412:) age, about 155 million years old. Asturian jet is a perhydrous coal that suffered an anomalous coalification process and presents great material stability over long periods of time. At the end of the Middle Ages, the trade of religious objects and amulets made of jet reached great development in Santiago de Compostela, with sales to pilgrims traveling the Camino de Santiago. However, the deposits were in Asturias, where simple objects such as beads and rosary beads were also made. Santiago de Compostela was the main sales point and the location of the workshops that produced artistic objects. Jet has also been extracted in the area of Utrillas, Gargallo, and Montalbán in the province of Teruel, although it is of lower quality than that from Asturias.
489:
604:
704:
759:
657:
29:
328:
1461:"While there is no source of jet anywhere near southwestern Turkey, it can be found in western Anatolia near Erzurum, where there are about six hundred family-run mines in the mountains. They call it oltu-tasi and it is the material from which Muslim prayer-beads are made. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1054-1056). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
276:. Jet is found in two forms, hard and soft. Hard jet is the result of carbon compression and salt water; soft jet may be the result of carbon compression and fresh water. Despite the name they both occupy the same area of the Mohs scale with the difference being that soft jet is more likely to crack when exposed to changes in temperature.
762:
761:
767:
765:
760:
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In Whitby the
Victorian tradition continued up until the aftermath of World War II. Jet jewellery (both vintage and new) was then to remain out of fashion until the late '70s. In the '80s there was a fashion for jet beads and antique jet jewellery started to rise in value. New jewellers took up the
749:
making little use of black jewellery. As the numbers fell the remaining manufactures tended to stick with existing styles rather than attempting to adapt to new fashions resulting in demand falling further. Making tourist trinkets kept a few jewellers in work, but by the end of World War II only
764:
744:
Jet use was at its highest in the early 1870s and from there it declined. From above 1000 workers in the trade Whitby was down to 300 by 1884. While jet substitutes may have had an impact this appears to have been in a large part due to changes in fashion with
284:
Jet is around 75% carbon and 12% oxygen with sulfur and hydrogen making up most of the balance. Other elements are found at trace level and the exact ratios varying with the source; for example, Spanish jet contains more sulfur than Whitby jet. Jet has a
630:
suggests that "the kindling of jet drives off snakes and relieves suffocation of the uterus. Its fumes detect attempts to simulate a disabling illness or a state of virginity." It has been referenced by other ancient writers including
1590:
647:
Vikings made some use of jet including rings and miniature sculptures of animals with snakes being a prominent theme. The source of the jet has not been confirmed although Whitby is the most likely possibility.
763:
432:
were using regionally mined jet for jewellery and the ornamentation of weapons when early
Spanish explorers reached the area in the 1500s. Today these jet deposits are known as Acoma jet, for the
2212:
549:
Early archaeologists (particularly
Victorian) often failed to distinguish between jet and other jet-like materials In particular in southern Britain the material described as jet was often
848:
combined with visual inspection (including under high magnification) and X-ray imaging is generally effective although it can be difficult to differentiate jet from lignite.
792:
was also used as a jet substitute and initially looks very similar to jet, but it fades over time. In some cases jet offcuts were mixed with glue and molded into jewelry.
600:-produced items were exported to that area. One item that has been found around the Rhine but not in Britain are jet bracelets that feature grooves with gold inserts.
310:
Jet is very easily cut using carving tools, but small pieces tend to break off, making it difficult to create fine details. It therefore takes an experienced
554:
550:
2204:
956:
Pye, K. (1985). "Electron microscope analysis of zoned dolomite rhombs in the Jet Rock
Formation (Lower Toarcian) of the Whitby area, U.K.",
565:
Whitby jet was a popular material for jewellery in Roman
Britain from the 3rd century onward. There is no evidence for Roman jet working in
785:
589:. Jet rings tended to follow the styles of existing metal rings although there were exceptions. Jet pendants were carved cameo style with
396:
but this declined with the start of the 19th. An 1871 plan to import raw French jet into Whitby was unsuccessful due to its poor quality.
802:) is superficially similar to fine jet, and has been used to imitate it. This imitation is not always easy to distinguish from real jet.
723:
2245:
622:
material, frequently used in amulets and pendants because of its supposed protective qualities and ability to deflect the gaze of the
1319:
2359:
2285:
2096:
2071:
2032:
1938:
1913:
1796:
1772:
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1722:
1697:
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1573:
1329:
1216:
1189:
991:
929:
2632:
596:
Stylistic similarities with jet items found in the
Rhineland, and lack of any evidence for local manufacture, suggest that
1345:
Suárez-Ruiz, Isabel; Iglesias, M. J.; Jiménez
Bautista, Amalia; DomĂnguez Cuesta, MarĂa JosĂ©; Laggoun-DĂ©farge, F. (2006).
2386:
585:. It was used in rings, hair pins, beads, bracelets, bangles, necklaces, and pendants, many of which can be seen in the
1830:
2335:
2310:
2185:
2157:
2132:
2007:
1888:
1863:
1652:
1545:
1520:
1302:
1237:
1046:
1016:
784:
Glass was used as a jet substitute during the peak of jet's popularity. When it was used in this way it was known as
722:. It originally became fashionable in the 1850s after the queen wore a necklace of it as part of mourning dress for
1643:
Sheridan, Alison; Davis, Mary (1998). "The Welsh 'jet set' in prehistory: a case of keeping up with the
Joneses?".
577:) where considerable evidence for jet production has been found. The collection of jet at this time was based on
1475:
1452:
Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret
History (Kindle Location 1035). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
845:
530:
where it was used for necklace beads. Jet necklaces following the plate and spacer design may have been based on
1094:
719:
619:
362:
300:
of jet is approximately 1.66. The touch of a red-hot needle should cause jet to emit an odour similar to coal.
286:
272:
Jet is a product of decomposition of wood from millions of years ago, commonly the wood of trees of the family
109:
1376:
Calvo
Rebollar, Miguel (2023). "La reina Victoria y mĂster Goodyear. Apogeo y ocaso del azabache de Teruel".
707:
543:
389:
388:. Raw jet was also imported from Spain. In the 18th century there was a jet working industry based around
1115:"The wider context of the Lower Jurassic Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in Yorkshire coastal outcrops, UK"
1906:
Household Goods and Good Households in Late Medieval London Consumption and Domesticity After the Plague
3382:
488:
2843:
1615:
340:
1391:
3392:
2679:
2501:
1808:
1113:
Thibault, N.; Ruhl, M.; Ullmann, C.V.; Korte, C.; Kemp, D.B.; Gröcke, D.R.; Hesselbo, S.P. (2018).
695:
and 360 jet buttons. The gown was too heavy to wear and she ordered it to be remade with less jet.
453:
393:
3310:
2403:
2379:
834:
523:
2684:
3387:
851:
Real jet, when placed in a flame, burns like coal and gives off a coal-like smell and produces
731:
2277:
2271:
2063:
2057:
1410:
913:
905:
3210:
1508:
664:
Medieval jet use appears to have been largely limited to religious items such as crosses and
516:
99:
89:
2237:
668:
beads. During the period there was a belief that water drunk from jet bowls could help with
3047:
2704:
1129:
822:
680:
632:
8:
3042:
1985:, 'Female dress', Erin Griffey, Early Modern Court Culture (Routledge, 2022), pp. 398-99.
826:
738:
493:
257:
253:
160:
122:
1133:
339:, in England, is the "Jet Rock" unit of the Mulgrave Shale Member, which is part of the
2451:
2431:
2372:
1812:
1620:
1271:
1254:
1145:
527:
357:
79:
603:
2898:
2481:
2331:
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2181:
2153:
2128:
2092:
2067:
2038:
2028:
2003:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1859:
1792:
1768:
1743:
1718:
1693:
1672:
1648:
1624:
1569:
1541:
1516:
1358:
1346:
1325:
1298:
1233:
1212:
1185:
1088:
1042:
1012:
987:
925:
1149:
2808:
2637:
2591:
2511:
1610:
1602:
1393:
From The Rio To The Sierra: An Environmental History Of The Middle Rio Grande Basin
1344:
1266:
1137:
961:
917:
673:
612:
586:
535:
297:
293:
150:
132:
52:
2903:
2838:
2649:
2622:
1347:"El azabache de Asturias: caracterĂsticas fĂsico-quĂmicas, propiedades y gĂ©nesis"
1141:
893:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 344.
688:
627:
441:
369:
352:
304:
1077:"Whitby jet and its relation to Upper Lias sedimentation in the Yorkshire basin"
3256:
3188:
3117:
2761:
2699:
1826:
864:
727:
440:
of New Mexico and this geology is closely related to jet deposits mined in the
437:
348:
2476:
1606:
1429:
1179:
1166:- plate 26 and page 339 of Brenchley, P. J. and Rawson P. F. (editors) (2006)
965:
343:. This jet deposit was formed approximately 181 million years ago, during the
261:
3377:
3371:
3331:
3261:
3220:
2888:
2642:
2627:
2576:
2042:
1362:
921:
692:
539:
501:
273:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3298:
3251:
3081:
3027:
2813:
2694:
2654:
2546:
2000:
A Collector's Guide to Costume Jewelry Key Styles and how to recognize them
1966:
703:
578:
433:
409:
241:
173:
2354:
553:. and some artifacts use more than one jet-like material. For example the
3304:
3293:
3183:
3022:
2972:
2967:
2883:
2725:
2601:
2551:
2426:
2421:
1982:
1114:
806:
746:
684:
656:
531:
449:
170:
1076:
750:
three remained, and the industry died out completely with their deaths.
3127:
3072:
2947:
2860:
2818:
2720:
2669:
2606:
2581:
2456:
1100:
869:
825:. When rubbed against unglazed porcelain, true jet will leave a brown
795:
669:
473:
429:
385:
381:
223:
2828:
1471:
687:
bought 1000 "black jet bugle drops" to embroider headdresses in 1587.
3273:
3266:
3137:
3132:
3112:
3037:
2962:
2956:
2937:
2833:
2774:
2689:
2586:
2521:
2496:
2486:
2416:
2395:
1591:"The Social Role of Non-metal 'Valuables' in Late Bronze Age Britain"
582:
497:
425:
207:
28:
691:
ordered a gown of "double burret" silk in June 1597 loaded with jet
264:", meaning as dark a black as possible, derives from this material.
3341:
3315:
3241:
3168:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3052:
2992:
2982:
2942:
2924:
2913:
2908:
2823:
2779:
2664:
2659:
2596:
2536:
2526:
2491:
2466:
2441:
2436:
1180:
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2012).
889:
Neuendorf, K. K. E. Jr.; Mehl, J. P.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005).
623:
597:
570:
457:
405:
344:
311:
289:
226:. It is derived from wood that has changed under extreme pressure.
215:
3336:
3246:
3158:
3067:
3032:
3017:
3002:
2987:
2977:
2850:
2784:
2735:
2674:
2531:
2506:
2471:
838:
830:
789:
477:
469:
219:
203:
960:, volume 122, issue 3, pp. 279–286, Cambridge University Press,
821:, which is cool to the touch, jet is not cool, due to its lower
3236:
3142:
3102:
3077:
3012:
2997:
2893:
2878:
2873:
2789:
2740:
2730:
2446:
2411:
1908:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 141.
711:
665:
608:
590:
566:
512:
511:
The earliest known worked jet object is a 10,000 BC model of a
505:
421:
336:
250:
234:
1765:
The Jewellery of Roman Britain Celtic and classical Traditions
1715:
The Jewellery of Roman Britain Celtic and classical Traditions
1690:
The Jewellery of Roman Britain Celtic and classical Traditions
737:
In some jewellery designs of the period jet was combined with
408:, the biggest deposit in northern Spain, is of Late Jurassic (
3215:
3205:
3195:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3122:
2952:
2932:
2868:
2800:
2541:
2516:
2461:
818:
805:
Some museums have produced reproductions of jet artefacts in
636:
327:
246:
2364:
912:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer. pp.
683:, owned jet buttons and clothes embroidered with jet beads.
557:
combines two or three jet pieces with other dark material.
3087:
3062:
3057:
3007:
2769:
852:
799:
679:
Jet became a valued costume accessory in the 16th century.
574:
445:
211:
538:
jet went out of fashion until the early 3rd century AD in
1321:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art
718:
Jet as a gemstone became fashionable during the reign of
380:
Jet was mined from a number of areas of France including
1112:
515:
larva, from Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, Germany, found among the
1255:"Kimmeridge Jet-A Potential New Source for British Jet"
1074:
492:
Three views of a prehistoric pendant in lignite/jet;
249:. Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain
1824:
1173:
903:
888:
233:
derives from the French word for the same material,
1106:
947:(2nd edition) 1989, Oxford, Oxford University Press
1418:. UTAH GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL SURVEY. p. 90.
1252:
904:Holmes, Ralph J.; Crowningshield, Robert (1983).
726:. Later the Queen wore Whitby jet as part of her
355:from species similar to the extant Chilean pine (
3369:
1997:
1815:). London: Taylor and Francis. 1855. Chapter 36
855:. No other black "gemstone" behaves like this.
245:), ultimately referring to the ancient town of
2265:
2263:
1375:
468:Jet is also commercialized in Poland and near
2380:
1998:Tolkien, Tracy; Wilkinson, Henrietta (1997).
1957:, vol. 7 (London: Dolman, 1844), pp. 230-238.
1931:Medieval Life Archaeology and the Life Course
1642:
1507:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1170:, 2nd edition, London, The Geological Society
496:(17,000–10,000 BC), from the Marsoulas cave,
33:Sample of unworked jet, about 15 mm long
2171:
2169:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2049:
1993:
1991:
1849:
1847:
1737:
1563:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
981:
546:marked the end of jet's ancient popularity.
2260:
2232:
2230:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1588:
1253:Watts, S; Pollard, A.M; Wolff, G.A (1997).
882:
526:It continued in use in Britain through the
2387:
2373:
2319:
2294:
2199:
2197:
2080:
1559:
1557:
1279:
1122:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1032:
1030:
1028:
724:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
676:may have been designed to allow for this.
436:. Enormous coal deposits characterize the
27:
2166:
2141:
2105:
2027:. London: John Murray. pp. 276–277.
2022:
1988:
1928:
1922:
1872:
1844:
1807:Pliny the Elder. Natural History (trans.
1661:
1616:1983/bfc58ed6-3871-4e03-aa74-a27c6b815d94
1614:
1529:
1490:
1270:
1221:
1203:
1201:
977:
975:
973:
844:When non destructive testing is required
2269:
2227:
2086:
2055:
1827:"DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI CAPITULA VII–XXIV"
1756:
1706:
1631:
1324:. Oxford University Press. p. 307.
757:
702:
655:
602:
487:
326:
256:which are of brassy colour and metallic
2194:
2016:
1731:
1681:
1554:
1515:. The Yorkshire Museum. pp. 8–11.
1412:Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
1025:
1000:
522:Jet has been used in Britain since the
3370:
2325:
2300:
2175:
2147:
2122:
1903:
1897:
1878:
1853:
1535:
1478:from the original on 29 September 2016
1464:
1292:
1227:
1198:
1036:
1006:
970:
218:. Unlike many gemstones, jet is not a
2368:
2360:Roman Objects in the Yorkshire Museum
2273:Jewelry from Antiquity to the Present
2248:from the original on 15 February 2016
2215:from the original on 16 February 2016
2059:Jewelry from Antiquity to the Present
1762:
1712:
1687:
1582:
1430:"Jet from El Paso Co., Colorado, USA"
1246:
812:
569:itself, rather it was transferred to
2091:. Adams & Dart. pp. 21–22.
1742:. Shire publications. pp. 8–9.
1738:Muller, Helen; Muller, Katy (2009).
1589:BrĂĽck, Joanna; Davies, Alex (2018).
1568:. Shire publications. pp. 7–8.
1564:Muller, Helen; Muller, Katy (2009).
1317:
982:Muller, Helen; Muller, Katy (2009).
314:to execute more elaborate carvings.
2089:Cut-Steel and Berlin Iron Jewellery
1971:Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd
13:
1297:. Butterworths. pp. 112–113.
1272:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1997.tb00793.x
1083:; PhD thesis, University of Leeds.
779:
618:The Roman period saw its use as a
463:
361:). The deposit extends throughout
14:
3404:
2348:
2205:"Jet necklace and black silk tie"
1513:Roman Jet in the Yorkshire Museum
986:. Shire publications. p. 5.
2127:. Butterworths. pp. 59–63.
1883:. Butterworths. pp. 27–28.
1858:. Butterworths. pp. 25–26.
1595:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
1168:The Geology of England and Wales
771:an example of modern jet carving
698:
472:in Turkey, where it is known as
415:
331:A large piece of jet from Whitby
307:like that of amber when rubbed.
292:ranging between 2.5 and 4 and a
1976:
1960:
1947:
1833:from the original on 2013-02-06
1818:
1801:
1781:
1767:. Routledge. pp. 120–121.
1717:. Routledge. pp. 106–107.
1645:Prehistoric Ritual and Religion
1472:"Venus figures from Petersfels"
1455:
1446:
1422:
1403:
1384:
1369:
1338:
1311:
1156:
846:X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
753:
660:The Museum of London's jet bowl
2244:. Victoria and Albert Museum.
2062:. Thames and Hudson. pp.
1933:. Boydell Press. p. 141.
1075:Hemingway, John Edwin (1933).
1068:
1063:Handbook of Gem Identification
1055:
950:
938:
910:The Encyclopedia of Mineralogy
897:
363:North York Moors National Park
1:
2394:
2330:. Butterworths. p. 132.
2305:. Butterworths. p. 129.
2276:. Thames and Hudson. p.
2002:. Firefly Books. p. 52.
1825:Caius Julius Solinus (2013).
1692:. Routledge. pp. 69–70.
1065:1989 GIA press, 12 ed. pg 192
875:
776:production of jet jewellery.
642:
279:
16:Mineraloid and minor gemstone
2211:. Pitt Rivers Museum. 2011.
2180:. Butterworths. p. 64.
2152:. Butterworths. p. 60.
1904:French, Katherine L (2021).
1647:. Sutton. pp. 148–162.
1540:. Butterworths. p. 20.
1232:. Butterworths. p. 10.
1209:A History of Ancient Britain
1164:Jurassic: the returning seas
1142:10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.10.007
730:while mourning the death of
593:head being a popular theme.
560:
61:Variable, but rich in carbon
7:
1929:Gilchrist, Roberta (2012).
1318:Ward, Gerald W. R. (2008).
1182:The Geologic Timescale 2012
1041:. Butterworths. p. 2.
1011:. Butterworths. p. 4.
858:
651:
368:Jet has also been found in
317:
10:
3409:
2025:The Secret Lives of Colour
2023:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1791:, London, BT Batsford Ltd
1093:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1061:Richard T. Liddicoat, Jr.
483:
322:
3324:
3286:
3229:
3151:
2922:
2859:
2798:
2760:
2753:
2713:
2615:
2569:
2562:
2402:
1789:Religion in Roman Britain
1763:Johns, Catherine (1996).
1713:Johns, Catherine (1996).
1688:Johns, Catherine (1996).
1607:10.1017/S095977431800029X
1184:. Elsevier. p. 765.
1081:White Rose eTheses Online
966:10.1017/S0016756800031496
945:Oxford English Dictionary
672:. A jet bowl held in the
390:Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers
375:
351:epoch. Whitby Jet is the
341:Whitby Mudstone Formation
267:
190:
182:
169:
159:
149:
141:
131:
121:
108:
98:
88:
78:
74:Black, occasionally brown
70:
65:
51:
43:
38:
26:
21:
2270:Phillips, Clare (1996).
2056:Phillips, Clare (1996).
922:10.1007/0-387-30720-6_51
908:. In Fyfe, Keith (ed.).
399:
2889:Nickel silver (alpacca)
2087:Clifford, Anne (1971).
1955:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1162:Cope, J. C. W. (2006).
235:
2326:Muller, Helen (1987).
2301:Muller, Helen (1987).
2176:Muller, Helen (1987).
2148:Muller, Helen (1987).
2123:Muller, Helen (1987).
1973:(Maney, 1988), p. 205.
1879:Muller, Helen (1987).
1854:Muller, Helen (1987).
1536:Muller, Helen (1987).
1509:Allason-Jones, Lindsay
1293:Muller, Helen (1987).
1228:Muller, Helen (1987).
1037:Muller, Helen (1987).
1007:Muller, Helen (1987).
772:
715:
661:
615:
607:Jet cameo depicting a
508:
370:Kimmeridge shale seams
332:
240:
3230:Other natural objects
1211:, Phoenix Paperback,
770:
706:
659:
606:
517:Venuses of Petersfels
491:
394:La Bastide-sur-l'Hers
330:
296:of 1.30 to 1.34. The
2705:Wire wrapped jewelry
2685:Repoussé and chasing
1953:Alexandre Labanoff,
1378:Naturaleza Aragonesa
1351:Trabajos de GeologĂa
823:thermal conductivity
681:Mary, Queen of Scots
544:end of Roman Britain
476:and is used to make
3247:Ebonite (vulcanite)
2355:Gemstone Guide: Jet
2242:V&A Collections
1667:Ottaway, P., 2004,
1134:2018PrGA..129..372T
958:Geological Magazine
891:Glossary of Geology
788:or Vauxhall glass.
555:Pen y Bonc necklace
494:Magdalenian culture
2592:Jewellery designer
1207:Oliver, N., 2012,
841:will do the same.
813:Authenticating jet
773:
716:
708:Mourning jewellery
662:
616:
509:
358:Araucaria araucana
333:
303:Jet may induce an
222:, but is rather a
142:Optical properties
3383:Organic gemstones
3365:
3364:
3282:
3281:
3152:Organic gemstones
2749:
2748:
2287:978-0-500-20287-6
2098:978-0-239-00069-9
2073:978-0-500-20287-6
2034:978-1-4736-3081-9
1940:978-1-84383-722-0
1915:978-0-8122-5305-4
1797:978-0-312-67059-7
1787:Henig, M., 1984,
1774:978-0-415-51612-9
1749:978-0-7478-0731-5
1724:978-0-415-51612-9
1699:978-0-415-51612-9
1677:978-0-7524-2916-8
1671:, Tempus: Stroud
1575:978-0-7478-0731-5
1331:978-0-19-531391-8
1217:978-0-7538-2886-1
1191:978-0-44-459390-0
993:978-0-7478-0731-5
931:978-0-87933-184-9
768:
404:The jet found in
335:The jet found at
260:. The adjective "
229:The English noun
197:
196:
183:Common impurities
3400:
2809:Britannia silver
2758:
2757:
2567:
2566:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2120:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1679:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1505:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1420:
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1417:
1407:
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1400:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1225:
1219:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1177:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1004:
998:
997:
979:
968:
954:
948:
942:
936:
935:
901:
895:
894:
886:
769:
674:Museum of London
613:Yorkshire Museum
587:Yorkshire Museum
551:Kimmeridge Shale
524:Neolithic period
420:Native American
298:refractive index
294:specific gravity
238:
151:Refractive index
133:Specific gravity
114:
58:
57:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
18:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3393:Shades of black
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3320:
3278:
3267:Spondylus shell
3225:
3147:
2918:
2904:Stainless steel
2855:
2839:Sterling silver
2799:Precious metal
2794:
2762:Precious metals
2745:
2709:
2611:
2558:
2398:
2393:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2268:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2121:
2106:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2054:
2050:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1823:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1641:
1632:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1506:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1291:
1280:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1226:
1222:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1178:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1005:
1001:
994:
980:
971:
955:
951:
943:
939:
932:
902:
898:
887:
883:
878:
861:
815:
782:
780:Jet substitutes
758:
756:
701:
689:Anne of Denmark
654:
645:
628:Pliny the Elder
563:
486:
466:
464:Other locations
442:Henry Mountains
418:
402:
378:
353:fossilized wood
325:
320:
305:electric charge
282:
270:
239:(modern French
112:
56:
55:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:Related topics
3325:
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3259:
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3070:
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3015:
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2755:
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2750:
2747:
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2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2700:Wire sculpture
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
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2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
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2557:
2556:
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2509:
2504:
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2484:
2479:
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2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2349:External links
2347:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2318:
2311:
2293:
2286:
2259:
2226:
2193:
2186:
2165:
2158:
2140:
2133:
2104:
2097:
2079:
2072:
2048:
2033:
2015:
2008:
1987:
1975:
1959:
1946:
1939:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1889:
1871:
1864:
1843:
1817:
1800:
1780:
1773:
1755:
1748:
1730:
1723:
1705:
1698:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1630:
1601:(4): 665–688.
1581:
1574:
1553:
1546:
1528:
1521:
1489:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1434:www.mindat.org
1421:
1402:
1399:. p. 103.
1383:
1368:
1337:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1278:
1265:(1): 125–143.
1245:
1238:
1220:
1197:
1190:
1172:
1155:
1128:(3): 372–391.
1105:
1067:
1054:
1047:
1024:
1017:
999:
992:
969:
949:
937:
930:
896:
880:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
867:
865:Petrified wood
860:
857:
814:
811:
781:
778:
755:
752:
728:mourning dress
720:Queen Victoria
714:, 19th century
700:
697:
653:
650:
644:
641:
562:
559:
485:
482:
465:
462:
454:El Paso County
438:San Juan Basin
417:
414:
401:
398:
377:
374:
349:Early Jurassic
324:
321:
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68:
67:
66:Identification
63:
62:
59:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3405:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Sedimentology
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Body piercing
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3221:Tortoiseshell
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
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2877:
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2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
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2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
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2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Bench jeweler
2575:
2574:
2572:
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2565:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2548:
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2544:
2543:
2540:
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2378:
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2361:
2358:
2356:
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2339:
2337:0-408-03110-7
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2329:
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2314:
2312:0-408-03110-7
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2304:
2297:
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2247:
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2189:
2187:0-408-03110-7
2183:
2179:
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2159:0-408-03110-7
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2144:
2136:
2134:0-408-03110-7
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2026:
2019:
2011:
2009:1-55209-156-2
2005:
2001:
1994:
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1984:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1956:
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1936:
1932:
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1890:0-408-03110-7
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1048:0-408-03110-7
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1018:0-408-03110-7
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
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963:
959:
953:
946:
941:
933:
927:
923:
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892:
885:
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868:
866:
863:
862:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:Unlike black
810:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
777:
751:
748:
742:
740:
735:
733:
732:Prince Albert
729:
725:
721:
713:
709:
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699:Victorian use
696:
694:
693:passementerie
690:
686:
682:
677:
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671:
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658:
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638:
634:
629:
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584:
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541:
540:Roman Britain
537:
534:. During the
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
507:
503:
502:Haute-Garonne
499:
495:
490:
481:
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416:United States
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315:
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288:
277:
275:
274:Araucariaceae
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
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243:
237:
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227:
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221:
217:
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209:
206:, the lowest
205:
202:is a type of
201:
193:
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177:
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64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3357:Wearable art
3352:Phaleristics
3347:Metalworking
3252:Gutta-percha
3200:
3028:Lapis lazuli
2814:Colored gold
2695:Stonesetting
2327:
2321:
2302:
2296:
2272:
2250:. Retrieved
2241:
2217:. Retrieved
2208:
2177:
2149:
2143:
2124:
2088:
2082:
2058:
2051:
2024:
2018:
1999:
1978:
1970:
1967:Janet Arnold
1962:
1954:
1949:
1930:
1924:
1905:
1899:
1880:
1874:
1855:
1835:. Retrieved
1820:
1813:Riley, H. T.
1803:
1788:
1783:
1764:
1758:
1739:
1733:
1714:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1663:
1644:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1565:
1537:
1531:
1512:
1480:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1392:
1386:
1380:(40): 12–17.
1377:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1320:
1313:
1294:
1262:
1259:Archaeometry
1258:
1248:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1125:
1121:
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1080:
1070:
1062:
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1038:
1008:
1002:
983:
957:
952:
944:
940:
909:
899:
890:
884:
850:
843:
816:
804:
794:
783:
774:
754:20th century
743:
736:
717:
678:
663:
646:
617:
595:
581:rather than
579:beachcombing
564:
548:
521:
510:
478:prayer beads
467:
434:Acoma Pueblo
419:
410:Kimmeridgian
403:
379:
367:
356:
334:
309:
302:
283:
271:
230:
228:
199:
198:
186:Iron, sulfur
174:fluorescence
165:None; opaque
3294:Art jewelry
3118:Tiger's eye
3023:Labradorite
2973:Chrysocolla
2968:Chrysoberyl
2884:Mokume-gane
2861:Base metals
2633:centrifugal
2602:Silversmith
2477:Ferronnière
2427:Belt buckle
2422:Belly chain
1983:Jemma Field
1809:Bostock, J.
829:, although
807:epoxy resin
747:Art Nouveau
685:Elizabeth I
532:Gold lunula
450:Front Range
372:in Dorset.
347:age of the
214:, and is a
171:Ultraviolet
155:1.640–1.680
3372:Categories
3128:Tourmaline
3073:Prasiolite
2948:Aventurine
2819:Crown gold
2721:Draw plate
2670:Metal clay
2607:Watchmaker
2597:Lapidarist
2582:Clockmaker
2457:Collar pin
2452:Chatelaine
2252:9 February
2219:9 February
1837:2013-10-31
1740:Whitby Jet
1669:Roman York
1566:Whitby Jet
1439:2019-01-25
1101:Upper Lias
984:Whitby Jet
906:"Gemology"
876:References
870:Oltu stone
796:Anthracite
786:French jet
643:Viking use
528:Bronze Age
474:oltu stone
430:New Mexico
428:tribes of
386:Roquevaire
382:Montjardin
312:lapidarist
280:Properties
254:inclusions
224:mineraloid
191:References
161:Dispersion
110:Mohs scale
94:Conchoidal
47:Mineraloid
3274:Toadstone
3211:Operculum
3138:Variscite
3133:Turquoise
3113:Tanzanite
3048:Moonstone
3043:Marcasite
3038:Malachite
2963:Carnelian
2938:Amazonite
2925:gemstones
2899:Pinchbeck
2844:Argentium
2834:Shibuichi
2775:Palladium
2754:Materials
2690:Soldering
2680:Polishing
2655:Engraving
2650:Enameling
2616:Processes
2587:Goldsmith
2522:Tie chain
2497:Neck ring
2487:Lapel pin
2396:Jewellery
2209:Body arts
2043:936144129
1625:165436341
1363:1988-5172
835:vulcanite
739:cut steel
583:quarrying
561:Roman use
498:Marsoulas
262:jet-black
145:Isotropic
3342:Gemology
3316:Fineness
3307:(purity)
3242:Bog-wood
3189:Precious
3169:Ammolite
3108:Sunstone
3098:Sodalite
3093:Sapphire
3053:Obsidian
2993:Fluorite
2983:Diopside
2943:Amethyst
2923:Mineral
2914:Tungsten
2909:Titanium
2824:Electrum
2780:Platinum
2665:Kazaziye
2660:Filigree
2638:lost-wax
2537:Toe ring
2527:Tie clip
2502:Pectoral
2492:Necklace
2467:Cufflink
2442:Bracelet
2437:Bolo tie
2417:Barrette
2246:Archived
2213:Archived
1831:Archived
1511:(1996).
1482:9 August
1476:Archived
1150:55984383
1089:cite web
859:See also
652:Medieval
624:evil eye
598:Eboracum
573:(modern
571:Eboracum
536:Iron Age
458:Colorado
448:and the
406:Asturias
345:Toarcian
318:Location
290:hardness
216:gemstone
113:hardness
100:Tenacity
90:Fracture
80:Cleavage
44:Category
3337:Fashion
3311:Finding
3159:Abalone
3068:Peridot
3033:Larimar
3018:Kyanite
3003:Howlite
2988:Emerald
2978:Diamond
2851:Tumbaga
2829:ShakudĹŤ
2785:Rhodium
2736:Mandrel
2675:Plating
2628:Casting
2623:Carving
2532:Tie pin
2507:Pendant
2482:Genital
2472:Earring
2238:"Tiara"
2064:148–150
1130:Bibcode
914:168–187
839:lignite
831:bog oak
790:Ebonite
633:Solinus
620:magical
611:in the
484:History
470:Erzurum
323:England
220:mineral
204:lignite
137:1.3–1.4
117:2.5–4.0
104:Brittle
53:Formula
39:General
3301:(mass)
3237:Bezoar
3143:Zircon
3103:Spinel
3078:Quartz
3013:Jasper
2998:Garnet
2894:Pewter
2879:Copper
2874:Bronze
2801:alloys
2790:Silver
2741:Pliers
2731:Hammer
2643:vacuum
2570:People
2563:Making
2547:pocket
2447:Brooch
2412:Anklet
2334:
2309:
2284:
2184:
2156:
2131:
2095:
2070:
2041:
2031:
2006:
1937:
1912:
1887:
1862:
1795:
1771:
1746:
1721:
1696:
1675:
1651:
1623:
1572:
1544:
1519:
1361:
1328:
1301:
1236:
1215:
1188:
1148:
1045:
1015:
990:
928:
837:, and
827:streak
798:(hard
712:brooch
710:: jet
670:labour
666:Rosary
609:Medusa
591:Medusa
567:Whitby
542:. The
513:botfly
506:France
426:Pueblo
422:Navajo
376:France
337:Whitby
268:Origin
258:lustre
251:pyrite
123:Streak
3305:Carat
3299:Carat
3287:Terms
3262:Shell
3216:Pearl
3206:Nacre
3196:Ivory
3184:Black
3179:Coral
3174:Copal
3164:Amber
3123:Topaz
3082:smoky
2953:Beryl
2933:Agate
2869:Brass
2714:Tools
2552:strap
2542:Watch
2517:Tiara
2462:Crown
2432:Bindi
2404:Forms
1621:S2CID
1416:(PDF)
1397:(PDF)
1146:S2CID
1118:(PDF)
1099:(See
819:glass
637:Galen
400:Spain
247:Gagae
236:jaiet
127:Brown
71:Color
3378:Coal
3257:Hair
3088:Ruby
3063:Opal
3058:Onyx
3008:Jade
2770:Gold
2726:File
2512:Ring
2332:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2254:2016
2221:2016
2182:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2039:OCLC
2029:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1484:2016
1359:ISSN
1326:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1095:link
1043:ISBN
1013:ISBN
988:ISBN
926:ISBN
853:soot
800:coal
635:and
575:York
446:Utah
424:and
392:and
384:and
287:Mohs
242:jais
212:coal
208:rank
178:None
84:None
3201:Jet
2957:red
2328:Jet
2303:Jet
2278:150
2178:Jet
2150:Jet
2125:Jet
1881:Jet
1856:Jet
1611:hdl
1603:doi
1538:Jet
1295:Jet
1267:doi
1230:Jet
1138:doi
1126:129
1039:Jet
1009:Jet
962:doi
918:doi
452:of
444:of
231:jet
210:of
200:Jet
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