4226:, though the number of true Hebrew and/or Aramaic loanwords may be low. Another possibility is that Jews may speak the same language as their non-Jewish neighbors, but occasionally insert Hebrew-Aramaic or other Jewish elements. This is a transitory state in the shift from the use of Jewish to a non-Jewish language, often made in the context of assimilation. This occurred, for example, with many educated German Jews who transitioned from Western Yiddish to German. This variety of German, used between 1760 and the end of the 19th century (the
7793:
2398:
3995:
4304:
7807:
4607:
4280:
4624:
forms or branching off as independent languages. The usual course of development for these languages was through the addition of Hebrew words and phrases used to express uniquely Jewish concepts and concerns. Often they were written in Hebrew letters, including the block letters used in Hebrew today
4106:
Some Jewish languages show the effects of the history of language shift among the speakers, including Hebrew-Aramaic influence. Yiddish exemplifies such a language. Some Jewish languages may become marked as distinctively Jewish because some shift affected some parts of the language as a whole. For
4115:
that was up until recently spoken by
Baghdad's Jews) was originally the Arabic dialect of Baghdad itself and was used by all religious groups in Baghdad, but the Muslim residents of Baghdad later adopted Bedouin dialects of Arabic. Similarly, a dialect may be perceived as Jewish because its Jewish
3864:
Jewish communities were dispersed around the world in the diaspora which followed the Jewish-Roman wars. Some adopted the languages of their neighbors, but many developed new varieties of these languages, collectively termed "Jewish languages". Various reasons led to the development of distinctive
5168:
Es interesante el hecho que en
Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego. Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto
3909:
lexical components, stemming from the shared use of these languages in writing and liturgy. Many Jewish languages also display phonological, morphological, and syntactic features distinct from their non-Jewish counterparts. Most written Jewish languages are
4643:
Also, some
Yiddish-speakers have adopted the use of the Latin alphabet, in place of the Hebrew alphabet. This is predominantly to enable communications over the internet, without the need for special Hebrew keyboards.
3977:
pandemic, learning
Yiddish has begun to see a significant increase in popularity and interest, with studies revealing a surge in registration to online Yiddish language learning resources such as
3856:
communities as the medium of writing and liturgy, forming a vast corpus of literature which includes rabbinic, medieval, and modern literature prior to the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language.
3897:. Jewish languages belong to a variety of genealogical language families, but these languages have common characteristics, making their study a distinct field of comparative linguistics known as
5032:
For
Yiddish loanwords in French, see P. Nahon, « Notes lexicologiques sur des interférences entre yidich et français moderne », Revue de linguistique romane 81, 2017, p. 139-155.
4491:, Israel's former public-service broadcaster, had long maintained short daily news and featured programming in many Jewish languages and dialects. For domestic audiences, it broadcast in
4116:
speakers brought the dialect of another region with them when they were displaced. In some cases, this may cause a dialect to be perceived as "Jewish" in some regions but not in others.
4507:
for both domestic and overseas shortwave audiences in relevant areas. In addition, for over two decades starting in the late 1970s, a daily 30-minute shortwave transmission was made to
4071:, shows a high degree of dissimilarity to modern German dialects. Due to continued liturgical and literary use of Hebrew and Aramaic, Jewish communities were naturally in a state of
3949:
In the early 20th century, secularism among Jews and large population shifts prompted the beginning of a shift from Jewish to non-Jewish languages. Even so, the majority of Jews in
7980:
3914:, meaning they use a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet. These languages, unless they already have an accepted name (i.e. Yiddish, Ladino), are prefixed with "Judeo" (e.g.
7995:
3775:
and dates to the 10th century BCE. The
Israelite tribes established a kingdom in Canaan at the beginning of the first millennium BCE, which later split into the
3865:
Jewish varieties of the languages of their non-Jewish host populations. Jews have often had limited exposure to non-Jewish society for various reasons, including imposed
1036:
8000:
7985:
4477:, and Russian—in that order. Yiddish, as well as several other Jewish languages, has contributed to the vocabulary of coterritorial non-Jewish languages, such as
4256:, has lexical differences from its non-Jewish counterpart that go beyond the influence of Hebrew and Aramaic. In formal contexts, Sephardic Jewish speakers of
1614:
1269:
964:
4075:. Along with their vernacular Jewish language, most Jews could read and write in Hebrew, which was necessary to fulfill the religious commandment to learn
3898:
1156:
5316:
5075:
4222:
In some cases, as with Judeo-Spanish, a register may be developed for
Biblical translation and exegesis in which Hebrew-Aramaic patterns are frequently
5323:
4473:
Yiddish was the language spoken by the largest number of Jews in the 1850s, but today the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews are
English,
2364:
128:
5128:
3873:, and as a result, Jewish languages diverged and developed separately from non-Jewish varieties in the territories they settled in. Due to frequent
7297:
1151:
7687:
1399:
5193:
7845:
6370:
3422:
1653:
4570:
script. It may not be sufficiently different from
Marathi as to constitute a distinct language, although it is characterized by a number of
5260:
7647:
3535:
638:
601:
6165:
5364:
3480:
3848:
in 132–135 CE led to a large departure of the Jewish population of Judea. Biblical Hebrew after the Second Temple period evolved into
1577:
6194:
4768:
3661:
3525:
1600:
7693:
5159:
4620:
For centuries Jews worldwide spoke the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive
950:
6793:
6247:
5539:
2357:
1527:
1462:
1344:
3790:
in 722 BCE, and the kingdom of Judah was conquered by the
Babylonians in 586 BCE, its higher classes exiled and the
6788:
5514:
648:
1086:
6697:
3852:, which ceased being spoken and developed into a literary language around 200 CE. Hebrew remained in widespread use among
6808:
6803:
6227:
5529:
5524:
1354:
1171:
1161:
401:
5004:
7620:
6497:
4152:
1750:
1700:
1665:
1359:
1224:
1091:
4051:
of Jewish communities in the diaspora in their contact with surrounding non-Jewish languages. Languages vary in their
7838:
6648:
6502:
6075:
5303:
5285:
5237:
5218:
4813:
4805:
4034:
4012:
2598:
2350:
1442:
1404:
1379:
1299:
1284:
1131:
1071:
1026:
5102:
6557:
6465:
1735:
1717:
1623:
1517:
1369:
1364:
1289:
1254:
1121:
7990:
7722:
6916:
5929:
5589:
4861:
4500:
3204:
2253:
2152:
1707:
1690:
1643:
1542:
1452:
1389:
1339:
1319:
1314:
1234:
1208:
1183:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1021:
1016:
17:
7963:
4898:
4079:
and teach it. Jews were expected to also have knowledge of Judeo-Aramaic, the language of religious commentary (
8020:
6598:
6158:
5357:
4148:
4016:
1726:
1712:
1680:
1660:
1628:
1572:
1547:
1522:
1502:
1492:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1409:
1324:
1309:
1229:
1188:
1141:
1136:
1056:
1001:
5337:
4095:
shared by all Jewish languages. Some Jewish languages have multiple registers; for example, both Yiddish and
8005:
7699:
7020:
6114:
4478:
4463:
4459:
3568:
3475:
3427:
3253:
3243:
2147:
1685:
1670:
1633:
1595:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1532:
1512:
1497:
1482:
1457:
1423:
1394:
1294:
1279:
1203:
1193:
1111:
1081:
1006:
992:
4525:'s international public broadcaster, provides programming in Judeo-Spanish, which they refer to as Sefardi.
3877:
and migrations, single Jewish communities were often influenced by multiple distinct regional languages via
7831:
7762:
7630:
7625:
6813:
6798:
6562:
6517:
6262:
5944:
5534:
5519:
4052:
3654:
3513:
1755:
1675:
1638:
1562:
1507:
1374:
1349:
1274:
1249:
1239:
1178:
1101:
1096:
1076:
1066:
1046:
1031:
924:
628:
392:
387:
7727:
7712:
6593:
6453:
6108:
5629:
4100:
4088:
3776:
3726:
3573:
3301:
2517:
1745:
1740:
1695:
1648:
1334:
1304:
1264:
1259:
1116:
422:
3209:
7952:
7681:
7575:
7226:
7120:
6828:
6761:
6322:
6212:
5594:
5499:
4092:
3184:
2580:
2542:
2512:
2219:
2064:
1772:
1166:
362:
352:
88:
3449:
8056:
7884:
7797:
7737:
7635:
7615:
7485:
7410:
7270:
7137:
6823:
6783:
6151:
5493:
5488:
5350:
4899:"A yidishe kreol-shprakh in di Karibishe indzlen [A Jewish creole language in the Caribbean]"
3745:
3609:
3563:
2684:
2537:
2527:
2333:
2026:
1877:
1818:
709:
4838:
8015:
7894:
7717:
7548:
6847:
6722:
5807:
5775:
5189:
4959:
4825:
3869:(whether self-imposed separation or the forced creation of the ghetto by the host city) and strict
2907:
2483:
2036:
2016:
1126:
606:
147:
5567:
7670:
7659:
7253:
7174:
6879:
6778:
6717:
6603:
6576:
5921:
5822:
5670:
5475:
5053:
4559:
4447:
4005:
3714:
3647:
3634:
3432:
2782:
2490:
2478:
2177:
2167:
2132:
2011:
2001:
1784:
955:
897:
731:
410:
367:
82:
5248:
4636:, since the 1920s is usually written in Turkey in the Latin alphabet with a spelling similar to
7706:
7676:
6739:
4340:
4216:
4128:
3614:
3508:
3344:
3248:
3141:
2967:
2694:
2556:
2296:
2031:
1945:
1011:
563:
182:
152:
4926:
8025:
8010:
7732:
7653:
7435:
7142:
7025:
6766:
6756:
6749:
6734:
6620:
6118:
6104:
5651:
5604:
5584:
5577:
5562:
5557:
5549:
5381:
5312:
4791:
4496:
4439:
4435:
4320:
4108:
4048:
2952:
2585:
2575:
2568:
2187:
2182:
2127:
1915:
830:
558:
545:
440:
157:
3258:
3226:
7767:
7757:
7260:
6232:
6065:
6016:
5848:
3795:
3752:(1200–540 BCE). Hebrew as a separate language developed during the latter half of the
3702:
3339:
3268:
3263:
3194:
2862:
2852:
2258:
2210:
1950:
1808:
621:
486:
475:
433:
3189:
8:
7854:
7415:
7383:
7309:
7218:
7164:
6771:
6571:
6305:
6270:
6055:
5609:
5599:
4591:
4512:
4265:
4188:
4112:
4056:
3825:
3821:
3787:
3219:
3174:
2977:
2902:
2590:
2311:
2006:
684:
551:
454:
447:
377:
265:
140:
2497:
7889:
7747:
7742:
7553:
7275:
7152:
7147:
7132:
7102:
7055:
6978:
6884:
6744:
6317:
6222:
6189:
5990:
5982:
5910:
5842:
5717:
5679:
5645:
5572:
4986:
4492:
4168:
3886:
3874:
3829:
3799:
3470:
3397:
3199:
3146:
2882:
2822:
2792:
2724:
2679:
2642:
2632:
2563:
2162:
2112:
2059:
2054:
1968:
1838:
1106:
935:
694:
614:
468:
34:
7030:
6906:
5882:
5156:
4610:
A page from a Haggada shel Pesah in Judeo-Marathi which was printed in Mumbai in 1890.
4412:
7947:
7942:
7531:
7462:
7344:
7329:
7112:
6983:
6948:
6237:
6085:
6071:
6037:
5896:
5299:
5281:
5233:
5214:
4990:
4809:
4801:
4443:
4384:
4380:
4241:
4235:
4120:
4068:
3845:
3806:. Later the Persians made Judah a province and permitted Jewish exiles to return and
3761:
3753:
3578:
3407:
3285:
3179:
3163:
3041:
2922:
2719:
2507:
2306:
2248:
2228:
2045:
1605:
1244:
704:
575:
505:
382:
295:
162:
4927:"Diglossia among French Sephardim as a motivation for the genesis of 'Judeo-Gascon'"
7922:
7597:
7565:
7526:
7497:
7480:
7430:
7231:
7040:
6973:
6926:
6874:
6842:
6833:
6818:
6692:
6667:
6527:
6458:
6375:
6242:
6045:
6002:
5997:
5986:
5965:
5954:
5903:
5727:
5692:
5655:
5506:
5483:
5436:
5008:
4978:
4941:
4637:
4551:
4543:
4420:
4408:
4308:
4273:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4144:
3962:
3894:
3878:
3840:
their governor. One Jewish revolt against the Romans led to the destruction of the
3780:
3604:
3518:
3465:
3214:
3031:
2872:
2741:
2649:
2547:
2532:
2473:
2433:
2276:
2157:
2117:
1779:
1329:
840:
596:
500:
415:
305:
97:
5076:"Station Identification: A Cultural History of Yiddish Radio in the United States"
7932:
7927:
7917:
7868:
7507:
7502:
7314:
7241:
7074:
7045:
6968:
6958:
6921:
6896:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6687:
6682:
6672:
6657:
6448:
6365:
6332:
6290:
6280:
6061:
6051:
6041:
5828:
5746:
5707:
5461:
5456:
5441:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5390:
5163:
4795:
4615:
4587:
4575:
4482:
4451:
4431:
4316:
4292:
4288:
4261:
4253:
4231:
4192:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4132:
3935:
3902:
3853:
3849:
3837:
3772:
3734:
3710:
3690:
3530:
3460:
3402:
3354:
3233:
3136:
2999:
2787:
2714:
2659:
2654:
2522:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2421:
2238:
2197:
2192:
2172:
2094:
2088:
2021:
1973:
1813:
1794:
945:
674:
586:
569:
113:
7937:
7811:
7786:
7607:
7514:
7472:
7452:
7440:
7420:
7334:
7324:
7292:
7285:
7265:
7236:
7208:
7203:
7169:
7079:
7003:
6993:
6931:
6729:
6677:
6588:
6583:
6345:
6340:
6275:
6204:
6134:
5865:
5855:
5816:
5751:
5451:
5446:
4518:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4336:
4208:
4140:
4136:
4096:
3954:
3742:
3629:
3552:
3086:
2817:
2777:
2620:
2610:
2443:
2389:
2381:
2338:
2137:
1992:
1872:
1851:
1828:
1823:
1801:
1789:
1384:
865:
799:
764:
742:
679:
517:
495:
357:
336:
312:
78:
60:
4982:
4945:
8050:
7580:
7425:
7352:
7159:
7093:
7066:
7015:
6963:
6936:
6911:
6901:
6662:
6608:
6542:
6522:
6512:
6507:
6480:
6426:
6355:
6300:
6096:
6012:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5835:
5765:
5738:
5640:
5635:
5420:
5249:"Oldest Hebrew Inscription Discovered in Israelite Fort on Philistine Border"
5012:
4539:
4529:
4474:
4455:
4388:
4376:
4331:
Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are
4091:
in these communities, used for liturgy and study. Hebrew-Aramaic is the only
4060:
3958:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3906:
3866:
3841:
3807:
3349:
3106:
3036:
2832:
2827:
2807:
2802:
2704:
2689:
2428:
2286:
2281:
1487:
1414:
940:
789:
784:
779:
769:
747:
699:
461:
300:
205:
167:
118:
4238:'s translation of the Hebrew Bible into German written with Hebrew letters.
3969:
brought about a significant drop in the use of Jewish languages, especially
7560:
7357:
7319:
7280:
6869:
6613:
6552:
6532:
6492:
6475:
6443:
6431:
6392:
6310:
6285:
5889:
4626:
4416:
4360:
4296:
3919:
3791:
3757:
3417:
3412:
3328:
2842:
2767:
2709:
2502:
2316:
2142:
1983:
1978:
1936:
1889:
983:
850:
835:
794:
759:
372:
214:
4234:, and contained a small number of Hebrew and Yiddish loans. An example is
3737:
was not highly differentiated from the other Northwest Semitic languages (
7570:
7085:
7010:
6988:
6891:
6485:
6414:
6409:
6397:
6387:
6081:
5875:
5757:
4640:, and has been occasionally printed in the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets.
4583:
4555:
4533:
4488:
4424:
3890:
3803:
3311:
3066:
2867:
2847:
2301:
2243:
1908:
814:
809:
804:
774:
5276:
Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.),
4885:
7664:
7371:
6953:
6547:
6295:
6217:
6008:
5041:
4567:
4495:
on its Arabic network, while also producing in Yiddish, Judeo-Spanish,
4257:
4019: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3794:
destroyed. Aramaic became the primary language of the Jews deported to
3730:
3706:
3386:
3306:
3101:
3076:
2877:
2857:
2757:
1959:
973:
902:
860:
689:
669:
228:
135:
55:
7823:
5129:"Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage"
4269:
3771:
The earliest distinctively Hebrew writing yet discovered was found at
2397:
7585:
7050:
6941:
6852:
6470:
6404:
5934:
5783:
5732:
5712:
4504:
4400:
4245:
4072:
3966:
3943:
3901:. The common feature between the Jewish languages is the presence of
3833:
3021:
2762:
2674:
2122:
2107:
1197:
1145:
907:
855:
845:
526:
522:
512:
427:
187:
6421:
3994:
875:
7304:
7246:
7191:
7186:
6857:
6143:
5788:
5342:
4903:
4633:
4571:
4404:
4303:
4249:
4124:
3978:
3974:
3870:
3749:
3738:
3678:
3296:
3131:
3091:
3061:
3016:
2947:
2637:
2291:
1901:
1833:
664:
172:
123:
5625:
5009:
Beth Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora
4960:"Modern Judeo-Provençal as Known from Its Sole Textual Testimony:
4862:"The pandemic and apps are fueling a surge of interest in Yiddish"
4606:
7957:
7912:
7519:
7403:
7398:
7388:
7376:
7196:
7181:
7125:
7060:
7035:
6998:
6862:
6537:
6436:
6360:
6252:
6178:
5860:
5793:
5722:
5688:
4621:
4579:
4344:
4332:
4312:
4227:
4200:
4156:
4084:
4064:
3970:
3950:
3939:
3882:
3818:, though Hebrew remained in use in Judah with Aramaic influence.
3815:
3811:
3698:
3682:
3369:
3359:
3111:
3096:
3046:
2982:
2927:
2897:
2797:
2699:
2669:
2627:
2615:
2605:
2267:
2233:
2102:
1896:
885:
880:
752:
643:
538:
534:
530:
279:
274:
251:
233:
108:
103:
93:
71:
46:
4566:. Judeo-Marathi, like other Marathi dialects, is written in the
4047:
Jewish languages are generally defined as the unique linguistic
3810:. Aramaic became the common language in the north of Israel, in
3798:, with the first attestations of Jewish/Judean Aramaic found in
7590:
7457:
7393:
4632:
Conversely, Judeo-Spanish, formerly written in Rashi script or
4467:
4399:), was the Jewish language spoken by the Jewish communities in
4284:
4223:
3859:
3765:
3694:
3364:
3238:
3126:
3121:
3056:
3051:
3026:
3006:
2987:
2972:
2937:
2932:
2912:
2892:
2887:
2812:
2772:
2664:
1927:
1922:
1882:
1867:
978:
870:
290:
256:
242:
177:
4886:
A Short History of the Hebrew Language: Hebrew in the Diaspora
7541:
7536:
7490:
7445:
7366:
7361:
6625:
6380:
6350:
5697:
4563:
4522:
4508:
4076:
3497:
3116:
3071:
3011:
2957:
2942:
2837:
890:
319:
223:
192:
7640:
6174:
4595:
2992:
2962:
2917:
2752:
42:
4279:
4143:, also known as Ladino, linguistically it is a dialect of
3748:), though noticeable differentiation did occur during the
4797:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
3824:
conquered Judah in 332 BCE, beginning the period of
3686:
3081:
4454:
have largely fallen out of use due to the impact of the
4087:. Hebrew, the "Holy Tongue", was the highest linguistic
3836:, but later the Romans ended their independence, making
3717:
with the languages of the local non-Jewish population.
27:
Languages and dialects developed in the Jewish diaspora
4430:
Many ancient and distinct Jewish languages, including
5190:"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered"
5175:. Institut za knjifevnost, Svjeálost, Sarajevo, 1992.
4055:
from their non-Jewish sister languages. For example,
3729:(ENWS) materials are attested through the end of the
4153:
each Spanish dialect having loanwords and influences
1906:
1887:
310:
5324:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
5293:
4671:
4659:
4536:, there are some local radio programs in Yiddish.
4103:: colloquial, written, and scholarly-liturgical.
4059:is quite similar to some non-Jewish varieties of
8048:
5227:
5157:Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí
4779:
4743:
4683:
3942:, a dialect of Tajik, and Mountain Jews spoke
7839:
6159:
5358:
5171:. The Nezirović reference is: Nezirović, M.,
4689:
4375:, is the Judeo-Spanish language developed by
3965:, still spoke Jewish languages. However, the
3733:—2350 to 1200 BCE. At this early state,
3655:
2358:
4896:
3860:Development of Jewish varieties of languages
3783:in the south after a dispute of succession.
7648:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4964:(Critical Edition and Linguistic Analysis)"
3786:The kingdom of Israel was destroyed by the
602:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
7846:
7832:
6166:
6152:
5365:
5351:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4347:is the Judeo-German language developed by
4119:Some Jewish language varieties may not be
3802:from the 5th century BCE on the island of
3697:, supplanted as the primary vernacular by
3662:
3648:
2365:
2351:
5296:An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax
5208:
4083:) as well as many prayers, including the
4035:Learn how and when to remove this message
6195:Index of Jewish history-related articles
5166:, Katja Smid, Ljubljana, pages 113–124:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4605:
4302:
4278:
7853:
7694:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
6331:
5294:Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, M. (1990).
5275:
5187:
4749:
4726:
4695:
4252:and likely the only one that is also a
14:
8049:
5246:
5126:
4836:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4706:
4199:in "Ladino Occidental" (also known as
7827:
6147:
5346:
5298:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
4957:
4924:
4879:
4859:
4711:
4470:in its early days and other factors.
4260:tend to use extensive borrowing from
6173:
5372:
5209:Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (2016).
5127:Walker, Shaun (September 27, 2024).
5101:GUR, HAVIV RETTIG (April 17, 2007).
4665:
4562:that developed a unique identity in
4131:with their parent language, as with
4017:adding citations to reliable sources
3988:
5100:
4732:
4653:
4147:, mutually intelligible with other
3832:Judea became independent under the
24:
7641:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
7621:American Jewish Historical Society
4860:Smith, Noah (September 30, 2022).
4837:Miller, Tori (November 18, 2019).
4700:
4582:as a result of influence from the
3720:
3693:. The original Jewish language is
25:
8068:
5338:Jewish Languages Official website
5331:
4677:
4594:and also some influence from the
4423:as it was historically spoken by
4155:from different source languages:
3984:
393:Historical population comparisons
7805:
7792:
7791:
5230:A History of the Hebrew Language
5196:from the original on 7 June 2011
5173:Jevrejsko-Spanjolska knjitévnost
5103:"Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan"
4826:YIDDISH: History and Development
4107:example, what is today known as
3993:
2396:
1037:Democratic Republic of the Congo
951:Historical population by country
5280:, Routledge, pp. 145–173,
5263:from the original on 2019-06-02
5181:
5146:
5120:
5094:
5068:
5046:
5035:
5026:
4997:
4951:
4918:
4890:
4853:
4830:
4819:
4785:
4466:, the assimilation policies of
4276:loanwords in similar contexts.
4004:needs additional citations for
3423:List of Jews in the visual arts
7713:Relations with other religions
5232:. Cambridge University Press.
5228:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993).
4773:
4149:Spanish dialects and varieties
3973:. Later, especially since the
3844:in 70 CE, and the second
3536:Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur
13:
1:
7700:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
6115:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
4647:
4464:Jewish exodus from Arab lands
4419:were two Jewish varieties of
4163:loanwords and influences for
3705:. Jewish languages feature a
3428:List of Jewish film directors
608:Christianity and Judaism
7631:Leo Baeck Institute New York
7626:American Sephardi Federation
5211:Handbook of Jewish Languages
4769:Handbook of Jewish Languages
4601:
4383:before the expulsion by the
3938:, etc). Bukharan Jews spoke
7:
6454:Constantinopolitan Karaites
5253:Biblical Archaeology Review
4971:Journal of Jewish Languages
4934:Journal of Jewish Languages
4672:Waltke & O'Connor (1990
4660:Waltke & O'Connor (1990
4586:community, as well as from
1907:
1888:
1615:Latin America and Caribbean
311:
10:
8073:
7682:National Library of Israel
6323:Zionism, race and genetics
5500:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
4897:Shabashewitz, Dor (2023).
4613:
4295:, and transliterated into
3754:second millennium BCE
3526:Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
2220:Jewish political movements
1917:Conversion to Judaism
8034:
7973:
7905:
7877:
7861:
7780:
7636:Yeshiva University Museum
7616:Center for Jewish History
7606:
7471:
7343:
7217:
7111:
6642:
6261:
6203:
6185:
6128:
6095:
6030:
5975:
5945:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
5920:
5806:
5774:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5618:
5548:
5474:
5429:
5398:
5389:
5380:
4983:10.1163/22134638-bja10014
4946:10.1163/22134638-12340080
4547:
4326:
4244:, the only living Jewish
3957:, and many immigrants in
2599:Jewish diaspora languages
623:Hinduism and Judaism
6228:Ancient Israel and Judah
5247:Shanks, Hershel (2010).
5188:Feldman, Rachel (2010).
5054:"American Yiddish Radio"
4519:Radio Exterior de España
4287:, showing directions in
4230:), was written with the
449:Temple in Jerusalem
142:Bar and bat mitzvah
6604:North African Sephardim
6577:Jewish tribes of Arabia
6076:Portuguese-based Creole
5318:Jewish Language Contact
4053:distance and divergence
3828:domination. During the
3635:Category:Jewish culture
3433:Jews in American cinema
411:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7707:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7677:Jewish Virtual Library
5042:REE programs in Ladino
4800:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4611:
4323:
4300:
4219:in "Ladino Oriental".
4129:mutual intelligibility
3509:List of Jews in sports
7654:Encyclopaedia Judaica
7436:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
6621:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
6371:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
6119:village sign language
6105:Israeli Sign Language
5278:The Semitic Languages
4958:Nahon, Peter (2021),
4925:Nahon, Peter (2017),
4841:. University of Texas
4839:"Yiddish on the Rise"
4609:
4497:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
4321:Kiryas Joel, New York
4315:in the predominantly
4306:
4282:
4268:, whereas non-Jewish
4109:Baghdad Jewish Arabic
3779:in the north and the
1157:São Tomé and Príncipe
1152:Republic of the Congo
546:Second Temple Judaism
417:Kingdom of Judah
388:Modern historiography
6233:Second Temple period
5955:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
5595:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
4962:Harcanot et Barcanot
4780:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
4744:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
4684:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
4343:group of languages.
4101:linguistic registers
4013:improve this article
3514:Association football
2853:Crossing the Red Sea
2259:World Agudath Israel
1400:United Arab Emirates
487:Second Temple period
477:Babylonian captivity
7855:Languages of Israel
7671:Jewish Encyclopedia
7416:Hekhalot literature
7227:Religious movements
6762:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5313:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
5080:Jewish Book Council
4792:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
4560:Jewish ethnic group
4534:Birobidzhan, Russia
4513:Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
4189:Argentinian Spanish
4111:(because it is the
4057:Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
3822:Alexander the Great
3764:, an area known as
3689:communities in the
2903:Gathering of Israel
2581:Judeo-Tripolitanian
552:Hellenistic Judaism
130:Land of Israel
89:Principles of faith
7812:Judaism portal
7748:Jews and Halloween
7743:Jews and Christmas
7133:Rabbinic authority
6885:Judaeo-Piedmontese
6318:Xueta Christianity
6223:Origins of Judaism
6190:Outline of Judaism
5983:Jewish Koine Greek
5843:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5590:Judaeo-Palestinian
5430:Reading traditions
5162:2008-04-07 at the
5107:The Jerusalem Post
5005:"Jewish Languages"
4612:
4493:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
4324:
4301:
3899:Jewish linguistics
3889:, has elements of
3887:Middle High German
3830:Hellenistic period
3808:rebuild the Temple
3685:that developed in
3471:Biblical cosmology
3398:Ancient Jewish art
3147:Valley of the ants
2883:Conquest of Canaan
2823:Sodom and Gomorrah
2113:Jewish Koine Greek
1655:Dominican Republic
936:Judaism by country
615:Jews and Christmas
470:Assyrian captivity
8044:
8043:
7821:
7820:
7787:extinct languages
7688:YIVO Encyclopedia
7463:Hebrew literature
7431:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
7271:Reconstructionist
6949:Judaeo-Portuguese
6638:
6637:
6594:Eastern Sephardim
6238:Synagogal Judaism
6141:
6140:
6135:extinct languages
6072:Judaeo-Papiamento
6026:
6025:
5966:Judaeo-Golpaygani
5897:Judaeo-Portuguese
5802:
5801:
5665:
5664:
5470:
5469:
5213:. Leiden: Brill.
5082:. August 25, 2011
4385:Catholic Monarchs
4381:Iberian Peninsula
4379:who lived in the
4236:Moses Mendelssohn
4139:. In the case of
4069:Germanic language
4045:
4044:
4037:
3885:, while based on
3846:Bar-Kochba revolt
3777:Kingdom of Israel
3762:Mediterranean Sea
3727:Northwest Semitic
3672:
3671:
3564:Ancient Israelite
3408:Judeo-Tat theatre
2923:David and Goliath
2375:
2374:
2324:
2323:
2072:
2071:
1819:Reconstructionist
1763:
1762:
915:
914:
722:
721:
559:Jewish–Roman wars
507:Hasmonean dynasty
423:Kingdom of Israel
327:
326:
16:(Redirected from
8064:
8057:Jewish languages
8038:Jewish languages
8021:Levantine Arabic
7848:
7841:
7834:
7825:
7824:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7795:
7794:
6927:Judeo-Golpaygani
6528:Palestinian Jews
6503:Alexandrian Jews
6459:Crimean Karaites
6376:Unterlander Jews
6329:
6328:
6243:Rabbinic Judaism
6168:
6161:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6052:Judaeo-Malayalam
5904:Judaeo-Aragonese
5883:Judaeo-Provençal
5829:Judaeo-Livornese
5685:
5684:
5676:
5675:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5386:
5374:Jewish languages
5367:
5360:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5309:
5290:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5243:
5224:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5176:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5050:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5011:. Archived from
5001:
4995:
4993:
4968:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4931:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4894:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4834:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4766:
4747:
4741:
4730:
4724:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4549:
4421:Occitan language
4409:Balearic Islands
4242:Judeo-Papiamento
4205:Levantine Arabic
4177:Peruvian Spanish
4040:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4020:
3997:
3989:
3879:language contact
3781:Kingdom of Judah
3703:Babylonian exile
3677:are the various
3675:Jewish languages
3664:
3657:
3650:
2873:Ten Commandments
2400:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2216:
2215:
2097:
1918:
1912:
1893:
1857:
1856:
1804:
1751:New Zealand
1703:
1666:El Salvador
1656:
1588:Northern America
1580:
1174:
930:
929:
841:Crimean Karaites
737:
736:
715:
713:
634:
632:
624:
618:
609:
597:Rabbinic Judaism
578:
572:
566:
554:
542:
508:
501:Maccabean Revolt
478:
471:
465:
457:
450:
444:
436:
418:
342:
341:
316:
211:
210:
143:
131:
30:
29:
21:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8030:
7969:
7901:
7873:
7857:
7852:
7822:
7817:
7806:
7804:
7776:
7602:
7467:
7339:
7213:
7107:
6922:Judeo-Borujerdi
6897:Judeo-Malayalam
6843:Judeo-Aragonese
6814:Lishanid Noshan
6646:
6634:
6366:Oberlander Jews
6327:
6257:
6199:
6181:
6172:
6142:
6137:
6124:
6091:
6062:Judaeo-Georgian
6022:
5971:
5916:
5798:
5770:
5752:Judaeo-Alsatian
5661:
5614:
5605:Judaeo-Tunisian
5585:Judaeo-Moroccan
5578:Judaeo-Baghdadi
5563:Judaeo-Egyptian
5558:Judaeo-Algerian
5544:
5535:Lishanid Noshan
5466:
5425:
5376:
5371:
5334:
5306:
5288:
5266:
5264:
5240:
5221:
5199:
5197:
5184:
5179:
5164:Wayback Machine
5153:Verba Hispanica
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5018:
5016:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4966:
4956:
4952:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4866:Washington Post
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4820:
4790:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4750:
4742:
4733:
4725:
4712:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4638:that of Turkish
4618:
4616:Hebrew alphabet
4604:
4588:Judeo-Malayalam
4550:) is a form of
4452:Judeo-Malayalam
4413:Judeo-Provençal
4373:Muestra Spanyol
4329:
4254:creole language
4248:endemic to the
4232:Hebrew alphabet
4193:Maghrebi Arabic
4165:Mexican Spanish
4133:Judeo-Malayalam
4041:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4010:
3998:
3987:
3936:Judeo-Malayalam
3881:. For example,
3862:
3850:Mishnaic Hebrew
3838:Herod the Great
3773:Khirbet Qeiyafa
3735:Biblical Hebrew
3723:
3721:Ancient history
3668:
3639:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3599:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3558:
3557:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3531:Maccabiah Games
3503:
3502:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3455:
3454:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3403:Yiddish theatre
3392:
3391:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3334:
3333:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3291:
3290:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3259:Medieval Hebrew
3169:
3168:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3000:Jewish folklore
2788:Forbidden Fruit
2747:
2746:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2715:Judeo-Malayalam
2523:Lishanid Noshan
2416:
2415:
2371:
2326:
2325:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2193:Judeo-Malayalam
2173:Judaeo-Georgian
2093:
2084:
2074:
2073:
1974:Yiddish theatre
1916:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1802:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1701:
1654:
1578:
1172:
956:Genetic studies
927:
917:
916:
734:
724:
723:
711:
710:
630:
629:
622:
612:
607:
589:and Middle Ages
587:Rabbinic period
574:
568:
561:
549:
520:
506:
476:
469:
460:
452:
448:
439:
434:in Judaism
431:
416:
339:
329:
328:
208:
198:
197:
141:
129:
74:
28:
23:
22:
18:Jewish language
15:
12:
11:
5:
8070:
8060:
8059:
8042:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7977:
7975:
7974:Sign languages
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7881:
7879:
7878:Special status
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7851:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7801:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7754:non-Christian
7752:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7691:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7650:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7612:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7578:
7573:
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7529:
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7510:
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7495:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7477:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7453:Shulchan Aruch
7450:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7441:Sefer Yetzirah
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7421:Pardes Rimonim
7418:
7411:Kabbalah texts
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7355:
7349:
7347:
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7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
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7300:
7295:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7223:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7204:Land of Israel
7201:
7200:
7199:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7117:
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7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7080:Judeo-Alsatian
7072:
7071:
7070:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6932:Judeo-Hamedani
6929:
6924:
6919:
6909:
6907:Judaeo-Occitan
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6848:Jewish English
6845:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6779:Judaeo-Aramaic
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6767:Judeo-Tunisian
6764:
6759:
6757:Judeo-Moroccan
6754:
6753:
6752:
6750:Judeo-Baghdadi
6737:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
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6675:
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6654:
6652:
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6633:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6601:
6599:Livornese Jews
6596:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6569:
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6560:
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6395:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6346:Afrikaner-Jode
6337:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
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6303:
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6097:Sign languages
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6013:Judaeo-Marathi
6006:
5994:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5962:
5960:Judaeo-Kashani
5957:
5952:
5950:Judaeo-Shirazi
5947:
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5940:Judaeo-Persian
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5922:Judaeo-Iranian
5918:
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5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
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5879:
5872:
5871:
5870:
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5856:Judaeo-Spanish
5853:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5839:
5836:Judaeo-Mantuan
5832:
5823:Judaeo-Italian
5820:
5817:Judaeo-Catalan
5812:
5810:
5808:Judaeo-Romance
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
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5786:
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5776:Jewish English
5772:
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5476:Judaeo-Aramaic
5472:
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5332:External links
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5056:. May 17, 2021
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4977:(2): 165–237,
4950:
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4614:Main article:
4603:
4600:
4554:spoken by the
4532:as well as in
4460:European Jewry
4432:Judeo-Georgian
4377:Sephardic Jews
4367:, also called
4357:Eastern Europe
4349:Ashkenazi Jews
4328:
4325:
4183:, Quechua and
4151:, albeit with
4113:Arabic variety
4043:
4042:
4025:September 2024
4001:
3999:
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3986:
3985:Classification
3983:
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3701:following the
3670:
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3630:Portal:Judaism
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2778:Garden of Eden
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2254:Territorialism
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965:Land of Israel
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823:Related groups
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79:God in Judaism
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26:
9:
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7738:Protestantism
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7658:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7426:Sefer HaBahir
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7353:Sifrei Kodesh
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7209:Who is a Jew?
7207:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7138:Chosen people
7136:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7101:
7095:
7094:Scots-Yiddish
7092:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7067:Klezmer-loshn
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6937:Judeo-Shirazi
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6912:Judeo-Persian
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:Judeo-Marathi
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6880:Judeo-Italian
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Judeo-Amazigh
6733:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:Hadhrami Jews
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6523:Mountain Jews
6521:
6519:
6518:Egyptian Jews
6516:
6514:
6513:Bukharan Jews
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Lists of Jews
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5890:Judaeo-Gascon
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5766:Scots-Yiddish
5764:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5739:Klezmer-loshn
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:Indo-European
5668:
5657:
5653:
5652:Judaeo-Berber
5650:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5610:Judaeo-Yemeni
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:Judaeo-Syrian
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5550:Judaeo-Arabic
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5305:0-931464-31-5
5301:
5297:
5292:
5289:
5287:0-415-05767-1
5283:
5279:
5274:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5239:0-521-55634-1
5235:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5220:9789004345775
5216:
5212:
5207:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5138:September 15,
5134:
5130:
5123:
5112:September 15,
5108:
5104:
5097:
5086:September 15,
5081:
5077:
5071:
5060:September 15,
5055:
5049:
5043:
5038:
5029:
5015:on 2008-07-25
5014:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4882:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4814:9781403938695
4811:
4807:
4806:9781403917232
4803:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:Steiner (1997
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4707:Shanks (2010)
4703:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4584:Cochin Jewish
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4540:Judeo-Marathi
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:United States
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4475:modern Hebrew
4471:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4448:Judeo-Italian
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4391:(also called
4390:
4389:Judeo-Catalan
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4365:Judeo-Spanish
4362:
4358:
4354:
4351:who lived in
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:Judeo-Spanish
4334:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4141:Judeo-Spanish
4138:
4137:Judeo-Spanish
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:Yemeni Arabic
4058:
4054:
4050:
4039:
4036:
4028:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4002:This section
4000:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3959:North America
3956:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:Judeo-Marathi
3929:
3928:Judeo-Aramaic
3925:
3924:Judeo-Persian
3921:
3917:
3916:Judeo-Italian
3913:
3908:
3907:Judeo-Aramaic
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:ghettoization
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:Second Temple
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3715:Judeo-Aramaic
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3595:Other aspects
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Modern Hebrew
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:Jewish poetry
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Cain and Abel
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Gog and Magog
2806:
2804:
2803:Promised Land
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Judeo-Marathi
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:Judeo-Aramaic
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Judeo-Aramaic
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Judeo-Italian
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Ghardaïa Sign
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:Denominations
1769:
1768:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:United States
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Guinea-Bissau
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
994:
991:
990:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:
966:
963:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Lists of Jews
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
920:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
822:
821:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
716:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:The Holocaust
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
656:
655:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
627:
625:
620:
616:
610:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
588:
585:
584:
577:
571:
565:
560:
557:
553:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
472:
467:
463:
459:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
435:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
344:
343:
338:
333:
332:
321:
318:
315:
314:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Mishneh Torah
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
207:
202:
201:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
139:
137:
134:
132:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
73:
68:
67:
62:
61:Who is a Jew?
59:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
8037:
7962:
7906:Non-official
7803:
7796:
7782:
7705:
7698:
7686:
7669:
7652:
7486:perspectives
7320:Samaritanism
7281:Neo-Hasidism
7261:Conservative
7175:Names of God
7084:
7065:
6875:Judaeo-Greek
6870:Judeo-Gascon
6809:Lishán Didán
6804:Lishana Deni
6772:Judeo-Yemeni
6740:Judeo-Arabic
6643:
6614:Meshuchrarim
6533:Persian Jews
6466:Kurdish Jews
6444:Kaifeng Jews
6393:Beta Abraham
6356:Galitzianers
6311:Antisemitism
6286:Israeli Jews
6271:Assimilation
6130:
6082:Judaeo-Malay
5996:
5964:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5876:Judaeo-Latin
5874:
5849:Judaeo-Roman
5841:
5834:
5827:
5815:
5756:
5737:
5696:
5639:
5630:Ethiosemitic
5573:Judaeo-Iraqi
5568:Judaeo-Fessi
5530:Lishán Didán
5525:Lishana Deni
5505:
5498:
5373:
5322:
5317:
5315:(ed.) 2014.
5295:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5256:
5252:
5229:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5182:Bibliography
5172:
5167:
5152:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5133:The Gaurdian
5132:
5122:
5110:. Retrieved
5106:
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5079:
5070:
5058:. Retrieved
5048:
5037:
5028:
5017:. Retrieved
5013:the original
4999:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4953:
4937:
4933:
4920:
4909:. Retrieved
4907:(in Yiddish)
4902:
4892:
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4865:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4832:
4821:
4796:
4787:
4775:
4702:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4642:
4631:
4627:Rashi script
4619:
4538:
4527:
4517:
4487:
4472:
4440:Judeo-Berber
4436:Judeo-Arabic
4429:
4417:Judeo-Gascon
4396:
4392:
4372:
4368:
4361:World War II
4341:Judeo-Arabic
4330:
4297:Latin script
4283:Signpost in
4240:
4221:
4217:South Slavic
4118:
4105:
4080:
4046:
4031:
4022:
4011:Please help
4006:verification
4003:
3948:
3920:Judeo-Arabic
3911:
3863:
3820:
3792:first Temple
3785:
3770:
3758:Jordan River
3756:between the
3724:
3674:
3673:
3615:Architecture
3413:Jewish dance
3302:Philosophers
3225:
3224:
2998:
2997:
2843:Burning bush
2783:Tree of Life
2768:Adam and Eve
2710:Judeo-Berber
2596:
2595:
2557:Judeo-Arabic
2555:
2554:
2508:Lishán Didán
2503:Lishana Deni
2489:
2488:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2317:Post-Zionism
2188:Judeo-Berber
2183:Judeo-Arabic
2143:Judeo-Gascon
2081:
1890:Pidyon haben
1809:Conservative
1355:Saudi Arabia
1173:South Africa
1162:Sierra Leone
984:Israeli Jews
898:Mosaic Arabs
851:Kaifeng Jews
712:Arab–Israeli
685:Emancipation
564:Great Revolt
373:Anti-Judaism
368:Antisemitism
363:Name "Judea"
158:Baal teshuva
7890:Palestinian
7728:Catholicism
7310:Hellenistic
7148:Eschatology
7086:Lachoudisch
7011:Lotegorisch
6989:Lachoudisch
6979:Koiné Greek
6892:Judeo-Latin
6829:Palestinian
6723:Palestinian
6572:Mustaʿravim
6498:Afghan Jews
6486:Berber Jews
6410:Bene Israel
6398:Falash Mura
6388:Beta Israel
6306:Persecution
6248:Middle Ages
6109:German Sign
6009:Judaeo-Urdu
5758:Lachoudisch
5382:Afroasiatic
5267:21 December
5259:(2): 51–6.
4556:Bene Israel
4548:जुदाव मराठी
4489:Kol Yisrael
4425:French Jews
4272:mostly use
4099:have three
3826:Hellenistic
3804:Elephantine
3067:Baal Berith
2868:Golden calf
2863:Mount Sinai
2848:Ten Plagues
2725:Koiné Greek
2643:Piedmontese
2543:Palestinian
2484:Palestinian
2312:Revisionist
2302:Neo-Zionism
1909:Zeved habat
1702:Puerto Rico
1528:Netherlands
1360:South Korea
1345:Philippines
1225:Afghanistan
1092:Ivory Coast
866:Crypto-Jews
831:Bnei Anusim
810:Bene Israel
775:Beta Israel
732:Communities
639:Middle Ages
378:Persecution
153:Bereavement
8036:See also:
8016:Kafr Qasem
7723:Anabaptism
7665:Jew (word)
7532:Leadership
7345:Literature
7330:Secularism
7276:Humanistic
7143:Conversion
7113:Philosophy
6954:Judeo-Urdu
6718:Babylonian
6563:Saada Jews
6548:Adeni Jews
6341:Ashkenazim
6296:Samaritans
6263:Population
6218:Israelites
6066:Kartvelian
6017:Indo-Aryan
5935:Judaeo-Tat
5019:2008-07-03
4911:2023-06-26
4782::166, 171)
4648:References
4598:language.
4592:Portuguese
4568:Devanagari
4407:, and the
4339:, and the
4270:Curaçaoans
4266:Portuguese
4258:Papiamento
4121:classified
3875:expulsions
3834:Hasmoneans
3731:Bronze Age
3707:syncretism
3481:Scientists
3307:Maimonides
3286:Philosophy
3244:Al-Andalus
3164:Literature
3077:Bar Juchne
2878:Tabernacle
2858:The Exodus
2828:Noah's Ark
2793:Patriarchs
2685:Golpaygani
2479:Babylonian
2297:Maximalism
2249:Secularism
2229:Autonomism
2046:Literature
1839:Humanistic
1443:Azerbaijan
1405:Uzbekistan
1380:Tajikistan
1300:Kyrgyzstan
1285:Kazakhstan
1132:Mozambique
1107:Madagascar
1027:Cape Verde
979:New Yishuv
974:Old Yishuv
925:Population
903:Subbotniks
861:Samaritans
800:Romanyotim
743:Ashkenazim
690:Old Yishuv
670:Sabbateans
657:Modern era
649:Golden Age
576:Bar Kokhba
296:Beit Yosef
163:Philosophy
8006:Ghardaian
8001:Ein Mahel
7991:Al-Sayyid
7986:Al-Atrash
7785:indicate
7733:Mormonism
7718:Christian
7598:Symbolism
7586:Synagogue
7566:Mythology
7527:Education
7498:Astronomy
7481:Astrology
7298:relations
7103:Zarphatic
7051:Galitzish
6853:Yeshivish
6730:Catalanic
6693:Samaritan
6668:Ashkenazi
6649:Diasporic
6644:Languages
6589:Sephardim
6584:Romaniote
6471:Krymchaks
6405:Desi Jews
6281:Buddhists
6133:indicate
6056:Dravidian
5911:Zarphatic
5784:Yeshivish
5733:Udmurtish
5728:Ukrainish
5713:Galitzish
5437:Ashkenazi
4991:243838176
4746::112–113)
4622:dialectal
4602:Alphabets
4572:loanwords
4505:Judeo-Tat
4501:Bukharian
4456:Holocaust
4401:Catalonia
4397:Qatalanit
4393:Catalanic
4307:Signs in
4246:ethnolect
4125:languages
4093:adstratum
4073:diglossia
4049:varieties
3967:Holocaust
3963:Palestine
3944:Judeo-Tat
3912:Hebraized
3854:diasporic
3796:Babylonia
3788:Assyrians
3746:Canaanite
3679:languages
3605:Symbolism
3579:Ashkenazi
3466:Astronomy
3355:Sephardic
3345:Religious
3269:Holocaust
3195:Judeo-Tat
3022:Leviathan
2742:Mythology
2680:Zarphatic
2633:Catalanic
2474:Samaritan
2434:Ashkenazi
2411:Languages
2307:Religious
2163:Zarphatic
2153:Bukharian
2123:Judeo-Tat
2108:Yeshivish
2082:Languages
2037:Sephardic
2027:Israelite
2017:Ethiopian
2007:Ashkenazi
1946:Religious
1736:Australia
1718:Venezuela
1624:Argentina
1606:Greenland
1518:Lithuania
1370:Sri Lanka
1365:Singapore
1290:Kurdistan
1255:Indonesia
1245:Hong Kong
1198:Abayudaya
1122:Mauritius
856:Igbo Jews
846:Krymchaks
765:Sephardim
633:relations
527:Sadducees
523:Pharisees
513:Sanhedrin
428:Jerusalem
188:Synagogue
56:Etymology
8051:Category
7948:Romanian
7862:Official
7798:Category
7768:Hinduism
7758:Buddhism
7660:Genetics
7576:Politics
7549:Marriage
7508:Holidays
7503:Calendar
7384:Rabbinic
7360:/Hebrew
7305:Haymanot
7232:Orthodox
7219:Branches
7192:Kabbalah
7187:Haskalah
7165:Holiness
7041:dialects
7021:Shassagh
6984:Krymchak
6964:Kayliñña
6858:Yinglish
6834:Galilean
6824:Talmudic
6819:Biblical
6794:Betanure
6713:Biblical
6708:Mishnaic
6703:Medieval
6688:Tiberian
6683:Yemenite
6673:Sephardi
6609:Paradesi
6553:Ḥabbanim
6543:Teimanim
6508:Baghdadi
6481:Maghrebi
6449:Karaites
6427:Gruzínim
6415:Kochinim
6333:Diaspora
6291:Karaites
6276:Atheists
6213:Timeline
6038:Krymchak
5991:Hellenic
5789:Yinglish
5693:dialects
5680:Germanic
5646:Cushitic
5540:Betanure
5507:Galilean
5494:Talmudic
5484:Biblical
5462:Tiberian
5457:Yemenite
5442:Sephardi
5416:Medieval
5411:Mishnaic
5406:Biblical
5261:Archived
5194:Archived
5169:cirilico
5160:Archived
4904:Forverts
4794:, 2003.
4634:Solitreo
4444:Krymchak
4405:Valencia
4319:area of
4250:Americas
4089:register
4081:targumim
4063:, while
3979:Duolingo
3975:COVID-19
3871:endogamy
3760:and the
3750:Iron Age
3739:Ugaritic
3691:diaspora
3683:dialects
3610:Clothing
3569:Sephardi
3519:Baseball
3461:Medicine
3297:Haskalah
3249:Yemenite
3239:Piyyutim
3234:Biblical
3220:Rabbinic
3210:Yemenite
3185:American
3175:Biblical
3132:Rephaite
3092:Mazzikin
3017:Behemoth
2948:Mordecai
2720:Krymchak
2695:Hamedani
2655:Gruzinic
2638:Italkian
2591:Yemenite
2586:Djerbian
2548:Galilean
2538:Talmudic
2533:Biblical
2518:Betanure
2469:Biblical
2464:Mishnaic
2459:Medieval
2454:Tiberian
2449:Yemenite
2439:Sephardi
2382:a series
2380:Part of
2334:Category
2292:Kahanism
2239:Feminism
2211:Politics
2095:Biblical
2065:American
2012:Bukharan
2002:American
1902:Shidduch
1878:Clothing
1834:Haymanot
1780:Orthodox
1708:Suriname
1691:Paraguay
1644:Colombia
1543:Portugal
1453:Bulgaria
1390:Thailand
1340:Pakistan
1320:Mongolia
1315:Malaysia
1235:Cambodia
1209:Zimbabwe
1184:Tanzania
1062:Eswatini
1052:Ethiopia
1042:Djibouti
1022:Cameroon
1017:Botswana
946:Diaspora
908:Noahides
881:Marranos
805:Cochinim
790:Bukharim
780:Gruzinim
770:Teimanim
760:Mizrahim
748:Galician
714:conflict
675:Hasidism
665:Haskalah
570:Diaspora
441:timeline
353:Timeline
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173:Kabbalah
148:Marriage
124:Tzedakah
114:Holidays
72:Religion
35:a series
33:Part of
8026:Russian
8011:Israeli
7996:El-Naim
7981:Abu Kaf
7958:Yiddish
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7923:English
7913:Amharic
7895:Bedouin
7783:Italics
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7554:Divorce
7520:Kashrut
7515:Cuisine
7473:Culture
7404:Midrash
7399:Tosefta
7389:Mishnah
7377:Ketuvim
7372:Nevi'im
7335:Schisms
7325:Science
7315:Karaite
7286:Renewal
7247:Litvaks
7242:Hasidic
7197:Sefirot
7182:Halakha
7153:Messiah
7126:Mitzvah
7121:Beliefs
7075:Western
7061:Poylish
7056:Litvish
7046:Eastern
7036:Yiddish
7031:Shuadit
7016:Qwareña
7004:Tetuani
6999:Haketia
6974:Knaanic
6969:Kivruli
6917:Bukhori
6863:Heblish
6799:Hulaulá
6789:Barzani
6745:Yahudic
6678:Mizrahi
6538:Urfalim
6493:Mizrahi
6437:Neofiti
6432:Italkim
6361:Lita'im
6253:Zionism
6205:History
6179:Judaism
6131:Italics
6086:Malayic
5998:Knaanic
5987:Yevanic
5930:Bukhori
5866:Tetuani
5861:Haketia
5794:Heblish
5747:Western
5723:Poylish
5718:Litvish
5708:Eastern
5689:Yiddish
5520:Hulaulá
5515:Barzani
5452:Italian
5447:Mizrahi
5200:15 June
4580:Aramaic
4552:Marathi
4544:Marathi
4528:In the
4479:English
4369:Judezmo
4359:before
4353:Central
4345:Yiddish
4333:Yiddish
4317:Hasidic
4313:Yiddish
4309:English
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4228:Haskala
4224:calqued
4213:Turkish
4201:Haketia
4185:Guaraní
4181:Italian
4169:Quechua
4157:Nahuatl
4145:Spanish
4127:due to
4097:Judezmo
4085:Kaddish
4065:Yiddish
3971:Yiddish
3951:Eurasia
3940:Bukhori
3891:Romance
3883:Yiddish
3816:Samaria
3812:Galilee
3800:scrolls
3699:Aramaic
3574:Mizrahi
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3450:Science
3370:Zemirot
3360:Klezmer
3350:Mizrahi
3340:Secular
3312:Strauss
3205:English
3200:Yiddish
3142:Yossele
3112:Armilus
3102:Se'irim
3097:Arariel
3047:Estries
3042:Bagdana
2983:Gabriel
2978:Michael
2928:Solomon
2898:Gehenna
2798:Abraham
2763:Genesis
2700:Shuadit
2690:Shirazi
2670:Bukhori
2650:Knaanic
2628:Yevanic
2621:Tetuani
2616:Haketia
2606:Yiddish
2564:Yahudic
2513:Barzani
2498:Hulaulá
2444:Mizrahi
2277:General
2268:Zionism
2244:Leftism
2234:Bundism
2158:Knaanic
2118:Yevanic
2103:Yiddish
2060:Yiddish
2055:Israeli
2032:Mizrahi
2022:Israeli
1993:Cuisine
1969:Ancient
1951:Secular
1897:Kashrut
1873:Wedding
1860:Customs
1852:Culture
1829:Science
1824:Renewal
1814:Karaite
1795:Hasidic
1727:Oceania
1713:Uruguay
1681:Jamaica
1661:Ecuador
1629:Bolivia
1573:Ukraine
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1488:Georgia
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1473:Estonia
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1167:Somalia
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1137:Namibia
1127:Morocco
1057:Eritrea
1002:Algeria
886:Neofiti
795:Italkim
785:Juhurim
695:Zionism
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539:Sicarii
535:Zealots
531:Essenes
518:Schisms
383:Leaders
345:General
337:History
280:Tosefta
275:Midrash
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234:Ketuvim
229:Nevi'im
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81: (
47:Judaism
7964:others
7938:Ladino
7933:German
7928:French
7918:Domari
7885:Arabic
7869:Hebrew
7591:Hazzan
7581:Prayer
7458:Siddur
7394:Talmud
7358:Tanakh
7293:Neolog
7266:Reform
7254:Modern
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7160:Ethics
7026:Shassi
6994:Ladino
6959:Karaim
6942:Juhuri
6784:Targum
6698:Signed
6663:Modern
6658:Hebrew
6626:Xuetes
6422:Dönmeh
6381:Yekkes
6046:Turkic
6042:Karaim
6031:Others
6003:Slavic
5976:Others
5698:argots
5656:Berber
5619:Others
5489:Targum
5421:Modern
5391:Hebrew
5302:
5284:
5236:
5217:
4989:
4871:Nov 4,
4845:Nov 4,
4812:
4804:
4576:Hebrew
4483:French
4468:Israel
4462:, the
4327:Status
4293:Arabic
4289:Hebrew
4285:Israel
4262:French
4197:Berber
4173:Aymara
3955:Africa
3903:Hebrew
3895:Slavic
3766:Canaan
3743:Amarna
3725:Early
3711:Hebrew
3695:Hebrew
3687:Jewish
3418:Humour
3365:Niggun
3190:Ladino
3180:Hebrew
3137:Pardes
3127:Alukah
3122:Elioud
3087:Naamah
3057:Samael
3052:Belial
3032:Tannin
3027:Shedim
3007:Dybbuk
2988:Dobiel
2973:Azrael
2938:Esther
2933:Samson
2913:Gideon
2908:Daniel
2893:Moloch
2888:Yahweh
2813:Nimrod
2773:Lilith
2675:Juhuri
2665:Dzhidi
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2597:Other
2528:Targum
2429:Modern
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2339:Portal
2198:Domari
2128:Shassi
2089:Hebrew
1984:Humour
1928:Hiloni
1923:Aliyah
1883:Niddah
1868:Minyan
1803:Reform
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1785:Modern
1686:Mexico
1671:Guyana
1634:Brazil
1596:Canada
1568:Sweden
1558:Serbia
1553:Russia
1538:Poland
1533:Norway
1513:Latvia
1498:Greece
1483:France
1458:Cyprus
1424:Europe
1395:Turkey
1385:Taiwan
1295:Kuwait
1280:Jordan
1270:Israel
1204:Zambia
1194:Uganda
1112:Malawi
1082:Guinea
1072:Gambia
1007:Angola
993:Africa
876:Dönmeh
871:Anusim
815:Berber
753:Litvak
705:Israel
611:
548:
462:Second
430:
291:Targum
257:Gemara
243:Talmud
215:Tanakh
168:Ethics
119:Prayer
7763:Islam
7571:Names
7561:Music
7542:Rebbe
7537:Rabbi
7491:Monen
7446:Zohar
7367:Torah
7362:Bible
6476:Lemba
6351:Chuts
5641:Qwara
5636:Kayla
5626:Geʽez
4987:S2CID
4967:(PDF)
4930:(PDF)
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4509:Yemen
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4077:Torah
3498:Sport
3329:Music
3215:Musar
3117:Broxa
3107:Dumah
3072:Lilin
3062:Re'em
3037:Rahab
3012:Golem
2958:Satan
2943:Haman
2838:Moses
2287:Labor
2282:Green
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