Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos

912: 2215:„“...In all these towns the sound of my organs already can be heard. I made a pile of all kind of musical instruments and taught the Indians how to play them. Not a single day passes without the sound of songs in our churches... and I sing, play the organ, the zither, the flute, the trumpet, the psalter and the lyre, in high mode and low mode. All these musical art forms, which I ignored partially, I am able to practice now and teach them to the children of the natives. Your Reverence would be able to observe here, how children which were torn away from the jungle just a year ago, together with their parents are able today to sing well and with an absolutely firm beat, they play the zither, lyre and the organ and dance with precise movements and rhythm, that they might compete with the Europeans themselves. We teach these people all these mundane things so they may get rid of their rude customs and resemble civilized persons, predisposed to accept Christianity.” 1076: 1767:

patio. Behind the buildings, a vegetable garden surrounded by a wall and a cemetery likely would have been found. The cemeteries and workshops have disappeared completely from the mission settlements, while the other elements of the church complex still survive to varying degrees. Two stone towers (in San Juan Bautista and San José de Chiquitos) and one of adobe (in San Miguel de Velasco) can be traced back to the time of the Jesuits. Others are of more recent construction, or the result of the conservation and restoration work spearheaded by Roth toward the end of the 20th century. Many of these are tall wooden constructions open on all sides. Of the Jesuit schools only those in San Xavier and Concepción are preserved entirely. Like the houses of the indigenous residents, the buildings of the church complex were single-level ones.

920: 1751: 311: 1776: 1617: 2580:, a five-day tourist event lasting from March 23–27, 2006. Journalists and international tour operators were shown the important tourist attractions, and introduced to the culture through visits to museums, local workshops, various concerts, native dances, high masses, processions, crafts festivals, and local cuisine. The organisers’ goal initially was to raise the number of tourists from 25,000 to 1 million per year over a ten-year period, which would have represented US$ 400 million of income. Subsequently, in the face of lack of support from the Bolivian government and the downturn of the national and local economies, a more modest goal of attracting between 200,000 and 250,000 people per annum was established. 1922: 1829: 1875: 2148:

needs) from the community to support their work. The thriving economy in the reductions enabled them to export surplus goods to all parts of Upper Peru, although ironically not to Paraguay – the region the Jesuits most wanted to reach. The income was used to pay royal tributes and to purchase goods not locally available, such as books, paper, and wine, from as far away as Europe. In the missions themselves money was not used. This laid the foundation of the belief that the Jesuits were guarding immense riches acquired through local labor. In reality the communities were economically successful but hardly constituted any important source of income for the Jesuit order.

2225: 2143:„...the Missionary Priests... are not only parish priests who have preach, hear confessions and govern souls, they are also responsible for the life and health of their parishioners and must provide all the things needed by their towns, because the soul cannot be saved if the body dies. Therefore, the missionaries are town counsellors and judges, doctors, bleeders, masons, carpenters, ironsmiths, locksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, millers, backers, cooks, shepherds, gardeners, painters, sculptors, turners, carriage makers, brick makers, potters, weavers, tanners, wax and candle makers, tinsmiths, and any artisans which may be required in a republic.“ 966:, founded in 1691 by the Jesuit priest Fr. José de Arce. In September 1691, de Arce and Br. Antonio de Rivas intended to meet seven other Jesuits at the Paraguay River to establish a connection between Paraguay and Chiquitos. However, the beginning of the rainy season brought bad weather, and Arce and his companion only got as far as the first native village. The local Piñoca tribe, who were suffering from a plague, begged Arce and Rivas to stay and promised to build a house and a church for the Jesuits, which were finished by the end of year. The mission was later moved a number of times until 1708 when it was established in its present location. 955:(Chiriguanos) proved difficult. With encouragement from Agustín Gutiérrez de Arce, the governor of Santa Cruz, the Jesuits focused their efforts on the Chiquitania, where the Christian doctrine was more readily accepted. Between 1691 and 1760 eleven missions were founded in the area; however, fires, floods, plagues, famines and conflict with hostile tribes or slave traders caused many missions to be re-established or rebuilt. The Chiquitos missions suffered from periodic epidemics of European diseases killing up to 11 percent of the population in a single episode. However, the epidemics were not as severe as they were among the Paraguayan 1476: 1148: 1533: 1653: 1057:-speaking tribes), and by the impenetrable swamps of Jarayes. In 1715, de Arce, the co-founder of the first mission in San Xavier, set out from Asunción on the Paraguay River with the Flemish priest Fr. Bartolomé Blende. Payaguá warriors killed Blende during the journey, but de Arce struggled on to reach San Rafael de Velasco in the Chiquitania. On the return trip to Asunción he too was killed in Paraguay. Not until 1767, when the missions had encroached sufficiently on the hostile region and just before the Jesuits were expelled from the New World, did Fr. José Sánchez Labrador manage to travel from 1291: 1411: 1357: 1586: 1711: 359: 4565:, vol. II, edited by Francisco Mateos (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1944). Also of importance is the unedited archive of correspondence from the Jesuits of Paraguay from the years 1690–1718. Collectively known as “Cartas a los Provinciales de la Provincia del Paraguay 1690-1718,” these manuscripts are housed in the Jesuit Archives of Argentina in Buenos Aires, which also contain the invaluable annals of the Paraguay Province of the Company of Jesus, covering the years 1689–1762. The German edition of Fr. Julián Knogler's 1664:. In Chiquitos, the oldest mission, San Xavier, formed the basis for the organizational style, which consisted of a modular structure, the center formed by a wide rectangular square, with the church complex on one side and the houses of the inhabitants on the three remaining sides. The centralized organization of the Jesuits dictated a certain uniformity of measures and sizes. Despite being based on the same basic model, the towns of Chiquitos nonetheless show remarkable variations. For example, the orientation of the settlements toward the 193: 1136:

of government, very similar to that set up by the Jesuits. He stipulated that each mission be run by two secular (parish) priests, one to take care of the spiritual needs while the other was in charge of all other – political and economic – affairs of the mission administration. One change was that the Indians were allowed to trade. In practice, the shortage of clergy and the low quality of those appointed by the bishop – almost all of whom did not speak the language of the local peoples and in some cases had not been

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Velasco falls into this period. Bernd Fischermann, an anthropologist who studied the Chiquitano, suggests three reasons that the Chiquitano preserved the heritage of the Jesuits even after their expulsion: the memory of their prosperity with the Jesuits; the desire to appear as civilized Christians to mestizos and white people; and to preserve the ethnicity that originated from a mix of various culturally distinct groups blended by an enforced common language and customs learned from the Jesuits.

4880: 2175: 328: 4991: 1608:. The mission church was designed after the expulsion of the Jesuits between 1770 and 1780 by an unknown architect and built entirely by the indigenous population. The complex, consisting of the church, bell tower, sacristy and a grassy plaza lined by houses, is considered to have the most fidelity to the original plan of the Jesuit reductions. Starting in 1989 and lasting until 2001, the mission underwent partial restoration through the efforts of Hans Roth and his team. 1644:. The Jesuits had specific criteria for building sites: locations with plenty of wood for construction; sufficient water for the population; good soil for agriculture; and safety from flooding during the rainy season. Although most of the missions in the Chiquitania were relocated at least once during the time of the Jesuits, four of ten towns remained at their original sites. Wood and adobe were the main materials used in the construction of the settlements. 2152:

practicing religion. The catechumens were instructed by the Jesuits in various arts. They learned very quickly and soon became proficient carpenters, painters, weavers, sculptors and artisans. Each settlement had its own set of craftsmen; as a result, in addition to the caciques, a new social class of craftsmen and artisans emerged. This group and the rest of the population, who worked primarily in agriculture or cattle raising, were each represented by two

5238: 49: 551: 2032:(tribal leader), who retained their functions and played the role of intermediaries between the native peoples and the Jesuits. However, the degree to which the Jesuits controlled the indigenous population for which they had responsibility and the degree to which they allowed indigenous culture to function is a matter of debate, and the social organization of the reductions have been variously described as jungle 200: 2195:, two Jesuit missionaries with musical talent, went to the Chiquitania. Schmid in particular was responsible for this skill being developed to such a high degree that polyphonic choirs would perform, and whole orchestras would play Baroque operas on handmade instruments. He directed the production of violins, harps, flutes, and organs, and wrote and copied masses, operas, and motets. He built an organ with six 2302:

Concepción which also houses the music archive. In San Xavier, San Rafael de Velasco and Santa Ana de Velasco three original harps from the time of the Jesuits are preserved. The church in Santa Ana de Vealsco also houses the only original organ in Chiquitos, transported there from Potosí by mule, accompanied by Schmid in 1751. More than a dozen orchestras and choirs brought together by the

1543:, was established by the Jesuits Fr. Felipe Suarez and Fr. Francisco Hervás in 1721. San Miguel was an offshoot of the mission of San Rafael de Velasco, where the population had grown too large. The mission church was built between 1752 and 1759, probably by Fr. Johann Messner, a collaborator with or student of Fr. Martin Schmid. The church was restored by Hans Roth between 1979 and 1983. 2273:, now the region's fastest-growing municipality. In other mission towns the population also increased, albeit on a smaller scale. As of 2011, San José de Chiquitos, San Xavier and Concepción have around 10,000 inhabitants each; and San Ignacio de Velasco, the largest town in the Chiquitania, has about 35,000 and is now boasts a campus of a national university. On the other hand, in 2204: 1953:. The pulpit in the church of San Miguel de Velasco features motifs derived from local vegetation. Elements specific to the Chiquitos missions exist also in other decorations. The altars of the churches of San Xavier and Concepción include depictions of notable Jesuits together with indigenous peoples. There remain a handful of original sculptures in 2096:. It should, however, be understood that by this time most of the inhabitants of these missions spoke Chiquitano as a second language. Such ethnic diversity is unique among the Jesuit missions in America. Reflecting the view of the colonial powers, the Jesuit records only distinguished between Christian and non-Christian Indios. Eventually 1231:, the International Council on Monuments and Sites, warned that the traditional architectural ensemble that makes up the site has become vulnerable following agrarian reforms from 1953 which threatened the fragile socioeconomic infrastructure of the region. At the time of the nomination, the World Heritage Site was protected by the 2051:. In the reductions, the natives were free men. The land in the missions was common property. After a marriage, individual plots were assigned to newly founded families. For the Jesuits, the goal was always the same: to create cities in harmony with the paradise where they had encountered the indigenous peoples. 2592:

in income in 2006. Tourism income is ostensibly translated to improvements in the infrastructure, although there has been criticism that earmarked funds do not always reach their intended destinations. Other than cultural tourism to the missionary circuit and musical festivals, the region offers many

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in Potosí, disassembled it, transported it by mules over a distance of 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) on a difficult road to the remote mission of Santa Ana de Velasco, and re-assembled it there from hand. It is still is use. The Jesuits used musical lessons as a first step to the Christianization of

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The Jesuits quickly learned the languages of their subjects, which eased the missionary work and contributed to the success of the missions. Although initially each mission were conceived as home to one specific tribe, numerous tribal families lived in the Chiquitania, and often were gathered in next

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Roth convinced the local inhabitants of the importance of the restoration works, which required a large labor force: typically 40 to 80 workers in towns with populations of 500 to 2,000 were required for church restoration. The effort indicates the strength of and commitment to the unique shared

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are covered in gold. Often the walls of the mission churches were made of adobe, the same material that had been used for the houses of the natives. In San Rafael de Velasco and San Miguel de Velasco, mica also was used on the walls, giving them an iridescent effect. The construction of the church in

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was the second mission built out of the six inscribed the World Heritage Site. Founded in 1695 by the Jesuits Fr. Juan Bautista Zea and Fr. Francisco Hervás, it was moved several times. The mission had to be moved in 1701 and 1705 because of epidemics in the region. In 1719 the mission was moved once

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began an extensive restoration project of the missionary churches and many colonial buildings that were in ruins. These churches exist in their present form as a result of Roth's effort, who worked on the restoration with a few colleagues and many local people until his death in 1999. The restoration

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Municipality alone to US$ 296,140, or 7.2% of the annual gross production. An additional US$ 40,000 or 1% comes from crafts. According to a report published by the "Coordinadora Interinstitucional de la Provincia Velasco" in 2007, 17,381 people visited San Ignacio de Velasco, the largest town in the

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are produced and exported. Cattle ranching and the industrial processing of milk and cheese have been developed extensively in recent years. Crafts, often carved of wood using the same techniques as in colonial times, provide additional income. Since the launch of the Jesuit Mission Circuit – a

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church (a non-current UNESCO WHS) was replaced with modern construction; in the 1990s, Hans Roth and his co-workers brought the restoration as close as possible to the original edifices. In addition to the churches, Roth constructed more than a hundred new buildings, including schools and houses. He

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and locks, tins and roof; after that the foundations of stone are placed, and about 2 or 3 spans above the surface of the soil, and from here upwards they place the walls of adobe. The wooden trunks or pillars, which are called horcones, remain in the central part of the walls, carrying the complete

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was an almost square area varying in size from 124 by 148 metres (407 ft × 486 ft) in the older towns of San Xavier and San Rafael de Velasco to 166 by 198 metres (545 ft × 650 ft) in San Ignacio de Velasco. As they were used for religious and civil purposes, these were

1965:, and saints, carved in wood and then painted. These sculptures exhibit a style unique to the Chiquitos region, differing from that of the reductions in Paraguay or the Bolivian highlands. The tradition of figure carving has been preserved to the present day in workshops where carvers make columns, 1845:

which, like those of the roof, were produced in local tile works. The churches have a barn-like appearance, albeit of monumental size (width: 16–20 metres (52–66 ft), length: 50–60 metres (160–200 ft) height: 10–14 metres (33–46 ft)) with a capacity for more than 3,000 people, with a

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In 1931, the spiritual administration of the missions was given to German-speaking Franciscan missionaries. Ecclesiastical control moved back to the area with the creation of the Apostolic Vicariate of Chiquitos in San Ignacio in that year. The churches not only serve the mestizo inhabitants of the

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By September 1767, all but four Jesuits had left the Chiquitania, and they went the following April. The Spanish considered it essential to maintain the settlements as a buffer against Portuguese expansion. The archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Francisco Ramón Herboso, established a new system

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of the mission settlements, and the numerous tribes were culturally united in the Chiquitano ethnic group. By 1770, within three years of the expulsion of the Jesuits, Spanish authorities instituted a new policy of forced "castilianization" or "Hispanicization" of the language, thereby causing the

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Roth researched and recovered the original techniques used to construct churches prior to the restorations. He installed new building infrastructure including saw mills, locksmith shops, and carpentry and repair shops, and trained local people in traditional crafts. European volunteers, non-profit

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Once a settlement had been established, the missionaries, working with the native population, began to erect the church, which served as the educational, cultural and economic center of the town. The initial church in each mission (except in Santa Ana de Velasco) was temporary, essentially no more

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unearthed more than 5,000 musical scores from the 17th and 18th centuries. Later another 6,000 scores were found in Moxos and several thousand additionally in San Xavier. Some of these works have been interpreted at the 2006 and 2008 festivals. The statistics of these festivals over the

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lifestyle prevalent after the period of the Jesuits. Most have undergone recent expansion as well. Trees and shrubs were planted, and in some cases monuments were erected. Out of the original ten missions, only the plaza at Santa Ana de Velasco does not show major changes, consisting as it did in

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reported during his mission to South America in 1830 and 1831. Although much diminished economically and politically, the culture the Jesuits established was still evident. According to d'Orbigny, the music at a Sunday mass in San Xavier was better than those he had heard in the richest cities of

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Music played a special part in all aspects of life and in the evangelization of the natives. Realizing the musical capacities of the Indians, the Jesuits sent important composers, choir directors, and manufacturers of musical instruments to South America. The most famous was probably the Italian

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All the inhabitants, including the young and elderly, were subject to a schedule of alternating work, religious practice, and rest. According to d'Orbigny, the inhabitants of the Chiquitos missions enjoyed considerably more freedom than those in the Mojos missions. There was also less time spent

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The Jesuits administered labor, the introduction of new technologies, and the disposition of goods. They designated that each family receive all that was necessary to live. The Jesuits did not rely on donations, because by right the priests received a fixed income (usually insufficient for their

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or "school", connected by a wall along the side of the plaza. Behind the wall and away from the plaza would have been the patio with living quarters for the priests or visitors, rooms for town council matters, for music and storage, as well as workshops, which often were arranged around a second

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to link the Chiquitania with the Jesuit missions in Paraguay. The missionaries in Chiquitos founded their settlements increasingly further east, towards the Paraguay River, while those south of Asunción moved closer to the Paraguay River by establishing their missions increasingly farther north,

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was founded by the Jesuit Julian Knogler; it is the most authentic of the six World Heritage Site missions dating from the colonial period. The last mission in the Chiquitania to be established was founded by the Jesuits Fr. Antonio Gaspar and Fr. José Chueca as Santo Corazón in 1760. The local

4586:(Madrid: Manuel Fernández, Impresor de Libros, 1726) are also valuable. There are other primary sources as yet unexamined, the majority of which are archived in Cochabamba, Sucre, and Tarija (in Bolivia); Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Tucumán (in Argentina); Asunción (Paraguay); Madrid; and Rome. 4579:

Breve noticia de las missiones, peregrinaciones apostólicas, trabajos, sudor, y sangre vertida, en obsequio de la fe, de el venerable padre Augustín Castañares, de la Compañía de Jesús, insigne missionero de la provincia del Paraguay, en las missiones de Chiquitos, Zamucos, y ultimamente en la

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there are currently only a few hundred people. The remoter settlements of Santiago de Chiquitos and Santo Corazón are quite small as well. According to various sources, in Bolivia the number of ethnic Chiquitanos is between 30,000 and 47,000 of which less than 6,000 – mainly elderly

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The houses of the natives had an elongated layout, and were arranged in parallel lines extending from the main square in three directions. Those facing the plaza were originally occupied by the chiefs of the indigenous tribes, and often were larger. The architecture of these houses was simple,

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Within two years of the expulsion, the population in the Chiquitos missions dropped below 20,000. Despite the general decline of the settlements, however, the church buildings were maintained and, in some cases, extended by the towns' inhabitants. The construction of the church in Santa Ana de

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The musical festivals and concerts held regularly in the Chiquitos formermission towns testify to the living heritage of this art form. Some of the original instruments and sculptures made by Fr. Martin Schmid and his apprentices survive in small museums in the mission towns, most notably in

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in order to more effectively Christianize them. This policy sprang from the colonial legal view of the “Indian” as a minor, who had to be protected and guided by European missionaries so as not to succumb to sin. Reductions, whether created by secular or religious authorities, generally were

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All of the churches consist of a wooden skeleton with columns, fixed in the ground, which provided stability to the building and supported the tile-covered roof. The adobe walls were placed directly on the ground, virtually independent of the wooden construction, and had no supporting role.

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thereby avoiding the impassable Chaco region. Although Ñuflo de Chávez had attempted a route through the Chaco on an expedition as early as 1564, subsequent Jesuit explorations from Chiquitos (e.g. in 1690, 1702, 1703, and 1705) were unsuccessful. The Jesuits were stopped by the hostile

1486:, was initially founded in 1699 by the Jesuit priests Fr. Francisco Lucas Caballero and Fr. Francisco Hervás. A nearby mission, San Ignacio de Boococas, was incorporated in 1708. The mission was moved three times: in 1707, 1708 and 1722. The mission was inhabited by the 1167:’s mismanagement, and temporal affairs were delegated to civil administrators, with the hope of making the missions economically more successful. Sixty years after the expulsion of the Jesuits the churches remained active centers of worship, as the French naturalist 2138:

In each settlement, one of the Jesuits was responsible for church matters, while another dealt with commercial affairs and the general well-being of the community. As the Swiss priest, musician and architect Fr. Martin Schmid wrote in a 1744 letter from San Rafael:

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of the Jesuit order from Spanish territories in 1767, most Jesuit reductions in South America were abandoned and fell into ruins. The former Jesuit missions of Chiquitos are unique because these settlements and their associated culture have survived largely intact.

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has since been used incorrectly both to denote people of the largest ethnic group in the area (correctly known as Chiquitano), and collectively to denote the more than 40 ethnic groups with different languages and cultures living in the region known as the

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region, as tourists in 2006. About 30% of them came from outside of Bolivia. The main attraction for tourists are the nearby missions of San Miguel de Velasco, San Rafael de Velasco and Santa Ana de Velasco. Tourism to San Ignacio de Velasco generated 7,821,450

2611:, although the movie attempts to depict life in the Guaraní missions of Paraguay, not those of the Chiquitos missions, which were considerably more culturally expressive. The events around the expulsion of the Jesuits (the Extrañamiento) are depicted in 1825:

San José de Chiquitos is an exception: inspired by an unknown baroque model, it has a stone façade. The only other example where stone was used on a grand scale is in the construction of San Juan Bautista, although only the ruins of a tower remain.

1012:, which was not declared a part of the World Heritage Site. The church is nonetheless a largely faithful 20th-century reconstruction – as opposed to renovation (a key criterion for inclusion in the World Heritage Site group) – of the second Jesuit 1305:

from Brazil in the east, the mission was relocated toward the San Miguel River. In 1698, it was relocated closer to Santa Cruz, but in 1708 was moved away to protect the Indians from the Spaniards. The original inhabitants of San Xavier were the

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religion. The Jesuits were unique in attempting to create a theocratic "state within a state" in which the native peoples in the reductions, guided by the Jesuits, would remain autonomous and isolated from Spanish colonists and Spanish rule.

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Of the primary sources, i.e., those composed by the Jesuits themselves during the years 1691 through 1767, those that have been extensively researched (many as yet have not been thoroughly examined) are few. The most useful is the monumental

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than a chapel and built as quickly as possible of local wood, unembellished save for a simple altar. The Jesuit masterpieces seen today general were erected several decades into the settlements’ existence. Fr. Martin Schmid, Swiss priest and

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in 1990. The churches of San Ignacio de Velasco, Santiago de Chiquitos and Santo Corazón have been reconstructed from scratch and are not part of the World Heritage Site. In San Juan Bautista only ruins remain. UNESCO listed the site under

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was the largest of the Chiquitos missions, and with 2,615 inhabitants could not sustain a growing population. In 1721 the Jesuits Fr. Felipe Suárez and Fr. Francisco Hervás established a split-off of the San Rafael mission, the mission of

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Molina Barbery, Placido; Alcides Parejas; Ramón Gutiérrez Rodrigo; Bernd Fischermann; Virgilio Suárez; Hans Roth; Stefan Fellner; Eckart Kühne; Pedro Querejazu; Leonardo Waisman; Irma Ruiz; Bernardo Huseby (1995). Pedro Querejazu (ed.).

1102:. In Europe, where the Jesuits were under attack, they were accused of supporting the rebellion and perceived as defending the native peoples. In 1758, the Jesuits were accused of a conspiracy to kill the king of Portugal, known as the 2260:

still retain their capacities. The majority of the population of the Chiquitania is staunchly Catholic; the Chiquitano cosmovision is now only a dimly understood mythology for its inhabitants. Between 1992 and 2009, the populations of

1490:, the largest tribe in the region. The mission church was constructed between 1752 and 1756, by Fr. Martin Schmid and Fr. Johann Messner. From 1975 to 1996 the mission was reconstructed as part of Hans Roth's restoration project. 1121:

administration were to be strictly separated. At the time of the expulsion, 25 Jesuits served a Christianized population of at least 24,000, in the ten missions of the Chiquitania. The Chiquitos mission properties included

1788:, was the architect for at least three of these missionary churches: San Xavier, San Rafael de Velasco, and Concepción. Schmid combined elements of Christian architecture with traditional local design to create a unique 4582:, (Madrid: Manuel Fernández, Impresor del Supremo Consejo de la Inquisición, de la Reverenda Cámara Apostólica, y del Convento de las Señoras de la Encarnación, en la Caba Baxa, 1746) and Fr. Juan Patricio Fernández's 2062:

had initiated a "foreigner law" for the "'Indian people'", and no white or black man, other than the Jesuits and authorities, was allowed to live in the missions. Merchants were allowed to stay for three days at most.

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refers to the basic building blocks that make up the settlement: plaza, church complex, houses. These parts are similar in all the settlements but were combined in various ways to produce distinct settlements.

1140:– led to a rapid general decline of the missions. The priests also broke ethical and religious codes, appropriated the major part of the missions' income and encouraged contraband trade with the Portuguese. 1815:

The construction of the restored churches seen today falls in the period between 1745 and 1770 and is characterized by the use of locally available natural materials like wood, used in the carved columns,

1742:. Remnants of the initial design can still be seen in San Miguel de Velasco, San Rafael de Velasco and Santa Ana de Velasco, places that were not as much exposed to modernization as the other settlements. 4562:

Historia general de la Compañía de Jesús en la Provincia del Perú: Crónica anómina de 1600 que trata del establecimiento y misiones de la Compañía de Jesús en los países de habla española en la América

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weight of the roof and no weight on the walls. In the central naves and in the place where the wall will be placed, 9 feet deep holes are made, and with architectural machines they introduce the carved

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in the form of columns. The 3 meters (9 feet) stay inside the soil and are not carved, and keep part of the trees roots for greater strength, and these parts are burned so they may resist the humidity.

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All these buildings are made in a different way of those made in Europe: because the roof is built first and the walls afterwards. First large tree trunks are buried in the soil, these are worked by

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in 1972. Since 1990, these former Jesuit missions have experienced some measure of popularity, and have become a tourist destination. A popular biennial international musical festival put on by the

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more due to fire. Fr. Martin Schmid built the church between 1747 and 1749, which has survived. San Rafael de Velasco was restored between 1972 and 1996 as part of Hans Roth's restoration project.

2559:(among other places), usually housed in churches and also in the main plaza of Santa Cruz. In one event, orchestras of various countries compete against each other. One of the local orchestras, 3285:"Ethnic Survival and Extinction on the Mission Frontiers of Spanish America: Cases from the Río de la Plata Region, the Chiquitos Region of Bolivia, the Coahuila-Texas Frontier, and California" 2758:

The major features of the ideal layout plan were common among the Jesuit reductions. A general impression is given by a drawing of the mission in Concepción de Moxos by Victor Hugo Limpias in:

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was the final World Heritage Site-inscribed mission to be established. It was founded by the Jesuit priest Fr. Julian Knogler in 1755. The original native inhabitants of the missions were the

4186: 5509: 1314:. The school and church, as well as other characteristics of residential architecture, are still visible today in the village. San Xavier was restored by Hans Roth between 1987 and 1993. 1176:

visited the area and, referring to the church in Santa Ana de Velasco, proclaimed: "This beautiful building, surrounded by gardens, presents one of the most impressive views imaginable."

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would be established. In 1592 the settlement had to be moved 250 kilometres (160 mi) west because of conflicts with natives, although the remains of the original town exist in the

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Along the fourth side of the plaza lay the religious, cultural and commercial centers of the towns. In addition to the church, which dominated the complex, there would have been a

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To promote the missions as a tourist destination, travel agencies, chambers of commerce and industry, the towns' mayors, native communities and other institutions organized the

284:) in a unique and distinct style that combined elements of native and European architecture. The indigenous inhabitants of the missions were taught European music as a means of 2697:

There were several reasons for constructing the doors in such a way: they kept out mosquitoes, flies and cold southerly winds; and they provided protection from enemies.

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The missionary churches are the true architectural highlights of the area. Hans Roth initiated an important restoration project in these missionary churches in 1972. In

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and wood. The mission is one of four that remain in their original location. A mortuary chapel (1740), the church (1747), a bell tower (1748), a house for the priests (

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tribe. The church was built between 1745 and 1760 by an unknown architect. It is built of stone, unlike other mission churches in the area which were built with local

981:(1699) and San Juan Bautista (1699). San Juan Bautista is not part of the World Heritage Site, and only the ruins of a stone tower survive near the present village of 969:

Ten more missions were founded in the Chiquitania by the Jesuits in three periods: the 1690s, the 1720s, and after 1748. In the 1690s, five missions were established:

5161: 1106:. All members of the Society of Jesus were evicted from Portuguese territories in 1759, and from French territories in 1764. In 1766 Jesuits were accused of causing 726:. Properly, “Chiquitos” refers only to either a modern-day department of Bolivia, or the former region of Upper Peru (now Bolivia) that once encompassed all of the 5514: 2058:

and of the diocese of Santa Cruz in church affairs, their remoteness made them effectively autonomous and self-sufficient. As early as 1515, the Franciscan friar

1223:

IV and V, acknowledging the adaption of Christian religious architecture to the local environment and the unique architecture expressed in the wooden columns and

1207: 572: 300: 5303: 1853:

The construction of the church required a major effort by the community and employed hundreds of indigenous carpenters. Fr. José Cardiet described the process:

1444: 423: 4921: 1379: 3791: 3694: 1501: 1325: 1259: 1554: 1020:. This church also is a reconstruction, dating from the early 20th century and likewise is not part of the World Heritage Site group. In 1755 the mission of 4584:

Relación historial de las misiones de los indios, que llaman chiquitos, que están a cargo de los padres de la Compañía de Jesús de la provincia del Paraguay

4145: 4724: 1969:

and windows for new or restored churches or chapels in the area. In addition, carvers produce decorative angels and other figures for the tourist market.

1902:. First the walls were plastered entirely by a mix of mud, sand, lime and straw, both inside and outside. Paint in earth tones was applied over the lime 3755: 3074: 1906:, and ornaments were drawn, featuring elements from flora and fauna, as well as angels, saints and geometrical patterns. As noted above, in some cases 1098:

tribes were unhappy to see their lands turned over to Portugal (their enemy for over a century) and they rebelled against the decision, leading to the

565: 2563:, is made up of people native to the ex-missions who use instruments which they build themselves according to plans left by the Jesuit missionaries. 1660:

The architecture and internal layout of these missions followed a scheme which was repeated later with some variations in the rest of the missionary

4591: 1433:) and workshops (both 1754) still exist, and were renovated by Hans Roth's restoration project between 1988 and 2003. Restoration efforts continue. 1173: 5519: 3215: 2571:

Shortly after the start of the restoration effort, the potential for tourism in the missions was assessed in a report published by UNESCO in 1977.

1949:, which are sometimes covered in gold, silver or mica. Especially remarkable are the pulpits made of brightly painted wood and supported by carved 334: 17: 155: 2188: 307:

Asociación Pro Arte y Cultura along with other cultural activities within the mission towns, contribute to the popularity of these settlements.

5263: 5048: 3645: 5043: 4652:

Jesuitisches Reich in Paraguay: durch Originaldocumente der Gesellschaft Jesu bewiesen von dem aus dem Jesuiterorden verstoßenen Pater Ibagnez

4263: 2321: 5154: 3831: 2940: 992:(1701–1714) caused a shortage of missionaries and instability in the reductions, so no new missions were built during this period. By 1718 4867: 2837: 4040: 3942: 2814:

The Cathedral of Concepción, Chiquitos, built by Fr. Martin Schmid, in a historic photograph from the early 20th century (by E. Kühne):

1697:. Almost no remains exist of the chapels at the mission sites, as the plazas subsequently were redesigned to reflect the republican and 4914: 4894: 4456:

Artículo Analítico: Desarrollo Humano Sostenible en las Misiones Jesuíticas de Chiquitos de Bolivia El caso del municipio de Concepción

3586:. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers. Vol. 21. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 133–148. Archived from 3576: 1945:

so the congregation had to kneel or sit on the floor. A variety of fine pieces of art adorn the inside of the churches, notably their

5256: 4810:. Milton Whitaker (trans.), Ana Luisa Arce de Terceros (trans.). Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Asociación Pro Arte y Cultura. p. 93. 3395: 4373: 2022:

The reductions were self-sufficient indigenous communities of 2,000–4,000 inhabitants, usually headed by two Jesuit priests and the

692:

was founded as a Jesuit mission but is also not a World Heritage Site as the current church is a reconstruction, not a restoration.

5529: 5504: 5147: 4939: 3760:. Diversidad en la unidad: los jesuitas de habla alemana en Iberoamérica, Siglos XVI-XVIII (in Spanish). Iberoamericana Editorial. 2135:

also were cultivated. Hunting and fishing provided additional nutrition in the dry season. The Jesuits introduced cattle breeding.

593: 5410: 4650: 2660: 471: 192: 5112: 5079: 2894:

83%/83%/93% of visitors to San Ignacio de Velasco also visited Santa Ana de Velasco /San Rafael de Velasco /San Miguel de Velasco

4571:

Relato sobre el país y la nación de los Chiquitos en las Indias Occidentales o América del Sud y en la misiones en su territorio

3247: 5308: 4459:. Proyecto de Desarrollo Territorial Rural a Partir de Productos y Servicios con Identidad (in Spanish). RIMISP. Archived from 428: 3875: 1820:

and sets of drawers. Artistic adornments were added even after the Jesuits’ expulsion in 1767, until around 1830. Some of the

5489: 4907: 4834: 4685: 4128: 3765: 3728: 2072:

to each other on the same mission. According to a report from 1745, of the 14,706 people living in the missions, 65.5% spoke

1685:

surrounding a cross in the center of the plaza. The evergreen palm trees symbolizing eternal love, deliberately hearkened to

778: 3538: 5494: 3827: 3617:

Bibliothekarinnen Boliviens vereinigt euch! Bibliotecarias de Bolivia ¡Uníos! Berichte aus dem Fortbildungssemester 2001/02

3338: 4883: 4765: 4743: 4606: 4454: 496: 5348: 5298: 3003:"Influencias del cristianismo entre los Chiquitanos desde la llegada de los Españoles hasta la expulsión de los Jesuitas" 2014:

heritage present in the towns. This restoration has resulted in a revival of local traditions and a qualified workforce.

1172:

Bolivia. The population of the Chiquitania missions reached a low of around 15,000 inhabitants in 1830. In 1842 the

1070: 378: 292: 2166:, cotton, shoes, and leather. Later, artisans exported musical instruments, liturgical items, rosaries, and silverware. 741:

The current provincial division of Santa Cruz department does not follow the Jesuits’ concept of a missionary area. The

1656:

Layout of the Jesuit mission Concepción de Moxos, which shows all the major features of the Chiquitos missions as well.

1084: 299:

A large restoration project of the missionary churches began with the arrival of the former Swiss Jesuit and architect

3426: 2678: 2674: 1731:

provided protection from the elements. The latter have had a social function as meeting places up to the present day.

1188: 754: 685: 650: 5387: 5358: 5192: 4815: 3548: 3469: 3436: 3199: 452: 388: 5279: 4955: 4641:

Relacion Historial de Las Misiones de Indios Chiquitos que en el Paraguay tienen los padres de la Compañia de Jesús

4630:

Relacion Historial de Las Misiones de Indios Chiquitos que en el Paraguay tienen los padres de la Compañia de Jesús

3702: 2262: 1978: 1298: 963: 626: 343: 4633:. Colección de libros raros ó curiosos que tratan de América (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez. 4617: 5313: 4481: 2298:

marketing label to promote regional tourism – in 2005, craftsmanship and tourism have been closely related.

599: 224: 64: 59: 4793:(in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: Fundación Banco Hipotecario Nacional, Línea Editorial, La Papelera. p. 718. 4165: 3459: 5461: 5370: 5338: 3126: 1719:

consisting of large rooms (6x4 meters), walls up to 60 centimetres (2 ft) thick, and a roof made of reed (

774: 532: 418: 383: 288:. The missions were self-sufficient, with thriving economies, and virtually autonomous from the Spanish crown. 4745:

Evanescence and Permanence: Toward an Accurate Understanding of the Legacy of the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos

4660:

References to many others are found in the extensive bibliography offered by Roberto Tomichá Charupá, OFM, in

4340: 5365: 5035: 3494:

Alden, Dauril (February 1961). "The Undeclared War of 1773–1777 and Climax of Luso-Spanish Platine Rivalry".

1735: 989: 758: 634: 408: 4402: 4118: 1624:

In their design of the reductions, the Jesuits were inspired by “ideal cities“ as outlined in works such as

1421:

was the third mission built of those of the World Heritage Site. At first, the mission was inhabited by the

1220: 1114:

signed a royal decree with expulsion orders for all members of the Society of Jesus in Spanish territories.

116: 5320: 1616: 438: 148: 5248: 2857:

Apart from the six World Heritage Missions, the mission of San Ignacio de Velasco is part of this circuit.

1029:

peoples were hostile to the mission and nothing of the original settlement remains in the modern village.

5353: 5343: 5333: 4889: 1779:

Schematic plan of the churches in San Xavier, Concepción, San Rafael de Velasco and San Miguel de Velasco

1203:

villages but present spiritual centers for the few remaining indigenous peoples living in the periphery.

1132:) with 31,700 cattle and 850 horses. Libraries across the settlements held 2,094 volumes. 847:

in modern-day Bolivia. Because they were not allowed to establish settlements on the frontier they built

403: 398: 373: 4597:

Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro à Lima: et de Lima au Para

4033:"This new and beautiful church: The construction and restoration of the churches built by Martin Schmid" 3820:

The construction and restoration of the 18th century missionary churches of Chiquitos in eastern Bolivia

2036:

on the one hand, to theocratic regimes of terror, the former description being much closer to the mark.

1796:

28:17 above the main entrance of each of the three churches. In San Xavier the quotation is in Spanish:

276:, Jesuits explored and founded eleven settlements in 76 years in the remote Chiquitania – then known as 5293: 4267: 2706:

which included only those who had been baptized. The total population was estimated to be around 37,000

2055: 665: 413: 38: 4314: 3339:"La raza y la definición de la identidad del "Indio" en las fronteras de la América española Colonial" 2039:

Many Indians who joined the missions were looking for protection from Portuguese slave traders or the

746: 272:

territories in South America was largely unexplored at the end of the 17th century. Dispatched by the

5375: 4785: 4577:(Buenos Aires: Fundación para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, 1979). Fr. Juan de Montenegro's 4016: 3757:

Desde los confines de los imperios ibéricos: Los jesuitas de habla alemana en las misiones americanas

2737:

a regional technical authority in Santa Cruz Department responsible for urban planning and ground use

2010:

organizations, the Catholic Church, and the Bolivian Learning Institute (IBA) helped in the project.

1160: 1032:

The Jesuits in the Chiquitania had a secondary objective, which was to secure a more direct route to

959:

to the east, mainly because of their remote locations and the lack of transportation infrastructure.

844: 433: 4970: 4539: 4428: 4003: 3962: 3664: 3376:

Land Without Evil: Utopian Journeys across the South American Watershed', London: Verso, pp. 133-135

3314: 3030: 2869:

Las Antiguas misiones jesuiticas de Moxos y Chiquitos. Posibilidades de su aprovechamiento turistico

2805:

In San Rafael de Velasco there originally existed a two-storied "guest house" as part of the school.

2584: 2266: 2059: 1990: 1483: 978: 630: 5499: 5420: 4855: 4567:

Inhalt einer Beschreibung der Missionen deren Chiquiten, Archivum Historicum Societatis Jesu, 39/78

1934: 1841:

and a large porch roof provided protection from the heavy tropical rains. The floor was covered in

952: 789:, both of which eventually arrived in the frontier town of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and then in the 481: 140: 4965: 3005:(in Spanish). Departamento de Historia Moderna, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia UNED 2944: 1986: 1418: 1301:

was the first of the missions listed in the World Heritage Site. In 1696, due to the incursion of

1037: 974: 871: 750: 677: 654: 234:. Six of these former missions (all now secular municipalities) collectively were designated as a 5425: 2607: 1211:

works have continued sporadically into the beginning of the 21st century under local leadership.

896: 867: 611: 486: 5430: 5092: 501: 5187: 5025: 5005: 4208: 4123:. Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs. Vol. 181. Walter de Gruyter. p. 11. 3130: 2597:, caves and waterfalls, although there is no infrastructure to support tourism in this regard. 2270: 2245: 2002: 1009: 1002: 899:. In 1682, Fr. Cipriano Barace founded the first of the Jesuit reductions in Moxos, located at 802:

construed as instruments to force the natives to adopt European culture and lifestyles and the

717:. It referred to the small doors of the straw houses in which the indigenous population lived. 689: 304: 227: 1075: 5010: 4975: 4960: 4526: 3990: 3904: 3301: 3017: 2622: 2237: 2233: 1994: 1982: 1899: 1540: 1364: 1017: 998: 993: 970: 673: 646: 642: 4873: 3587: 2211:

As Schmid, who also acted as a composer, wrote in a 1744 letter from San Rafael de Velasco:

598:

The six World Heritage Site settlements are located in the hot and semiarid lowlands of the

4980: 4850: 4146:"Toward a Political Anthropology of Mission Sound: Paraguay in the 17th and 18th Centuries" 3629:

Bei der Aufhebung der Jesuitenmissionen werden u.a. folgende Besitzungen inventarisiert:...

3002: 2278:

people – still speak the original language. Only a few hundred are monolingual in the

2274: 2241: 2089: 1998: 1962: 1891: 1789: 1593: 1111: 1021: 781:, bringing Christianity to indigenous communities. Two of these missionary orders were the 638: 619: 285: 3399: 8: 5170: 5097: 5087: 5015: 4947: 4619:

Histoire physique, économique et politique du Paraguay et des établissements des Jésuites

4608:

Histoire physique, économique et politique du Paraguay et des établissements des Jésuites

4381: 3787: 2315:

Festival Internacional de Musica Renacentista y Barroca Americana "MISIONES DE CHIQUITOS"

2279: 2116: 2073: 1938: 1601: 1487: 1168: 1152: 1087: 982: 878: 820: 238: 3284: 2612: 2093: 1417:

Founded in 1698 by the Jesuits Fr. Felipe Suárez and Fr. Dionosio Ávila, the mission of

1310:

tribe. The church was built between 1749 and 1752 by the Swiss Jesuit and architect Fr.

358: 4483:

El turismo en Velasco – Datos, cifras e información sobre los visitantes de San Ignacio

4216:

Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos

3909: 3519: 3209: 3098: 2085: 2077: 1626: 1184: 816: 762: 658: 555: 4595: 2629:

sparked interest in the 20th century among scholars in the forgotten Jesuit missions.

1727:) that reached a height of 5 m (16 ft) in the center. Double doors and open 1307: 1058: 310: 4830: 4811: 4716: 4681: 4639: 4628: 4348: 4157: 4124: 4093: 3761: 3656: 3544: 3511: 3465: 3432: 3346: 3255: 3195: 3185: 2643: 2577:

Lanzamiento mundial del Destino Turístico "Chiquitos", Misiones Jesuíticas de Bolivia

2054:

Though the settlements were officially a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru through the

1950: 1661: 1632: 1597: 1091: 798: 250: 242: 5328: 4489:(in Spanish). Coordinadora Interinstitucional de la Provincia Velasco. November 2007 4289: 2815: 2778: 2761: 1199:, moving the economic activities together with the native peoples out of the towns. 956: 919: 443: 5466: 5405: 5395: 5222: 4426: 4069: 3975: 3883: 3646:"Las misiones de Chiquitos: pervivencia y resistencia de un modelo de colonización" 3503: 2773: 2728:

a regional public agency in Santa Cruz Department responsible for land improvements

2638: 2232:

Some Jesuit institutions still exist in the Chiquitania. For example, the towns of

1930: 1693:

facing the central cross were placed at the corners of the square and were used in

1422: 1107: 786: 537: 461: 393: 5139: 5020: 1195:

at the turn of the century, more settlers came to the areas and established large

1183:

who had moved to the area in their quest for land began to outnumber the original

1103: 866:

In 1587 the first Jesuits, Fr. Diego Samaniego and Fr. Diego Martínez, arrived in

669: 5451: 5107: 4794: 3612: 2257: 2184: 2128: 1793: 1665: 1410: 1041: 1005:

was founded in 1724 but abandoned in 1745; today nothing remains of the mission.

892: 824: 700: 522: 491: 350: 3613:"Teil 2: Chronik Boliviens, 7. Von 1759 bis zur Französischen Revolution (1789)" 3354: 1850:. This style also is evident in the building method of native community houses. 1775: 1191:

in 1880, the Chiquitania was split into five administrative divisions. With the

314:

Locations of the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos with present international borders

5102: 4899: 4771: 4749: 4460: 3187: 2667: 2081: 1605: 1095: 888: 615: 4827:

La Primera Evangelización en las Reducciones de Chiquitos, Bolivia (1691-1767)

4662:

La Primera Evangelización en las Reducciones de Chiquitos, Bolivia (1691-1767)

2605:

Many elements of the early days of the Jesuit missions are shown in the movie

1750: 1008:

A third period of mission foundations began in 1748 with the establishment of

5483: 4720: 4352: 4161: 3660: 3515: 3350: 2294: 2224: 2192: 2102: 1911: 1879: 1828: 1652: 1641: 1569: 1556: 1516: 1503: 1459: 1446: 1394: 1381: 1340: 1327: 1311: 1274: 1261: 923:

Map from 1732 depicting Paraguay and Chiquitos with the missions San Xavier (

848: 273: 170: 157: 3695:"The long silence: the Jesuit missions of Chiquitos after the extrañamiento" 2159: 1475: 1356: 676: – which have not been named UNESCO heritage sites – lie east of 5446: 5278: 4990: 2047: 1728: 900: 832: 828: 731: 704: 517: 262: 4879: 4798: 4767:

The Long Silence: The Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos after the Extrañamiento

4514:. Seminar für neuere Geschichte, term paper (in German). University Vienna 4187:"Santa Cruz – largest cities and towns and statistics of their population" 3976:"Misiones Jesuitas de Chiquitos: La utopía del reino de Dios en la tierra" 2583:

Tourism is now an important source of income for the region, amounting in

2100:, the formal name for language spoken by the Chiquitano tribe, became the 2001:, these churches have undergone meticulous restoration. In the 1960s, the 1874: 951:

While the mission towns in Paraguay flourished, the evangelization of the

327: 5128: 4644:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Asunción del Paraguay: A. de Uribe y Compañia. 4508: 3828:

ETH Zurich — North-South Centre Research for Development, Colloquium 2003

2648: 2228:

A statue of Saint Peter at the main entrance of the church of San Xavier.

1921: 1694: 1637: 1192: 1099: 790: 742: 727: 723: 277: 3396:"Missions in a Musical Key. The Jesuit Reductions of Chiquitos, Bolivia" 1214:

Six of the reductions were listed as part of the World Heritage Site by

1179:

By 1851, however, the reduction system of the missions had disappeared.

1033: 887:

until the 17th century. The two central areas for their activities were

5456: 5064: 3523: 3428:

Land Without Evil: Utopian Journeys Across the South American Watershed

3248:"A Brief History of the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos (Eastern Bolivia)" 2594: 2589: 2196: 2097: 2041: 1710: 1137: 1118: 1054: 883: 803: 782: 735: 607: 527: 246: 4788: 1046: 1903: 1682: 1302: 881:. The Jesuits did not start missions in the valleys northeast of the 709: 129: 5200: 4427:

Prefectura del Departamento de Santa Cruz – Bolivia (January 2006).

3577:"Jesuit Missions in Spanish America: The Aftermath of the Expulsion" 3507: 3134: 1910:

was used to decorate the walls, columns and woodworks. Large oval "

1734:

Over the last 150 years, this layout has been replaced by the usual

1532: 1290: 856: 681: 48: 5213: 4699:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). La Paz: Industrias Offset Color S.R.L. 4569:(Rome: Company of Jesus, 1970) is indispensable, as is his account 3725:"Zugleich Indianer und Campesino – Die Kultur der Chiquitano heute" 2882: 2163: 1958: 1895: 1838: 1785: 1759: 1585: 1224: 1196: 1124: 895:, and the Chiquitania (then simply Chiquitos) in the department of 840: 550: 269: 2203: 2174: 1861:. Above these they place the beams and sills; and above these the 1754:

Courtyard of the church in San Xavier with sundial and bell tower.

1050: 823:

in 1568, some 30 years after the arrival of the Franciscans,

5237: 2290: 2154: 2124: 2028: 1954: 1887: 1862: 1698: 1690: 1180: 1164: 1061:

in Paraguay to Santo Corazón, the easternmost Chiquitos mission.

962:

The first Jesuit reduction in the Chiquitania was the mission of

603: 258: 231: 68: 3543:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 120. 1929:

The churches had three aisles, divided by wooden columns, often

1636:, written respectively by the 16th-century English philosophers 1094:

were transferred from Spanish to Portuguese control. The native

793:. The missionaries employed the strategy of gathering the often 5069: 4829:(in Spanish). Cochabamba: Editorial Verbo Divino. p. 740. 2033: 1966: 1915: 1817: 1228: 1215: 911: 852: 235: 3160: 2829:

Audio recordings of works by Jesuit composers can be found at

1925:

Modern reredos behind the altar in the cathedral of Concepción

1482:

The fourth mission in the World Heritage Site, the mission of

5208: 2912: 2286: 2120: 1946: 1847: 1821: 1739: 1686: 1677: 1426: 1129: 1026: 860: 794: 4241: 1147: 851:, churches and schools in pre-existing settlements, such as 5510:

Buildings and structures in Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)

4318: 3461:

Conflicts & conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750–1808

2132: 1942: 1918:

petals, above the main doors are a characteristic feature.

1907: 1878:

Front porch of the church in San Xavier with a large oval "

1842: 1714:

Cross-section through a Bolivian house with open galleries.

836: 280:– on the frontier of Spanish America. They built churches ( 4895:

Illustrated report on the visit of the World Heritage site

4622:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette. 4611:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette. 4071:

Descripción Geográfica, Histórica y Estadística de Bolivia

3754:

Torales Pacheco, Maria Cristina (2007). Karl Kohut (ed.).

3610: 1016:

built in 1761. In 1754 the Jesuits founded the mission of

707:

and founder of Santa Cruz "la Vieja", introduced the name

661:, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of San Rafael. 261:

in the 17th and 18th centuries to convert local tribes to

2158:. Initially the main commercial products included honey, 1858: 1668:

differed and was determined by individual circumstances.

4573:, for a condensed version of which, see Werner Hoffman, 4403:"Chiquitos: hoy es el lanzamiento del Destino Turístico" 3793:

Fragment d'un voyage au centre de l'Amerique Meridionale

2625:). Both are set in Paraguay. It has been suggested that 5280:

Spanish missions of the Catholic Church in the Americas

5525:

Tourist attractions in Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)

5218:

Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture

1539:

The fifth mission in the World Heritage Site, that of

1243:, and the local mayoral offices of the mission towns. 4706:"A Brief History of the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos" 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 3574: 3540:

The Guarani Under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata

3127:"I Congreso Internacional Chiquitano, 22–24 May 2008" 2764:[Moxos Jesuitic mission's Barroc art style]. 2115:

Traditionally most of the Chiquitos tribes practiced

810: 4500: 1206:

In 1972, the Swiss architect and then-Jesuit priest

870:, located just south of where the future mission of 797:

indigenous populations in larger communities called

199: 5169: 4116: 2107:number of speakers of native languages to decline. 1792:-mestizo style. Schmid placed a quotation from the 1064: 208:

Location of Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos in Bolivia

4054: 3978:(in Spanish). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya 3973: 3908: 3812: 3810: 3570: 3568: 3566: 2127:on a small scale. After contact with the Spanish, 1933:, carved with twisted fluting resembling those at 249:cultural influences, the missions were founded as 3935:"The ideal layout plan for the Chiquito missions" 3911:Classification of South American Indian languages 906: 5481: 4929: 3489: 3487: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2187:, who worked in the reductions in Paraguay. Fr. 1802: ; and in Latin at the other two churches: 5515:18th-century religious buildings and structures 4824: 3967: 3807: 3780: 3753: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3611:Margarete Payer; Alois Payer (September 2002). 3563: 3457: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2285:Economically, the area depends on agriculture. 5049:St. Ignatius Cathedral, San Ignacio de Velasco 4805: 4144:Wilde, Guillermo (2007). Patricia Hall (ed.). 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3688: 3686: 3684: 2555:The festival is carried out in the designated 2178:A concert in front of the altar at San Xavier. 1297:Initially established in 1691, the mission of 1079:Population in the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 5264: 5155: 4915: 4575:Las misiones jesuíticas entre los chiquitanos 4091: 4067: 3786: 3484: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3192:Christianity comes to the Americas: 1492–1776 3161:"Provincia Boliviana de la Compañia de Jesús" 2575: 1797: 637:between the San Julián and Urugayito rivers. 573: 241:in 1990. Distinguished by a unique fusion of 4332: 4030: 4026: 4024: 3634: 3619:(in German). Tuepflis Global Village Library 3431:(illustrated ed.). Verso. p. 202. 3424: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3194:. New York: Paragon House. pp. 98–100. 3155: 3153: 3151: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3000: 2963: 2762:"El Barroco en la misión jesuítica de Moxos" 2715:Chiquitano was chosen by the Jesuits as the 2616: 2017: 1681:open spaces free of vegetation except a few 1151:Converted Chiquitos Indians in a drawing by 5044:Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Concepción 4715:. Springfield, IL: University of Illinois. 4244:(in Spanish). Asociacion Pro Arte y Cultura 3848: 3722: 3681: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3163:(in Spanish). Jesuitas Bolivia-Online. 2005 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 1846:wide structure and distinctive low-hanging 1803: 5271: 5257: 5162: 5148: 4922: 4908: 4680:(in Spanish). Zarautz, Spain: Itxaropena. 4395: 4255: 3974:Rodríguez Hatfield, María Fabiola (2007). 3915:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. 3653:Revista Complutense de Historia de América 3644:Bravo Guerreira, María Concepción (1995). 3604: 3380: 3269: 3121: 3119: 2952:. Advisory Body Evaluation No. 529. UNESCO 2593:natural attractions like rivers, lagoons, 2320:Starting in 1975, restoration work on the 1246: 1110:in Madrid; consequently in February 1767, 773:In the 16th century, priests of different 664:Three other former Jesuit missions – 580: 566: 357: 268:The interior region bordering Spanish and 106: 101: 96: 47: 4763: 4741: 4703: 4637: 4626: 4590: 4338: 4085: 4021: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3873: 3692: 3321: 3245: 3222: 3148: 2871:(in Spanish). Paris: UNESCO. p. 131. 2825: 2823: 2777: 1702:colonial times, of an open grassy space. 91: 4694: 4615: 4604: 4420: 4179: 3903: 3897: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3464:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. 203. 3174: 3037: 3001:Lasso Varela, Isidro José (2008-06-26). 2918: 2760:Ortiz, Victor Hugo Limpias (June 2008). 2655:Jesuit missions in neighboring countries 2223: 2202: 2173: 1920: 1873: 1827: 1774: 1749: 1709: 1651: 1615: 1493: 1371: 1317: 1146: 1074: 918: 910: 835:. The Jesuits established themselves in 594:List of the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 309: 5520:18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru 4890:La Gran Chiquitania: The Last Paradise. 4648: 4506: 4365: 4236: 4234: 4232: 3496:The Hispanic American Historical Review 3420: 3418: 3416: 3394:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2003-01-28). 3186:Lippy, Charles H, Robert Choquette and 3116: 2866: 1810:The house of god and the gate of heaven 1546: 695: 14: 5482: 4453:Molina, Gonzalo Coimbra (2007-03-15). 4452: 4371: 3919: 3575:Merino, Olga; Linda A. Newson (1995). 3536: 3393: 2939: 2820: 2600: 2309:Since 1996, the nonprofit institution 5252: 5143: 4903: 4429:"Chiquitos abre sus puertas al mundo" 4374:"Algo que nos une: destino Chiquitos" 4307: 4287: 4264:"Music in Chiquitania & Guarayos" 4206: 4143: 4094:"Die Jesuitenmissionen der Chiquitos" 3876:"The Jesuit Missions: Their Churches" 3816: 3796:(in French). P. Bertrand (ed.). Paris 3742: 3493: 2881:One day of the five was spent in the 2759: 2661:Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba 1738:of large square blocks with internal 653:province, near the Brazilian border. 4790:Las misiones jesuíticas de Chiquitos 4673: 4554: 4341:"How they go for Baroque in Bolivia" 4339:Mcdonnell, Patrick J. (2006-05-06). 4229: 3413: 2322:church (now cathedral) of Concepción 2207:A choir in the church of San Xavier. 1941:. Until modern times, there were no 1832:Interior of the church in San Xavier 1620:Typical landscape in the Chiquitania 1187:. Starting with the creation of the 5349:List of missions in Spanish Florida 4317:(in Spanish). SICOR. Archived from 3502:(1). Duke University Press: 55–74. 3336: 3282: 3075:"Events that happened at that time" 2006:also founded museums and archives. 1071:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 819:a group of Jesuits traveled to the 745:lies within five modern provinces: 24: 4874:Misiones Jesuitas de Bolivia rutas 4655:(in German). Cölln: Peter Marteau. 4580:missión de los infieles Mataguayos 4549: 4372:Rivero, Juan Carlos (2006-03-04). 4261: 3874:Groesbeck, Geoffrey A. P. (2007). 3693:Groesbeck, Geoffrey A. P. (2008). 3398:. Company Magazine. Archived from 3246:Groesbeck, Geoffrey A. P. (2008). 2313:(APAC) has organized the biennial 2269:tripled, and more than doubled in 1604:tribes, who spoke dialects of the 1584: 1531: 1474: 1409: 1355: 1289: 1189:Province of José Miguel de Velasco 1036:than the road then being used via 839:in 1569 before moving east toward 811:Arrival in the Viceroyalty of Peru 25: 5541: 5193:Noel Kempff Mercado National Park 4861: 4825:Tomichá Charupá, Roberto (2002). 4764:Groesbeck, Geoffrey A.P. (2012). 4742:Groesbeck, Geoffrey A.P. (2012). 4704:Groesbeck, Geoffrey A.P. (2007). 4638:Fernandez, Juan Patricio (1896). 4627:Fernandez, Juan Patricio (1895). 4288:Areny, Pedro Llopis (June 2004). 4156:(2). Translation by Eric Ederer. 4092:Alvestegui Müller, Marie Isabel. 3723:Fischermann, Bernd (2002-01-29). 1745: 1647: 1092:Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil 5236: 4989: 4878: 4808:Chiquitos: a look at its history 4806:Parejas Moreno, Alcides (2004). 3932: 3072: 2248:have functioning town councils ( 1065:Expulsion and recent development 891:, situated in the department of 549: 326: 198: 191: 33:Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos 18:Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos 5530:World Heritage Sites in Bolivia 5505:Jesuit history in South America 4667: 4509:"Der Jesuitenstaat in Paraguay" 4474: 4446: 4281: 4200: 4137: 4110: 4010: 3956: 3716: 3530: 3451: 3368: 2888: 2875: 2860: 2851: 2808: 2799: 2786: 2779:10.1590/S0104-87752008000100011 2752: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2709: 2700: 2675:La Santisima Trinidad de Paraná 1799:CASA DE DIOS Y PUERTA DEL CIELO 1611: 686:José Miguel de Velasco Province 629:(also known as San Javier) and 606:. They lie in an area near the 86: 82:Mission of San Francisco Javier 81: 5113:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area 4677:Una Joya en la selva boliviana 4674:Bösl, Antonio Eduardo (1987). 4315:"Sistema de Coros y Orquestas" 4266:. Jordi Busqué. Archived from 4037:Chiquitos: Misiones Jesuíticas 3939:Chiquitos: Misiones Jesuíticas 3582:. In David J. Robinson (ed.). 3091: 3079:Chiquitos: Misiones Jesuíticas 2906: 2691: 1972: 1886:The walls were decorated with 907:The Jesuits in the Chiquitania 13: 1: 4844: 4120:Language diversity endangered 4098:Der Untergang der Reduktionen 3537:Ganson, Barbara Anne (2006). 2915:Asociación Pro Arte y Cultura 2900: 2867:Martini, Jose Xavier (1977). 2796:refers to the priests' house. 2719:of all the Chiquitos missions 2311:Asociacion Pro Arte y Cultura 1736:Spanish colonial architecture 1436: 1251: 990:War of the Spanish Succession 633:, located in the province of 625:The westernmost missions are 5490:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 5183:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 4931:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 4886:travel guide from Wikivoyage 4884:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 4616:Demersay, L. Alfred (1864). 4605:Demersay, L. Alfred (1860). 4380:(in Spanish). Archived from 4117:Matthias Brenzinger (2007). 3817:Kühne, Eckart (2002-08-27). 3343:Revista de Estudios Sociales 2946:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 2304:Sistema de Coros y Orquestas 2066: 1241:Plan Regulador de Santa Cruz 1117:From then on, spiritual and 815:With the permission of King 649:are located to the east, in 221:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 27:Catholic missions in Bolivia 7: 5495:Spanish missions in Bolivia 4290:"Arpa misional Chiquitania" 4207:Fabre, Alain (2008-07-21). 4068:d'Orbigny, Alcides (1843). 3727:(in German). Archived from 2632: 1083:In 1750 as a result of the 843:; in 1572 they reached the 318: 10: 5546: 4649:Ibagnez, Bernardo (1774). 4031:Roth, Hans; Eckart Kuhne. 3655:(in Spanish) (21): 29–55. 2913:http://festivalesapac.com/ 2566: 2110: 2056:Royal Audiencia of Charcas 1068: 939:), San José de Chiquitos ( 935:), San Miguel de Velasco ( 931:), San Rafael de Velasco ( 768: 591: 40:UNESCO World Heritage Site 5439: 5386: 5286: 5233: 5178: 5121: 5078: 5057: 5034: 4998: 4987: 4946: 4937: 4507:Forster, Nicolas (2002). 4074:(in Spanish). Vol. 1 2018:Life in the mission towns 1914:" windows, surrounded by 1770: 1705: 943:) and San Juan Bautista ( 703:, a 16th-century Spanish 680:not far from the town of 453:Missions in South America 366:Missions in North America 186: 147: 135: 125: 115: 74: 58: 46: 37: 4856:Jesuit Missions of Moxos 4695:Cisneros, Jaime (1998). 4409:(in Spanish). 2006-03-23 4294:Arpas antiguas de España 3458:Kenneth Maxwell (2004). 2685: 2219: 2169: 1805:DOMUS DEI ET PORTA COELI 1671: 953:Eastern Bolivian Guarani 610:, east and northeast of 121:Cultural: (iv), (v) 4407:El Nuevo Día – Sociedad 2666:Jesuit missions of the 1247:World Heritage Missions 897:Santa Cruz de la Sierra 868:Santa Cruz de la Sierra 779:evangelize the Americas 612:Santa Cruz de la Sierra 171:16.770846°S 61.454265°W 5026:San Ignacio de Zamucos 5006:San Ignacio de Velasco 4534:Cite journal requires 3998:Cite journal requires 3374:Gott, Richard (1993), 3309:Cite journal requires 3131:San Ignacio de Velasco 3025:Cite journal requires 2670:(Argentina and Brazil) 2627:Das heilige Experiment 2618:Das heilige Experiment 2617: 2576: 2306:(SICOR) dot the area. 2271:San Ignacio de Velasco 2246:San Ignacio de Velasco 2229: 2217: 2208: 2179: 2145: 2060:Bartolomé de las Casas 2045:system of the Spanish 2003:San Ignacio de Velasco 1926: 1883: 1872: 1833: 1804: 1798: 1780: 1762:chapel, a tower and a 1755: 1715: 1657: 1621: 1589: 1536: 1479: 1414: 1360: 1294: 1156: 1080: 1010:San Ignacio de Velasco 1003:San Ignacio de Zamucos 948: 916: 755:José Miguel de Velasco 690:San Ignacio de Velasco 651:José Miguel de Velasco 556:Catholicism portal 315: 305:nonprofit organization 176:-16.770846; -61.454265 5225:, Andean Road System 5011:Santiago de Chiquitos 4976:San Miguel de Velasco 4966:San José de Chiquitos 4961:San Rafael de Velasco 3425:Richard Gott (1993). 2623:The Strong are Lonely 2325:years is as follows: 2238:San Miguel de Velasco 2234:San Rafael de Velasco 2227: 2213: 2206: 2177: 2141: 1995:San Miguel de Velasco 1987:San José de Chiquitos 1983:San Rafael de Velasco 1935:St. Peter's baldachin 1924: 1877: 1855: 1831: 1778: 1753: 1713: 1655: 1619: 1588: 1541:San Miguel de Velasco 1535: 1494:San Miguel de Velasco 1478: 1460:16.1344°S 62.024696°W 1419:San José de Chiquitos 1413: 1372:San José de Chiquitos 1365:San Rafael de Velasco 1359: 1318:San Rafael de Velasco 1293: 1185:indigenous population 1159:In January 1790, the 1150: 1078: 1018:Santiago de Chiquitos 999:San Miguel de Velasco 975:San José de Chiquitos 971:San Rafael de Velasco 922: 914: 872:San José de Chiquitos 863:(present day Sucre). 678:San José de Chiquitos 674:Santiago de Chiquitos 655:San José de Chiquitos 647:San Rafael de Velasco 643:San Miguel de Velasco 600:Santa Cruz Department 313: 255:reducciones de indios 102:Mission of San Rafael 97:Mission of San Miguel 87:Mission of Concepción 65:Santa Cruz Department 5171:World Heritage Sites 5093:Migueleño Chiquitano 4981:Santa Ana de Velasco 4948:World Heritage Sites 4851:List of Jesuit sites 4664:, pp. 669–714. 4435:(in Spanish). anyela 4378:El Deber – Editorial 2275:Santa Ana de Velasco 2242:Santa Ana de Velasco 1999:Santa Ana de Velasco 1594:Santa Ana de Velasco 1547:Santa Ana de Velasco 1465:-16.1344; -62.024696 1161:Audiencia of Charcas 1112:Charles III of Spain 1022:Santa Ana de Velasco 964:San Francisco Xavier 696:The name “Chiquitos” 639:Santa Ana de Velasco 92:Mission of Santa Ana 53:Church in Concepción 5188:Fuerte de Samaipata 4868:Misiones Jesuiticas 4697:Misiones Jesuíticas 4384:on October 12, 2008 3880:La Gran Chiquitania 3337:Jackson, Robert H. 3283:Jackson, Robert H. 3105:. SIL International 2679:Jesús de Tavarangue 2673:Jesuit missions of 2601:Cultural references 2280:Chiquitano language 2117:swidden agriculture 1898:and at times blind 1570:16.5841°S 60.6888°W 1566: / 1517:16.6986°S 60.9681°W 1513: / 1456: / 1395:17.8456°S 60.7405°W 1391: / 1341:16.7869°S 60.6738°W 1337: / 1275:16.2748°S 62.5072°W 1271: / 983:San Juan de Taperas 879:archaeological site 876:Santa Cruz la Vieja 845:Audience of Charcas 821:Viceroyalty of Peru 734:(or Moxos) and the 239:World Heritage Site 223:are located in the 167: / 107:Mission of San José 34: 4592:Castelnau, Francis 4150:Music and Politics 3788:d'Orbigny, Alcides 2833:Chiquitos – Musica 2230: 2209: 2180: 2026:(town council and 1927: 1884: 1834: 1781: 1756: 1716: 1658: 1622: 1590: 1575:-16.5841; -60.6888 1537: 1522:-16.6986; -60.9681 1480: 1415: 1400:-17.8456; -60.7405 1361: 1346:-16.7869; -60.6738 1295: 1280:-16.2748; -62.5072 1174:Comte de Castelnau 1157: 1081: 949: 917: 817:Philip II of Spain 659:Chiquitos province 316: 32: 5477: 5476: 5246: 5245: 5137: 5136: 5016:San Juan Bautista 4870:(English/Spanish) 4836:978-99905-1-009-6 4687:978-84-7086-212-0 4555:Historic accounts 4345:Los Angeles Times 4242:"Festivales APAC" 4189:. World Gazetteer 4130:978-3-11-017049-8 3905:Loukotka, Čestmír 3767:978-84-8489-321-9 2816:Concepción church 2747:Modular structure 2644:Jesuit Reductions 2561:Orquesta Urubicha 2557:Plazas Misionales 2553: 2552: 2183:baroque composer 1931:solomonic columns 684:. The capital of 666:San Juan Bautista 590: 589: 217: 216: 16:(Redirected from 5537: 5406:Circular Mission 5396:Jesuit reduction 5273: 5266: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5240: 5228: 5219: 5207: 5206:Historic City of 5199: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5141: 5140: 4993: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4882: 4840: 4821: 4802: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4770:. Archived from 4760: 4758: 4757: 4748:. Archived from 4738: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4723:. Archived from 4713:Bolivian Studies 4710: 4700: 4691: 4656: 4645: 4634: 4623: 4612: 4601: 4544: 4543: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4347:(E-1 ed.). 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4238: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4164:. Archived from 4141: 4135: 4134: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4039:. Archived from 4028: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3971: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3941:. Archived from 3930: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3882:. Archived from 3871: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3830:. Archived from 3825: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3701:. Archived from 3690: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3663:. Archived from 3650: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3581: 3572: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3353:. Archived from 3334: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3254:. Archived from 3243: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3183: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3157: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3133:. Archived from 3123: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3070: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3010: 2998: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2937: 2916: 2910: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2836:. Archived from 2827: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2639:Society of Jesus 2620: 2613:Fritz Hochwälder 2579: 2328: 2327: 1957:often depicting 1939:St Peter's, Rome 1807: 1801: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1169:Alcide d'Orbigny 1153:Alcide d'Orbigny 1108:Esquilache Riots 1085:Treaty of Madrid 1001:. To the south, 775:religious orders 668:(now in ruins), 582: 575: 568: 554: 553: 497:Eastern Missions 361: 344:Spanish missions 330: 323: 322: 202: 201: 195: 182: 181: 179: 178: 177: 172: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 51: 41: 35: 31: 21: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5500:Jesuit missions 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5452:Mission Indians 5435: 5382: 5299:Baja California 5282: 5277: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5217: 5205: 5197: 5174: 5168: 5138: 5133: 5117: 5074: 5053: 5030: 4994: 4985: 4942: 4933: 4928: 4864: 4847: 4837: 4818: 4777: 4775: 4755: 4753: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4708: 4688: 4670: 4557: 4552: 4550:Further reading 4547: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4466: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4271: 4262:Busqué, Jordi. 4260: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4169: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4086: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4011: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3920: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3849: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3785: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3648: 3642: 3635: 3622: 3620: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3508:10.2307/2509991 3492: 3485: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3392: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3335: 3322: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3270: 3261: 3259: 3244: 3223: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3071: 3038: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3006: 2999: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2938: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2772:(39): 227–254. 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2635: 2603: 2569: 2265:and especially 2222: 2185:Domenico Zipoli 2172: 2113: 2069: 2020: 1975: 1773: 1748: 1708: 1674: 1666:cardinal points 1650: 1614: 1592:The mission of 1574: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1363:The mission of 1345: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1090:in present-day 1073: 1067: 927:), Concepción ( 915:America in 1705 909: 813: 771: 759:Ñuflo de Chávez 701:Ñuflo de Chavés 698: 635:Ñuflo de Chávez 596: 586: 548: 523:Mission Indians 379:Baja California 351:Catholic Church 348: 346:in the Americas 345: 331: 321: 213: 212: 211: 210: 209: 205: 204: 203: 175: 173: 169: 166: 161: 158: 156: 154: 153: 111: 54: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5543: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5440:Related topics 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325:United States 5323: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5309:Sonoran Desert 5306: 5301: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 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1088:seven missions 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 908: 905: 849:chapter houses 812: 809: 770: 767: 747:Ángel Sandoval 697: 694: 657:is located in 614:, between the 588: 587: 585: 584: 577: 570: 562: 559: 558: 545: 544: 543: 542: 541: 540: 535: 525: 520: 512: 511: 510:Related topics 507: 506: 505: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 456: 455: 449: 448: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 429:Sonoran Desert 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 368: 367: 363: 362: 354: 353: 340: 339: 320: 317: 215: 214: 207: 206: 197: 196: 190: 189: 188: 187: 184: 183: 151: 145: 144: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 119: 113: 112: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 76: 72: 71: 62: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5542: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 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4095: 4088: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4043:on 2009-02-02 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4025: 4018: 4017:Genesis 28:17 4013: 4005: 3992: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3945:on 2009-01-29 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3913: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3886:on 2009-04-06 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3837:on 2011-07-06 3833: 3829: 3822: 3821: 3813: 3811: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731:on 2007-12-08 3730: 3726: 3719: 3705:on 2008-12-25 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3670:on 2009-12-29 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3593:on 2010-06-11 3589: 3585: 3584:Yearbook 1995 3578: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3550:0-8047-5495-0 3546: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3471:0-415-94988-2 3467: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3440: 3438:0-86091-398-8 3434: 3430: 3429: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3402:on 2008-10-11 3401: 3397: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3377: 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Retrieved 4772:the original 4766: 4754:. Retrieved 4750:the original 4744: 4732:. Retrieved 4725:the original 4712: 4696: 4678: 4675: 4668:Modern books 4661: 4659: 4651: 4640: 4629: 4618: 4607: 4600:(in French). 4596: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4527:cite journal 4516:. Retrieved 4502: 4491:. Retrieved 4482: 4476: 4465:. Retrieved 4461:the original 4455: 4448: 4437:. Retrieved 4432: 4422: 4411:. Retrieved 4406: 4397: 4386:. Retrieved 4382:the original 4377: 4367: 4356:. Retrieved 4344: 4334: 4323:. Retrieved 4319:the original 4309: 4298:. Retrieved 4296:(in Spanish) 4293: 4283: 4272:. Retrieved 4268:the original 4257: 4246:. Retrieved 4220:. Retrieved 4218:(in Spanish) 4215: 4209:"Chiquitano" 4202: 4191:. Retrieved 4181: 4170:. Retrieved 4166:the original 4153: 4149: 4139: 4119: 4112: 4101:. Retrieved 4097: 4087: 4076:. Retrieved 4070: 4045:. Retrieved 4041:the original 4036: 4012: 3991:cite journal 3980:. Retrieved 3969: 3963:Psalms 92:12 3958: 3947:. 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