Botanischer Garten 1957:Ernst-Haeckel-Haus 1939:Friedrich Schiller 1918:Botanischer Garten 1880: 1711: 1709: 1662:Lichtenhain (1913) 1653:Krippendorf (1994) 1634:Drackendorf (1994) 1502:occurs near Jena. 1419:Lichtenhainer Höhe 1353: 1128: 1091: 985: 938: 797:Friedrich Schlegel 781:Friedrich Schiller 769: 663: 588: 528:Friedrich Schiller 524:German Romanticism 346: • Total 325: • Total 249:50.92722; 11.58611 6082: 6081: 6008:Baden-Württemberg 5807: 5806: 5759:Leinefelde-Worbis 5560: 5559: 5439:Offenbach am Main 5324:Bergisch Gladbach 5147:Frankfurt am Main 5043: 5042: 5038: 5037: 4710:"USV Jena: Rugby" 4404:978-3-412-11096-3 4374:978-3-412-11096-3 4267:978-1-4058-8118-0 4156:Sahra Wagenknecht 4134:, poet and writer 4116:(1772–1801), poet 4056:(1770–1843), poet 3896: 3895: 3470: 3469: 3244:Albrecht Schröter 3169:Albrecht Schröter 2963:Fichtel Mountains 2905:Frankfurt Airport 2871:in the north and 2802:Göschwitz station 2522:Science City Jena 2496:three times, the 2472:Theatre and music 2194:St. John's Church 1968:Schott Glasmuseum 1820: 1819: 1696: 1695: 1687:Ziegenhain (1913) 1647:Isserstedt (1994) 1379:near Kunitz, the 1365:Thuringian Forest 1340: 1339: 1066:factory in 1950, 964:remained part of 837:Lützow Free Corps 831:army here in the 610:to the north and 441: 440: 6117: 5997:of German states 5948:Saale-Orla-Kreis 5903:Altenburger Land 5854: 5844: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5011: 5010: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4957: 4956: 4923: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4854:Official website 4839: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4749:. 15 March 2013. 4743: 4737: 4736: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4708:e.V., USV Jena. 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4675: 4669: 4661: 4655: 4647: 4637: 4620:(5): 1633–1644. 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4565: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4358: 4352: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4294: 4288:. Archived from 4287: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4256:(3 April 2008). 4250: 4244: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4150:Wilhelm Schlegel 3931:, classical bass 3879: 3878: 3801: 3800: 3763:Ulrich Schubert 3759:Free Voters Jena 3750: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3701:Denny Jankowski 3687: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3649: 3648: 3638: 3637: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3599: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3561: 3535: 3534: 3524: 3523: 3477: 3474: 3305:Denny Jankowski 3184: 3181: 3023: 2949: 2936: 2879:via Isserstedt, 2859:in the west and 2845:Bundesautobahn 9 2841:Bundesautobahn 4 2734:Paradies station 2728:in the north to 2711:Paradies station 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2364:The monument to 2349:Haus Zuckerkandl 2251: 2239: 2230:Church of Lobeda 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2018:Optisches Museum 2015: 1815: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1714: 1710: 1672:Lützeroda (1994) 1637:Göschwitz (1969) 1628:Closewitz (1994) 1617: 1616: 1601:Großschwabhausen 1567:in the east and 1500:European wildcat 1466:) can be found. 1463:Cormus domestica 1383:near Wogau, the 1144: 1139: 1131: 1127: 1047:on 1 July 1945. 970:independent city 968:) and became an 841:Urburschenschaft 698:Schmalkaldic War 592:High Middle Ages 462: 461: 460: 454: 452:[ˈjeːna] 449: 385: 305: 304:(2024–30) 255: 254: 252: 251: 250: 245: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 216: 209: 203: 202: 196: 184: 177: 171: 170: 164: 148: 128: 118: 98: 84: 72: 58: 34: 28: 27: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6077: 5987: 5933:Kyffhäuserkreis 5896:Rural districts 5891: 5860:Urban districts 5855: 5838: 5808: 5803: 5734:Bad Langensalza 5722: 5636: 5615: 5594: 5591: 5561: 5556: 5528: 5317:100,000–199,999 5312: 5288:Mönchengladbach 5176:200,000–499,999 5171: 5115:500,000–999,999 5110: 5079: 5074: 5044: 5039: 5021: 4987: 4943: 4916: 4913: 4868: 4863: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4800: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4685:Wayback Machine 4676: 4672: 4649: 4648: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4340: 4336: 4325: 4322:Wayback Machine 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4251: 4247: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4162:Bernd Schneider 4144:Stefan Schuster 3901: 3663:Guntram Wothly 3483:Lead candidate 3361:Sandro Dreßler 3342:Heidrun Jänchen 3269:Benjamin Koppe 3218:Thomas Nitzsche 3177:Thomas Nitzsche 3161:Peter Röhlinger 3157: 3152: 3141: 3139:Quality of life 3030: 3003: 3001:Trams and buses 2945: 2932: 2929:bicycle touring 2921: 2893: 2865:Bundesstraße 88 2829: 2752:, Paradies and 2705: 2700: 2684:Wayback Machine 2558: 2553: 2486: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2455: 2452: 2443: 2440: 2431: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2407: 2404: 2395: 2392: 2296:Theodor Fischer 2262: 2255: 2252: 2243: 2240: 2231: 2228: 2219: 2218:Schiller Church 2216: 2207: 2204: 2195: 2192: 2183: 2180: 2124: 2119: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2067: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2043: 2040: 2031: 2028: 2019: 2016: 2007: 1885: 1872: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1727: 1725: 1701: 1684:Wöllnitz (1946) 1665:Löbstedt (1922) 1537: 1516:oceanic climate 1508: 1439: 1345: 1126: 1041:American troops 930: 821: 761: 655: 630:(1286) and the 580: 575: 456: 455: 447: 407: 379: 309:Thomas Nitzsche 303: 248: 246: 242: 239: 234: 231: 229: 227: 226: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211: 210: 207: 204: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 175: 172: 150: 149: 142: 134: 133: 132: 131: 122: 121: 106: 105: 104: 103: 102: 99: 90: 89: 88: 85: 77: 76: 73: 64: 63: 62: 59: 44: 35: 32: 26: 21: 12: 11: 5: 6123: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6004: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5923:Hildburghausen 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5849:in Germany 5837: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754:Hildburghausen 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5542:Municipalities 5539: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5469:Recklinghausen 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4988: 4973: 4971: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4934: 4929: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4866: 4847: 4846:External links 4844: 4841: 4840: 4820: 4794: 4780: 4766: 4763:. 5 July 2019. 4752: 4738: 4719: 4714:www.usvjena.de 4700: 4688: 4670: 4600: 4574:(3): 259–263. 4551: 4527: 4501: 4495: 4484: 4473: 4454: 4432: 4410: 4403: 4380: 4373: 4353: 4341:Wulf, Andrea, 4334: 4306: 4273: 4266: 4245: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4190:Kurt Tucholsky 4187: 4181: 4178:Roman Catholic 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4048:G. W. F. Hegel 4045: 4039: 4033: 4030:Klara Griefahn 4027: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3900: 3899:Notable people 3897: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830:Invalid votes 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3741: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3678: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3640: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3605: 3602: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3587:Alexis Taeger 3585: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3564: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3549:Margret Franz 3547: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3526: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412:Invalid votes 3409: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3323:Denis Peisker 3321: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3071:Sportgymnasium 3029: 3026: 3002: 2999: 2920: 2917: 2913:Munich Airport 2892: 2889: 2853:Bundesstraße 7 2828: 2825: 2823:in the south. 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2677:Lichtwerkstatt 2630:Salesforce.com 2591:global warming 2587:Little Ice Age 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2539:Current men's 2530:USV Rugby Jena 2485: 2482: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2359: 2352: 2337:Walter Gropius 2333:Felix Auerbach 2325: 2318: 2303: 2292: 2281: 2274: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2058: 2056: 2054:Romantikerhaus 2053: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998:oriental coins 1990: 1979: 1964: 1953: 1942: 1932: 1929:Jena romantics 1925:Romantikerhaus 1921: 1914: 1907: 1898: 1884: 1881: 1871: 1868: 1844:2011 EU census 1831:of Thuringia, 1818: 1817: 1810: 1808: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690:Zwätzen (1922) 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640:Ilmnitz (1994) 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631:Cospeda (1994) 1629: 1626: 1623: 1555:in the north, 1541:Saale-Holzland 1536: 1533: 1507: 1504: 1453:Ophrys apifera 1438: 1435: 1399:Einsiedlerberg 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1125: 1122: 1111:market economy 1064:pharmaceutical 929: 926: 820: 817: 760: 757: 737:Johann Wilhelm 702:Little Ice Age 654: 651: 579: 576: 574: 571: 439: 438: 433: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 415: 413:Dialling codes 409: 408: 405: 403: 397: 396: 386: 376: 375: 365: 359: 358: 355: 351: 350: 347: 343: 342: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 326: 322: 321: 317: 316: 306: 296: 295: 291: 290: 288:Urban district 285: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 222: 221: 206: 205: 198: 197: 191: 190: 189: 188: 174: 173: 166: 165: 159: 158: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 129: 123: 119: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 100: 93: 92: 91: 86: 79: 78: 74: 67: 66: 65: 60: 53: 52: 51: 50: 49: 46: 45: 40: 37: 36: 31: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6122: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Saxony-Anhalt 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5983:Weimarer Land 5981: 5979: 5978:Wartburgkreis 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789:Waltershausen 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:Heiligenstadt 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5739:Bad Salzungen 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708:Sondershausen 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537:Complete list 5535: 5534: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Halle (Saale) 5236: 5234: 5233:Gelsenkirchen 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5006: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4837: 4836:3-428-00197-4 4833: 4829: 4824: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4698: 4695:According to 4692: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4477: 4469: 4466:(in Polish). 4465: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4420: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4238:(in German). 4237: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4186:, orientalist 4185: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4152:, philosopher 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4128:, philosopher 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4072:Martin Luther 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4042:Ernst Haeckel 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4003:Gottlob Frege 4001: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988:Rudolf Eucken 3986: 3983: 3982:Walter Eucken 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3788:Anne Neumann 3782: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3679: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3603: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3568: 3565: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3379:Arne Petrich 3375: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196:Second round 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3147: 3144: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849:Bundesstraßen 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2654:Jena-Optronik 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2619:Analytik Jena 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:Carl Zeiss AG 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2541:javelin throw 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Haus Auerbach 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311:Ernst Neufert 2308: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2133:Martin Luther 2130: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2005:Image gallery 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1961:Ernst Haeckel 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833:Saxony-Anhalt 1828: 1824: 1809: 1807: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1723: 1715: 1705: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1659:Leutra (1994) 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625:Burgau (1922) 1624: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1607:in the west. 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:Weimarer Land 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:Ore Mountains 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1349: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Kristallnacht 995: 990: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 934: 925: 923: 919: 914: 910: 906: 903:) as well as 902: 901:Carl Zeiss AG 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 848:Ernst Haeckel 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 816: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 765: 756: 754: 753:German Empire 750: 746: 742: 741:Saxe-Eisenach 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 707: 703: 700:. During the 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 671:Martin Luther 668: 659: 650: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 584: 570: 568: 564: 560: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 522:movement and 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 459: 453: 445: 437: 434: 430: 426: 424: 420: 417:03641, 036425 416: 414: 410: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 387: 383: 377: 373: 369: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 314: 310: 307: 302: 299: • 297: 292: 289: 286: 284: 280: 277: 274: 272: 268: 265: 262: 258: 253: 225:Coordinates: 223: 195: 163: 153: 147: 137: 127: 117: 109: 97: 83: 71: 57: 47: 43: 38: 29: 23: 19: 6033:Lower Saxony 5993: 5876: 5794:Zella-Mehlis 5774:Schmalkalden 5610: 5419:Ludwigshafen 5403: 5208:Braunschweig 4979: 4932:Sangerhausen 4875: 4871:"Jena" 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4807: 4797: 4783: 4769: 4755: 4741: 4732: 4722: 4713: 4703: 4691: 4673: 4662: 4652:cite journal 4617: 4613: 4603: 4591:. Retrieved 4571: 4567: 4554: 4543:, retrieved 4537: 4530: 4518:. Retrieved 4513: 4504: 4498: 4487: 4476: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4445:. Retrieved 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4413: 4393: 4363: 4356: 4342: 4337: 4329: 4309: 4297:. Retrieved 4290:the original 4276: 4257: 4248: 4242:. June 2023. 4230: 4218: 4098:, theologian 4036:Otto Günsche 3964:Martin Dwars 3813:Valid votes 3508:(Die Linke) 3471: 3395:Valid votes 3193:First round 3158: 3145: 3142: 3079: 3070: 3064: 3049: 3012: 2989:and Jena to 2961:valley from 2942:Saale-Radweg 2926: 2922: 2894: 2836: 2830: 2806: 2798:Neue Schenke 2794:West station 2744:stopping at 2718:Saal Railway 2714: 2692:hackerspaces 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658:Airbus Group 2627: 2595: 2571: 2538: 2494:DDR-Oberliga 2487: 2475: 2355: 2348: 2328: 2306: 2277: 2270: 2267:Anatomieturm 2266: 2260:Other sights 2206:Peace Church 2139: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 1982: 1967: 1956: 1945: 1934: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1886: 1841: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1717:Nationality 1699:Demographics 1613: 1609: 1561:Großlöbichau 1538: 1519: 1514:(Dfb) or an 1509: 1496:Pine martens 1461: 1457: 1450: 1440: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1394:Johannisberg 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1354: 1115: 1104: 1092: 1060:Soviet Union 1049: 1029:World War II 1026: 1006:World War II 986: 974:Weimar times 942:World War II 939: 928:20th century 899:(with their 856: 853:Saal Railway 845: 822: 819:19th century 805: 801:Ludwig Tieck 770: 759:18th century 722: 715: 706:wine-growing 679: 664: 661:Jena in 1650 636: 624: 589: 556: 552: 513: 493: 443: 442: 401:Postal codes 130:Coat of arms 101:market place 22: 6018:Brandenburg 5489:Saarbrücken 5334:Bremerhaven 4838:, S. 284 f. 4568:Meteorol. Z 4447:21 February 4443:(in German) 4425:21 February 4421:(in German) 4326:(in German) 4299:12 November 4254:Wells, John 4168:Otto Schott 3976:Robert Enke 3941:Hans Berger 3924:Otto Schott 3383:Independent 3365:Independent 2969:river near 2891:By aviation 2881:Blankenhain 2750:Saalbahnhof 2688:makerspaces 2582:Muschelkalk 2545:Jan Železný 2510:FF USV Jena 2418:Planetarium 2341:Adolf Meyer 2335:, built by 2285:planetarium 2278:Schnapphans 2042:Stadtmuseum 1983:Museum 1806 1972:Otto Schott 1675:Maua (1994) 1605:Saaleplatte 1597:Döbritschen 1581:Rothenstein 1557:Jenalöbnitz 1510:Jena has a 1476:sand lizard 1431:Muschelkalk 1411:Windknollen 987:During the 905:Otto Schott 789:Romanticism 733:Bernhard II 725:Saxe-Weimar 632:Cistercians 578:Middle Ages 520:unification 436:www.jena.de 406:07743–07751 247: / 75:St. Michael 6089:Categories 5938:Nordhausen 5764:Meuselwitz 5698:Rudolstadt 5693:Nordhausen 5688:Mühlhausen 5494:Salzgitter 5484:Reutlingen 5474:Regensburg 5414:Leverkusen 5399:Ingolstadt 5394:Hildesheim 5379:Heidelberg 5293:Oberhausen 5137:Düsseldorf 5084:1,000,000+ 5019:Rudolstadt 4927:Nordhausen 4593:22 January 4210:References 4202:Carl Zeiss 4196:Tim Wuttke 4090:Tilo Medek 3920:Carl Zeiss 3916:Ernst Abbe 3785:Die Guten 3187:Candidate 3067:Gymnasiums 3021:Nahverkehr 2924:deficits. 2873:Rudolstadt 2833:Autobahnen 2642:E-commerce 2634:Demandware 2524:played in 2366:Ernst Abbe 2358:from 1915. 2300:Bruno Taut 2271:Roter Turm 1856:Ukrainians 1549:Neuengönna 1403:Jägersberg 1343:Topography 1099:Plattenbau 1037:Nordhausen 913:Jena glass 897:Ernst Abbe 893:Carl Zeiss 696:after the 694:Albertines 690:Wittenberg 682:university 628:Dominicans 590:Until the 497:Carl Zeiss 485:university 341:Population 301:Lord mayor 294:Government 235:11°35′10″E 232:50°55′38″N 6073:Thuringia 6001:Full list 5995:Districts 5968:Sonneberg 5928:Ilm-Kreis 5908:Eichsfeld 5744:Eisenberg 5713:Sonneberg 5683:Meiningen 5648:Altenburg 5519:Wolfsburg 5479:Remscheid 5459:Pforzheim 5454:Paderborn 5449:Osnabrück 5444:Oldenburg 5384:Heilbronn 5359:Gütersloh 5354:Göttingen 5339:Darmstadt 5308:Wuppertal 5303:Wiesbaden 5268:Magdeburg 5243:Karlsruhe 5193:Bielefeld 5167:Stuttgart 5162:Nuremberg 4663:(direct: 4644:1027-5606 4120:Max Reger 4084:Karl Marx 2991:Altenburg 2975:Via Regia 2971:Magdeburg 2947:‹See Tfd› 2934:‹See Tfd› 2885:Stadtroda 2821:Nuremberg 2807:When the 2782:Altenburg 2762:Göttingen 2754:Göschwitz 2698:Transport 2672:centres. 2646:Accenture 2611:Jenapharm 2603:Schott AG 2566:Jen Tower 2466:Jen Tower 2406:Town hall 2322:Jen Tower 2096:Cityscape 1976:Schott AG 1553:Golmsdorf 1528:inversion 1480:wood ants 1447:Leutratal 1389:Kernberge 1377:Gleisberg 1107:Thuringia 1095:Jen Tower 1068:Jenapharm 950:Thuringia 909:Schott AG 877:Frankfurt 869:Nuremberg 729:Saxe-Jena 675:Carmelite 616:Lobdeburg 473:Thuringia 389:UTC+02:00 368:UTC+01:00 363:Time zone 333:Elevation 276:Thuringia 6053:Saarland 5963:Sömmerda 5784:Sömmerda 5779:Schmölln 5703:Saalfeld 5663:Eisenach 5658:Arnstadt 5599:100,000+ 5524:Würzburg 5504:Solingen 5344:Erlangen 5278:Mannheim 5218:Duisburg 5213:Chemnitz 5188:Augsburg 5127:Dortmund 5023:Saalfeld 4995:Chemnitz 4945:Naumburg 4681:Archived 4520:27 April 4318:Archived 4192:, writer 3889:Source: 3546:(Grüne) 3506:The Left 3463:Source: 3291:The Left 3150:Politics 2979:Eisenach 2869:Naumburg 2839:are the 2831:The two 2778:Glauchau 2742:Saalfeld 2738:Naumburg 2680:Archived 2607:Jenoptik 2498:FDGB Cup 2307:Abbeanum 2135:'s tomb. 2122:Churches 1848:Russians 1573:Zöllnitz 1569:Laasdorf 1565:Schlöben 1545:Lehesten 1458:Hausberg 1427:Jagdberg 1423:Holzberg 1385:Hausberg 1045:Red Army 1010:subcamps 960:, while 871:and the 857:Saalbahn 829:Prussian 825:Napoleon 812:Schiller 612:Saalfeld 608:Naumburg 600:Germanic 509:JenTower 505:Jenoptik 283:District 6013:Bavaria 5769:Pößneck 5727:10,000+ 5678:Ilmenau 5641:20,000+ 5620:50,000+ 5464:Potsdam 5409:Koblenz 5329:Bottrop 5298:Rostock 5283:Münster 5258:Krefeld 5157:Leipzig 5152:Hanover 5132:Dresden 5101:Hamburg 5096:Cologne 4999:Dresden 4941:Leipzig 4622:Bibcode 4576:Bibcode 4180:convert 4114:Novalis 3910:in 1942 3869:84,990 3850:53,661 3816:52,540 3729:11,677 3704:15,617 3666:19,649 3628:19,665 3590:20,003 3552:30,189 3514:31,728 3455:85,220 3449:85,401 3438:39,775 3432:44,946 3404:39,481 3398:44,736 3259:14,499 3253:10,965 3233:24,982 3227:12,046 3171:of the 3163:of the 2919:By bike 2827:By road 2817:Leipzig 2774:Zwickau 2746:Zwätzen 2703:By rail 2372:(1910). 2345:Bauhaus 2315:Bauhaus 2147:Baroque 2106:Mühltal 1883:Museums 1852:Chinese 1806:Ukraine 1506:Climate 1492:muskrat 1468:Firefly 1443:orchids 1437:Ecology 1415:Tatzend 1407:Zwätzen 1328:111,099 1317:105,463 1306:101,157 1295:100,967 1284:104,946 1188:+150.3% 1018:Sieradz 1012:of the 966:Prussia 885:Dresden 865:Leipzig 711:Leipzig 692:to the 639:Wettins 573:History 563:orchids 544:Novalis 516:Vormärz 469:Germany 463:) is a 432:Website 349:111,191 264:Germany 260:Country 6058:Saxony 6023:Bremen 5887:Weimar 5867:Erfurt 5653:Apolda 5632:Weimar 5606:Erfurt 5499:Siegen 5263:Lübeck 5248:Kassel 5223:Erfurt 5198:Bochum 5183:Aachen 5122:Bremen 5106:Munich 5091:Berlin 5033:Plauen 4969:Weimar 4965:Erfurt 4834: 4813:21 May 4642: 4545:16 May 4470:: 187. 4401: 4371: 4264: 3853:100.0 3847:Total 3833:1,121 3791:2,032 3766:5,345 3698:(AfD) 3660:(CDU) 3622:(SPD) 3584:(FDP) 3495:Seats 3486:Votes 3480:Party 3441:100.0 3435:100.0 3429:Total 3351:2,076 3331:3,377 3313:3,444 3295:4,999 3277:6,314 3207:Votes 3201:Votes 3190:Party 2987:Weimar 2983:Erfurt 2951:German 2938:German 2877:Apolda 2857:Weimar 2772:) and 2770:Weimar 2766:Erfurt 2730:Munich 2726:Berlin 2638:ePages 2636:) and 2621:, and 2578:Weimar 2574:Erfurt 2484:Sports 2356:Bau 15 2140:Leutra 2129:Gothic 1837:Saxony 1803: 1779: 1758:Russia 1755: 1734:Poland 1731: 1603:, and 1587:, and 1563:, and 1551:, and 1488:beaver 1409:, the 1381:Jenzig 1287:+19.1% 1273:88,130 1262:84,307 1254:+13.7% 1251:80,309 1243:+21.0% 1240:70,632 1232:+10.8% 1229:58,357 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