697:
551:, and diminish John Comyn. According to Fordun, John and his kin hated Wallace and appeared on the battlefield only with premeditated treachery in mind – "For, on account of the ill-will, begotten of the sprig of envy, which the Comyns had conceived towards the aforesaid William, they, with their accomplices, forsook the field, and escaped unhurt." This is set alongside a commendation of Robert the Bruce, who, in Fordun's account, fought on the side of the English and "was the means of bringing about the victory." This is contested as no Bruce appears on the
630:
included Comyn's cousin Buchan, wrote words of encouragement; "For God's sake do not despair...it would gladden your hearts if you would know how much your honour has increased in every part of the world as a result of your recent battle with the
English." However, for the first time since 1296 Edward was preparing an offensive that would take him deep into the north of Scotland. Unable to mount an effective resistance, and with his main base threatened with destruction, Comyn entered into peace negotiations, which concluded at
659:
52:
738:, Comyn's brother-in-law, to take extraordinary action against Bruce and his adherents by refusing quarter to them. King Edward also emphasised his blood relationship with the Comyns by ordering his cousin, Joan, to send John's young son and namesake to England, where he was placed in the care of Sir John Weston, guardian of the royal children.
570:
With no independent power base, Wallace, whose prestige had always been based on the success of his army, resigned or was removed as
Guardian after Falkirk. In his place an unusual and difficult balancing act: John Comyn and Robert the Bruce, who had now joined the patriot party. The Scots were still
711:
Some sources state that Bruce and Comyn had previously signed a pact, whereby one would take the crown in return for the lands of the other. As they stood before the high altar, Bruce accused Comyn of having betrayed him to the
English and struck Comyn with a dagger. It is unknown if this account is
600:
emerged as senior
Guardian, seemingly appointed by Balliol himself pending his return. The following year, with Soules leaving for France on a diplomatic mission, Comyn (who may have resigned the guardianship during Soules's tenure in 1301–2) became sole Guardian, occupying the position for the next
555:
of nobles present in the
English army, and ignoring Blind Harry's 15th claim that Wallace burned Ayr Castle in 1297, two 19th-century antiquarians, Alexander Murison and George Chalmers, stated that Bruce did not participate in the battle and the following month decided to burn Ayr Castle to prevent
686:
629:
Politically, however, the outlook was bleak. Philip of France entered into a final peace with Edward, from which
Scotland was excluded. John Balliol, whose star had risen briefly above the horizon, now sank into the twilight of history. In a mood of desperation the Scottish diplomats in Paris, who
609:
There was a certain inevitability to the Comyn domination of
Scottish government in the years before 1304: they were the most powerful of the noble families, having more military resources and more control, particularly in the north, than any other family. English invasions in 1298, 1300, and 1301
592:
This was obviously an arrangement that suited Comyn, because
Umphraville was a close political associate and a kinsman of King John. With the Guardianship taking Scotland one way Robert Bruce went the other, making his peace with Edward by February 1302 in a document in which he expressed the fear
649:
should be retained. Comyn insisted that there should be no reprisals or disinheritance, which Edward accepted, with notable exceptions. Edward maintained his particular hatred for one former
Guardian. Comyn was thus obliged to adhere to a condition in which he and other named individuals were to
707:
Apart from these bare facts, nothing certain can be gathered from contemporary accounts. While later
Scottish sources all try to justify the crime by amplifying earlier accusations of malevolence and treachery against Comyn, the English sources portray Robert as a villain who lured Comyn into a
621:
There never was so desperate a struggle, or one in which the stoutness of knightly prowess shone forth so brightly. The commander and leader in this struggle was John Comyn, the son... John Comyn, then guardian of Scotland, and Simon Fraser with their followers, day and night, did their best to
531:
Earlier that year William Wallace emerged as Guardian after Moray died at Stirling or shortly after. The main task facing the Guardian was to gather a national army to meet an invasion by Edward, anxious to reverse the victory of Stirling Bridge. For cavalry, by far the weakest element of the
571:
fighting on behalf of the absent King John, so Bruce must have paid lip service to the cause, though his royal ambitions were openly known. The records give little or nothing in the way of insight into the feelings and motives of these men. At a meeting of a council of the magnates at
581:, Bishop of St. Andrews, was appointed as a third Guardian. Lamberton was a personal friend of both Wallace and Bruce. Bruce resigned before May 1300, when the restoration of King John was looking increasingly likely, leaving only Comyn and Lamberton. When parliament assembled at
622:
harass and to annoy, by their general prowess, the aforesaid kings officers and bailiffs... the aforesaid John Comyn and Simon, with their abettors, hearing of their arrival at Rosslyn and wishing to steal a march rather than have one stolen upon them, came briskly through from
650:"capture Sir William Wallace and hand him over to the king, who will watch to see how each of them conducts himself so that he can do most favour to whoever shall capture Wallace..." There is no evidence to suggest Comyn made any effort to fulfil this condition.
945:
734:, where the murder was reported as "the work of some people who are doing their utmost to trouble the peace and quiet of the realm of Scotland." Once the picture became clear, Edward reacted in fury, authorising
610:
had been confined to the south of the country, leaving the north as the chief recruiting ground, and supply base, of the Scottish army. The Guardian's prestige increased still further when he and Sir
428:, the Comyns were one of the dominant families of Scotland, with extensive landholdings in both the north and south of the country, and political influence and family connections with the crown. This
674:. Legend, possibly apocryphal, says Robert the Bruce called Comyn to a meeting. After Sir Richard Edgar encouraged Robert to slay the Red Comyn, Robert stabbed him and rushed out to tell
562:
simply blames the inadequacy of the Scottish cavalry in general. Soon after the defeat, John Comyn and Robert the Bruce were named as joint Guardians of the Realm in place of Wallace.
626:
to Rosslyn, in one night, with some chosen men, who chose rather death before unworthy subjection to the English nation; and all of a sudden they fearlessly fell upon the enemy.
1578:
746:. The death of his father plunged Scotland into a brief but bloody civil war, largely concluded by 1308, but with political reverberations that were to last for decades.
798:
1362:
496:, with John being among the many prisoners taken. While his father and cousin retreated north in the company of King John, he was sent south, to be imprisoned in the
503:
John remained in prison for some months; but with the war in Scotland seemingly over he was finally released on condition that he take up service with Edward in
547:, were composed decades after the event, long after the Comyns had been expelled from Scotland, and had a specific agenda, namely to magnify the later King,
1368:
488:
thus began in a clash between the Bruces and Comyns. Having no siege equipment, the Comyns drew off and subsequently joined the main Scottish host at
575:
in August 1299, an argument broke out relative to the property of Wallace, who was then in France. Comyn is said to have seized Bruce by the throat.
539:
It is possible that John Comyn was present at the battle, though the evidence is far from conclusive. The main Scottish sources, the chronicles of
1553:
1104:
1039:
305:
593:
that "the realm of Scotland might be removed from the hands of the king, which God forbid, and delivered to John Balliol, or to his son."
631:
904:
858:
492:, which had been assembled to meet the advance of the English army along the east coast. On 27 April, the Scots were overwhelmed at the
481:
1583:
1563:
1558:
670:
On 10 February 1306 Robert the Bruce participated in the killing of John Comyn before the high altar of the Greyfriars Church in
735:
795:
1519:
1496:
1350:
1321:
1247:
461:
391:
367:
1292–1296), in 1296, and for a time commanded the defence of Scotland against English attacks. Comyn was stabbed to death by
663:
532:
Scottish host, Wallace depended on the Comyns and the other noble families. On 22 July Wallace's army was destroyed at the
519:. In March 1298, John was among Scots who deserted the English, finally ending up in Paris, where they appealed for aid to
1452:
1154:
843:
460:
emerged as king, with the support of his Comyn kinsmen, a solution that was never accepted by the other main claimant,
345:
289:
265:
984:
915:
869:
1224:
1076:
739:
1568:
1070:
456:, granddaughter of Alexander III. Her death in 1290 immersed the nation in crisis, finally solved in 1292 when
1218:
927:
552:
485:
425:
1593:
372:
27:
507:, the main theatre of operations in his war against the French. While there he learned of the rising of
1588:
1440:
1266:
597:
473:
236:
166:
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decapitated Comyn, presenting the head to Robert, stating: "Let the deed shaw" ("Let the deed show").
1486:
1469:
646:
623:
516:
449:
387:
148:
132:
678:. Kirkpatrick went in to finish the job uttering: "You doubt! I mak siccar!" ("I make sure!") while
716:
489:
453:
464:, grandfather of the future king. The Comyns were supporters of King John as was William Wallace.
586:
493:
452:, John Comyn's father was appointed to the panel of Guardians to await the arrival of the infant
294:
1598:
611:
395:
1543:
743:
523:. The only help they managed to get was a ship back to Scotland, arriving before the summer.
742:
grew to manhood in England, not returning to Scotland until 1314, when he was killed at the
1548:
1434:
1410:
1213:
1069:
1065:
675:
403:
376:
349:
230:
193:
114:
76:
1217:
472:
With the outbreak of war between England and Scotland, Comyn, his father, and his cousin,
8:
1573:
1460:
727:
719:, rushing to aid his nephew, was killed by a blow to the head by Bruce's brother-in-law,
696:
558:
544:
520:
433:
407:
269:
1291:
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136:
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two years. Comyn became Lord of Badenoch following his father's death that same year.
1509:
1428:
1346:
1332:
1317:
1295:
1243:
980:
911:
865:
839:
818:
720:
642:
578:
533:
477:
224:
536:, the light horse being driven off at an early stage by the heavy English cavalry.
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1422:
1373:
1336:
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726:
Thirteen days after the event, a garbled version of the facts reached the court of
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1237:
1233:
974:
802:
635:
508:
497:
253:
1159:
1000:
1377:
1331:
Young, Alan (1999). "The Comyns and Anglo-Scottish Relations (1286–1314)". In
1279:
1537:
429:
701:
679:
662:
The killing of Comyn in the Greyfriars church in Dumfries, as portrayed by
645:, it was stipulated that laws, usages, and customs in place in the time of
556:
it being garrisoned by the English. The contemporary English record of the
512:
457:
399:
357:
161:
1342:
Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997
907:
Thirteenth Century England VII: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1997
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church – taken as a guarantee of safety – to commit premeditated murder.
540:
20:
1287:
1264:
Grant, Alexander (2007). "The Death of John Comyn: What Was Going On?".
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419:
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177:
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441:
437:
380:
88:
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406:: in the early 1290s, he married Joan de Valence, cousin of King
341:
432:
family first made an appearance in Scotland during the reign of
445:
1040:"Robert the Bruce: Champion of Scotland or Murderous Usurper?"
1105:"The Battle of Bannockburn: Robert Bruce's Fight for Freedom"
337:
51:
1187:
Documents and Records Illustrating the History of Scotland,
979:(reprint 2005 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 30.
928:"The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Roslin"
589:
to be one of the guardians of the realm in place of Bruce.
947:
Rober the Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
436:. In the thirteenth century they acquired the lordship of
905:
Young, Alan. "The Comyns and Anglo-Scottish Relations",
1239:
Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
861:
Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
1363:"Comyn, Sir John, lord of Badenoch (d. 1306), magnate"
1372:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1084:
762:"John Comyn was about the same age as Robert Bruce."
715:
Bruce's companions struck him with their swords. Sir
1579:
Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
954:
874:
774:
772:
1361:
796:"John 'Red' Comyn, Lord of Badenoch", Foghlam Alba
398:. His mother was Eleanor Balliol, sister of King
336:1274 – 10 February 1306), was a leading Scottish
26:"John Comyn" redirects here. For other uses, see
1535:
1313:Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314
769:
614:defeated an English reconnaissance force at the
390:, known as the Black Comyn, had been one of the
1345:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 207–222.
1111:. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed
1046:. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed
895:, pp. 192–193 (n. 74), 215 (n. 184), 217.
596:The new triumvirate lasted to May 1301, when
1242:(4th ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
1127:
814:
812:
810:
1148:Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland,
950:. Berkeley: U of California P. p. 180.
515:and their victory over the English at the
807:
604:
695:
684:
657:
1369:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
972:
909:, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, Jan 1, 1999
833:
821:Historic Earls and Earldoms of Scotland
565:
1536:
1232:
1212:
1090:
1064:
943:
791:
789:
787:
763:
440:, with extensive landholdings also in
1554:Nobility from Highland (council area)
1359:
1330:
1309:
1263:
960:
892:
880:
838:. Edinburgh: Constable. p. 101.
778:
484:, the father of the future king. The
392:competitors for the Crown of Scotland
700:"Let the Deed Shaw" on the crest of
653:
526:
344:who played an important role in the
920:
784:
402:. He had, moreover, links with the
13:
1206:
1155:Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
1102:
863:, Edinburgh University Press, 2005
476:, crossed the border and attacked
346:First War of Scottish Independence
14:
1610:
1228:. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.
1080:. Vol. 11. pp. 460–462.
1037:
394:, claiming his descent from King
1258:The Scottish War of Independence
1225:Dictionary of National Biography
1077:Dictionary of National Biography
689:"I mak siccar!" on the crest of
50:
16:Late 13th-century Scottish noble
1316:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press.
1137:, trans. A. A. H. Duncan, 1964.
1096:
1058:
1031:
1018:
993:
966:
937:
467:
413:
362:
1584:Deaths by stabbing in Scotland
1564:14th-century Scottish nobility
1559:13th-century Scottish nobility
1200:Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland
1195:, ed. F. J. H. Skene, 1877–80.
898:
852:
827:
756:
480:, defended for King Edward by
1:
1144:ed. D. E. R. Watt, 1987–1996.
1071:"Comyn, John (d. 1306)"
749:
666:, a 19th-century illustrator.
486:Wars of Scottish Independence
482:Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick
333:
62:
1386:UK public library membership
1219:"Comyn, John (d.1306)"
444:, as well as the earldom of
7:
306:Edward I's Flemish campaign
28:John Comyn (disambiguation)
10:
1615:
1339:& Robin Frame (eds.).
1267:Scottish Historical Review
1182:, trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.
1169:, ed. W. F. Skene, 1871–2.
834:Bingham, Caroline (1998).
474:John Comyn, Earl of Buchan
417:
167:John Comyn, Earl of Buchan
137:Elizabeth, Baroness Talbot
25:
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1395:
1280:10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.176
1128:Documentary and narrative
944:Barrow, G. W. S. (1965).
517:Battle of Stirling Bridge
462:Robert Bruce of Annandale
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311:
290:Scottish Independence War
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156:
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128:
120:
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49:
37:
1176:trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.
454:Margaret, Maid of Norway
371:before the altar at the
140:Joan, Countess of Atholl
19:Not to be confused with
1202:, ed. D. Laing, 1872–9.
1193:Pluscarden, the Book of
973:Murison, A. F. (1899).
704:
693:
667:
605:Defiance and surrender
404:royal house of England
1569:Guardians of Scotland
1378:10.1093/ref:odnb/6046
1214:Archer, Thomas Andrew
1066:Archer, Thomas Andrew
976:King Robert the Bruce
744:Battle of Bannockburn
699:
688:
661:
214:Serving with
1435:Ingram de Umfraville
1411:Guardian of Scotland
1360:Young, Alan (2004).
1310:Young, Alan (1997).
676:Roger de Kirkpatrick
638:on 9 February 1304.
587:Ingram d'Umphraville
566:Guardian of Scotland
426:Wars of Independence
350:Guardian of Scotland
231:Ingram de Umfraville
194:Guardian of Scotland
115:Guardian of Scotland
79:, Dumfries, Scotland
1461:Peerage of Scotland
1180:Lanercost Chronicle
1158:, ed. H. Rothwell,
801:17 May 2013 at the
664:Felix Philippoteaux
559:Lanercost Chronicle
521:Philip IV of France
356:of his uncle, King
270:Edward I of England
85:Cause of death
1594:Lords of Annandale
1396:Political offices
1185:Palgrave, F., ed.
1172:Gray, Sir Thomas,
1150:ed. J. Bain, 1881.
1001:"History Timeline"
859:Barrow, G. W. S.,
819:Mackintosh, John.
705:
694:
680:Sir Robert Fleming
668:
618:in February 1303.
448:. On the death of
424:On the eve of the
1589:Lords of Badenoch
1532:
1531:
1527:
1520:Robert de Brus VI
1517:Succeeded by
1510:Lord of Annandale
1504:
1497:Robert de Brus VI
1484:Succeeded by
1450:Succeeded by
1429:William Lamberton
1415:1298–1304
1384:(Subscription or
1352:978-0-85115-719-1
1333:Michael Prestwich
1323:978-1-86232-017-8
1249:978-0-7486-2022-7
1198:Wyntoun, Andrew,
1165:Fordun, John of,
721:Christopher Seton
654:Death in Dumfries
643:Treaty of Birgham
579:William Lamberton
534:Battle of Falkirk
527:Battle of Falkirk
352:after the forced
319:
318:
225:William Lamberton
103:Years active
1606:
1523:
1500:
1494:Preceded by
1477:Lord of Badenoch
1467:Preceded by
1453:John of Brittany
1401:Preceded by
1393:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1365:
1356:
1337:Richard Britnell
1327:
1302:Traquair, Peter
1299:
1274:(222): 176–224.
1253:
1229:
1221:
1162:, vol. 89, 1957.
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1038:Brown, Michael.
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1024:Traquair, Peter
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836:Robert the Bruce
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823:, W. Jolly, 1898
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793:
782:
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736:Aymer de Valence
691:Clan Kirkpatrick
616:Battle of Roslin
549:Robert the Bruce
494:Battle of Dunbar
369:Robert the Bruce
366:
364:
335:
301:Battle of Roslin
295:Battle of Dunbar
281:Military service
266:John of Brittany
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95:Other names
73:10 February 1306
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43:Lord of Badenoch
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1304:Freedom's Sword
1256:Barron, E. M.,
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1207:Secondary works
1142:Scotichronicon,
1140:Bower, Walter,
1133:Barbour, John,
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1103:Watson, Fiona.
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348:. He served as
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1093:, p. 191.
1083:
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992:
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963:, p. 221.
953:
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845:978-0094764408
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75:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
41:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1611:
1600:
1599:Scoto-Normans
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:(confiscated)
1498:
1492:
1488:
1487:John Comyn IV
1479:
1478:
1471:
1470:John Comyn II
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
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1405:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1379:
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1197:
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1188:
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1174:Scalicronica,
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1110:
1109:History Extra
1106:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1045:
1044:History Extra
1041:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
986:9781417914944
982:
978:
977:
969:
962:
957:
949:
948:
940:
929:
923:
917:
916:9780851157191
913:
910:
908:
901:
894:
889:
882:
877:
871:
870:9780748620227
867:
864:
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837:
830:
824:
822:
815:
813:
811:
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800:
797:
792:
790:
788:
780:
775:
773:
766:, p. 188
765:
759:
755:
747:
745:
741:
740:John IV Comyn
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
713:
709:
703:
698:
692:
687:
683:
681:
677:
673:
665:
660:
651:
648:
647:Alexander III
644:
639:
637:
633:
627:
625:
619:
617:
613:
602:
599:
594:
590:
588:
584:
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546:
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491:
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479:
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455:
451:
450:Alexander III
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:John Comyn II
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
327:
323:
314:
310:
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296:
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198:
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187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
150:
149:John Comyn II
147:
143:
138:
134:
133:John Comyn IV
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
78:
72:
68:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
36:
33:
29:
22:
1544:1270s births
1524:
1508:
1501:
1475:
1423:Robert Bruce
1418:
1409:
1367:
1341:
1312:
1303:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1238:
1223:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1098:
1086:
1075:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1043:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
975:
968:
956:
946:
939:
922:
906:
900:
888:
876:
860:
854:
835:
829:
820:
758:
725:
717:Robert Comyn
714:
710:
706:
702:Clan Fleming
669:
641:Echoing the
640:
628:
620:
612:Simon Fraser
608:
595:
591:
577:
569:
557:
553:Falkirk roll
545:John Barbour
538:
530:
513:Andrew Moray
502:
471:
468:Comyn at war
458:John Balliol
430:Anglo-Norman
423:
414:Comyn family
400:John Balliol
386:His father,
385:
358:John Balliol
329:
328:, nicknamed
321:
320:
286:Battles/wars
261:Succeeded by
219:Robert Bruce
210:
206:
201:
162:John Balliol
32:
1549:1306 deaths
1443:(1301–1302)
1431:(1299–1301)
1425:(1298–1300)
1091:Barrow 2005
1028:pp. 127–128
764:Barrow 2005
541:John Fordun
249:Preceded by
239:(1301–1302)
233:(1300–1301)
227:(1299–1301)
221:(1298–1300)
180:of Badenoch
21:John Cornyn
1574:Clan Comyn
1538:Categories
1525:(restored)
1514:1295–1296
1481:1302–1306
1388:required.)
1167:Chronicles
1115:10 January
1050:10 January
961:Young 1999
893:Grant 2007
881:Grant 2007
779:Young 2004
750:References
732:Winchester
583:Rutherglen
490:Haddington
420:Clan Comyn
396:Donald III
377:Greyfriars
354:abdication
178:Clan Comyn
77:Greyfriars
39:John Comyn
1296:162288277
1236:(2005) .
1135:The Bruce
632:Strathord
202:In office
157:Relatives
145:Parent(s)
106:1296–1306
98:Red Comyn
1437:(1300–1)
1288:25529980
1216:(1887).
1068:(1887).
1010:15 April
799:Archived
728:Edward I
672:Dumfries
505:Flanders
478:Carlisle
442:Lochaber
438:Badenoch
408:Edward I
381:Dumfries
326:Badenoch
169:(cousin)
129:Children
89:Stabbing
1306:, 1999.
1260:, 1934.
573:Peebles
434:David I
375:of the
365:
342:magnate
330:the Red
164:(uncle)
1417:With:
1382:
1349:
1320:
1294:
1286:
1246:
983:
914:
868:
842:
712:true.
624:Biggar
446:Buchan
373:church
303:(1303)
297:(1296)
174:Family
121:Spouse
111:Office
1292:S2CID
1284:JSTOR
1189:1837.
931:(PDF)
636:Perth
634:near
338:baron
160:King
1347:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1117:2022
1052:2022
1012:2022
981:ISBN
912:ISBN
866:ISBN
840:ISBN
543:and
511:and
340:and
211:1304
207:1298
70:Died
65:1274
59:Born
1374:doi
1276:doi
730:at
379:at
324:of
1540::
1366:.
1335:;
1290:.
1282:.
1272:86
1270:.
1222:.
1107:.
1074:.
1042:.
1003:.
809:^
786:^
771:^
723:.
500:.
410:.
383:.
363:r.
334:c.
299:•
293:•
63:c.
1380:.
1376::
1355:.
1326:.
1298:.
1278::
1252:.
1119:.
1054:.
1014:.
989:.
933:.
848:.
781:.
360:(
332:(
272:)
209:–
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
