480:
39:
339:
194:, on 19 April 1893, the eldest of the eleven children of tailor Alexander Stephen and his wife Jane Miller. The family moved to Edinburgh, then Dunfermline, before settling in Glasgow in 1901. Stephen's father was a founder member of the
279:"I was able to drop acid into the postal pillar boxes without being suspected, because I walked down from where I was employed in my cap, muslin apron and black frock... nobody would ever suspect me of dropping acid through the box."
141:
and won a scholarship to train as a teacher. Family finances dictated otherwise, leading to her becoming a domestic worker at the age of 15. She became involved in national labour issues as a teenager, via organisations such as the
257:
161:
several times and stood as a candidate in general elections. After moving to
Bristol in the 1940s she became the first woman president of Bristol Trades Council. She was appointed MBE in 1977 and her life is commemorated by a
253:
493:
at her former home in
Bedminster, Bristol. On 10 November 1995, the Party of European Socialists group in Bristol honoured her memory by holding the inaugural Jessie Stephen memorial lecture,
256:. She organised her fellow maids through meetings firstly in the streets and later in Alston's Tea Rooms in Bothwell Street, Glasgow. The organisation eventually merged with the London-based
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425:
In 1944 Stephen was appointed as the first woman area union organiser of the
National Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union for South Wales and the West of England and moved to
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2316:
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In the 1920s she visited the United States, holding public meetings with immigrant communities from
Scotland and Wales. and fund-raising for the
2326:
457:
1165:
925:
154:
and in the 1920s she toured the United States and Canada, where she held meetings with the public including migrant
English domestic workers.
1316:
833:"'What we think is needed is a union of domestics such as the miners have': The Domestic Workers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1908–14"
379:
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395:
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Branch of the ILP", before she joined the WSPU in 1909, aged 16. In around 1911–12, as noted in her unpublished autobiography
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433:(CWS), later becoming chair of the local CWS management committee. Around this time, she spoke publicly and gave advice on
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209:. Family circumstances meant that she could not afford to pursue her aspiration to become a teacher, and she became a
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in
February 1913. Her job as a maid worked in her favour during these attacks, as she explained in a 1975 interview:
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519:
recorded an oral history interview with
Stephen, in July 1977, as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled
2291:
1511:
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1332:
523:
Stephen talks about the influence of her Father, her WSPU activities and her involvement with Sylvia
Pankhurst.
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2341:
2241:
2009:
1476:
1346:
1090:
430:
245:
198:(ILP) when it was established and she described her mother as being "so quiet and the very opposite of dad".,
178:
as a "suffragette and labour activist", and has been described as "virtually the only
Scottish working-class
2236:
1939:
312:
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and moved from
Glasgow to London, where she became considered one of the "most active members" (along with
2068:
2024:
2014:
1701:
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295:. In April 1919, Stephen was one of a number of speakers to address a crowd of "about 10,000 people" in
1844:
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527:
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on the Forth and Clyde Canal in Maryhill, Glasgow, which lists local people of historic significance.
38:
1859:
1491:
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1944:
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Stephen was the youngest member of the WSPU Glasgow delegation to the Chancellor of the Exchequer
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Unfortunately for my dreams, unemployment became worse so there was nothing for it but to leave .
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She attended Sunday schools separately linked to the church and to socialism, and was educated at
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308:
890:
764:
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2118:
2092:
2004:
1849:
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1779:
1536:
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UK Vote 100: Looking forward to the centenary of Equal Franchise in 2028 in the UK Parliament
996:
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and at the 1920 ILP conference argued against the use of force during events preceding the
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in 1912, and, she took part in the first of the "Scottish Outrages", involving attacks on
8:
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1934:
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Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews.
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Stephen later lived in Lancashire and also in London, where she became involved in the
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From 1924 she worked as a freelance journalist, established a secretarial agency in
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The Road to Greenham Common: Feminism and Anti-Militarism in Britain Since 1820
225:
The Road to Greenham Common: Feminism and Anti-Militarism in Britain Since 1820
467:
In later life Stephen was blind. She died from pneumonia and heart failure at
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1166:"Suffragette and Activist Jessie Stephen: A Life Remembered by Jean Corston"
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1989:
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1119:
Ewan, Elizabeth; Pipes, Rose; Rendall, Jane; Reynolds, Siân, eds. (2018).
1064:(3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 219.
850:
1904:
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342:
163:
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126:
1979:
1874:
1784:
1566:
367:
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249:
158:
107:
967:. Institute of World History, Charles University. 2009. p. 322.
330:, where she encouraged migrant English domestic workers to unionise.
327:
1651:
237:
138:
515:, is available digitally via the Working Class Movement Library.
272:
74:
909:
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125:(19 April 1893 – 12 June 1979) was a twentieth-century British
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Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage
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She is also the subject of a short animation made as part of
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in 1938. At the time of the Second World War, she worked for
406:
727:
The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928
659:
1331:
573:
571:
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464:
for "services to the trade union movement" in June 1977.
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1022:
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647:(February ed.). Spare Ribs Ltd. 1975. p. 13
540:
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1083:
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790:
621:. Edinburgh: National Museums Scotland. p. 54.
258:
Domestic Workers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland
1137:
964:
Prague Papers on History of International Relations
918:"Yes needs to do more to persuade Scotland's women"
2287:Members of Bermondsey Metropolitan Borough Council
1254:London School of Economics and Political Science.
1145:"Supplement to The London Gazette, 11th June 1977"
800:Out of bounds: women in Scottish society 1800–1945
723:
441:. In 1952 she became the first woman president of
429:. She also worked at the Broad Quay branch of the
1121:The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women
1078:
2273:
1260:London School of Economics and Political Science
1062:British parliamentary election results 1918–1949
758:
756:
754:
445:and in 1955 she was awarded the TUC Gold Badge.
236:She was referred to as a "young activist in the
1352:Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage
915:
830:
762:
617:Leneman, Leah (2009). Macleod, Iseabail (ed.).
577:
1362:Northern Men's Federation for Women's Suffrage
1050:
988:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
1317:
751:
223:Jessie Stephen, quoted by Jill Liddington in
182:(WSPU) member about whom anything is known".
2322:Members of the Workers' Socialist Federation
995:June Hannam; Karen Hunt (12 November 2012).
863:
484:River of Words by Anoushka Havinden (detail)
2257:Scotland's Suffrage History Education Packs
1189:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
803:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 186.
797:Esther Breitenbach; Eleanor Gordon (1992).
730:. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 653.
708:
370:in 1922, after failing to be selected as a
2317:Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
2307:Members of the Order of the British Empire
1324:
1310:
888:
882:
769:. Syracuse University Press. p. 111.
374:for the ILP, and worked for Bermondsey MP
37:
1163:
1123:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
504:, an artwork by Anoushka Havinden at the
998:Socialist Women: Britain, 1880s to 1920s
951:. Mainstream Publishing. pp. 125–6.
635:
478:
337:
185:
857:
616:
585:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
311:. She was also an active member of the
254:Scottish Federation of Domestic Workers
176:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2274:
895:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 752.
867:The Scottish women's suffrage movement
205:. She won a scholarship to train as a
1305:
1056:
949:The hidden history of Glasgow's women
892:The Scottish Nation: A Modern History
511:Stephen's unpublished autobiography,
946:
870:. People's Palace Museum. p. 24
612:
610:
608:
606:
489:Stephen's life is commemorated by a
378:. She stood as Labour candidate for
1036:National Women's Trade Union League
13:
2327:Women's Social and Political Union
2165:Violet Graham, Duchess of Montrose
1392:Women's Social and Political Union
1377:Stornoway Women's Suffrage Society
317:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
180:Women's Social and Political Union
148:Women's Social and Political Union
14:
2368:
1372:Shetland Women's Suffrage Society
1367:Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society
1091:"List of Blue Plaques in Bristol"
1001:. Psychology Press. p. 188.
838:Twentieth Century British History
688:"Stephen, Miss Jessie 8SUF/B/157"
603:
150:. Stephen moved to London during
2282:British women's rights activists
1205:"Stockingfield Artwork projects"
916:Riddoch, Lesley (8 April 2014).
474:
1273:
1247:
1222:
1197:
1157:
1112:
940:
333:
231:
157:Stephen was elected as a local
16:British suffragette (1893–1979)
2332:People associated with Glasgow
2242:WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner
824:
458:Weston-super-Mare constituency
452:, she was a candidate for the
431:Co-operative Wholesale Society
246:Working Class Movement Library
1:
2312:Labour Party (UK) councillors
2253:Scotland's Suffragette Trumps
831:Schwartz, Laura (June 2014).
580:"Stephen, Jessie (1893–1979)"
533:
420:
2357:Women councillors in England
2237:The Suffragette Handkerchief
1397:Workers' Suffrage Federation
1333:Women's suffrage in Scotland
1095:Bristol City Council website
495:'Women in European politics'
382:in the general elections of
293:Workers' Suffrage Federation
169:
7:
2352:British socialist feminists
2337:20th-century Scottish women
2069:Elizabeth and Agnes Thomson
1702:Charlotte Carmichael Stopes
1347:Actresses' Franchise League
724:Elizabeth Crawford (2001).
190:Jessie Stephen was born in
174:Stephen is recorded in the
10:
2373:
2347:Scottish women in politics
1845:Margaret Milne Farquharson
1164:ukvote100 (2 March 2018).
889:T M Devine (5 July 2012).
324:Socialist Party of America
303:. Other speakers included
283:Stephen was approached by
43:1930 portrait (aged 36–37)
2261:Protests and Suffragettes
2210:
2177:
2152:
2101:
1740:
1492:Elizabeth Finlayson Gauld
1412:
1405:
1339:
1256:"The Suffrage Interviews"
1153:(47234): 7099. June 1977.
619:The Scottish Suffragettes
528:Glasgow Women's Library's
305:Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence
97:
89:
81:
63:
48:
36:
23:
1945:Priscilla Bright McLaren
763:Jill Liddington (1989).
578:Canning, Audrey (2004).
513:Submission is for Slaves
469:Bristol General Hospital
411:National Union of Clerks
242:Submission is for Slaves
196:Independent Labour Party
144:Independent Labour Party
2153:Anti-suffrage activists
1795:Dorothea Chalmers Smith
1672:Mary Anderson Snodgrass
1642:Elizabeth Margaret Pace
1285:Glasgow Women's Library
1031:Life and Labor Bulletin
590:Oxford University Press
417:in Welwyn Garden City.
409:in 1935 and joined the
372:parliamentary candidate
366:borough councillor for
203:North Kelvinside School
2292:Councillors in Bristol
2124:Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon
2040:Maud Arncliffe Sennett
1855:Margaret Skirving Gibb
1687:Catherine Helen Spence
1637:Elizabeth Pease Nichol
1387:Women's Freedom League
947:King, Elspeth (1993).
506:Stockingfield Junction
486:
443:Bristol Trades Council
354:East London Federation
349:
309:Theodora Wilson Wilson
291:, around 1916) of the
281:
220:
2342:Scottish suffragettes
2119:Margaret Neill Fraser
2093:Henria Leech Williams
2005:Isabella Bream Pearce
1850:Ellison Scotland Gibb
1825:Marion Wallace Dunlop
1780:Jane Esdon Brailsford
1537:Thomas Martin Lindsay
1422:Wilhelmina Hay Abbott
1281:"Vote 100: The Films"
864:Elspeth King (1978).
693:The National Archives
482:
450:1964 general election
437:. She was elected to
341:
313:Women's Peace Crusade
277:
216:
186:Early life and family
2160:Lady Griselda Cheape
2079:Mona Chalmers Watson
1925:Agnes Syme Macdonald
1775:Catherine Hogg Blair
1657:Marion Kirkland Reid
1482:John McAusland Denny
1477:Margaret C. Davidson
1099:Bristol City Council
460:. She was appointed
2227:Hunger Strike Medal
1935:Margaret Macfarlane
1930:Florence Macfarlane
1770:Edith Marian Begbie
1647:Emily Rosaline Orme
1602:Mary Murdoch (Hull)
1587:Isabella Fyvie Mayo
851:10.1093/tcbh/hwt028
500:She is included in
359:Women's Dreadnought
347:Bedminster, Bristol
326:. She also visited
301:Blockade of Germany
2045:Margaret Skinnider
1870:Mary Pollock Grant
1810:Annie Walker Craig
1557:Chrystal MacMillan
1517:Christina Jamieson
1382:United Suffragists
1150:The London Gazette
530:Vote 100 project.
487:
471:on 12 June 1979.
362:. She was elected
350:
265:David Lloyd George
252:), she formed the
213:at the age of 15.
192:Marylebone, London
2269:
2268:
2173:
2172:
2114:Helen Cruickshank
2052:and her daughter
2050:Georgiana Solomon
2010:Caroline Phillips
1965:Jessie C. Methven
1910:Alice Stewart Ker
1805:Catherine Corbett
1755:Mary Sophia Allen
1130:978-1-4744-3628-1
1008:978-0-415-14220-5
902:978-0-7181-9673-8
810:978-0-7486-0372-5
776:978-0-8156-2539-1
737:978-0-415-23926-4
628:978-1-901663-40-2
137:. She grew up in
116:
115:
31:
2364:
2248:Justice for Ever
2232:The Suffrage Oak
2221:Holloway Jingles
2211:Art, culture and
1860:Marion Gilchrist
1697:Louisa Stevenson
1592:Frances Melville
1552:Louisa Macdonald
1432:Mary Anne Baikie
1410:
1409:
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1319:
1312:
1303:
1302:
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1291:
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1268:
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1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1230:"Jessie Stephen"
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1217:
1215:
1201:
1195:
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1188:
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1178:
1176:
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1141:
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1116:
1110:
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983:
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952:
944:
938:
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928:on 10 April 2014
924:. Archived from
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684:
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639:
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614:
601:
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575:
439:the city council
380:Portsmouth South
297:Trafalgar Square
285:Sylvia Pankhurst
227:
135:local councillor
70:
58:
56:
41:
27:
21:
20:
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2265:
2212:
2206:
2179:
2178:Historians and
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2148:
2097:
1995:Adela Pankhurst
1955:Margaret McPhun
1915:Isabella Leitch
1790:Isabella Carrie
1765:Janet Barrowman
1736:
1717:Muriel Thompson
1692:Flora Stevenson
1682:Mary Somerville
1572:Lavinia Malcolm
1457:Jane Clapperton
1401:
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1209:Scottish Canals
1203:
1202:
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1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1117:
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1089:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1058:Craig, F. W. S.
1055:
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922:NewsNetScotland
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299:, opposing the
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211:domestic worker
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131:labour activist
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52:
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12:
11:
5:
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2259:, produced by
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2229:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
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2202:Sarah Pedersen
2199:
2197:Diane Atkinson
2194:
2189:
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2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
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2156:
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2149:
2147:
2146:
2144:Helen Matthews
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2088:Annot Robinson
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Jessie Stephen
2061:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:Arabella Scott
2027:
2022:
2020:Annot Robinson
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Frances Parker
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Ethel Moorhead
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Frances McPhun
1947:
1942:
1940:Jenny McCallum
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Mary Macarthur
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Frances Graves
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Flora Drummond
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Helen Crawfurd
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Helen Archdale
1757:
1752:
1746:
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1738:
1737:
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1724:
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1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Jessie M. Soga
1674:
1669:
1667:Frances Simson
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Grace Paterson
1629:
1627:Jessie Newbery
1624:
1622:Margaret Mylne
1619:
1614:
1612:Frances Murray
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
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1554:
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1544:
1542:Louisa Lumsden
1539:
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1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Margaret Irwin
1509:
1504:
1502:Mary Henderson
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:Mary Crudelius
1469:
1467:Muriel Craigie
1464:
1462:Jessie Craigen
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
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1129:
1111:
1077:
1070:
1049:
1021:
1007:
987:
973:
954:
939:
908:
901:
881:
856:
845:(2): 173–198.
823:
809:
789:
775:
750:
736:
707:
658:
634:
627:
602:
538:
537:
535:
532:
517:Brian Harrison
502:River of Words
476:
473:
422:
419:
335:
332:
233:
230:
215:
187:
184:
171:
168:
119:Jessie Stephen
114:
113:
111:
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105:
104:Trade unionism
101:
99:
98:Known for
95:
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91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
71:(aged 86)
65:
61:
60:
50:
46:
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34:
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25:Jessie Stephen
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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2240:
2238:
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2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:commemoration
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
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2176:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
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2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Agnes McLaren
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Frances Ivens
2127:
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2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
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2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Bessie Watson
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Barbara Steel
2057:
2055:
2054:Daisy Solomon
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Amy Sanderson
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Mary Phillips
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Maggie Moffat
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
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1956:
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1951:
1948:
1946:
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1938:
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1933:
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1926:
1923:
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1918:
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1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Agnes Husband
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Florence Haig
1883:
1881:
1880:Marion Grieve
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1868:
1866:
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1840:Maude Edwards
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1710:
1708:
1707:Annie S. Swan
1705:
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1700:
1698:
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1618:
1617:Sylvia Murray
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Eunice Murray
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Graham Moffat
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Lilly Maxwell
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Alice McLaren
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Harriet Leisk
1525:
1523:
1522:Jessie Keppie
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
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1342:
1340:Organisations
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1071:0-900178-06-X
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1010:
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
976:
974:9788073082963
970:
966:
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927:
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919:
912:
904:
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894:
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885:
869:
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852:
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827:
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806:
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793:
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772:
768:
767:
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739:
733:
729:
728:
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718:
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696:. 1 July 1977
695:
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689:
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531:
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522:
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507:
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498:
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492:
485:
481:
475:Commemoration
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:birth control
432:
428:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
396:Kidderminster
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Alfred Salter
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
356:and sold the
355:
348:
344:
340:
331:
329:
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259:
255:
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247:
244:(held at the
243:
239:
228:
226:
219:
214:
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208:
207:pupil-teacher
204:
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183:
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109:
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102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
66:
62:
59:19 April 1893
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
22:
19:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2219:
2192:Elspeth King
2187:Leah Leneman
2084:Helen Wilkie
2063:
2035:Muriel Scott
1990:Helen Ogston
1985:Flora Murray
1960:Mary Maloney
1900:Maud Joachim
1890:Edith Hudson
1835:Louise Eates
1820:Agnes Dollan
1742:Suffragettes
1727:Eliza Wigham
1722:Isabella Tod
1712:Jane Taylour
1662:Jessie Saxby
1577:Flora Masson
1532:Anna Lindsay
1507:Elsie Inglis
1487:Helen Fraser
1452:Edward Caird
1442:Nannie Brown
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1148:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1094:
1061:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1030:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
997:
990:
978:. Retrieved
963:
957:
948:
942:
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
921:
911:
891:
884:
872:. Retrieved
866:
859:
842:
836:
826:
814:. Retrieved
799:
792:
780:. Retrieved
765:
741:. Retrieved
726:
698:. Retrieved
691:
649:. Retrieved
643:
637:
618:
593:. Retrieved
583:
525:
520:
512:
510:
501:
499:
494:
488:
483:
466:
454:Labour Party
447:
424:
415:Murphy Radio
404:
357:
351:
334:Middle years
321:
282:
278:
269:pillar boxes
262:
241:
235:
232:Early career
224:
221:
217:
200:
189:
173:
166:in Bristol.
156:
118:
117:
69:(1979-06-12)
67:12 June 1979
18:
2302:1979 deaths
2297:1893 births
2109:Rachel Cook
1905:Mabel Jones
1800:Lila Clunas
1750:Janie Allan
1732:Jane Wigham
1547:Ann Macbeth
1497:Edith Hacon
1447:Mary Burton
1427:Jane Arthur
1414:Suffragists
1406:Campaigners
1265:12 December
491:blue plaque
343:Blue plaque
164:blue plaque
152:World War I
127:suffragette
82:Nationality
2276:Categories
2255:cards and
2134:Jennie Lee
1980:Anna Munro
1875:Laura Grey
1785:Lucy Burns
1567:Sarah Mair
1175:28 October
1104:3 December
1042:7 December
1014:6 December
980:6 December
874:3 December
816:3 December
782:6 December
743:3 December
700:7 December
651:6 December
595:3 December
534:References
421:Later life
394:, and for
368:Bermondsey
289:Emma Boyce
250:Manchester
159:councillor
108:Councillor
93:Journalist
90:Occupation
55:1893-04-19
2246:War Song
1437:Mary Bell
1290:30 August
1239:30 August
1214:30 August
1060:(1983) .
644:Spare Rib
328:Vancouver
260:in 1913.
170:Biography
1652:Jane Rae
1185:cite web
238:Maryhill
146:and the
139:Scotland
2180:writers
456:in the
448:In the
427:Bristol
273:Glasgow
85:British
75:Bristol
2102:Others
1127:
1068:
1038:. 1922
1005:
971:
899:
807:
773:
734:
625:
364:Labour
932:6 May
407:Lewes
271:, in
1292:2023
1267:2023
1241:2023
1234:WCML
1216:2023
1191:link
1177:2023
1125:ISBN
1106:2012
1066:ISBN
1044:2012
1016:2012
1003:ISBN
982:2012
969:ISBN
934:2014
897:ISBN
876:2012
818:2012
805:ISBN
784:2012
771:ISBN
745:2012
732:ISBN
702:2012
653:2012
623:ISBN
597:2012
400:1931
392:1929
390:and
388:1924
384:1923
307:and
133:and
64:Died
49:Born
2086:or
847:doi
462:MBE
398:in
345:in
248:in
123:MBE
29:MBE
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57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
