895:
831:
681:
843:
618:
630:
532:
883:
272:
907:
871:
662:
20:
497:
466:
819:
320:
2748:
2756:
606:
1023:
219:
39:
1046:
927:
513:
696:
859:
1042:, but this approach was abandoned in favour of copying enamelled ware of the 18th century. The high-quality porcelain of the Hongxian establishment continued to be produced after the abandonment of the empire and the death of Yuan in 1916; the depot was taken over by the Jiangxi Porcelain Company who retained one hundred of the workers. Production of enamelled and thin-walled "eggshell" ware continued through the 1920s and 1930s, with many pieces bearing Hongxian reign marks. By the 1930s the buildings that had housed the imperial supervisors were being used as army barracks.
154:
650:
481:
2276:
540:
the traditional court taste, but they evidently came to be accepted. The large round serving-plates, from 40 cm across, which are now among the most valued pieces, reflect the needs of Middle
Eastern rather than Chinese food service, which generally uses large numbers of smaller and deeper bowls, then as now. Wares for export also often had thicker bodies, to reduce breakages on long travels to the export markets. In early periods, the markets receiving porcelain direct from China included Japan, all of
727:
3751:
738:
wares for the
Chinese nobility, which were "often as fine in quality as the imperial pieces and had the added attraction of more adventurous decoration since court styles were prescribed and rather formal"; at times these may have helped the imperial kilns with large orders. The rest supplied various levels of the Chinese domestic and export markets. Early in the period the original local source of clay ran out, and new diggings were begun.
3761:
2201:
238:(r. 1426–1435) a copper-red monochrome glaze was used for ceremonial wares, of which very few survive. These ceased to be produced after his death, and have never been perfectly imitated, despite later attempts. This suggests the close personal interest some emperors took in the imperial potteries, and also that some secrets must have been restricted to a small group of potters. The
552:
were then glazed and fired. At a later date a source of cobalt was found within China; this differed from the
Persian ore in the proportion of associated manganese. The colour on the fired pots was a grey-blue rather than a pure blue. By mixing three parts Persian ore to two parts Chinese a rich and soft blue was produced, which became labelled as 'Sumatran' or 'Muhammadan' blue.
1138:’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95
92:, more contemporarily called pottery stone in China, as well as being surrounded by forests, mostly of pine, providing wood for the kilns. It also has a river leading to river systems flowing north and south, facilitating transport of fragile wares. The imperial kilns were in the centre of the city at Zhushan (Pearl Hill), with many other kilns four kilometres away at Hutian.
1105:
conditions and temperature. The hottest part of the kiln next to the firebox was used for crackle glazes; following inwards high-fired green and red glazes in a reducing atmosphere, then uncoloured, blue-glazed, and decorated ware at a moderate temperature, followed at the back by glazes to be fired at a lower temperature and turquoise-glazed ware in an oxidising atmosphere.
882:
174:, far to the north. Production was on a huge scale, employing hundreds if not thousands of workers, whose tasks were divided into several specialities to increase efficiency and consistency. In 1433 a single order from the palace was for 443,500 pieces of porcelain, all with dragon and phoenix designs. Court artists were by now supplying drawn or
413:, but by the end of the Song period Qingbai had eclipsed Ding ware, achieving a predominance for Jingdezhen which it has maintained in subsequent centuries. A key event in this process was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous
776:
90 miles west of
Jingdezhen; Tang continued in the dual post until recalled to Beijing in 1743 by the Qianlong emperor. At court he was assigned the task of annotating twenty illustrations of the porcelain industry from the imperial library. Returning to Jingdezhen he stayed there, except for a brief
575:
The restriction of painted subjects to the combination of abstract geometrical patterns, plant-forms, and animals had begun to end during the first half of the 15th century, as human figures, landscape scenes and other subjects began to appear. In the best wares, these designs were supplied by court
296:
had become a civil war. From 1680 to 1688 the reconstruction of the industry was under the control of Zang
Yingxuan from the Qing Board of Works. Organised production of court porcelain had resumed by 1683, and the institution of forced labour replaced by waged employment. Succeeding controllers were
262:
However the same period saw the spread of porcelain collecting among the scholar-gentry, who were mostly interested in older pieces, though generally not going further back than the Song. This is not the first period of antiquarianism and archaism in
Chinese taste, but it has proved long-lasting, and
186:
set known from 15th-century paintings. There is a blue and white
Jingdezhen stem cup, that has a silver stand and a gold cover (this dated 1437), all decorated with dragons. Presumably many such sets existed, but recycling the precious metal elements was too tempting at some point, leaving only the
1078:
was the traditional form of kiln used in southern China. Also known as a climbing kiln, this type in its final development consisted of a tunnel-like flue built up a slope from a main firebox. Along the sides of the kiln subsidiary entrances for side-stoking enabled the whole structure to be heated,
169:
is normally dated as beginning in 1368, but there was a long revolt against the Yuan dynasty, and
Jingdezhen was lost by them in 1352. By 1402 there were twelve imperial kilns at Jingdezhen, then one of three areas with imperial kilns. Production was controlled by a ministry in the capital, by then
135:
established official kilns to produce porcelain for the emperor; Jingdezhen continued to produce
Imperial porcelain until the end of Imperial rule. The imperial kilns were situated at Pearl Hill (Zhushan) in Jingdezhen; some scholars give a date of 1369 for the commencement of production. But there
1096:
kiln, shaped like half an egg on its side, with a firebox inside the kiln at the broad end and at the narrow end an arch communicating to a separate chimney. The chimney was built to a height of around 19 metres; the high chimney increased the draught through the kiln and thus reduced the timing of
830:
737:
During the Qing period production became more varied, with a wide spread of styles and qualities, from imperial wares, through those for export, to those for a popular domestic market. The dozens of non-imperial kilns are known as "private", with a few "official old kilns" making very high-quality
539:
From the mid-14th century, Jingdezhen began to mass-produce underglaze blue porcelain, whose development it pioneered, making it "one of the world's earliest industrial towns". Much of this was for export, and other styles were produced for the
Chinese market. Elaborately-painted wares were not in
1104:
on a floor of quartz sand; as the saggars protected their contents from direct flame both fuel and air could be introduced directly to the interior through vents, allowing temperature regulation throughout the kiln. Peepholes were used to observe the colour of flame, which changes according to the
1082:
This type of kiln was supplanted at Jingdezhen by a gourd-shaped kiln, with a large firing chamber at the front, connecting to a smaller chamber with a lower roof and a chimney. The gourd-shaped kiln could produce large quantities of porcelain, fired at very high temperatures. By blocking the kiln
870:
748:
visited Jingdezhen and wrote to Europe about its processes between 1712 and 1721; he also gave the Chinese useful information about European pigments. From this period Europe began its own porcelain industry, which grew rapidly, initially by imitating Chinese styles, and later by developing their
304:
mostly made for the Japanese market. The effect on the Jingdezhen potters was "liberating", as the range of subject matter in decoration greatly expanded. Printed books had become much more widely available, and were used, directly or indirectly, as sources for scenes on porcelain. Conveniently
249:
In the late Ming period, the reigns of the five emperors from 1488 to 1620, there was little innovation in styles of decoration, though some alterations in the colours used. In this period the enormous quantities of porcelain made in China seem to have led to low prices and a loss of prestige, at
551:
The blue pigment was derived from cobalt oxide, which had been imported sporadically from Persia in earlier periods. From the 14th century regular imports of the pigment were obtained from Persia. The cobalt was ground and mixed with a medium, then painted onto the dried bodies of the pots, which
334:
The imperial kilns were revived with 6 kilns and 23 workshops, dividing the other parts of the production process between them. Massive orders for the imperial palaces and temples resumed. While imperial taste in decoration remained somewhat conservative, the technical quality of Kangxi imperial
178:
designs from the capital. These enormous quantities were distributed by the palace to the subsidiary courts of the many Ming princes sent to govern provinces, as well as being presented as gifts to other notables, and sent abroad as diplomatic gifts. Some may also have been sold, especially for
139:
The imperial court, except during periods of crisis, generated a huge demand for porcelain. Apart from the vast main palaces and other residences, for much of the period the many princes had subsidiary regional courts. There were imperial temples to be supplied, each of which was given monochrome
598:
reign (1573–1620), but also in the remaining two Ming reigns. It was among the first Chinese ware to arrive in Europe in mass quantities. Strictly defined, it "is distinguished by the arrangement of its ornament into panels; these usually radiate to a bracketed rim notorious for its liability to
780:
Wares bearing Tang Ying's name survive; these include two pairs of blue-and-white candlesticks bearing dates of 1740 and 1741, the latter of which bears an inscription describing him as "Controller of Pottery in Jiangxi" amongst other official titles. Tang also wrote a number of books including
1065:
Ceramics continue to be produced on a large scale in Jingdezhen, in a variety of styles, many reproducing those of the past in a variety of qualities, with Jingdezhen porcelain being shipped around the world. One trend that has continued in the 20th century is the development of super-thin
811:
In 1905 a European visitor reported that most production was in a short summer season, when workers from surrounding areas came to live in "barrack-like sheds" in the city, without their families. This influx took the population of the city to about 400,000, and caused some social problems.
366:, in porcelain, as well as imitations of wood and other materials. The copying of famous wares from the distant past continued, alongside new styles. In the next two reigns the quality also declined, and orders from the palace were reduced, until the official kilns were destroyed in the
254:
forbad tableware in precious metal, that rulers ate from Chinese porcelain. One disgraced official, whose goods were seized in 1562, had his valuable items confiscated, but not his collection of 45,000 pieces of porcelain, which were sold with his other effects. By the reign of the
894:
629:
283:
As the Ming dynasty declined, with serious military and financial crises, the imperial court ceased to support the official Jingdezhen kilns, which were largely left to find their own funds from other markets. This situation lasted from 1620 to 1683, when the new
617:
140:
wares in different colours, as well as several monasteries and shrines. The porcelain to which different ranks of the imperial household were entitled were set out in minute detail in regulations. The final version of these, from 1899, specified that the
680:
567:
in 1607–1608, from the Persian royal collection. Most were made in Jingdezhen, and they covered the full period of blue and white wares to that point, with some nearly 300 years old when donated. The largely intact Ottoman collection is mostly in
271:
362:(1736–1795) saw continuation of the technical perfection, but aesthetic stagnation. The emperor was a keen art collector and probably personally directed the trends in this period for imitating shapes from ancient metalware, especially
77:, in whose reign it became a major kiln site, around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain, which it has remained, increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries. From the
906:
842:
1079:
and allowing the later dragon kilns to exceed 50 metres in length without any substantial drop in temperature. The draught created by the flow of hot air up the slope meant that the dragon kiln could be built without a chimney.
202:
were introduced for the first time, applied to porcelain and other types of luxury products made for the imperial court. The supremacy of Jingdezhen was reinforced in the mid-15th century when the imperial kilns producing
144:
was allowed 821 pieces of yellow porcelain, while the Empress had 1,014. A concubine of the first rank had 121 pieces of yellow with a white interior, but those of the second rank had yellow decorated with green dragons.
756:
In 1726 Nian Xiyao was appointed by the Beijing court as controller at Jingdezhen, the first centrally-appointed official since 1680. He was also appointed controller for a customs barrier 400 miles to the north at
1129:’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664)
661:
818:
972:, assembled during the mid-15th century. These early collections, typically of blue-and-white ware, were regarded as rare curios and art objects, and were often mounted in precious metals.
351:
glaze, which was probably blown onto the piece as powder. These were the last major technical innovations at Jingdezhen, along with a technique for firing gold onto porcelain, rather than
695:
3445:
975:
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a number of European companies were established to import various commodities including tea, silk, spices, lacquerwork and porcelain from
769:, was appointed resident assistant at Jingdezhen. Tang replaced Nian in 1735 when the latter was accused of corruption, and he became one of the most influential of the superintendents.
584:
are the final phase in the artistic development of blue and white, with superb technical quality in the best objects, and larger images, flexibly treated, on a wide variety of subjects.
753:, Japan and several countries in South-East Asia had long been imitating Jingdezhen ware. Towards the end of the century, exports to Europe were in decline, replaced by local wares.
605:
800:, using "blanks" made, glazed, and fired at Jingdezhen but then taken to be decorated with enamels in Guangzhou (then usually romanized as Canton) for export to the west via the
531:
230:
A wide variety of wares were produced for the court, with blue and white (initially ignored by the court but acceptable by 1402) accompanied by red and white wares using a
1083:
vents to restrict air flow to the fire a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon monoxide could be maintained, which was necessary for some glazes such as copper red.
465:
425:. This may have been accompanied by the movement of potters to Jingdezhen, which increased its output, despite being some two hundred miles from the new capital.
1038:, acting as the Hongxian Emperor, appointed Guo Baochang to re-establish the imperial depot at Jingdezhen. Guo's workforce were initially set to produce copies of
263:
had a considerable effect on subsequent production, producing waves of revivalism, imitation and much downright fakery—the three often being hard to distinguish.
3502:
1002:
The massive increase in imports allowed purchasers to amass large collections, which were often displayed in dedicated rooms or purpose-built structures. The
599:
chip". It was mostly made as "deep bowls and wide dishes", decorated with motifs from nature, in a style not used on wares for the domestic Chinese market.
2747:
496:
948:
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are recorded as having purchased Chinese porcelain there. Some other pieces came via the Portuguese settlement of
207:, for centuries one of China's finest wares, were closed after celadons fell from fashion. Apart from the much smaller production of monochrome stoneware
88:
Although apparently an unpromising location for potteries, being a remote town in a hilly region, Jingdezhen is close to the best quality deposits of
250:
court and in Chinese society in general. Those who could afford to do so still ate from gold, silver or jade; it was in the Islamic world, where the
3570:
858:
649:
2122:
Dillon, Michael (1992). "Transport and marketing in the development of the Jingdezhen porcelain industry during the Ming and Qing dynasties".
3729:
961:
3552:
3005:
348:
2907:
2892:
548:, but did not include Europe on a regular basis. Until the 17th century, Europe normally only received porcelain via the Islamic world.
2755:
2232:
793:(1747). His list of wares manufactured for the court runs to sixty types, some of which were recreations of styles of earlier periods.
456:
1569:
Vinhais L and Welsh J: Kraak Porcelain: the Rise of Global Trade in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Jorge Welsh Books 2008, p. 17
512:
3346:
3422:
3317:
2917:
1086:
The gourd-shaped kiln was used throughout the fourteenth century; towards the end of the Ming period it was supplanted by the
1066:"eggshell" porcelain for vases. About 300 million pieces of porcelain were being produced annually in the late 20th century.
480:
3352:
3209:
2625:
2100:
288:, after some decades struggling with Ming forces, finally resumed large-scale use of Jingdezhen for official wares under the
765:, which resulted in Nian only being able to visit Jingdezhen once a year. In 1728 a member of the imperial household staff,
3137:
432:
porcelain bottle from Jingdezhen is the earliest piece of Chinese porcelain documented to have reached Europe; this is the
3370:
19:
3565:
3077:
2585:
590:
is a type of relatively informal ware, largely destined for the Japanese market, made at Jingdezhen in the 17th century.
3291:
745:
3281:
3059:
405:, with a transparent glaze giving a blueish-white tint. Decoration was made by delicate carving or incising. Northern
3364:
3313:
3029:
2726:
2468:
2159:
2109:
2093:
2062:
2048:
1969:
1955:
1736:
969:
311:
porcelains appeared; the various colour "families" were to dominate production for the luxury market under the Qing.
2205:
414:
182:
A recently excavated Ming princely burial has yielded the first example to survive until modern times of a type of
3575:
3095:
293:
3083:
2780:
2225:
2188:
2079:
2030:
2012:
1986:
3143:
292:(r. 1662–1722). The larger kilns and a major part of the town were destroyed in 1674 by Ming forces after the
3494:
3053:
2720:
1437:
Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the arts of the West
992:
580:, produced for a period up to 1683 at the end of the Ming dynasty, and the later blue and white wares of the
335:
wares reached new heights. The imperial kilns led the development of the new palettes of overglaze enamels;
215:, used in the palace for flowerpots and the like, Jingdezhen was now the only area making imperial ceramics.
343:, and later others. There was also development of subtle, varied and mottled glazes for monochrome pieces.
3679:
3595:
3415:
3328:
3173:
2854:
2055:
Science and Civilisation in China; Volume 5. Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 12. Ceramic Technology
888:
Dish with Magu, deity of longevity, Qing dynasty, approx. 1700–1800 AD, porcelain with overglaze polychrome
319:
234:-based underglaze red. This was sometimes combined with the cobalt blue in blue and red pieces. Under the
979:. Research by Volker has given figures for the trade in Chinese and Japanese porcelain carried out by the
3790:
3203:
3286:
535:
Foliated dish with underglaze blue design of melons, bamboo and grapes, Jingdezhen ware, Yuan, 1271–1368
3785:
3191:
3011:
1160:‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai.
996:
1998:
3714:
3560:
3376:
2993:
2785:
2360:
2218:
1974:
988:
3764:
2620:
2449:
2406:
980:
939:
836:
Dish with underglaze blue and overglaze red design of clouds and dragons, Yongzheng reign 1723-1735
218:
179:
export. Sometimes antique pieces in the Imperial collection were sent to Jingdezhen to be copied.
104:
96:
43:
824:
Peach-bloom glazed seal paste box, Kangxi reign 1662–1722; one of the most difficult glaze effects
38:
3719:
3652:
3580:
3467:
3408:
2578:
1045:
1022:
926:
560:
16:
Chinese pottery produced as early as the sixth century CE in or near Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, China
3131:
3101:
2877:
2690:
2401:
686:
671:
636:
577:
3340:
1434:
3071:
3017:
2999:
2951:
297:
appointed by the provincial administration up until 1726, when Beijing appointed Nian Xiyao.
3179:
1614:
Ming, 288–290; Rawson, 106; Canby, 136; Valenstein, 215, 242, 288; Vainker, 156–158, 177–178
3697:
3358:
3322:
3276:
3245:
3235:
3230:
2265:
953:
401:(青白, "Blueish-white") ware. The Jingdezhen Qingbai was a transparent and jade-like type of
243:
153:
141:
3023:
305:
for the historian, many pieces began to be dated. Towards the end of the period the first
8:
3590:
3585:
3479:
3197:
2987:
2975:
1742:
1007:
762:
344:
374:
from 1862 to 1874 dates from after the reconstruction of the Jingdezhen official kilns.
95:
It has produced a great variety of pottery and porcelain, for the Chinese market and as
3684:
3613:
3462:
3388:
3382:
3041:
3035:
2571:
2139:
984:
801:
705:
1227:
Vainker, 180. Usually, but not always, the "Yuan period" stops at 1352 for Jingdezhen.
611:
Yuan dynasty dish with a white dragon and pearl design on a monochrome blue background
576:
artists and reflected contemporary painting and other media. This trend continued in
3736:
3642:
3517:
3512:
3296:
3255:
3113:
3065:
2957:
2184:
2155:
2105:
2089:
2075:
2058:
2044:
2026:
2008:
1982:
1965:
1951:
1732:
1031:
555:
One of the largest intact early collections of exported Chinese porcelain was at the
371:
367:
276:
175:
1014:
tiles both on the interior and exterior of the building. It was demolished in 1687.
623:
Dish with underglaze blue design of interlaced flowers, Xuande Reign 1426–1435, Ming
81:
period onwards, official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor, making
3754:
3632:
3454:
3167:
3125:
3107:
2981:
2963:
2939:
2912:
2732:
2714:
2615:
2507:
2426:
2421:
2305:
2275:
2241:
2152:
China's Porcelain Capital: The Rise, Fall and Reinvention of Ceramics in Jingdezhen
2131:
1993:
983:; between 1602 and 1682 the company exported between 30 and 35 million pieces. The
931:
797:
587:
359:
328:
301:
204:
74:
66:
58:
3667:
3334:
3155:
3047:
2945:
2807:
2702:
2396:
2391:
2260:
2180:
2163:
1697:
541:
455:
pieces are thick, with an opaque white glaze, with a faint blue-green tint. The
352:
451:("Privy Council"); despite this, most examples have appeared outside China. The
3522:
3507:
3472:
3250:
3119:
2812:
2696:
2527:
2067:
569:
556:
289:
235:
223:
195:
128:
300:
Wares of this interim period are often called "Transitional", and include the
3779:
3693:
3689:
3637:
3542:
3161:
2922:
2648:
2630:
2520:
2513:
2255:
2022:
1010:'s collection of blue-and-white porcelain, set against French blue-and-white
1003:
965:
957:
805:
726:
713:
595:
545:
433:
418:
410:
363:
256:
136:
continued to be many other kilns, producing wares for many distinct markets.
73:
as early as the sixth century CE, though it is named after the reign name of
31:
1034:
of 1911 manufacture of porcelain for the imperial household ceased. In 1916
3622:
3260:
2678:
2386:
2300:
2036:
1050:
730:
581:
564:
503:
487:
394:
307:
285:
166:
132:
124:
112:
108:
100:
78:
2969:
1006:
built between 1670 and 1672 was a Baroque pavilion constructed to display
876:
Lobed dish with flowers, Qianlong emperor, porcelain with overglaze enamel
246:
was developed, which was to dominate the finer wares in future centuries.
3662:
3618:
3605:
3532:
3484:
2871:
2827:
2822:
2708:
2501:
2496:
2416:
2355:
2350:
2335:
2310:
1075:
1035:
709:
99:, but its best-known high quality porcelain wares have been successively
900:
Vase with children, Jiaqing period, 1796–1820, glazed porcelain, enamels
3626:
3240:
2802:
2411:
2143:
777:
period between 1750 and 1752, until his death at 75 years old in 1756.
758:
701:
591:
199:
62:
27:
1725:
Svenska ostindiska compagnierna 1731–1813: kryddor, te, porslin, siden
3647:
3527:
2672:
2666:
2594:
2473:
2381:
2376:
2330:
2325:
2315:
1729:
The Swedish East India company 1731–1813: spice, tea, porcelain, silk
976:
849:
766:
406:
402:
2135:
1049:
20th century Jingdezhen ware; bowl with "rice grain" decoration and
594:
is a type of Jingdezhen export porcelain produced mainly during the
242:
of the Song dynasty had a similar pattern. In this reign enamel or
3724:
3672:
3441:
3089:
2817:
2660:
2340:
2290:
2210:
945:
913:
773:
459:
shape first appears in these; it lasted until the end of the Ming.
422:
323:
Jar (Ping) with Beast and Ring Handles, in crackle glaze imitating
208:
89:
1746:
1731:] (in Swedish) (2 ed.). Malmö: Allhem. pp. 226–230.
439:
Under the Yuan dynasty, Jingdezhen's finest whitewares changed to
85:
in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts.
3537:
3431:
3400:
3185:
3149:
2654:
2541:
2534:
2345:
2320:
2295:
1039:
1011:
949:
791:
Illustrated Explanation of the Miracles of the God of the Furnace
750:
640:
471:
436:, which was brought to Europe in the middle of the 14th century.
398:
388:
324:
239:
188:
171:
158:
70:
23:
2104:(fully available online), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
1997:, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 2 Nov. 2016.
796:
From the late 18th century, much of Jingdezhen's production was
443:
ware, named after the two character inscription on some pieces.
2548:
2479:
2462:
2443:
2200:
1101:
742:
231:
183:
733:
dish With peaches And bats. Qing, Yongzheng reign (1723–1735).
2455:
930:
Late 18th-century plate in European style, with Dutch ships,
251:
212:
2563:
1162:
Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg
187:
porcelain cups. Other imperial porcelains may have carried
912:
Bowl (Wan) glazed in imitation of Song dynasty (960–1279)
409:
was the most famous northern Chinese white ware under the
1979:
Chinese Ceramics; Porcelain of the Qing Dynasty 1644–1911
275:
Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, Qing dynasty,
26:("Blueish-white") glazed bowl with carved peony designs,
2124:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1147:‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’
655:
Dish with underglaze blue dragon and yellow enamel, Ming
393:
Jingdezhen ware became particularly important from the
259:(r. 1573–1620) there was a serious decline in quality.
131:
Porcelain Bureau" to regulate production, and the next
721:
526:
864:
Flask in underglaze blue & red, Qianlong emperor
1069:
3777:
3571:Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
2751:Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi
2172:, Weatherhill, New York and Tokyo, 1981, 195–205
69:in southern China. Jingdezhen may have produced
563:. This has 805 pieces of porcelain, donated by
382:
1981:, 1986, reprinted 1998, V&A Publications,
999:some 20 million pieces between 1766 and 1786.
157:Copper-red saucer-dish with the reign mark of
3416:
2579:
2226:
934:, painted there on a "blank" from Jingdezhen.
2168:Hanaoka and Barberri trans., Masahiko Sato,
2007:, 1994 (3rd ed.), Antique Collector's Club,
987:also imported around 30 million pieces, the
339:, developed in two phases, was followed by
46:, c. 1335, the shape from Islamic metalwork
3423:
3409:
2586:
2572:
2233:
2219:
2072:Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon
1788:Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company
2017:Meister, Peter Wilhelm and Reber, Horst.
1722:
1191:Vainker, 176–178 (in more detail 176–213)
447:may mean the pieces were ordered for the
1964:, 2010 (5th ed.), British Museum Press,
1044:
1021:
925:
772:In 1739 the customs office was moved to
725:
635:Dish with underglaze blue design of two
530:
474:glazed lamp, Jingdezhen ware, 1271–1368.
318:
270:
217:
152:
111:" and other "famille" colours under the
37:
18:
2053:"Needham": Kerr, Rose and Wood, Nigel.
1120:Vainker, 176, 216; Rawson, 238–239, 242
3778:
2918:Chinese porcelain in European painting
2121:
2019:European Porcelain of the 18th Century
1428:
3404:
2626:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
2567:
2214:
2074:, 1984, British Museum Publications,
1524:Canby, 120–121, 137–157; Vainker, 137
1398:Vainker, 200–207; Valenstein, 219-242
1353:Vainker, 195–199; Valenstein, 282–287
1097:the firing cycle to around 36 hours.
266:
3760:
2240:
2057:, 2004, Cambridge University Press,
1790:London; Victoria & Albert Museum
1698:"Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) Porcelain"
1151:. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37.
921:
689:garlic-headed vase, mid 17th century
668:Beaker-Shaped Vase with Four Animals
3566:East China University of Technology
2284:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
1695:
1164:, 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110.
1017:
722:Organization during the Qing period
527:Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain
13:
3430:
3282:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
2754:
2746:
2115:
1716:
14:
3802:
2727:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
2469:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
2194:
2170:Chinese Ceramics: A Short History
2041:Ming: 50 years that changed China
1461:Canby, 137, quoted; Ming, 284–285
1100:Wares were placed inside stacked
704:dish; relatively unusually it is
639:with a further four lions in the
118:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3341:Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics
2759:Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735
2274:
2199:
2005:Chinese Blue and White Porcelain
1948:Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran
1026:Porcelain workshop in Jingdezhen
970:Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
841:
829:
817:
787:Mental Notes of a Pottery Worker
694:
679:
660:
648:
628:
616:
604:
521:stem cup, Jingdezhen, 1271–1368.
511:
495:
479:
464:
103:in the Song and Yuan dynasties,
3576:Jiangxi Agricultural University
2154:, 2016, Bloomsbury Publishing,
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
347:was a copper oxide red, as was
294:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2101:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
2088:, 1991, British Museum Press,
2043:, 2014, British Museum Press,
1950:, 2009, British Museum Press,
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1070:Development of kiln technology
962:Chamber of Art and Curiosities
397:period with the production of
377:
1:
3347:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
3292:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
2593:
2086:Chinese Pottery and Porcelain
1940:
993:Portuguese East India Company
746:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
3596:Nanchang Hangkong University
3329:Dresden Porcelain Collection
2039:and Harrison-Hall, Jessica,
1991:Krahl, Regina, "Jingdezhen"
383:Jingdezhen bluish-white ware
222:Cup in the imperial yellow,
7:
1723:Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975).
1272:Vainker, 186–187; Ming, 167
968:contains the collection of
191:, which has now worn away.
10:
3807:
3371:Victoria and Albert Museum
2177:Ming Pottery and Porcelain
1470:Vainker, 180, 182, 185–186
1299:Ming, 86; Vainker, 184–186
997:Swedish East India Company
985:English East India Company
956:had several acquired from
937:
415:Jin-Song wars of the 1120s
386:
3745:
3707:
3604:
3561:Jiangxi Normal University
3551:
3493:
3453:
3439:
3377:Museum of Royal Worcester
3353:Musée des Arts Décoratifs
3318:Percival David Foundation
3312:British Museum (London):
3305:
3269:
3223:
2932:
2900:
2891:
2864:
2847:
2840:
2795:
2786:Japanese export porcelain
2773:
2766:
2744:
2641:
2608:
2601:
2489:
2435:
2392:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
2369:
2283:
2272:
2248:
1057:("China Jingdezhen") and
989:French East India Company
783:A Complete Record of Pots
127:established a body, the "
107:from the 1330s, and the "
54:
3287:Johann Friedrich Böttger
2621:Chinese export porcelain
1416:Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105
1108:
981:Dutch East India Company
940:Chinese export porcelain
105:blue and white porcelain
97:Chinese export porcelain
44:blue and white porcelain
3720:Pavilion of Prince Teng
3581:Jinggangshan University
3468:Chinese Soviet Republic
2098:Valenstein, S. (1998).
1962:10,000 Years of Pottery
1946:Canby, Sheila R. (ed).
561:National Museum of Iran
506:vase, 13th–14th century
314:
148:
2760:
2752:
2150:Gillette, Maris Boyd.
1062:
1027:
1004:Trianon de Porcellaine
935:
734:
578:Transitional porcelain
536:
358:The long reign of the
331:
280:
227:
162:
47:
35:
2758:
2750:
2208:at Wikimedia Commons
1999:subscription required
1048:
1025:
944:European visitors to
929:
729:
534:
322:
274:
221:
156:
41:
22:
3658:Jingdezhen porcelain
3323:The David Collection
3246:Overglaze decoration
3236:Hard-paste porcelain
3231:Soft-paste porcelain
2266:Green-glazed pottery
749:own styles. Persia,
559:, and is now in the
244:overglaze decoration
209:"official Jun" wares
142:Empress Dowager Cixi
61:produced in or near
51:Jingdezhen porcelain
3708:Visitor attractions
3591:Nanchang University
3586:Jiujiang University
3180:Bing & Grøndahl
3144:Dihl & Guérhard
3042:Villeroy & Boch
2003:Macintosh, Duncan.
1696:Nilsson, Jan-Erik.
1560:Valenstein, 219–220
995:10 million and the
916:, probably Qianlong
672:Transitional period
421:court was based in
345:Sang de boeuf glaze
3791:Culture in Jiangxi
3685:Pure Land Buddhism
3614:Culture of Jiangxi
3389:Ludwigsburg Palace
3383:Walters Art Museum
2781:Japanese porcelain
2761:
2753:
2651:(16th century BCE)
2179:, 1988 (2nd ed.),
1960:Cooper, Emmanuel.
1786:Volker, T. (1954)
1704:. Jan-Erik Nilsson
1063:
1028:
936:
802:Thirteen Factories
735:
706:armorial porcelain
643:, mid 15th century
544:, and much of the
537:
355:completed pieces.
332:
281:
267:Transitional wares
228:
163:
83:imperial porcelain
48:
36:
3786:Chinese porcelain
3773:
3772:
3643:Tea-picking opera
3518:Luoxiao Mountains
3513:Jiuling Mountains
3398:
3397:
3297:Dmitry Vinogradov
3219:
3218:
3192:Wagner & Apel
2908:List of companies
2887:
2886:
2836:
2835:
2742:
2741:
2699:(14th century on)
2693:(14th century on)
2687:(11th century on)
2616:Chinese porcelain
2558:
2557:
2361:Tang tomb figures
2204:Media related to
1702:www.gotheborg.com
1032:Xinhai Revolution
922:Exports to Europe
852:period, 1723–1735
372:Tongzhi porcelain
368:Taiping Rebellion
277:Yongzheng emperor
176:woodblock printed
59:Chinese porcelain
3798:
3763:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3737:Zhelin Reservoir
3623:Nanchang dialect
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3006:Saint Petersburg
2913:French porcelain
2898:
2897:
2855:Korean porcelain
2845:
2844:
2771:
2770:
2606:
2605:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2508:Five Great Kilns
2306:Longquan celadon
2278:
2242:Chinese ceramics
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2147:
1994:Grove Art Online
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:Needham, 347–353
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:Vainker, 214–216
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
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1833:
1827:
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1657:
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1633:
1630:
1624:
1623:Vainker, 158–159
1621:
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1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1533:Vainker, 136–137
1531:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:Vainker, 179–180
1450:
1444:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1407:Vainker, 200–212
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:Vainker, 200–202
1387:
1381:
1380:Vainker, 199–200
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:Vainker, 187–188
1306:
1300:
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1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
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1243:
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1234:
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1219:
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1171:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1018:After the empire
991:12 million, the
932:Canton porcelain
909:
897:
885:
873:
861:
845:
833:
821:
798:Canton porcelain
698:
683:
674:, c. 1640 – 1660
664:
652:
632:
620:
608:
588:Tianqi porcelain
515:
499:
483:
468:
360:Qianlong emperor
329:Qianlong Emperor
302:Tianqi porcelain
205:Longquan celadon
75:Emperor Zhenzong
67:Jiangxi province
56:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3741:
3703:
3600:
3547:
3489:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3399:
3394:
3335:Gardiner Museum
3314:Asia Department
3301:
3265:
3215:
3156:Hutschenreuther
2928:
2925:
2883:
2860:
2857:
2832:
2791:
2788:
2762:
2738:
2637:
2634:
2597:
2592:
2559:
2554:
2485:
2431:
2365:
2279:
2270:
2261:Terracotta Army
2249:Ancient pottery
2244:
2239:
2206:Jingdezhen ware
2197:
2181:Faber and Faber
2175:Jenyns, Soame.
2136:10.2307/3632734
2118:
2116:Further reading
2084:Vainker, S.J.,
2068:Rawson, Jessica
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:Valenstein, 281
1870:
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1506:Vainker, 76, 82
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1492:
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1474:
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1460:
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1447:
1435:Lauren Arnold,
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1411:
1406:
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1245:Valenstein, 287
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1222:
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1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
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1177:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1088:egg-shaped kiln
1072:
1020:
942:
924:
917:
910:
901:
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865:
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633:
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621:
612:
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542:South-East Asia
529:
522:
516:
507:
500:
491:
486:Buddha statue,
484:
475:
469:
391:
385:
380:
353:mercury gilding
317:
269:
151:
121:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3771:
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3757:
3746:
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3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3715:Donglin Temple
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3627:Yichun dialect
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
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3523:Wuyi Mountains
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Mufu Mountains
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:Jiangxi Soviet
3470:
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3457:
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3450:
3440:
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3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3365:Topkapı Palace
3362:
3356:
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3258:
3253:
3251:China painting
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3015:
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2915:
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2904:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
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2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:(14th century)
2875:
2874:(10th century)
2868:
2866:
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2858:
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2735:(18th century)
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2729:(17th century)
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2711:(16th century)
2706:
2705:(16th century)
2700:
2697:Blanc de Chine
2694:
2691:Blue and white
2688:
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2681:(12th century)
2676:
2675:(10th century)
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387:Main article:
384:
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370:in the 1850s.
364:ritual bronzes
316:
313:
290:Kangxi emperor
279:(r. 1723–1735)
268:
265:
236:Xuande Emperor
224:Kangxi emperor
198:(r. 1402–24),
196:Yongle Emperor
150:
147:
120:
119:Official kilns
117:
53:(Chinese:
15:
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3359:Palace Museum
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2677:
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2669:(6th century)
2668:
2665:
2663:(2nd century)
2662:
2659:
2657:(1st century)
2656:
2653:
2650:
2649:Proto-celadon
2647:
2646:
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2640:
2632:
2631:Fonthill Vase
2629:
2627:
2624:
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2256:Proto-celadon
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2160:9781474259439
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2110:9780870995149
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2063:9780521838337
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2049:9780714124841
2046:
2042:
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2037:Clunas, Craig
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:Phaidon Press
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
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1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
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1970:9780714150901
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1956:9780714124520
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1832:
1823:
1814:
1808:Meister, p 17
1805:
1799:Meister, p 18
1796:
1789:
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1777:Meister, p 17
1774:
1768:Meister, p 17
1765:
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1738:91-7004-058-3
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1314:
1305:
1296:
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1281:Ming, 97, 100
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
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1200:Kerr, 16, 132
1197:
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1113:
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1067:
1060:
1059:MADE IN CHINA
1056:
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1047:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1015:
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1009:
1005:
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994:
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986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
966:Ambras Castle
963:
959:
958:Vasco de Gama
955:
954:King Manuel I
951:
947:
941:
933:
928:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
884:
879:
872:
867:
860:
855:
851:
844:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
814:
813:
809:
807:
806:Canton System
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
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752:
747:
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739:
732:
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703:
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688:
682:
677:
673:
669:
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638:
631:
626:
619:
614:
607:
602:
601:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
573:
571:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
547:
546:Islamic world
543:
533:
520:
514:
509:
505:
498:
493:
489:
482:
477:
473:
467:
462:
461:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
434:Fonthill Vase
431:
426:
424:
420:
419:Southern Song
416:
412:
411:Northern Song
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:famille verte
330:
326:
321:
312:
310:
309:
303:
298:
295:
291:
287:
278:
273:
264:
260:
258:
257:Wanli Emperor
253:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
201:
197:
192:
190:
185:
180:
177:
173:
168:
160:
155:
146:
143:
137:
134:
130:
126:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
45:
40:
33:
32:Southern Song
29:
25:
21:
3698:architecture
3657:
3653:Architecture
3325:(Copenhagen)
3261:Factory mark
3224:Technologies
3132:Clignancourt
2684:
2560:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2478:
2461:
2454:
2442:
2402:Transitional
2198:
2176:
2169:
2164:google books
2151:
2127:
2123:
2099:
2085:
2071:
2054:
2040:
2018:
2004:
1992:
1978:
1961:
1947:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1862:Vainker, 176
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1605:Vainker, 201
1601:
1596:Vainker, 201
1592:
1587:Vainker, 147
1583:
1578:Vainker, 147
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1542:Vainker, 188
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1344:Vainker, 199
1340:
1335:Vainker, 195
1331:
1326:Vainker, 195
1322:
1317:Vainker, 187
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1263:Vainker, 186
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1218:Vainker, 211
1214:
1209:Vainker, 195
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1173:Vainker, 176
1169:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1051:factory mark
1029:
1001:
974:
943:
810:
795:
790:
786:
782:
779:
771:
755:
740:
736:
731:Famille Rose
687:Transitional
667:
586:
582:Kangxi reign
574:
565:Shah Abbas I
554:
550:
538:
518:
504:Qingbai ware
488:Qingbai ware
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:
429:
427:
392:
357:
341:famille rose
340:
336:
333:
308:famille rose
306:
299:
286:Qing dynasty
282:
261:
248:
229:
193:
181:
167:Ming dynasty
164:
138:
133:Ming dynasty
125:Yuan dynasty
122:
113:Qing dynasty
109:famille rose
101:Qingbai ware
94:
87:
82:
50:
49:
3663:Jizhou ware
3638:Ganju opera
3619:Gan Chinese
3533:Poyang Lake
3385:(Baltimore)
3379:(Worcester)
3306:Collections
3072:Ludwigsburg
3054:Frankenthal
3030:Nymphenburg
3024:Fürstenberg
3000:Capodimonte
2952:Saint-Cloud
2502:Mantou kiln
2497:Dragon kiln
1925:Kerr, 39–40
1371:Kerr, 18–19
1290:Ming, 92–99
1236:Ming, 86–89
1076:dragon kiln
1061:in English.
1036:Yuan Shikai
848:Brush pot,
789:(1738) and
763:Grand Canal
741:The French
710:Wittelsbach
490:, 1271–1368
378:Major types
226:(1662–1722)
200:reign marks
161:(1506–1521)
123:The Mongol
34:, 1127–1279
3780:Categories
3367:(Istanbul)
3241:Bone china
3126:Copenhagen
3120:Loosdrecht
3102:Wallendorf
2685:Jingdezhen
2436:Decoration
2189:0571148417
2080:0714114316
2031:0714821977
2013:1851492100
1987:1851772642
1975:Kerr, Rose
1941:References
1515:Cooper, 68
1488:Canby, 142
1439:, 1999:133
1425:Rawson, 82
708:, for the
702:Kraak ware
592:Kraak ware
349:peachbloom
194:Under the
63:Jingdezhen
28:Jingdezhen
3648:Nuo opera
3553:Education
3528:Gan River
3495:Geography
3361:(Beijing)
3337:(Toronto)
3331:(Dresden)
3204:Porsgrund
3198:Rosenthal
3138:Hollóháza
3048:Worcester
2988:Vincennes
2976:Chantilly
2970:Rörstrand
2813:Nabeshima
2595:Porcelain
2474:Ash glaze
2370:Porcelain
1853:Kerr, 130
1844:Kerr, 129
1835:Kerr, 129
1826:Kerr, 129
1817:Kerr, 127
1708:6 January
1497:Ming, 292
1008:Louis XIV
977:East Asia
850:Yongzheng
767:Tang Ying
449:Shumiyuan
407:Ding ware
403:porcelain
3755:Category
3725:Mount Lu
3694:language
3680:Religion
3673:Anfu ham
3480:Politics
3442:Nanchang
3373:(London)
3343:(Moscow)
3277:Chinamen
3210:Augarten
3090:Wedgwood
3036:Plymouth
2901:General:
2848:General:
2818:Kakiemon
2774:General:
2609:General:
2035:"Ming":
2021:, 1983,
1934:Kerr, 42
1916:Kerr, 39
1907:Kerr, 39
1759:Kerr, 18
1677:Kerr, 20
1668:Kerr, 67
1659:Kerr, 19
1650:Kerr, 30
1641:Kerr, 19
1551:Ming, 88
1362:Kerr, 16
1254:Ming, 87
946:Istanbul
914:Jun ware
785:(1735),
774:Jiujiang
712:family.
457:stem cup
423:Hangzhou
417:. A new
90:petuntse
3765:Commons
3668:Cuisine
3606:Culture
3485:Economy
3463:History
3455:General
3446:capital
3432:Jiangxi
3355:(Paris)
3349:(Paris)
3256:Biscuit
3186:Zsolnay
3162:Doulton
3150:Mintons
3114:Limoges
3012:Mennecy
2994:Chelsea
2958:Meissen
2679:Qingbai
2655:Celadon
2542:Meiping
2535:Hunping
2387:Qingbai
2301:Yaozhou
2296:Celadon
2144:3632734
1102:saggars
1093:zhenyao
1040:Ru ware
1012:faience
950:Malacca
804:of the
761:on the
759:Huai'an
751:Vietnam
641:cavetto
472:Qingbai
430:Qingbai
399:Qingbai
389:Qingbai
325:Ge ware
240:Ru ware
189:gilding
172:Beijing
159:Zhengde
129:Fuliang
71:pottery
24:Qingbai
3503:Cities
3434:topics
3270:People
3212:(1923)
3206:(1885)
3200:(1879)
3194:(1877)
3188:(1853)
3182:(1853)
3176:(1826)
3174:Herend
3170:(1822)
3168:Lichte
3164:(1815)
3158:(1814)
3152:(1793)
3146:(1781)
3140:(1777)
3134:(1775)
3128:(1775)
3122:(1774)
3116:(1771)
3110:(1768)
3104:(1764)
3098:(1763)
3096:Berlin
3092:(1759)
3086:(1760)
3084:Retiro
3080:(1759)
3074:(1758)
3068:(1757)
3062:(1756)
3060:Sèvres
3056:(1755)
3050:(1751)
3044:(1748)
3038:(1748)
3032:(1747)
3026:(1747)
3020:(1747)
3014:(1745)
3008:(1744)
3002:(1743)
2996:(1743)
2990:(1740)
2984:(1735)
2982:Doccia
2978:(1730)
2972:(1726)
2966:(1718)
2964:Vienna
2960:(1710)
2954:(1693)
2948:(1673)
2942:(1575)
2940:Medici
2933:Types:
2893:Europe
2878:Joseon
2872:Goryeo
2865:Types:
2828:Hirado
2823:Kutani
2796:Types:
2733:Canton
2721:Kangxi
2715:Tianqi
2709:Swatow
2642:Types:
2633:(1338)
2549:Gaiwan
2480:An hua
2463:Doucai
2444:Sancai
2427:Canton
2422:Tianqi
2417:Swatow
2407:export
2356:Shiwan
2351:Yixing
2336:Jizhou
2311:Cizhou
2187:
2158:
2142:
2108:
2092:
2078:
2061:
2047:
2029:
2011:
1985:
1968:
1954:
1747:107047
1745:
1743:SELIBR
1735:
960:. The
743:Jesuit
232:copper
184:gaiwan
42:Early
3633:Music
3108:Revol
3078:Weesp
3066:Derby
2946:Rouen
2841:Korea
2808:Imari
2803:Arita
2767:Japan
2703:Kraak
2602:China
2528:Guang
2456:Wucai
2412:Kraak
2397:Dehua
2140:JSTOR
1889:Krahl
1727:[
1182:Krahl
1109:Notes
1055:中国景德镇
716:reign
714:Wanli
637:lions
596:Wanli
519:Shufu
502:Yuan
453:Shufu
445:Shufu
441:Shufu
252:Quran
213:Henan
211:from
57:) is
55:景德镇陶瓷
2673:Ding
2667:Xing
2521:Ding
2514:Cong
2506:The
2382:Ding
2377:Xing
2331:Jian
2326:Guan
2316:Ding
2185:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1710:2015
1074:The
395:Song
315:Qing
165:The
149:Ming
79:Ming
3018:Bow
2661:Yue
2341:Jun
2291:Yue
2132:doi
1090:or
964:at
170:in
65:in
3782::
3696:,
3625:,
3316:/
2346:Ru
2321:Ge
2183:,
2162:,
2138:.
2128:35
2126:.
2070:,
2025:,
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1749:.
1712:.
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