817:
761:
580:
801:
745:
717:
698:
679:
127:
848:
777:
1604:
1612:
350:
863:
655:
534:
17:
338:
729:
667:
789:
829:
450:
1409:
816:
404:
pieces has been determined to be from Europe. The oil used in gold-red
Chinese enamel was doermendina oil instead of turpentine oil used in the West. Colloidal gold may have been previously available for use in Jingdezhen to achieve such colours, and gold-red enamel technique from Guangdong was used
503:
enamels allowed for a greater range of colour and tone than was previously possible, enabling the depiction of more complex images, and decorations became more elaborate and crowded in the later
Qianlong period. The images may be painted on coloured grounds, including yellow, blue, pink, coral red,
424:
to develop a range of enamel colours and techniques for applying such enamels onto blank porcelain supplied by
Jingdezhen. These blank porcelain would not have been produced at the Palace due to the polluting nature of the big kilns, and pieces of porcelain decorated at the palace and then fired in
575:
intended for export, using white porcelain from
Jingdezhen. In contrast to the more refined 'court-taste' porcelain, export wares particularly those from the 19th century tend to be highly decorated. These export wares are usually decorated in Chinese style with Chinese scenes and figures, and are
171:("green family") in 1862 by Albert Jacquemart to classify Qing dynasty porcelain by their colour palettes. This is still the term most commonly used, although various other terms originating from Chinese are also used. Recent Chinese sources may use these terms in the following manner:
600:
porcelain. Rose
Medallion typically has panels or medallion of flowers and/or bird alternating with panels of human figures around a central medallion. Rose Canton contains no human figures, in contrast to Rose Mandarin which shows Chinese figures. Most of these
697:
595:
porcelain, sometimes with decorations requested by the buyers. Some popular types of decorative patterns in these export wares have been given specific names: Rose Canton, Rose
Mandarin and Rose Medallion. Rose Medallion is the most popular type of
109:
Famille rose was popular in the 18th and 19th century, and it continued to be made in the 20th century. Large quantities of famille rose porcelain were exported to Europe, United States and other countries, and many of these export wares were
678:
429:. Court painters were employed to make drafts that may include calligraphy and poetry to decorate such wares, which produced a new aesthetic style of decoration on porcelain distinct from those used outside the court.
760:
524:
in the mid-18th century. It remained popular throughout the 18th and 19th centuries and continued to be made in the 20th century. The quality of wares produced however declined after the
Qianlong period.
847:
800:
654:
744:
413:
period. The pink of the early pieces of the 1720s were darker in colours made with ruby-coloured glass, but after 1725 softer shades were achieved by mixing with white enamels.
716:
98:
is named after its pink-coloured enamel, the colour may actually range from pale pink to deep ruby. Apart from pink, a range of other soft colour palettes are also used in
822:
Teapot, porcelain painted in colored enamels (famille rose style). Qing
Dynasty, 1725–1775 CE. From Jingdezhen, Jiangsu Province. Victoria and Albert Museum, London
392:("foreign colours"), indicating its foreign origin or influence. Research, however, has failed to show that the chemical composition of the pink enamel pigment on
579:
220:. As these wares were produced in small workshops at the Imperial Palace and intended only for its exclusive use, they are consequently rarer than other types of
862:
1603:
776:
1189:
1861:
1763:
1748:
126:
1611:
2202:
2173:
1250:"A study of ruby-pink enamels on Chinese porcelain: with a comparison of Chinese pink glass and European pink enamels of ceramics"
1012:
280:) meaning 'powdery colours' or 'pale colours' in reference to its pastel shades, is the term commonly used in Chinese to describe
409:
have been found in
Chinese porcelain from the 1720s, although the technique was not fully developed until around 1730 during the
1773:
567:
pieces, including some of the finest pieces. However, from around 1800 onwards, many pieces were decorated in the port city of
2208:
2065:
1481:
643:
palette used in
Chinese porcelain. Export of Chinese porcelain then declined due to competition from the European factories.
1140:
2271:
1993:
2226:
1933:
1441:
380:
or enamel workshop (珐琅作), or through adaptation of enamels used in tin-glazed South German earthenware. The term used by
252:
who supervised the production of porcelain at the Imperial kilns in Jingdezhen, it was initially created in imitation of
118:, and are known as "Canton famille rose". Porcelains with famille rose palette were also produced in European factories.
2147:
314:'soft colours') is a term from the Yongzheng era as the colours used are softer in contrast to the 'hard colours' (硬彩,
2137:
1232:
993:
945:
911:
1915:
728:
2220:
2169:
1885:
1582:
1388:
1361:
1334:
1123:
40:
1076:
Chinese pottery and porcelain : an account of the potter's art in China from primitive times to the present day
1951:
364:
is not entirely clear. It is believed that this colour palette was introduced to the Imperial court in China by
106:), an opaque white enamel (lead arsenate). Its range of colour was further extended by mixing different colours.
1939:
666:
1636:
1999:
1909:
1576:
1413:
248:), lit. 'foreign colours') is a type of porcelain produced at the Imperial kilns in Jingdezhen. According to
2184:
2029:
1710:
660:
Auspicious bats and peaches on a dish, a popular subject in the Chinese taste. Yongzheng reign (1723–1735)
619:
enamels were known to have been used in Europe before such wares were exported from China, for example in
613:
porcelain from the 18th century can have a green tint, a brown rim, and may be pitted with many pinholes.
2059:
512:
ware, but they are not highly regarded. Many produced in the Qianlong period were on eggshell porcelain.
288:
is the more modern term used by Chen Liu (陈浏) in the early 20th century and it is often used in place of
2142:
1074:
2266:
2047:
1867:
433:
decorations may be painted on a white ground, or on a coloured ground with yellow the most popular. As
2232:
1849:
1641:
632:
143:
264:
wares produced for imperial use, but differences may be detected in the chemical composition of the
1476:
688:
552:
184:, lit. 'enamel colours') refers to overglaze enamel porcelain produced at the workshops within the
788:
1434:
828:
349:
1987:
1957:
1733:
1546:
533:
521:
354:
2196:
1113:
1034:
983:
931:
901:
1927:
1873:
1855:
1807:
1378:
1351:
1222:
1183:
853:
576:
available in a variety of forms; for example, they may be vessels with animal-shaped covers.
102:. The gradation of colours was produced by mixing coloured enamels with 'glassy white' (玻璃白,
2035:
2214:
2178:
2132:
2101:
2091:
2086:
1540:
1324:
1155:
703:
627:
porcelains were later exported from China to the West, and many European factories such as
385:
135:
111:
1879:
1141:"European cobalt sources identified in the production of 2 Chinese famille rose porcelain"
453:
Some designs became more complex in the Qianlong period. A vase with engraved pattern and
16:
8:
2053:
1843:
1831:
937:
636:
421:
1224:
Collectors, Collections and Museums: The Field of Chinese Ceramics in Britain, 1560–1960
1159:
337:
2244:
2238:
1897:
1891:
1427:
1287:
1269:
1203:
1020:
437:
was produced at the palace for its exclusive use, there are relatively fewer pieces of
2152:
2111:
1969:
1921:
1813:
1384:
1357:
1330:
1273:
1228:
1119:
989:
941:
907:
628:
410:
369:
139:
80:
32:
2023:
1981:
1963:
1837:
1819:
1795:
1768:
1588:
1570:
1471:
1261:
1171:
1163:
1094:
620:
572:
540:
493:
365:
88:
76:
36:
216:, which were then painted with enamels and fired at a relative low temperature in
71:. The colour palette is thought to have been brought to China during the reign of
2190:
2011:
1903:
1801:
1663:
1558:
1138:
256:
style of painting. Visually there may be little difference in appearance between
204:
originated as an attempt to apply the enamel colours used in metal wares such as
964:
2106:
1975:
1668:
1552:
1265:
232:, however, may apply to other enamel colours and need not refer exclusively to
185:
147:
1167:
212:
wares were produced at the palace workshops using glazed white porcelain from
2260:
2017:
1778:
1504:
1486:
1353:
Antique Trader Oriental Antiques & Art: An Identification and Price Guide
1056:
560:
165:
2116:
1534:
480:. Experimentations however were also conducted in Jindezhen to achieve the
265:
44:
1825:
468:
porcelain was also made at the imperial kilns of Jingdezhen, and the term
373:
205:
1727:
1683:
1678:
1564:
397:
217:
1249:
2096:
1658:
609:
pieces tend to be heavier, have a grayer glaze and a more subtle pink.
213:
1175:
1528:
1522:
1450:
869:
568:
485:
381:
249:
115:
1139:
Rita Giannini; Ian C. Freestone2; Andrew J. Shortland (April 2017).
449:
1945:
1673:
1516:
965:"Relationship between Falangcai, Yangcai, Fencai, and Famille rose"
707:
454:
2041:
2005:
1510:
1036:
The China Review, Or, Notes and Queries on the Far East, Volume 6
873:
417:
353:
Bowl with peacock in falangcai painted enamels, Yongzheng reign.
189:
1408:
1072:
985:
A History of Chinese Science and Technology: Volume 2, Volume 2
933:
Understanding Art Markets: Inside the World of Art and Business
807:
706:
soft paste porcelain flower holder, "Famille Rose", 1736–1796,
691:
with European figure, Famille Rose, first half of 18th century.
197:
72:
324:
87:
ware reached the peak of its technical excellence during the
1419:
563:
specifically ordered by Europeans, Jingdezhen produced many
224:
porcelain. There may be only around 400 surviving pieces of
684:
555:, with the result that the most commonly found examples of
420:, experimentation was conducted under the supervision of
396:
to be the same as that of the European one, although the
623:
made by the Du Paquier factory in 1725. Large number of
504:
light green, 'cafe au lait' and brown. Black ground or
492:
reached the peak of its technical excellence during the
196:
meaning "enamel" may have come from the word for the "
1380:
Miller's Antiques Handbook & Price Guide 2020–2021
476:
porcelain produced at Jingdezhen initially to imitate
559:
are export ware. Sometimes they are made as sets of
1304:
79:
who worked at the palace, but perfected only in the
1115:徐氏藝術館: 清代: The Tsui Museum of Art: Chinese ceramics
372:, initially on enamels used on metal wares such as
161:meaning "pink family" was introduced together with
35:introduced in the 18th century and defined by pink
1356:(2nd Revised ed.). KP Books. pp. 69–75.
1007:
1005:
1309:. Wallace-Homestead Book Company. pp. 42–46.
20:Famille rose bowl, Imperial porcelain, Jingdezhen
2258:
1607:Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi
1305:Mascarelli, Gloria; Mascarelli, Robert (1992).
1002:
587:, with decorations that are divided into panels
1435:
305:
299:
275:
243:
179:
47:porcelain known in Chinese by various terms:
1322:
981:
895:
893:
891:
605:pieces are from the 19th century; the older
384:(who oversaw the production of porcelain at
163:
155:
1188:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
925:
923:
906:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 244.
520:in popularity, and its production overtook
1442:
1428:
1318:
1316:
1068:
1066:
1057:"马未都说收藏·陶瓷篇（下） : 第二十一讲瑰丽奇珍皇家风范 — 珐琅彩"
899:
444:
83:era when the finest pieces were made, and
1247:
1088:
1086:
929:
888:
583:Rose Medallion, the most popular form of
1073:Hobson, R. L. (Robert Lockhart) (1915).
920:
578:
532:
448:
405:during the reign of Kangxi. Rudimentary
348:
336:
125:
15:
1313:
1220:
1063:
856:flower holder, famille rose, 1730–1740.
2259:
1774:Chinese porcelain in European painting
1376:
1083:
1482:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
1423:
1349:
1323:Zoglin, Ron; Shouse, Deborah (1999).
1204:"New Twists in the Path of Tradition"
1111:
959:
957:
591:Many decorative patterns are used in
1377:Miller, Judith (5 September 2019).
1092:
13:
2138:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
1610:
1602:
954:
484:palette. Under the supervision of
14:
2283:
1583:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1401:
1248:Mills, Paula; Kerr, Rose (2000).
1227:. Verlag Peter Lang. p. 39.
1148:Journal of Archaeological Science
1079:. Funk and Wagnalls. p. 209.
311:
2197:Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics
1615:Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735
1407:
861:
854:Saint-Cloud soft paste porcelain
846:
827:
815:
799:
787:
775:
759:
743:
727:
715:
696:
677:
665:
653:
1370:
1343:
1298:
1280:
1241:
1214:
1196:
1132:
1105:
1054:
900:Valenstein, Suzanne G. (1988).
810:with lid in the shape of a duck
1048:
1027:
975:
903:A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics
528:
368:, achieved through the use of
306:
300:
1:
2203:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
2148:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
1449:
881:
840:European pieces in the styles
543:with Rose Mandarin decoration
2185:Dresden Porcelain Collection
388:) and in Qing documents was
7:
2272:Types of pottery decoration
416:At the Palace workshops in
228:around the world. The term
10:
2288:
2227:Victoria and Albert Museum
1307:Warman's Oriental Antiques
1266:10.1179/SIC.2000.45.S2.021
982:Yongxiang Lu, ed. (2014).
876:, famille rose, 1760–1780.
672:A vase with peaches design
646:
2233:Museum of Royal Worcester
2209:Musée des Arts Décoratifs
2174:Percival David Foundation
2168:British Museum (London):
2161:
2125:
2079:
1788:
1756:
1747:
1720:
1703:
1696:
1651:
1642:Japanese export porcelain
1629:
1622:
1600:
1497:
1464:
1457:
1168:10.1016/j.jas.2017.01.011
1041:may have been originally
1039:. 1878. pp. 463–364.
988:. Springer. p. 375.
834:Vase from Qianlong period
457:medallions, painted with
332:
276:
244:
180:
144:Percival David Collection
2143:Johann Friedrich Böttger
1477:Chinese export porcelain
1221:Pierson, Stacey (2007).
930:Robertson, Iain (2015).
689:Chinese export porcelain
522:blue and white porcelain
425:muffle kilns are called
400:of the enamel from some
121:
1383:. Octopus. p. 98.
1254:Studies in Conservation
445:Production at Jindezhen
75:(1654–1722) by Western
1616:
1608:
1329:. Wiley. p. 290.
1292:National Palace Museum
1208:National Palace Museum
1017:National Palace Museum
588:
544:
462:
357:
355:National Palace Museum
346:
164:
156:
150:
130:Moon flask (right) in
41:Western classification
21:
1614:
1606:
1326:Antiquing For Dummies
1118:. 徐氏藝術館. p. 71.
582:
536:
472:was used to refer to
452:
352:
340:
129:
19:
2179:The David Collection
2102:Overglaze decoration
2092:Hard-paste porcelain
2087:Soft-paste porcelain
1416:at Wikimedia Commons
1350:Moran, Mark (2003).
1023:on 20 November 2015.
938:Taylor & Francis
704:Jingdezhen porcelain
547:A large quantity of
508:may also be used on
318:) used to refer to
200:" or "foreign", and
136:Jingdezhen porcelain
112:Jingdezhen porcelain
2036:Bing & Grøndahl
2000:Dihl & Guérhard
1898:Villeroy & Boch
1160:2017JArSc..80...27G
1093:Nilsson, Jan-Brik.
2245:Ludwigsburg Palace
2239:Walters Art Museum
1637:Japanese porcelain
1617:
1609:
1507:(16th century BCE)
1288:"Court-style type"
1013:"The Introduction"
766:Other side of the
589:
545:
463:
358:
347:
151:
22:
2267:Chinese porcelain
2254:
2253:
2153:Dmitry Vinogradov
2075:
2074:
2048:Wagner & Apel
1764:List of companies
1743:
1742:
1692:
1691:
1598:
1597:
1555:(14th century on)
1549:(14th century on)
1543:(11th century on)
1472:Chinese porcelain
1412:Media related to
782:Qianlong era vase
370:purple of Cassius
33:Chinese porcelain
2279:
1862:Saint Petersburg
1769:French porcelain
1754:
1753:
1711:Korean porcelain
1701:
1700:
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1626:
1462:
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1024:
1019:. Archived from
1009:
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979:
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972:
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927:
918:
917:
897:
865:
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763:
747:
734:Qianlong period
731:
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681:
669:
657:
621:Vienna porcelain
488:, production of
376:produced in the
313:
309:
308:
303:
302:
279:
278:
247:
246:
208:onto porcelain.
183:
182:
169:
159:
37:overglaze enamel
31:") is a type of
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2191:Gardiner Museum
2170:Asia Department
2157:
2121:
2071:
2012:Hutschenreuther
1784:
1781:
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795:
794:Jingdezhen bowl
792:
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748:
739:
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723:
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692:
682:
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571:to produce the
531:
447:
341:A selection of
335:
124:
12:
11:
5:
2285:
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2221:Topkapı Palace
2218:
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2109:
2107:China painting
2104:
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2015:
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1991:
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1737:
1736:(14th century)
1731:
1730:(10th century)
1724:
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1718:
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1591:(18th century)
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1585:(17th century)
1580:
1579:(17th century)
1574:
1573:(17th century)
1568:
1567:(16th century)
1562:
1561:(16th century)
1556:
1553:Blanc de Chine
1550:
1547:Blue and white
1544:
1538:
1537:(12th century)
1532:
1531:(10th century)
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1499:
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2241:(Baltimore)
2235:(Worcester)
2162:Collections
1928:Ludwigsburg
1910:Frankenthal
1886:Nymphenburg
1880:Fürstenberg
1856:Capodimonte
1808:Saint-Cloud
969:Koh Antique
722:Canton ware
639:copied the
573:Canton ware
541:Canton ware
529:Export ware
516:supplanted
441:porcelain.
398:cobalt blue
292:in Chinese.
284:porcelain.
142:reign, the
39:. It is a
29:pink family
2261:Categories
2223:(Istanbul)
2097:Bone china
1982:Copenhagen
1976:Loosdrecht
1958:Wallendorf
1541:Jingdezhen
1176:1826/11469
882:References
386:Jingdezhen
345:porcelains
214:Jingdezhen
188:itself in
2217:(Beijing)
2193:(Toronto)
2187:(Dresden)
2060:Porsgrund
2054:Rosenthal
1994:Hollóháza
1904:Worcester
1844:Vincennes
1832:Chantilly
1826:Rörstrand
1669:Nabeshima
1451:Porcelain
1274:191567275
1154:: 27–36.
1043:fulinqian
870:Delftware
768:Falangcai
752:falangcai
637:Chantilly
486:Tang Ying
478:falangcai
466:Falangcai
439:falangcai
435:falangcai
431:Falangcai
427:falangcai
422:Prince Yi
411:Yongzheng
382:Tang Ying
374:cloisonné
343:falangcai
258:falangcai
250:Tang Ying
230:falangcai
226:falangcai
210:Falangcai
206:cloisonné
202:falangcai
176:Falangcai
153:The term
140:Yongzheng
94:Although
81:Yongzheng
68:falangcai
2229:(London)
2199:(Moscow)
2133:Chinamen
2066:Augarten
1946:Wedgwood
1892:Plymouth
1757:General:
1704:General:
1674:Kakiemon
1630:General:
1465:General:
708:Qianlong
553:exported
494:Qianlong
461:enamels.
455:openwork
104:boli bai
91:period.
89:Qianlong
2211:(Paris)
2205:(Paris)
2112:Biscuit
2042:Zsolnay
2018:Doulton
2006:Mintons
1970:Limoges
1868:Mennecy
1850:Chelsea
1814:Meissen
1535:Qingbai
1511:Celadon
1156:Bibcode
874:faience
872:plate,
710:period.
687:period
647:Gallery
633:Chelsea
629:Meissen
470:yangcai
418:Beijing
390:yangcai
366:Jesuits
316:yingcai
296:Ruancai
290:yangcai
262:yangcai
240:Yangcai
190:Beijing
146:at the
77:Jesuits
62:yangcai
56:ruancai
2126:People
2068:(1923)
2062:(1885)
2056:(1879)
2050:(1877)
2044:(1853)
2038:(1853)
2032:(1826)
2030:Herend
2026:(1822)
2024:Lichte
2020:(1815)
2014:(1814)
2008:(1793)
2002:(1781)
1996:(1777)
1990:(1775)
1984:(1775)
1978:(1774)
1972:(1771)
1966:(1768)
1960:(1764)
1954:(1763)
1952:Berlin
1948:(1759)
1942:(1760)
1940:Retiro
1936:(1759)
1930:(1758)
1924:(1757)
1918:(1756)
1916:Sèvres
1912:(1755)
1906:(1751)
1900:(1748)
1894:(1748)
1888:(1747)
1882:(1747)
1876:(1747)
1870:(1745)
1864:(1744)
1858:(1743)
1852:(1743)
1846:(1740)
1840:(1735)
1838:Doccia
1834:(1730)
1828:(1726)
1822:(1718)
1820:Vienna
1816:(1710)
1810:(1693)
1804:(1673)
1798:(1575)
1796:Medici
1789:Types:
1749:Europe
1734:Joseon
1728:Goryeo
1721:Types:
1684:Hirado
1679:Kutani
1652:Types:
1589:Canton
1577:Kangxi
1571:Tianqi
1565:Swatow
1498:Types:
1489:(1338)
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868:Dutch
808:tureen
569:Canton
378:falang
333:Origin
286:Fencai
272:Fencai
254:falang
198:Franks
194:falang
116:Canton
73:Kangxi
65:, and
50:fencai
1964:Revol
1934:Weesp
1922:Derby
1802:Rouen
1697:Korea
1664:Imari
1659:Arita
1623:Japan
1559:Kraak
1458:China
1270:S2CID
1144:(PDF)
1055:马未都.
496:era.
325:wucai
268:used.
122:Terms
1529:Ding
1523:Xing
1385:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1190:link
1120:ISBN
990:ISBN
942:ISBN
908:ISBN
770:vase
754:vase
738:vase
685:Qing
635:and
499:The
312:lit.
266:flux
260:and
43:for
1874:Bow
1517:Yue
1262:doi
1172:hdl
1164:doi
1045:拂菻嵌
322:or
310:),
181:珐琅彩
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806:A
750:A
631:,
307:软彩
304:/
301:軟彩
277:粉彩
245:洋彩
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
