John Lomax - Knowledge

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officials, particularly in the deep South, who might otherwise have been unresponsive to requests for materials of this type. One might question the wisdom of selecting Lomax, a white Southerner to direct a project involving the collection of data from black former slaves. Yet whatever racial preconceptions Lomax may have held do not appear to have had an appreciable effect upon the Slave Narrative Collection. Lomax's instructions to interviewers emphasized the necessity of obtaining a faithful account of the ex-slave's version of his or her experience. "It should be remembered that the Federal Writers' Project is not interested in taking sides on any question. The worker should not censor any materials collected regardless of its nature." Lomax constantly reiterated his insistence that the interviews be recorded verbatim, with no holds barred. In his editorial capacity he closely adhered to this dictum.

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endured many hardships, exercised great patience and tact to win the confidence and friendship of hundreds of singers in order to bring to the Library of Congress records of the voices of countless interesting people they met on the way. Very much remains to be done to make our Archive truly representative of all the people, but the country owes a debt of gratitude to these two men for the excellent foundation laid for future work in this field. ... The Lomaxes received much help in their expeditions from many interested folklorists, some of whom have made important contributions to the Archive as a result of independent expeditions of their own. To these the Library wishes to take this opportunity to express its deep gratitude. They include Gordon Barnes, Mary E. Barnicle, E. C. Beals, Barbara Bell, Paul Brewster,

770:, c. 1926) that, "Nearly every type of song is to be found in our prisons and penitentiaries" Folklorists Howard Odum and Guy Johnson also had observed that, "If one wishes to obtain anything like an accurate picture of the workaday Negro he will surely find his best setting in the chain gang, prison, or in the situation of the ever-fleeing fugitive." But what these folklorists had merely recommended John and Alan Lomax were able to put into practice. In their successful grant application they wrote, following Odum, Johnson and Gordon's hint, that prisoners, "Thrown on their own resources for entertainment ... still sing, especially the long-term prisoners who have been confined for years and who have not yet been influenced by 411:

by student dissatisfaction with the administration, continued even after February 14, 1908, when the University, in a conciliatory gesture, fired some of its administrators. Unable to teach because of the strike, Lomax decided to see about resuming his collecting of cowboy ballads with a view to publishing them in a book. Encouraged by Wendell, he applied for and was awarded a Sheldon Fellowship grant. In June 1908, Lomax became a full professor at A&M. That August the strike ended when the President of the University resigned. In June 1910, Lomax accepted an administrative job at the University of Texas as "Secretary of the University Faculties and Assistant Director of the Department of Extension."

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fashion; and the musical aesthetic, which sought the distinguishable art form of the folk tune for appreciation and performance. The collectors themselves were academics, whether somewhat detached leaders of regional activity or lone workers aided by chance location, early upbringing, or special interest. Or they were interested amateurs in that they began and pursued their labors for a wide variety of reasons unrelated to the values of disinterested scholarship. A union of both types of collector, in the person of John A. Lomax, enriched the greatest collection of all, the Archive of American Folk Song (Library of Congress). —D. K. Wilgus,

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cost-cutting due to the Depression) and not because of the Lomaxes' recording, which the Governor may not have listened to. In September 1934, Lead Belly wrote to Lomax requesting employment, since he needed to have a job in order not to be sent back to prison. At the urging of John Jr., Lomax engaged Lead Belly as his driver and assistant, and the pair traveled the South together collecting folk songs for the next three months. Then, in December 1934, Lead Belly famously performed illustrating John Lomax's scheduled lecture of folk songs at a smoker and sing-along held at the national MLA meeting in Philadelphia (see

654:, chief of the Music Division. Gordon had also experimented in the field with a portable disc recorder, but had had neither time nor resources to do significant fieldwork. Lomax found the recorded holdings of the Archive woefully inadequate for his purposes. He therefore made an arrangement with the Library whereby it would provide recording equipment, obtained for it by Lomax through private grants, in exchange for which he would travel the country making field recordings to be deposited in the Archive of the Library, then the major resource for printed and recorded material in the United States 501:, the nation's leading organization of teachers of languages and literature. For the next several years he hit the lecture circuit, traveling so often that his wife, Bess Brown, had to help him with his schedules and even some of his speeches." His lectures on cowboy songs, ballads and poetry took him all across the eastern USA. For example, in December 1911, Lomax made a successful performance at Cornell University, singing and reciting some of the cowboy songs he had collected. Sometimes he would have a chorus of college students dress up as cowboys to add interest to his presentations. 49: 712: 337:, a student newspaper. After graduation in June 1897, he worked at the University of Texas as registrar for the next six years until the spring of 1903. He also had other duties such as being personal secretary to the President of the University, manager of Brackenridge Hall (the men's dormitory on campus), and serving on the Alumni Scholarship Committee. Lomax joined a campus fraternity known as The Great and Honorable Order of Gooroos receiving the title "Sybillene Priest". 1811:

importance that full information be supplied, when possible, as to the source of the contribution, the informant, whence he has obtained the material, how long it has been current, and any other date that may be of aid to the student. Whenever it is possible, a transcript in the exact words of the informant is best – colloquialisms, meaningless words, mistakes, and all—and, in the case of ballads and much of the other work, such exactness is necessary.

2124:, a WPA staffer in Texas, once asked Lomax what he thought of Botkin's work in Oklahoma? Botkin's work was interesting, responded Lomax, but it wasn't the sort of thing he did; moreover, "how much is Botkin and how much is folklore, only he knows." Ironically, despite Botkin's impeccable credentials, within a decade he had also earned the enmity of academics for publishing "popular" books and was cast from the fold. (See Porterfield, pp. 407–408) 325:, Lomax recounts how he had arrived at the University of Texas with a roll of cowboy songs he had written down in childhood. He showed them to an English professor, Morgan Callaway, only to have them discounted as "cheap and unworthy," prompting Lomax to take the bundle behind the men's dormitory and burn it. His interest in folksongs thus rebuffed, Lomax focused his attentions on more acceptable academic pursuits. He joined the fraternity 2317: 2080:) routinely painted him as a stereotypical Southern white conservative (Gellert claimed Lomax embodied "the slave-master attitude intact", see Wolfe and Lornell, p. 194). John Lomax's racial attitudes, however, formed during the more optimistic period of Reconstruction, arguably reflected rather a Western populism and conservative stiff-upper-lip, "bootstrap" individualism. The issue is explored in Alan B. Govenar's 376:, two renowned scholars who actively encouraged his interest in cowboy songs. Harvard, in fact, was the center of American folklore studies (then viewed as a subsidiary of English literature, itself a novel field of scholarship in comparison with the more traditional study of rhetoric focused on classical languages and geared to preparing lawyers and clergy). Kittredge, in addition to being a well-known scholar of 2111:

from the material from the Federal Writers' Project under Lomax's direction. It would be acceptable only if collected under "expert guidance" (in other words by an academic with specialized training). only response to the AFS's snub was the wry observation, sometime later, that "perhaps the collector must go out among the people dressed in cap and gown." After a few months, WPA director,

919:. As Curator and Assistant in Charge of the Folk Song Collection John and Alan Lomax supervised and worked with many other folklorists, musicologists, and composers, amateur and professional, all over the country, amassing more than ten thousand records of vocal and instrumental music on aluminum and acetate discs along with many pages of written documentation. 348:. It ultimately emerged that the reason for Green's reluctance to commit herself to an engagement to John Lomax had been her awareness that she was mortally ill with tuberculosis. However, Lomax continued to exchange letters with Green until a month before her death, which occurred in February 1903. That year, Lomax accepted an offer to teach English at 598:, an anthology of cowboy poetry, was published by Macmillan. That year Lomax returned to Texas to be secretary of the Texas Exes, which had become financially independent of the University, so as to avoid further interference from politicians. Nevertheless, interference struck, when Ferguson, whom the law prohibited from holding office, ran his wife, 766:, Lomax was able to set out in June 1933 on the first recording expedition under the Library's auspices, with Alan Lomax (then eighteen years old) in tow. As now, a disproportionate percentage of African American males were held as prisoners. Robert Winslow Gordon, Lomax's predecessor at the Library of Congress, had written (in an article in 570:, John A. Lomax urged the collection of Texas folklore: "Two rich and practically unworked fields in Texas are found in the large Negro and Mexican populations of the state." He adds, "Here are many problems of research that lie close at hand, not buried in musty tomes and incomplete records, but in vital human personalities." 695:, Professor of Classics and Dean of Women at the University of Texas, whom he married in 1934. His sons and daughters assisted with his folksong research and with the daily operations of the Archive: Shirley, who performed songs taught to her by her mother; John Jr., who encouraged his father's association with the Library; 2135:, the founder of American folklore studies and the first person to hold the title of "Professor of English", and later of modern languages at Harvard University, possessed several honorary doctorates from German Universities, but none from America or Britain. For more on the Federal Writers' Project see Jerre Mangione's 489:, 1909, Lomax nominated Payne as president of the society, and Payne nominated Lomax as first secretary. The two set out to marshal support, and a month later, Killis Campbell, an associate professor at the University, publicly proposed the formation of the Society at a meeting of the Texas State Teachers Association in 615:

with two school-age children to support, the sixty-five-year-old went into a deep depression. In hope of reviving his father's spirits, his oldest son, John Lomax Jr. encouraged him to begin a new series of lecture tours. They took to the road, camping out by the side of the road to save money, with John Jr. (and later

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now declared him unacceptable because he lacked a Ph.D. Some observers attributed this action to the jealousy of certain academics over the commercial success of Lomax's books. ... Whatever the motive, at its annual meeting in 1938 the American Folklore Society adopted a resolutions distancing itself

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Three traditions guided the collecting : the academic, which, following Child, sought accurate transcriptions of text first and music later for scholarly study; the local enthusiastic, which searched out and displayed the quaint, the unusual, the exciting, the enjoyable in undisciplined and mercurial

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newsreel of Lomax's discovery of Lead Belly in prison, led to the myth that John Lomax made Lead Belly perform in prison stripes (which is inaccurate). He did perform in overalls, however. During Lomax's two-week lecture tour with Lead Belly on the eastern college circuit in March 1935 (pre-scheduled

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It was Kittredge who pioneered modern methods of ballad study, and who encouraged collectors to get out of their armchairs and library halls and to get out into the countryside to collect ballads first hand. When he met John Lomax in 1907, this was what he encouraged him to do; the cowboy songs Lomax

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Never was there such a hopeless hodge-podge, There was I, a Chautauqua-educated country boy who couldn't conjugate an English verb or decline a pronoun, attempting to master three other languages at the same time. ... But I plunged on through the year, for since I was older than the average freshman,

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In 1931, Lomax's wife Bess Brown died at the age of 50, leaving four children (the youngest, Bess, was ten years old). In addition, the Dallas bank at which Lomax worked failed: he had to phone his customers one by one to announce that their investments were all worthless. In debt and unemployed and

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to take a job selling bonds at Lee, Higginson & Co; a bond brokerage firm run by the son of his old professor Barrett Wendell. A few months later, Ferguson was impeached and the Board of Regents rescinded its dismissal of the faculty. Lomax judged that it would be wrong to leave his post at Lee,

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in 1935. This publication exemplified the society's express purpose, and the motivation behind Lomax's own work: to gather a body of folklore before it disappeared, and to preserve it for the analysis of later scholars. These early efforts foreshadowed what would become Lomax's greatest achievement,

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although he paid generous tribute to John A. Lomax's greatness as a collector, as a first-generation professional academic folklorist, Wilgus could be harshly critical. In particular, although he acknowledged the accuracy of Lomax's transcriptions and notations of sources, he objected to his having

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The WPA project to interview former slaves assumed a form and a scope that bore Lomax's imprint and reflected his experience and zeal as a collector of folklore. His sense of urgency inspired the efforts in several states. And his prestige and personal influence enlisted the support of many project

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Soon after his return to Austin, John Lomax's son, John Jr., was born, on June 14, 1907. Galvanized by Kittredge's advice and support, Lomax had begun collecting cowboy songs and ballads, but his work was interrupted on February 7, 1908, when "The Great A&M Strike" broke out. The strike, caused

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When he was about to turn twenty-one, and his legal obligation to work as apprentice on his father's farm was coming to an end, his father permitted him to take the profits from the crops of one of their fields. Lomax used this, along with the money from selling his favorite pony, to pay to further

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This checklist has been prepared as a result of countless requests. ... Its appearance at this time is indeed appropriate since it is natural for a nation at war to try to evaluate and exploit to the fullest its own cultural heritage. In our folk song may be found some of the profoundedst currents

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few would deny the instrumental role he played in the transformation of the one-time convict into a commercially successful performer of traditional African American music. The turnabout in his life was rapid and profound: Lead Belly was released from prison on August 1, 1934; his schedule for the

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songs as a child. At around nine he befriended Nat Blythe, a former slave hired as a farmhand by James Lomax. The friendship, he wrote later, "perhaps gave my life its bent." Lomax, whose own schooling was sporadic because of the heavy farmwork he was forced to do, taught Blythe to read and write,

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After 1942, field work of collecting folk songs under government auspices was discontinued due to a shortage of acetate needed for the war effort. But the work had aroused the ire and suspicion of Southern conservatives in Congress who were fearful it could be used as a cover for civil and worker

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The following year (in July 1934), they visited Angola once again. This time Lead Belly begged them to make a recording of a song he had written to take to the Governor requesting parole, which they did. However, unbeknownst to them, Lead Belly was released in August for good time (and because of

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emerged as a major collection of Western songs and had "a profound effect on other folk song students.". According to noted folklore scholar, D. K. Wilgus, the book's publication "sparked a great surge of interest in folk songs of all kinds, and in fact, inspired a search for folk material in all

261:, which pioneered adult education (and where Lomax himself would later lecture). According to Porterfield, "There he improved his mathematics, struggled with Latin, listened to music that stirred him (opera and oratorios, light 'classics' of the day), and learned, for the first time, of two poets— 934:

Many hard-working and expert folklorists cooperated in the accumulation of this material, but in the main the development of the Archive of American Folk Song represents the work of two men, John and Alan Lomax. Starting in 1933, the Lomaxes, father and son, traveled tens of thousands of miles,

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named as Lomax's successor Benjamin Botkin, A.B. Harvard (magna cum laude), M.A. Columbia, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, editor, professor at the University of Oklahoma, and contributor to learned journals. At its next annual meeting, the AFS "noted with interest" the appointment of Botkin, "a

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For the collector of Folk-Lore, the most important virtue is accuracy; and the value of any contribution is destroyed if it is not given just as it was told or sung or described, with no changes whatever, even when such change seems necessary to make sense. Second to accuracy, it is of great

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in the spring of 1889. He was hired as principal by the school's new president, David Switzer, who had previously been president of Granbury College until it was closed down and he was transferred to Weatherford. In 1890, after having attended a summer course at Eastman Business College in

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last week of December that year included performances for the MLA gathering in Philadelphia, for an afternoon tea in Bryn Mawr, and for an informal gathering of professors from Columbia and NYU. Even by the standards of the entertainment industry ... this was a remarkable transformation.

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Throughout the next seven years he continued his research and lecture tours assisted and encouraged by his wife and children. All this came to an end on July 16, 1917, however, when Lomax was fired along with six other faculty members as the result of a political battle between

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Higginson & Co so soon after arriving, especially with regards to his friendship with the family of Barrett Wendell, so he remained in Chicago for eighteen months until the war ended. There he struck up a what turned out to be a lifelong friendship with Chicago poet

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who accompanied John on field trips and who from 1937 to 1942 served as the Archive's first paid (though very nominally) employee as Assistant in Charge; and Bess, who spent her weekends and school vacations copying song texts and doing comparative song research.

509:, December 1912) "Stories of an African Prince", a collection of 16 African stories, which he had obtained through his correspondence with a young Nigerian student, Lattevi Ajayi. In 1912, with the backing of Kittredge, John A. Lomax was elected president of the 504:

Lomax's abiding interest in African-American folklore was also in evidence, for he had plans to publish another book within a year that consisted of folk songs collected from African-Americans. Although the book failed to materialize, he did publish (in the

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The first Ph.D. in folklore was awarded in 1953. For an account of the history of the professionalization of the discipline and its struggle to emerge from its former identity as a subsection between literature and anthropology, see Rosemary Levy Zumwalt,

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records. Satherly had publicity photos made of the singer wearing overalls and sitting on sacks of grain, garb and setting that were customary in commercial publicity photos of country singers in those days. But Lead Belly's recordings, marketed as

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Lomax then used his prestige as a nationally known author to travel the country raising money for folklore studies and to establish other state folklore societies. "He was among the first scholars to present papers about American folk songs to the

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The 1910 promotional pamphlet for the society, prepared mostly by Leonidas Payne (and largely based on Henry M. Belden 1906's pamphlet for the Missouri Folklore Society), explained the society's purpose and suggested the following guidelines to

606:, which during his tenure was a 100-page long publication. Seeing how the wind was blowing, Lomax resigned his secretaryship and joined the Republic Bank of Dallas in 1925. The economic crash of 1929 presaged bad things for the bank, however. 352:

beginning in September To bolster his credentials, in the meantime, he decided to enroll at the University of Chicago for a summer course. Upon his return to Texas he became engaged to Bess Brown and they married on June 9, 1904, in

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After the departure of Robert Gordon from the Library in 1934, John A. Lomax was named Honorary Consultant and Curator of the Archive of American Folk Song, a title he held until his death in 1948. His work, for which he was paid a

344:, to whom he had been introduced in 1897 by the president of the University of Texas. For four years, their friendship had its ups and downs, until June 1902, when Lomax met one of Green's acquaintances, Bess Baumann Brown from 847:). Their association continued for three more months until the following March (1935). In January, Lomax, who knew nothing whatever about the recording business, became Lead Belly's manager and, through a friend, cowboy singer 399:

had been writing down were glimpses into a whole new world, and Lomax should follow up on his work. "Go and get this material while it can be found," he told the young Texan. "Preserve the words and music. That's your job."

1090:(New York: Macmillan) was published and was awarded the Carr P. Collins prize as the best book of the year by the Texas Institute of Letters. The book was immediately optioned to be made into a Hollywood movie starring 303: 228:". When Blythe was 21 years old, he took his savings and left. Lomax never saw him again and heard rumors that he had been murdered. For years afterward, he always looked for Nat when he traveled around the South. 936: 257:, Lomax returned to Texas where he became head of the Business Department of Weatherford College. Each summer, between 1891 and 1894, he also attended the annual lecture-and-concert series at New York State's 832:, better known as "Lead Belly," whom they considered one of their most significant finds. During the next year and a half, father and son continued to make disc recordings of musicians throughout the South. 2106:

Porterfield observes that Lomax's withdrawal from the WPA in 1938 "was eased" by hostility from "elistists" within the American Folklore Society, which had twice honored Lomax by electing him president.

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Lomax, "Unexplored Treasures of Texas Folk-Lore", pp. 101–102. The Texas Folklore Society also sought to collect and preserve the folklore and dialects of other non-English-speaking inhabitants of

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After his three-months as a performer illustrating John A. Lomax's lectures, Lead Belly went on to a 15-year career as an independent artist, championed and assisted intermittently (but not managed) by

305: 539:, who both began teaching English at the university in 1914. In 1915, at Lomax's recommendation, Stith Thompson became the society's secretary-treasurer. In 1916, Lomax's voluminous encyclopedia, 730: 2442: 835:

In contrast to earlier amateur collectors, the Lomaxes were also among the first to attempt to apply scholarly methodology in their work, though they did not adhere to the strict empirical

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Wendell and Kittredge continued to play an important advisory role in Lomax's career after he returned to Texas in June 1907 to resume his teaching position at A&M after completing his

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John A. Lomax has been accused of paternalism and of tailoring Lead Belly's repertoire and clothing during his brief association with Lead Belly. "But," writes jazz historian Ted Gioia,

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The Texas Folklore Society grew gradually over the next decade, with Lomax steering it forward. At his invitation, Kittredge and Wendell attended its meetings. Other early members were

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John A. Lomax's contribution to the documentation of American folk traditions extended beyond the Library of Congress Music Division through his involvement with two agencies of the

728: 1879:(University of Indiana Press, 1988), p. 36. Ballad scholar James Francis Child also served two terms as president, in 1888 and 1889; Kittredge had been president in 1904. The 2221:

Library Of Congress Music Division: Checklist of Recorded Songs in the English Language in the Archive of American Folk Song to July, 1940 (3 Volume Set) Library of Congress

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that have run through American history. A mere glance at the titles listed here will be sufficient to show the variety and complexity of the democratic life of our country.

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in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a graduate student, having previously received a $ 500 stipend: The Austin Teaching Fellowships. Here he had the opportunity to study under

438:.) From the first, John Lomax insisted on the inclusiveness of American culture. Some of the most famous songs in the book — "Git Along Little Dogies", "Sam Bass," and " 293:, and undertaking almost a double course load (including Greek, Latin, and Anglo Saxon) and was graduated in two years. With a touch of Texas hyperbole, he later wrote: 2002:

news series routinely used re-enactments and dramatizations since film and sound technology were not yet sufficiently advanced for on location filming of news events

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and The Cactus Brothers. He began representing the Dead Ringer Band in 1996. John Lomax III was also a music writer for Houston's early-'70s underground newspaper,

729: 1075:, who succeeded Lomax as the Project's folklore editor in 1938, and at the Library in 1939, resulting in the invaluable compendium of authentic slave narratives: 662:, included fund raising for the Library, and he was expected to support himself entirely through writing books and giving lectures. Lomax secured grants from the 364:

Lomax, aware of the deficiencies of his early education, still wished to improve himself, however, and on September 26, 1906, he jumped at the chance to attend

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at the age of eighty in January 1948. On June 15 of that year, Lead Belly gave a concert at the University of Texas, performing children's songs such as "

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Thus began a ten-year relationship with the Library of Congress that would involve not only John but the entire Lomax family, including his second wife,

817:. By no means were all of those whom the Lomaxes recorded imprisoned, however: in other communities, they recorded K.C. Gallaway and Henry Truvillion. 899:, where Robertson introduced him to the all-day singing festivals of the area which enabled Lomax to preserve the lyrics of many local folk songs. 1102: 2452: 839:

adopted by the subsequent generation of academic folklorists, who believed in refraining from drawing conclusions about the data they amassed.

485:. Lomax and Payne hoped that the society would further their own research while kindling an interest in folklore among like-minded Texans. On 333:. During the summer of 1896, he attended a summer school program in Chicago studying languages. In 1897, he became an associate editor of the 2447: 407:

degree. This included a visit by the two professors to Texas during which Lomax took them to a Sunday service in an African-American church.

1230: 513:, with Kittredge (himself a former president of the society) as First Vice President. He was re-elected for a second term in 1913. In 1922, 646:

recordings that straddled the boundaries between commercial and folk, and wax cylinder field recordings, built up under the leadership of

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The Archive of American Folk Song of the Library of Congress contains songs collected in 33 states of the Union and certain parts of the

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sedan, Lomax soon used it to record, at the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola, a twelve-string guitar player by the name of

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and folksongs, with a special emphasis on the contributions of African Americans. It was accepted. In preparation he traveled to

285:, but he realized he would likely fail its tough entrance examinations. So, in 1895, at the age of 28, Lomax matriculated at the 2154: 2407: 2363: 1086:

John A. Lomax served as president of the Texas Folklore Society for the years 1940–41, and 1941–42. In 1947 his autobiography

240:, southeast of Meridian. As time went on, he grew tired of the low pay and country-school drudgery and he applied for work at 763: 602:, as his surrogate. As governor, Mrs. Ferguson was able to pack the board of regents and oust John from his job as editor of 1128:

Miriam Ferguson. Lomax's old enemy, James Ferguson, was virtually running his wife's comeback attempt at the governorship.

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and in May 1888, he graduated and eventually became a teacher. He began his first job as a teacher at a country school in

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by Lomax before teaming up with Lead Belly), the two men quarreled over money and never spoke to one another again.

1125: 1118: 1788:, which was founded by Rutherford B. Hayes and Mark Twain, does not list its presidents for the years before 1942. 2482: 2472: 2462: 2379: 1600: 896: 1139:" and spirituals (performed with his wife Martha) that he had first sung years before for the late collector. 619:) serving the senior Lomax as driver and personal assistant. In June 1932, they arrived at the offices of the 1041: 1025: 636: 559: 474: 286: 219:

on the 183 acres (0.74 km) of bottomland that he had purchased near the Bosque River. He was exposed to

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Jim Nicar, "The Defenders, 1913–1926: The Association Saves the University from an Educational Infanticide."

2041: 1240: 486: 184:, to James Avery Lomax and the former Susan Frances Cooper. In December 1869, the Lomax family traveled by 1080: 1037: 1019: 856: 498: 427: 54: 31: 1983:

And continued until much later, as in the outfits worn by the country artists on the television series

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and Blythe taught Lomax songs including "Big Yam Potatoes on a Sandy Land" and dance steps such as "

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3. Did you take it from recitation, from old manuscript, from singing, or write it out from memory?

1835:, , p. 30.) The Society's first annual meeting was held in 1911 on the University of Texas campus. 329:

and the Rusk Literary Society, as well as becoming an editor and later the editor-in-chief of the

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The Defenders, 1913–1926: The Association Saves the University from an Educational Infanticide",

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As the Federal Writers' Project's first Folklore Editor, Lomax also directed the gathering of ex-

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From Norman R. Yetman's online introduction to the Library of Congress Slave Narrative Website

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regions of the nation." Its success transformed John A. Lomax into a nationally known figure.

388:, whose courses he continued to teach and whose great, unfinished eight-volume edition of the 2467: 2353: 1944: 1872: 1110: 1044: 980: 964: 647: 528:, was born in 1921, and she too had a distinguished career, both as a performer and teacher. 517:

became secretary-treasurer of the Texas Folklore Society, a job he was to hold for 21 years.

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Lomax did think of himself as a Southerner, and detractors (such as Hungarian-born Marxist

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By the time of Lomax's arrival, the Archive already contained a collection of commercial

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I must hurry, hurry, hurry. I don't think I ever stopped to think how foolish it all was.

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Lomax, John A. "Unexplored Treasures of Texas Folk-Lore". Reprinted in Stith Thompson's

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Lomax decided to further his education at a first-rate university. His first choice was

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trained folklorist" and now expressed a willingness to cooperate with his WPA projects.

992: 976: 960: 825: 741:, a traditional English language folk ballad, sung by Hule "Queen" Hines of Florida to 692: 599: 423: 365: 314: 290: 245: 1911: 2293: 2152: 1784:. Other sources say he served in 1912 and 1913. (see note below). The website of the 1710: 1244: 1121: 1010:

rights agitation, and because of congressional opposition it has never been resumed.

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Sometime around July 1898 Lomax began an intense relationship with Shirley Green of

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Lomax's second son (and third child), Alan, was born on January 15, 1915. In time,

341: 153: 540: 2358: 2158: 1927: 1704: 1181: 1106: 968: 927: 451: 369: 361:

near the A&M campus. Their first child, Shirley, was born on August 7, 1905.

326: 310: 266: 233: 2289: 422:, was published by Sturgis and Walton, with an introduction by former president 2139:(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983). See also Gerald Graff, 1644:

published composite versions of the songs in his books intended for the public.

1150: 1136: 988: 984: 948: 536: 532: 514: 470: 435: 404: 269:—whose work would soon become an integral part of his intellectual equipment." 237: 149: 2347: 1040:. Lomax's biographer, Nolan Porterfield, notes that the outlines of the famed 549:, was published. The same year, Stith Thompson edited the first volume of the 481:, following Kittredge's suggestion that Lomax establish a Texas branch of the 132:(September 23, 1867 – January 26, 1948) was an American teacher, a pioneering 48: 2391: 2239: 2231: 2121: 2112: 1888: 1154: 1059: 852: 624: 587: 490: 431: 389: 354: 345: 200: 943:, Dr. E. K. Davis, Kay Dealy, Seamus Doyle, Charles Draves, Marjorie Edgar, 2247: 794: 384:, had inherited the professorship in English literature previously held by 193: 185: 1910:

For an account of the Vinson-Ferguson dispute and Lomax's role in it, see

820:

In July 1933, they acquired a state-of-the-art, 315 pounds (143 kg)

2255: 1818:

1. Have you recorded the material just as you found it, mistakes and all?

1177: 1091: 912: 908: 786: 447: 381: 181: 172:

in what was then "the colony of North Carolina." John Lomax was born in

2209:. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, facsimile edition 1975. 1922:, the University of Texas Alumni Association, largely founded by Lomax 1919: 1884: 1095: 1072: 885: 861: 848: 844: 836: 821: 790: 754: 696: 677: 651: 643: 616: 521: 225: 145: 141: 133: 2243: 685: 415: 2348:

Notes on the John and Ruby Lomax 1930 Southern States Recording Trip

232:

his education. In the fall of 1887, he attended Granbury College in

2311: 2307: 2230:. Rounder Audio CD, 1997. ASIN: B0000002UB. Contains recordings of 1029: 824:

uncoated-aluminum disk recorder. Installing it in the trunk of his

262: 137: 2369:

Discovering Keepers of Folk Music. Article by Michael Corcoran in

851:, got Lead Belly a recording contract with the famous A&R man 1985: 1728: 1726: 1055: 582: 524:

would prove a worthy successor of his father. A second daughter,

377: 165: 2137:

The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers' Project, 1935–1943

1883:

was edited then and for many years afterward by anthropologist

1132: 1047:

resulting from this work resemble Lomax and Benedict's earlier

930:, Chief of the Library of Congress's Division of Music, wrote: 806: 798: 672: 628: 581:

and the University President, Dr. R. E. Vinson. Lomax moved to

220: 212: 208: 2364:

Biography of John A. Lomax from the Western Music Hall of Fame

1723: 2337:

Biography of John A. Lomax at the Library of Congress website

2214:

Last Cavalier: The Life and Times of John A. Lomax, 1867–1948

2171:

Last Cavalier: The Life and Times of John A. Lomax, 1867-1948

1640:(Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1959), p. XV. 1232:

Last Cavalier: The Life and Times of John A. Lomax, 1867-1948

916: 802: 783: 779: 775: 681: 216: 204: 197: 189: 2443:

University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni

2265:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1959. 1827:

4. When, where, and from whom did your informant get it?

627:. Here Lomax proposed his idea for an anthology of American 558:

the collection of more than ten thousand recordings for the

1149:

Following in his grandfather's footsteps, Lomax's grandson

771: 2042:"Broadcasting and Preserving Upcountry Music Near and Far" 1776:

p. 109), state that a few months after the publication of

924:

Checklist of Recorded Folk Song in the Library of Congress

864:, failed to sell. A filmed re-enactment in early 1935 for 1172:(1988). He is also an artist manager and has represented 947:, Richard Fento, Helen Hartness Flanders, Frank Goodwin, 188:

from Mississippi to Texas. John Lomax grew up in central

2380:"John A. Lomax Jr. (1907–1974): A Success in All He Did" 2373:

about John A. Lomax and the Gant family of Austin, Texas

1814:

The following questions may be of use to the collector:

1601:"John A. Lomax Jr. (1907–1974): A Success in All He Did" 1206:"Texas State Historical Association | Lomax, John Avery" 442:" — were sourced from African-American cowboys. Before 2014:

Faking It: The Quest for Authenticity in Popular Music

446:

was published Lomax recorded a black saloon keeper in

1028:. In 1936, he was assigned to serve as an advisor on 2277:

American Folklore Scholarship: a Dialogue of Dissent

1972:

American Folklore Scholarship: a Dialogue of Dissent

1877:

American Folklore Scholarship: a Dialogue of Dissent

1146:

for his contributions to the field of cowboy music.

939:, Richard Chase, Fletcher Collins, Carita D. Corse, 2323:"Lomax, John Avery" in the Handbook of Texas Online 1098:as Lead Belly, but the project was never realized. 2228:A Treasury of Library of Congress Field Recordings 2084:(Texas A&M University Press, 2008), pp. 16–20. 1071:Upon Lomax's departure this work was continued by 1228: 983:, Walter McClintock, Alton Morris, Juan B. Rael, 2389: 2202:. New York: Collier Books, reissued 1938 (1910). 2011:For example, see Hugh Barker and Yuval Taylor's 811:James "Iron Head" Baker, Mose "Clear Rock" Platt 609: 493:. By April 1910, there were 92 charter members. 27:American musicologist and folklorist (1867–1948) 2141:Professing Literature, an Institutional History 2095:"John Lomax's Leadership and the Issue of Race" 1743:Anglo American Folk Song Scholarship since 1898 156:, also distinguished collectors of folk music. 2263:Anglo-American Folksong Scholarship since 1898 1638:Anglo-American Folksong Scholarship Since 1898 1632:Wilgus situates Lomax's collecting as follows: 902: 140:who did much for the preservation of American 2127:Lomax's mentor, the distinguished professor, 2082:Texas Blues: The Rise of a Contemporary Sound 1821:2. Where, when, and from whom did you get it? 1142:In 2010, John A. Lomax was inducted into the 1077:Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery 922:In his 1942 introduction to the multi-volume 680:border and spent weeks among French-speaking 2478:Presidents of the American Folklore Society 2223:(Paperback, March 1, 1942) ASIN: B0017HYX4E 590:, who frequently mentions him in his book, 568:Publications of the Texas Folklore Society 551:Publications of the Texas Folklore Society 469:Around the same time, Lomax and Professor 47: 2186:(New York: Da Capo Press, 1999 ), p. 254. 1592: 1310:(New York: Da Capo Press, 1999), p. 107. 464: 53:Lomax (left) shaking hands with musician 1881:Journal of the American Folklore Society 891:In 1938 John Lomax visited noted writer 301: 2342:1939 Southern Recording Trip Fieldnotes 2200:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 1709:. Oxford University Press. p. 33. 1702: 1691:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 458:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 420:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 391:Popular Ballads of England and Scotland 30:For other people named John Lomax, see 14: 2390: 2039: 1493: 1466: 1105:, a rancher and businessman then from 596:Songs of the Cattle Trail and Cow Camp 164:The Lomax family originally came from 2453:Works Progress Administration workers 2377: 2216:, University of Illinois Press, 2001. 2040:Bailey, Beatrice Naff (Spring 2007). 1833:The Texas Folklore Society: 1909–1943 1831:(Quoted in Francis Edward Abernethy, 1780:, Lomax was elected president of the 1598: 987:, Helen Roberts, Domingo Santa Cruz, 764:American Council of Learned Societies 2448:University of Texas at Austin people 1974:(University of Indiana Press, 1988). 1894: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1791: 1757: 1748: 1745:, quoted in Wolfe and Lornell, ibid. 1683: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1617: 1608: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 545:, which he had written jointly with 1529: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1484: 1475: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1340: 1331: 1079:, edited by B. A. Botkin (Chicago: 991:, Mrs. Nicol Smith, Robert Sonkin, 703: 168:with William Lomax, who settled in 24: 2458:American people of English descent 2382:. Association for Cultural Equity. 1772:Charles Wolfe and Kip Lornell (in 1603:. Association for Cultural Equity. 1322: 1313: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1264: 710: 25: 2494: 2418:American male non-fiction writers 2283: 2279:(Indiana University Press, 1988). 2268:Wolfe, Charles, and Kip Lornell. 1732:Wolfe and Lornell (1999), p. 109. 1222: 1113:, while both were volunteers for 1062:for project fieldworkers to use. 2438:Texas A&M University faculty 2433:People from Bosque County, Texas 2428:People from Goodman, Mississippi 2315: 2184:The Life and Legend of Leadbelly 1589:Wolfe and Lornell (1999) p. 108. 753:Problems playing this file? See 726: 594:(1927). In 1919, his next book, 566:. In the inaugural issue of the 2359:Books by John A. and Alan Lomax 2182:Charles Wolfe and Kip Lornell, 2176: 2163: 2146: 2131:, also possessed no doctorate. 2100: 2087: 2070: 2061: 2033: 2020: 2005: 1992: 1977: 1963: 1950: 1933: 1914:, in the January 2010 issue of 1904: 1865: 1800: 1766: 1735: 1706:The History of Music Production 1703:Burgess, Richard James (2014). 1696: 1626: 1583: 1358: 1349: 1101:In 1932, Lomax met his friend, 272: 1306:Charles Wolf and Kip Lornell, 1300: 1198: 897:Pickens County, South Carolina 635:to review the holdings in the 13: 1: 2408:American folk-song collectors 2192: 1862:Porterfield, p. 171–173. 1853:Porterfield, p. 143–144. 1844:Porterfield, p. 176–179. 1671:Porterfield, p. 133–135. 1605:Retrieved on 24 November 2014 1571:Porterfield, p. 106–108. 1088:Adventures of a Ballad Hunter 1026:Works Progress Administration 637:Archive of American Folk Song 610:Archive of American Folk Song 560:Archive of American Folk Song 475:University of Texas at Austin 357:. The couple settled down at 323:Adventures of a Ballad Hunter 287:University of Texas at Austin 159: 2350:, at the Library of Congress 2344:, at the Library of Congress 2299:Works by or about John Lomax 2270:Life and Legend of Leadbelly 1308:Life and Legend of Leadbelly 1241:University of Illinois Press 639:of the Library of Congress. 621:Macmillan publishing company 507:Journal of American Folklore 331:University of Texas Magazine 7: 2384:Retrieved 24 November 2014. 2314:(public domain audiobooks) 2272:. New York: Da Capo, 1999. 1535:Porterfield, p. 94–95. 1499:Porterfield, p. 62–66. 1490:Porterfield, p. 79–80. 1481:Porterfield, p. 75–77. 1472:Porterfield, p. 53–66. 1454:Porterfield, p. 71–72. 1400:Porterfield, p. 59–60. 1391:Porterfield, p. 40–41. 1288:Porterfield, p. 18–19. 1081:University of Chicago Press 1020:American folk music revival 903:The scope of the collection 778:, the distinctive old-time 650:, Head of the Archive, and 499:Modern Language Association 32:John Lomax (disambiguation) 10: 2499: 2354:Lead Belly and the Lomaxes 1229:Nolan Porterfield (1996). 1153:is a nationally published 1144:Western Music Hall of Fame 1017: 553:, which Dobie reissued as 394:he brought to completion. 29: 2423:Harvard University alumni 2413:American music historians 2290:Works by John Avery Lomax 2050:The South Carolina Review 1797:Porterfield, p. 141. 1786:American Folklore Society 1782:American Folklore Society 1763:Porterfield, p. 157. 1680:Porterfield, p. 147. 1662:Porterfield, p. 140. 1653:Porterfield, p. 131. 1623:Porterfield, p. 127. 1614:Porterfield, p. 123. 1580:Porterfield, p. 114. 1562:Porterfield, p. 105. 1553:Porterfield, p. 101. 1544:Porterfield, p. 100. 1162:Nashville: Music City USA 1058:narratives and devised a 1034:Historical Records Survey 1013: 762:Through a grant from the 511:American Folklore Society 483:American Folklore Society 313:", performed by John and 107: 88: 62: 46: 39: 2275:Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy. 1754:Porterfield, pp.;150–52. 1526:Porterfield, p. 89. 1517:Porterfield, p. 87. 1508:Porterfield, p. 83. 1463:Porterfield, p. 73. 1445:Porterfield, p. 68. 1436:Porterfield, p. 50. 1427:Porterfield, p. 45. 1418:Porterfield, p. 43. 1409:Porterfield, p. 41. 1382:Porterfield, p. 34. 1373:Porterfield, p. 32. 1337:Porterfield, p. 26. 1328:Porterfield, p. 25. 1319:Porterfield, p. 22. 1297:Porterfield, p. 20. 1279:Porterfield, p. 12. 1270:Porterfield, p. 10. 1192: 1168:(2001) and co-author of 1038:Federal Writers' Project 1032:collecting for both the 350:Texas A&M University 1887:, who was succeeded by 941:Sidney Robertson Cowell 782:melodies." They toured 144:. He was the father of 100:Greenville, Mississippi 2157:July 28, 2011, at the 2129:George Lyman Kittredge 2126: 2118: 2017:, W. W. Norton: 2007. 1918:, the magazine of the 1830: 1642: 1346:Porterfield, p. 27–29. 1170:The Country Music Book 1069: 1007: 1001: 881: 715: 668:Rockefeller Foundation 547:Harry Yandall Benedict 479:Texas Folklore Society 465:Texas Folklore Society 401: 374:George Lyman Kittredge 318: 300: 255:Poughkeepsie, New York 2483:Folk music historians 2473:Historians from Texas 2463:Historians of slavery 2119: 2108: 1956:Quoted in Ted Gioia, 1945:Duke University Press 1873:Rosemary Levy Zumwalt 1808: 1633: 1064: 1002: 981:Bascom Lamar Lunsford 965:George Pullen Jackson 932: 876: 714: 648:Robert Winslow Gordon 414:In November 1910 the 396: 308: 295: 279:Vanderbilt University 2248:Justice Learned Hand 2212:Porterfield, Nolan. 2067:Porterfield, p. 386. 815:Lightnin' Washington 664:Carnegie Corporation 660:salary of one dollar 428:The Buffalo Skinners 283:Nashville, Tennessee 259:Chautauqua Institute 203:. His father raised 81:Goodman, Mississippi 2308:Works by John Lomax 2169:Nolan Porterfield, 2133:Francis James Child 1364:Porterfield, p. 30. 1355:Porterfield, p. 29. 1237:Champaign, Illinois 979:, Eloise Linscott, 975:, Elizabeth Lomax, 957:Melville Herskovits 564:Library of Congress 386:Francis James Child 242:Weatherford College 2219:Spivacke, Harold. 1926:2011-07-25 at the 1210:www.tshaonline.org 1115:Orville Bullington 1073:Benjamin A. Botkin 993:Ruby Pickens Tartt 977:Ruby Terrill Lomax 961:Zora Neale Hurston 937:Genevieve Chandler 768:The New York Times 716: 693:Ruby Terrill Lomax 600:Miriam A. Ferguson 424:Theodore Roosevelt 366:Harvard University 319: 291:English literature 77:September 23, 1867 55:"Uncle" Rich Brown 2378:Lomax III, John. 2294:Project Gutenberg 1599:Lomax III, John. 1124:race against the 867:The March of Time 731: 579:James E. Ferguson 542:The Book of Texas 450:singing it on an 444:Home on the Range 440:Home on the Range 306: 170:Rockingham County 127: 126: 16:(Redirected from 2490: 2383: 2371:Austin Statesman 2319: 2318: 2303:Internet Archive 2258:, and many more. 2236:Honeyboy Edwards 2187: 2180: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2104: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2078:Lawrence Gellert 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2046: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1947:, 2006), p. 209. 1937: 1931: 1908: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1721: 1720: 1700: 1694: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1202: 1174:Townes Van Zandt 1158:music journalist 1131:Lomax died of a 997:John W. Work III 945:John Henry Faulk 830:Huddie Ledbetter 733: 732: 713: 704:Field recordings 592:American Songbag 487:Thanksgiving Day 342:Palestine, Texas 307: 192:, just north of 154:Bess Lomax Hawes 130:John Avery Lomax 95: 92:January 26, 1948 76: 74: 67:John Avery Lomax 51: 37: 36: 21: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2388: 2387: 2332:(January 2010). 2316: 2286: 2226:Wade, Stephen. 2207:Round the Levee 2198:Lomax, John A. 2195: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2159:Wayback Machine 2151: 2147: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2088: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2010: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1938: 1934: 1928:Wayback Machine 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1774:Life and Legend 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1243:. p. 371. 1227: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1182:David Schnaufer 1022: 1016: 969:Stetson Kennedy 953:Herbert Halpert 928:Harold Spivacke 905: 760: 759: 751: 749: 748: 747: 746: 734: 727: 724: 717: 711: 706: 612: 555:Round the Levee 477:co-founded the 467: 452:Edison cylinder 370:Barrett Wendell 359:College Station 327:Phi Delta Theta 321:In his memoir, 311:Cotton-Eyed Joe 302: 275: 162: 123: 103: 97: 93: 84: 78: 72: 70: 69: 68: 58: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2496: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2386: 2385: 2375: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2334: 2325: 2320: 2305: 2296: 2285: 2284:External links 2282: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2261:Wilgus, D. K. 2259: 2250:, Kelly Pace, 2224: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2175: 2162: 2145: 2099: 2086: 2069: 2060: 2032: 2019: 2004: 1991: 1976: 1962: 1949: 1932: 1903: 1893: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1799: 1790: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1741:D. K. Wilgus, 1734: 1722: 1716:978-0199357178 1715: 1695: 1693:, p. xxi. 1682: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1438: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1249: 1221: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1180:, Rocky Hill, 1166:Red Desert Sky 1151:John Lomax III 1137:Skip to My Lou 1111:Johnson County 1015: 1012: 989:Charles Seeger 985:Vance Randolph 949:Percy Grainger 904: 901: 750: 735: 725: 720: 719: 718: 709: 708: 707: 705: 702: 611: 608: 537:J. Frank Dobie 533:Stith Thompson 515:J. Frank Dobie 471:Leonidas Payne 466: 463: 436:Virgil Thomson 405:Master of Arts 289:, majoring in 274: 271: 161: 158: 150:John Lomax Jr. 125: 124: 122: 121: 118: 115: 111: 109: 105: 104: 98: 96:(aged 80) 90: 86: 85: 79: 66: 64: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2495: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:Texas Gladden 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2122:Harold Preece 2117: 2114: 2113:Henry Alsberg 2103: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2036: 2030:, p. 207–208. 2029: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2001: 2000:March of Time 1995: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1897: 1890: 1889:Ruth Benedict 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1718: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1639: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1252: 1250:9780252022166 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1225: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155:United States 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1122:gubernatorial 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:Henry Zweifel 1099: 1097: 1094:as Lomax and 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1060:questionnaire 1057: 1052: 1050: 1049:Book of Texas 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1011: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 963:, Myra Hull, 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 931: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 900: 898: 894: 893:Ben Robertson 889: 887: 880: 875: 872: 869: 868: 863: 858: 854: 853:Art Satherley 850: 846: 840: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 758: 756: 744: 740: 739: 738:Barbara Allen 723: 722:Barbara Allen 701: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 676:songs on the 675: 674: 669: 665: 661: 655: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 625:New York City 622: 618: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 588:Carl Sandburg 584: 580: 577: 571: 569: 565: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 502: 500: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 462: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432:Carl Sandburg 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 408: 406: 400: 395: 393: 392: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 351: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 316: 312: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 250:Parker County 247: 243: 239: 235: 229: 227: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 201:Bosque County 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178:Holmes County 175: 171: 167: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 119: 116: 113: 112: 110: 106: 101: 91: 87: 82: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 38: 33: 19: 18:John A. Lomax 2468:Lomax family 2370: 2329: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2183: 2178: 2170: 2165: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2120: 2109: 2102: 2089: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2035: 2027: 2022: 2012: 2007: 1999: 1994: 1984: 1979: 1971: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1940: 1935: 1915: 1906: 1896: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1832: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1793: 1778:Cowboy Songs 1777: 1773: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1742: 1737: 1705: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1307: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1266: 1256:December 14, 1254:. Retrieved 1231: 1224: 1213:. 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Ball 2193:References 2028:Work Songs 1998:The early 1958:Work Songs 1941:Work Songs 1920:Texas Exes 1916:The Alcade 1885:Franz Boas 1215:2022-02-25 1119:Republican 1096:Josh White 1018:See also: 973:Bess Lomax 886:Alan Lomax 862:race music 849:Tex Ritter 845:Lead Belly 837:positivism 822:phonograph 791:work songs 789:recording 755:media help 743:John Lomax 697:Alan Lomax 678:Rio Grande 652:Carl Engel 644:phonograph 633:Washington 617:Alan Lomax 604:The Alcade 522:Alan Lomax 315:Ruby Lomax 160:Early life 146:Alan Lomax 142:folk music 138:folklorist 117:folklorist 73:1867-09-23 41:John Lomax 2244:Vera Hall 1960:, p. 205. 1943:(Durham: 1083:, 1945). 807:prisoners 686:Louisiana 416:anthology 211:and grew 120:archivist 2312:LibriVox 2173:, p. 371 2155:Archived 1924:Archived 1807:workers: 1164:(1986), 1126:Democrat 1107:Cleburne 1036:and the 1030:folklore 809:such as 774:and the 666:and the 576:Governor 267:Browning 263:Tennyson 234:Granbury 194:Meridian 136:, and a 2301:at the 1986:Hee Haw 1689:Lomax, 799:ballads 745:in 1939 673:vaquero 629:ballads 583:Chicago 562:at the 473:of the 378:Chaucer 335:Alcalde 317:(1939). 238:Clifton 186:ox cart 174:Goodman 166:England 57:in 1940 1901:Texas. 1713: 1247: 1133:stroke 1014:Legacy 915:, and 813:, and 801:, and 682:Cajuns 491:Dallas 355:Austin 346:Dallas 221:cowboy 213:cotton 209:cattle 205:horses 102:, U.S. 83:, U.S. 2045:(PDF) 1871:See: 1193:Notes 1056:slave 917:Haiti 805:from 803:blues 795:reels 784:Texas 780:Negro 776:radio 198:rural 190:Texas 2107:They 1711:ISBN 1258:2015 1245:ISBN 826:Ford 772:jazz 535:and 526:Bess 434:and 380:and 372:and 265:and 226:Juba 217:corn 215:and 207:and 152:and 89:Died 63:Born 2310:at 2292:at 1117:'s 1109:in 1042:WPA 895:in 857:ARC 855:of 623:in 281:in 248:in 244:in 196:in 176:in 2394:: 2254:, 2246:, 2242:, 2238:, 2234:, 2055:38 2053:. 2047:. 1875:, 1725:^ 1239:: 1235:. 1208:. 1176:, 1051:. 971:, 967:, 959:, 955:, 951:, 926:, 911:, 888:. 797:, 793:, 688:. 454:. 418:, 148:, 2097:. 1989:. 1930:. 1891:. 1719:. 1260:. 1218:. 999:. 757:. 309:" 75:) 71:( 34:. 20:)

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