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398:, were often unassuming, with plain facades that concealed their richly decorated interiors. This contrast underscored a Jewish philosophical notion wherein the sacred resides hidden within the mundane, a concept mirrored in the architectural dichotomy between the exterior and interior of these religious buildings. The internal beauty of these synagogues, adorned with detailed paintings and elaborate designs, was in stark contrast to their modest exteriors, a dichotomy driven by a desire to avoid provoking Christian antagonism and adhering to restrictions imposed by Christian authorities, such as limitations on the height of Jewish religious buildings.
387:
253:, evolved into a central symbol of Jewish identity, especially after the Temple's destruction. Its depiction in Jewish art, ranging from synagogue mosaics to catacombs, signified not only the religious importance of the Temple but also served as a distinguishing marker of Jewish places of worship and burial. Scholars debate the menorah's symbolism, with interpretations ranging from its seven branches representing divine light, the seven planets, or the days of the week, reflecting its integral role in both daily rituals and as a symbol of Judaism itself.
303:, known for their work for Christian patrons, also created significant Jewish pieces. Ritual objects such as Hanukkah lamps and kiddush cups, while prescribed by Jewish law, evolved in form and decoration over time, often mirroring the luxury items and aesthetic preferences of their Christian counterparts. This adaptability and integration are further evidenced in medieval synagogue architecture, which frequently borrowed elements from contemporary Christian buildings, as seen in the synagogues in Central Europe such as those in
1940:
443:
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221:, Jewish art was heavily influenced by the Biblical injunction against graven images, leading to a focus on geometric, floral, and architectural motifs rather than figurative or symbolic representations. This artistic restraint was a response to the Hellenistic cultural pressures that threatened Jewish religious practices, notably the imposition of idolatry. Symbolic elements like the menorah and the
1774:, responding to the artistic and ideologies of the time. An example being Hirszenberg's works, such as "Golus" and "Czarny Sztandar" (The Black Banner, 1907, Jewish Museum, New York), used Christian allegories to communicate broader themes of exile, suffering, and redemption, embodying the tension between death and resurrection characteristic of Christian imagery.
1732:
First French Empire, where
Napoleon abolished laws that confined Jews to ghettos and restricted their rights. By 1808, he further integrated French Judaism into the state, establishing the national Israelite Consistory alongside recognized Christian cults, thereby formally acknowledging Jewish communities within French society for the first time.
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blurred traditional boundaries, integrating Jewish themes into a broader
Christian iconographic tradition, laying foundational elements for Jewish genre painting. The late 19th and early 20th centuries with the rise of Jewish nationalism added an ideological dimension to Jewish art, with Jewish genre
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liberated the Jews who had been restricted to ghettos and marginalized economically and politically. The
Napoleonic Code, also initiated Jewish emancipation across Europe, granting religious freedom to Jews, Protestants, and Freemasons. This act of liberation extended to territories conquered by the
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Such restrictions led to innovative architectural solutions, including lowering the floors of synagogues to create a sense of increased interior height, a practice echoing the biblical verse "I call to you from the depths, O Lord" (Ps. 130:1). This approach not only adhered to the legal constraints
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As Jews were emancipated and gained civil rights, they begun to integrate into mainstream society and work in occupations limited to them beforehand, Jews could become mainstream artists and were increasingly influenced by the prevailing cultural and artistic movements of their time. These artists
2149:
Art of the Hebrew
Tradition: Jewish Ceremonial Objects for Synagogue and Home. An Exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, Commenorating the American Jewish Tercentenary; Arranged by the Jewish Museum of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, January 20, 1955 to February 27,
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In Italy, synagogues were often discreetly integrated into the upper floors of tenements within ghettos, their exteriors giving no hint of the opulent
Baroque interiors within. This concealment extended beyond the synagogues' architecture to their urban placement, with some synagogues in Central
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During the medieval period (roughly the 5th to 15th centuries), Jewish communities continued to produce works of Jewish art, with most of the art centered around religious life, notably synagogues and religious texts. Jewish scholars and texts, including works by luminaries like
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showcased an interweaving of Jewish narratives with a universal moral vocabulary, drawing mainly on
Christian allegories to depict Jewish suffering and resilience. Their art, while deeply rooted in Jewish experiences, mirrored the allegorical and dramatic modes prevalent in
1962:
with local artistic traditions. This period also saw the emergence of modern art movements and a shift towards a more subjective artistic expression, challenging the traditional confines of
Bezalel's artistic doctrine. With the establishment of studios such as the
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painting used by some as medium for expressing
Zionist revival and the Jewish experience of exile. Religious art and architecture manifested also in wooden synagogues in Eastern Europe which would eventually be destroyed by the Nazis in the Second World war.
106:, Jewish art was mostly centered around religious practices and rituals. Following the emancipation in the early modern period, Jewish artists, notably in Europe began to explore different themes, with different levels of connection to religious art. Notably,
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and the shewbread table to include other ritual objects and emblems signified a broader expression of Jewish identity. This shift in cultural representation aimed to affirm Jewish faith and community following the rise of
Christian dominance in the
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marked a turning point in Jewish artistic expression. This period, known as Late
Antiquity, witnessed Jewish communities gradually incorporating symbolic motifs into their synagogal and funerary art. The expansion of these symbols beyond the
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338:, challenge Jewish beliefs, or the portrayal of Jews and Jewish practices in Christian art with remarkable accuracy, suggest according to the Met, an interaction that was both intellectual and artistic. Objects such as the bronze
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contended that Jewish artists should be recognized within the national contexts of their residence, arguing, “Jewish artists belong to the art of the country where they live and work”. Following the emancipation, figures such as
264:, shofar, and flask, also played significant roles in Jewish art, marking the continuation of Temple traditions in diaspora communities. These objects, alongside depictions of the Temple, the Ark of the Scrolls, and the
333:
Artifacts from this era reflected the cultural exchanges between Jews and Christians, often as a result of intense theological dialogue and mutual curiosity between the two faiths. Christian scholars' efforts to learn
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which catalyzed what is at times referred to as a "golden age of art" in the city, spanning the 1950s through the 1970s. This era also saw the rise of significant art movements such as the Canaanite and
1917:, one of the holy cities of Judaism, in particular, became a center for artists influenced by the École de Paris in the mid to late 20th century. Its mystical and romantic setting attracted artists like
1821:, Paris. Many of these Jewish artists arrived in Paris seeking artistic education and having fled from persecution, particularly in Eastern Europe. The École de Paris included notable figures such as
295:, often featured illustrations, some of which were crafted by artists who also served Christian clients, with notable connections between Jewish and Christian artists. The Florentine artist
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110:, some of whom from fleeing from Eastern Europe, produced at times modernist art of completely secular nature. Later in the first half of the 20th century, a group composed mainly of these
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marked the beginning of this influence. His students, upon returning from Paris, further amplified the French artistic influence in Pre-Independence Israel. This period saw artists in
1857:. Despite facing xenophobia and criticism from some quarters, these artists played a central role in the vibrant artistic community of Paris, frequenting cafes, communicated in
1845:. Their work often depicted Jewish themes and expressed deep emotional intensity, reflecting their experiences of discrimination, pogroms, and the upheavals of the
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and throughout its duration, literary sources point to the existence of craftsmanship which could be considered both art in its restrictive sense and natively
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also began to create art beyond religious texts and spaces and engage in secular arts. This period also saw an increase in Jewish patronage of the arts.
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414:. This strategic concealment served both to comply with external regulations and to safeguard the sanctity and security of the Jewish worship space.
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99:, artistic production persisted throughout the millennia, adapting to diverse cultural landscapes while retaining distinct Jewish themes and motifs.
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Jewish art continued to be projected through sacred spaces and religious art. The exteriors of synagogues, particularly notable in the
2674:"The Pre-State Jewish Bourgeoisie and the Institutionalization of the Field of Plastic Art / בין בורגנות לאמנות פלסטית בתקופת היישוב"
2062:
Roth, Cecil. (2007). "Art". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica Volume 2 Alr–Az (2nd ed.). Michigan: Thompson Gale. p. 493.
2031:
Roth, Cecil. (2007). "Art". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica Volume 2 Alr–Az (2nd ed.). Michigan: Thompson Gale. p. 492.
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eras, reflecting cultural and religious shifts within Jewish communities. With the dispersion of Jews across the globe, known as the
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Princ, Deborah; Princ, Arthur; Princ, Boris; Taillan, Marie Boyé; Nieszawer, Nadine; Fogel, Paul; Morvan, Marianne Le (2020-04-07).
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and especially French Jewish artists continuing to shape the Israeli art scene for decades. The return of École de Paris artist
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creating works that portrayed humanity and emotion, often with a dramatic and tragic quality reflective of Jewish experiences.
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and contributed significantly to its status as the capital of the art world. The School of Paris ebbed away following the
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395:
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2250:
Narkiss, Bezalel (1969). Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts. Jerusalem, Encyclopaedia Judaica; New York Macmillan. p. 56.
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129:, Israel re-emerged as a center of Jewish art while Europe declined in its importance as a center of Jewish culture.
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2096:"Representations of the Temple Menorah in Ancient Jewish Art in Light of Rabbinic Halakhah and Archaeological Finds"
2173:"Jews and the Arts in Medieval Europe | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
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2420:"Jewish Art and Architecture in the East European Context: The Gwoździec-Chodorów Group of Wooden Synagogues"
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2211:"Illuminated Haggadot from Medieval Spain: Biblical Imagery and the Passover Holiday By Katrin Kogman-Appel"
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1817:, said to represent a diverse group of artists, many of Jewish origin from Eastern Europe, who settled in
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1869:, during which several Jewish artists were murdered or died of disease. Several of the artists, such as
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and Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel, who sought to capture the city's spiritual essence and dynamic landscapes.
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viewed Jewish art broadly, including any object that exhibited “features of Jewish creativity,” while
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1982:
During the early 20th century, artists began to settle in Safed, leading to the establishment of the
1849:. The art of these artists, especially those of Eastern European origin is said to have reflected in
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52:, or the art of the Jewish people, encompasses a diverse range of creative endeavors, spanning from
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2005:
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60:. Jewish art encompasses the visual plastic arts, sculpture, painting, and more, all influenced by
87:, influenced by various empires. This artistic tradition underwent further development during the
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Histoire des Artistes Juifs de l'École de Paris: Stories of Jewish Artists of the School of Paris
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2583:"School of Paris | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
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and exhibitions oriented toward modern art following the introduction of the influence of the
246:, making symbols like the menorah emblematic of national identity as well as religious faith.
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and Israelite seals found in many locations in the land of Israel, appear to be influenced by
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were sparingly used, primarily reflecting their significance in priestly duties.
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2426:, Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, Liverpool University Press, pp. 141–182,
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151:. This was largely related to matters of ritual, such as the decoration of the
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2733:בין לאומיות לאמנות: כינון שדה האמנות הישראלי בתקופת היישוב ובראשית שנות המדינה
370:, originating in Northern Spain in the 14th century is a notable example. The
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2783:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Brill.
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2310:"Napoleon was crowned on this day, revolutionizing Jews future in Europe"
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1813:, (the School of Paris in French) is a term coined in 1925 by art critic
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189:. Artifacts bearing plastic depictions, such as the plaques unearthed in
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2611:"The Jewish painters of l'École de Paris-from the Holocaust to today"
2274:"Synagogues in Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Modern Period"
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Europe being hidden behind courtyards or other buildings, as seen in
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The menorah, initially a representation of priestly duties in the
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but also enriched the spiritual ambiance of the synagogue space.
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Jewish artistic expression traces back to the art of the ancient
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to Pre-Independence Israel in 1925 and the establishment of the
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The shewbread table, alongside other ritual objects such as the
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2736:(in Hebrew). הוצאת ספרים ע״ש י״ל מאגנס, האוניברסיטה העברית.
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The emergence of Jewish artists in nineteenth-century Europe
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Jewish manuscripts during the medieval period, notably in
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Hubka, Thomas C. (1997), Hundert, Gershon David (ed.),
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movements, further diversified the Israeli art scene.
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and its establishment as the dominant religion of the
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159:that replaced it. Within this context, a number of
2780:Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora
2730:טרכטנברג, גרסיאלה; Trajtenberg, Graciela (2005).
2672:טרכטנברג, גרסיאלה; Trajtenberg, Graciela (2002).
2339:"The secret Jewish history of Napoleon Bonaparte"
1893:persisted from the 1920s through the 1940s, with
2805:
2171:Holcomb, Authors: Barbara Drake Boehm, Melanie.
2509:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe
2126:Jewish Ceremonial Art and Religious Observance
1975:emerging as a cultural hub, in time replacing
314:
311:, which incorporate Gothic styles and motifs.
1700:
417:
354:are pointed to as examples of such artworks.
121:From the mid to late 20th century, following
83:, where it originated and evolved during the
2195:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2587:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
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2177:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
132:
114:fleeing from persecution were known as the
2609:Salmona, Macha Fogel / Paul (2021-11-25).
2027:
2025:
1707:
1693:
378:exhibit Gothic and Italianate influences.
366:were illuminated with visual imagery. The
2547:. מוזיאון מאנה כץ - מוזיאוני חיפה. 2013.
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2153:. Jewish Publication Society of America.
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2146:N.Y.), Jewish Museum (New York (1955).
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1979:as the country's prominent art centre.
1805:Carcass of Beef, Chaïm Soutine, c. 1925
213:Second Temple period and late antiquity
14:
2806:
2702:
2678:Israeli Sociology / סוציולוגיה ישראלית
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1853:works the plight and suffering of the
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163:characters were present, such as the
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2272:Goldman-Ida, Batsheva (2019-10-18),
1797:A Jewish wedding, Marc Chagall, 1944
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2642:(in English and Hebrew). Israel.
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1952:Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts
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358:Illuminated manuscripts, Haggadot
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2615:Jews, Europe, the XXIst century
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2395:"YIVO | Painting and Sculpture"
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1468:List of Jews in the visual arts
125:and the immigration of Jews to
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1950:In the early 20th century the
1873:, dispersed to Israel and the
1581:Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur
396:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
2337:Ivry, Benjamin (2022-08-15).
2278:Jewish Religious Architecture
2016:
1761:The works of artists such as
1473:List of Jewish film directors
185:which formed the base of the
1880:
7:
2482:. Independently Published.
2424:Jews in Early Modern Poland
2280:, Brill, pp. 184–207,
1994:
390:Gwoździec Synagogue, Poland
315:Interplay with Christianity
10:
2855:
2770:
2581:Voorhies, Authors: James.
1928:
1786:
1571:Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
418:Following the emancipation
368:Sarajevo Passover Haggadah
136:
2640:After the School Of Paris
2370:. London: Merrell. 2001.
1984:Artist's Quarter of Tzfat
1924:
1863:Nazi occupation of France
644:Jewish diaspora languages
2757:Benderly, Arieh (2000).
2571:. Israel: Masada. p. 14.
2006:Artists Quarter of Safed
1935:Artists Quarter of Safed
133:Pre-Second Temple period
27:Art of the Jewish people
2763:(in Hebrew). א. בנדרלי.
2503:Roditi, Eduard (1968).
1954:in 1906 was founded by
1889:, the influence of the
1680:Category:Jewish culture
1478:Jews in American cinema
2703:Barzel, Amnon (1987).
2569:Frenel Isaac Alexander
2567:Barzel, Amnon (1974).
2234:Verber, Eugen (1983).
1947:
1899:Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel
1835:Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel
1806:
1798:
1554:List of Jews in sports
391:
330:
299:and the Master of the
283:
46:
43:Dura Europos Synagogue
2777:Hachlili, R. (1998).
2638:Hecht Museum (2013).
2505:"The School of Paris"
2237:The Sarajevo Haggadah
2124:Kanof, Abram (1982).
1942:
1931:Visual arts in Israel
1929:Further information:
1804:
1796:
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322:
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112:Eastern European Jews
33:
2760:From Bloom to Camila
2399:yivoencyclopedia.org
2128:. New York: Abrams.
1965:Histadrut art studio
1958:, blending European
1903:Histadrut Art Studio
1559:Association football
898:Crossing the Red Sea
244:Mediterranean region
230:rise of Christianity
219:Second Temple period
193:"House of Ivory" in
85:Second Temple Period
2709:. Flash Art Books.
2453:"The Jewish Museum"
2115:, pp. 347–349.
2079:, pp. 343–344.
1783:The School of Paris
1744:Early critics like
948:Gathering of Israel
626:Judeo-Tripolitanian
382:Early modern period
352:Notre-Dame de Paris
272:Medieval Jewish art
266:Ark of the Covenant
169:Ark of the Covenant
145:First Temple Period
2544:בעקבות אסכולת פריז
2314:The Jerusalem Post
2001:Ancient Jewish art
1948:
1847:Russian Revolution
1807:
1799:
1772:Christian painting
1725:Napoleon Bonaparte
1516:Biblical cosmology
1443:Ancient Jewish art
1192:Valley of the ants
928:Conquest of Canaan
868:Sodom and Gomorrah
392:
344:Cathedral of Essen
331:
284:
139:Ancient Jewish art
54:ancient Jewish art
47:
2790:978-90-04-29404-2
2743:978-965-493-227-1
2716:978-88-7816-029-3
2648:978-965-535-027-2
2554:978-965-535-027-2
2489:979-8-6333-5556-7
2457:The Jewish Museum
2433:978-1-874774-31-0
2377:978-1-85894-153-0
2287:978-90-04-37009-8
2256:978-0-8148-0593-0
1943:Tel Hai Lion, by
1843:Abraham Mintchine
1839:Amedeo Modigliani
1763:Szmul Hirszenberg
1717:
1716:
1609:Ancient Israelite
1453:Judeo-Tat theatre
968:David and Goliath
374:, originating in
297:Mariano del Buono
281:Sarajevo Haggadah
178:, and the twelve
70:religious beliefs
16:(Redirected from
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2449:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2269:
2258:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2215:www.psupress.org
2207:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2094:Adler, Yonatan.
2091:
2080:
2074:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2029:
1945:Avraham Melnikov
1755:Maurycy Gottlieb
1709:
1702:
1695:
918:Ten Commandments
445:
422:
421:
346:and the head of
56:to contemporary
21:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2773:
2768:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2270:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2158:
2144:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2092:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:Exodus 35:25–26
2050:
2046:
2041:Exodus 35:31–35
2039:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2019:
1997:
1937:
1927:
1883:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1767:Izidor Kaufmann
1742:
1721:Napoleonic code
1713:
1684:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1603:
1602:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1576:Maccabiah Games
1548:
1547:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1500:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1448:Yiddish theatre
1437:
1436:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1336:
1335:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1304:Medieval Hebrew
1214:
1213:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1045:Jewish folklore
833:Forbidden Fruit
792:
791:
776:
775:
774:
760:Judeo-Malayalam
568:Lishanid Noshan
461:
460:
420:
384:
372:Golden Haggadah
360:
328:British Library
324:Golden Haggadah
317:
274:
223:shewbread table
215:
141:
135:
116:School of Paris
97:Jewish diaspora
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2839:Jewish culture
2836:
2834:Jewish history
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Jewish artists
2816:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2749:
2742:
2722:
2715:
2695:
2664:
2658:Ballas, Gila.
2651:
2626:
2598:
2573:
2560:
2553:
2534:
2495:
2488:
2468:
2444:
2432:
2410:
2383:
2376:
2354:
2326:
2298:
2286:
2259:
2243:
2226:
2202:
2156:
2138:
2117:
2105:
2081:
2064:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1969:École de Paris
1926:
1923:
1891:École de Paris
1882:
1879:
1811:École de Paris
1789:Ecole de Paris
1787:Main article:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1741:
1740:Eastern Europe
1738:
1723:written under
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:Portal:Judaism
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1521:Mathematicians
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
863:Tower of Babel
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Garden of Eden
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
793:
790:
789:
783:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
691:
690:
680:
675:
670:
669:
668:
663:
653:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
621:Judeo-Moroccan
618:
617:
616:
614:Judeo-Baghdadi
598:
597:
596:
595:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
463:
462:
459:
458:
452:
451:
450:
447:
446:
438:
437:
435:Jewish culture
431:
430:
419:
416:
383:
380:
364:medieval Spain
359:
356:
316:
313:
273:
270:
214:
211:
176:Holy of Holies
137:Main article:
134:
131:
108:Jews in France
81:Land of Israel
62:Jewish culture
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2851:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:Art in Israel
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2135:
2134:9780810921993
2131:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2113:Hachlili 1998
2109:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:Hachlili 1998
2073:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1875:United States
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:Jewish people
1852:
1851:expressionist
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Chaïm Soutine
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1778:Modern period
1775:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:Majer Bałaban
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:French Empire
1726:
1722:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1640:Other aspects
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1595:
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1590:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Modern Hebrew
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:Jewish poetry
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:Cain and Abel
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Gog and Magog
851:
849:
848:Promised Land
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
788:
785:
784:
780:
779:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Judeo-Marathi
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
603:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
536:Judeo-Aramaic
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
468:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
432:
428:
424:
423:
415:
413:
409:
403:
399:
397:
388:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
325:
321:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
282:
278:
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
251:Second Temple
247:
245:
240:
235:
231:
228:However, the
226:
224:
220:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:Prior to the
140:
130:
128:
127:modern Israel
124:
123:The Holocaust
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:, 3rd century
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2794:. Retrieved
2779:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2725:
2705:
2698:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2639:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2515:(2): 13–20.
2512:
2508:
2498:
2478:
2471:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2437:, retrieved
2423:
2413:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2366:
2346:. Retrieved
2342:
2318:. Retrieved
2316:. 2020-12-02
2313:
2291:, retrieved
2277:
2246:
2236:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:
2148:
2141:
2125:
2120:
2108:
2099:
2058:
2047:
2036:
1989:New Horizons
1981:
1956:Boris Schatz
1949:
1919:Moshe Castel
1884:
1871:Marc Chagall
1827:Jules Pascin
1823:Marc Chagall
1819:Montparnasse
1815:André Warnod
1808:
1760:
1743:
1734:
1718:
1660:Architecture
1458:Jewish dance
1431:
1347:Philosophers
1270:
1269:
1043:
1042:
888:Burning bush
828:Tree of Life
813:Adam and Eve
755:Judeo-Berber
641:
640:
602:Judeo-Arabic
600:
599:
553:Lishán Didán
548:Lishana Deni
534:
533:
465:
464:
404:
400:
393:
361:
332:
301:Barbo Missal
285:
255:
248:
234:Roman Empire
227:
216:
142:
120:
104:emancipation
101:
74:
49:
48:
2824:Israeli art
2684:(1): 7–38.
2343:The Forward
2240:. Prosveta.
2011:Israeli art
1960:Art Nouveau
1750:Abram Efros
1112:Baal Berith
913:Golden calf
908:Mount Sinai
893:Ten Plagues
770:Koiné Greek
688:Piedmontese
588:Palestinian
529:Palestinian
191:King Ahab's
171:and of the
58:Israeli art
2814:Jewish art
2808:Categories
2796:2024-03-29
2620:2024-03-28
2592:2024-03-28
2462:2024-03-28
2439:2024-03-28
2404:2024-03-28
2348:2024-03-28
2320:2024-03-28
2293:2024-03-28
2220:2024-03-28
2182:2024-03-28
2017:References
1895:French art
1526:Scientists
1352:Maimonides
1331:Philosophy
1289:Al-Andalus
1209:Literature
1122:Bar Juchne
923:Tabernacle
903:The Exodus
873:Noah's Ark
838:Patriarchs
730:Golpaygani
524:Babylonian
408:Düsseldorf
348:King David
305:Regensburg
293:Maimonides
199:Phoenician
187:Molten Sea
161:figurative
155:, and the
153:Tabernacle
102:Until the
77:Israelites
50:Jewish art
18:Jewish Art
2690:1565-1495
2662:. Israel.
2521:0014-3006
1977:Jerusalem
1881:In Israel
1867:Holocaust
1650:Symbolism
1624:Ashkenazi
1511:Astronomy
1400:Sephardic
1390:Religious
1314:Holocaust
1240:Judeo-Tat
1067:Leviathan
787:Mythology
725:Zarphatic
678:Catalanic
519:Samaritan
479:Ashkenazi
456:Languages
376:Catalonia
173:Solomonic
2529:41442238
2191:cite web
1995:See also
1973:Tel Aviv
1907:Tel Aviv
1865:and the
1655:Clothing
1614:Sephardi
1564:Baseball
1506:Medicine
1342:Haskalah
1294:Yemenite
1284:Piyyutim
1279:Biblical
1265:Rabbinic
1255:Yemenite
1230:American
1220:Biblical
1177:Rephaite
1137:Mazzikin
1062:Behemoth
993:Mordecai
765:Krymchak
740:Hamedani
700:Gruzinic
683:Italkian
636:Yemenite
631:Djerbian
593:Galilean
583:Talmudic
578:Biblical
563:Betanure
514:Biblical
509:Mishnaic
504:Medieval
499:Tiberian
494:Yemenite
484:Sephardi
427:a series
425:Part of
209:styles.
207:Egyptian
203:Assyrian
93:Talmudic
89:Mishnaic
35:Mordecai
2771:Sources
1859:Yiddish
1619:Mizrahi
1598:Cuisine
1495:Science
1415:Zemirot
1405:Klezmer
1395:Mizrahi
1385:Secular
1357:Strauss
1250:English
1245:Yiddish
1187:Yossele
1157:Armilus
1147:Se'irim
1142:Arariel
1092:Estries
1087:Bagdana
1028:Gabriel
1023:Michael
973:Solomon
943:Gehenna
843:Abraham
808:Genesis
745:Shuadit
735:Shirazi
715:Bukhori
695:Knaanic
673:Yevanic
666:Tetuani
661:Haketia
651:Yiddish
609:Yahudic
558:Barzani
543:Hulaulá
489:Mizrahi
342:in the
340:menorah
239:menorah
217:In the
195:Samaria
167:of the
165:cherubs
79:in the
66:history
2787:
2740:
2713:
2688:
2646:
2551:
2527:
2519:
2486:
2430:
2374:
2284:
2254:
2132:
2100:Hebrew
1925:Israel
1887:Israel
1841:, and
1463:Humour
1410:Niggun
1235:Ladino
1225:Hebrew
1182:Pardes
1172:Alukah
1167:Elioud
1132:Naamah
1102:Samael
1097:Belial
1077:Tannin
1072:Shedim
1052:Dybbuk
1033:Dobiel
1018:Azrael
983:Esther
978:Samson
958:Gideon
953:Daniel
938:Moloch
933:Yahweh
858:Nimrod
818:Lilith
720:Juhuri
710:Dzhidi
705:Karaim
656:Ladino
642:Other
573:Targum
474:Modern
467:Hebrew
412:Vienna
336:Hebrew
309:Prague
180:bronze
157:Temple
149:Jewish
68:, and
39:Esther
2525:JSTOR
1915:Safed
1911:Safed
1543:Sport
1374:Music
1260:Musar
1162:Broxa
1152:Dumah
1117:Lilin
1107:Re'em
1082:Rahab
1057:Golem
1003:Satan
988:Haman
883:Moses
350:from
289:Rashi
262:etrog
258:lulav
2785:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2686:ISSN
2644:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2517:ISSN
2484:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2197:link
2150:1955
2130:ISBN
1933:and
1909:and
1809:The
1765:and
1719:The
1299:Epic
1038:Ouza
1013:Ruth
1008:Ezra
963:Saul
798:Baal
410:and
307:and
291:and
183:oxen
91:and
37:and
2829:Art
1885:In
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1432:Art
1127:Ziz
998:Job
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