John Lomax - Knowledge

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officials, particularly in the deep South, who might otherwise have been unresponsive to requests for materials of this type. One might question the wisdom of selecting Lomax, a white Southerner to direct a project involving the collection of data from black former slaves. Yet whatever racial preconceptions Lomax may have held do not appear to have had an appreciable effect upon the Slave Narrative Collection. Lomax's instructions to interviewers emphasized the necessity of obtaining a faithful account of the ex-slave's version of his or her experience. "It should be remembered that the Federal Writers' Project is not interested in taking sides on any question. The worker should not censor any materials collected regardless of its nature." Lomax constantly reiterated his insistence that the interviews be recorded verbatim, with no holds barred. In his editorial capacity he closely adhered to this dictum.

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endured many hardships, exercised great patience and tact to win the confidence and friendship of hundreds of singers in order to bring to the Library of Congress records of the voices of countless interesting people they met on the way. Very much remains to be done to make our Archive truly representative of all the people, but the country owes a debt of gratitude to these two men for the excellent foundation laid for future work in this field. ... The Lomaxes received much help in their expeditions from many interested folklorists, some of whom have made important contributions to the Archive as a result of independent expeditions of their own. To these the Library wishes to take this opportunity to express its deep gratitude. They include Gordon Barnes, Mary E. Barnicle, E. C. Beals, Barbara Bell, Paul Brewster,

759:, c. 1926) that, "Nearly every type of song is to be found in our prisons and penitentiaries" Folklorists Howard Odum and Guy Johnson also had observed that, "If one wishes to obtain anything like an accurate picture of the workaday Negro he will surely find his best setting in the chain gang, prison, or in the situation of the ever-fleeing fugitive." But what these folklorists had merely recommended John and Alan Lomax were able to put into practice. In their successful grant application they wrote, following Odum, Johnson and Gordon's hint, that prisoners, "Thrown on their own resources for entertainment ... still sing, especially the long-term prisoners who have been confined for years and who have not yet been influenced by 400:

by student dissatisfaction with the administration, continued even after February 14, 1908, when the University, in a conciliatory gesture, fired some of its administrators. Unable to teach because of the strike, Lomax decided to see about resuming his collecting of cowboy ballads with a view to publishing them in a book. Encouraged by Wendell, he applied for and was awarded a Sheldon Fellowship grant. In June 1908, Lomax became a full professor at A&M. That August the strike ended when the President of the University resigned. In June 1910, Lomax accepted an administrative job at the University of Texas as "Secretary of the University Faculties and Assistant Director of the Department of Extension."

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fashion; and the musical aesthetic, which sought the distinguishable art form of the folk tune for appreciation and performance. The collectors themselves were academics, whether somewhat detached leaders of regional activity or lone workers aided by chance location, early upbringing, or special interest. Or they were interested amateurs in that they began and pursued their labors for a wide variety of reasons unrelated to the values of disinterested scholarship. A union of both types of collector, in the person of John A. Lomax, enriched the greatest collection of all, the Archive of American Folk Song (Library of Congress). —D. K. Wilgus,

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cost-cutting due to the Depression) and not because of the Lomaxes' recording, which the Governor may not have listened to. In September 1934, Lead Belly wrote to Lomax requesting employment, since he needed to have a job in order not to be sent back to prison. At the urging of John Jr., Lomax engaged Lead Belly as his driver and assistant, and the pair traveled the South together collecting folk songs for the next three months. Then, in December 1934, Lead Belly famously performed illustrating John Lomax's scheduled lecture of folk songs at a smoker and sing-along held at the national MLA meeting in Philadelphia (see

643:, chief of the Music Division. Gordon had also experimented in the field with a portable disc recorder, but had had neither time nor resources to do significant fieldwork. Lomax found the recorded holdings of the Archive woefully inadequate for his purposes. He therefore made an arrangement with the Library whereby it would provide recording equipment, obtained for it by Lomax through private grants, in exchange for which he would travel the country making field recordings to be deposited in the Archive of the Library, then the major resource for printed and recorded material in the United States 490:, the nation's leading organization of teachers of languages and literature. For the next several years he hit the lecture circuit, traveling so often that his wife, Bess Brown, had to help him with his schedules and even some of his speeches." His lectures on cowboy songs, ballads and poetry took him all across the eastern USA. For example, in December 1911, Lomax made a successful performance at Cornell University, singing and reciting some of the cowboy songs he had collected. Sometimes he would have a chorus of college students dress up as cowboys to add interest to his presentations. 38: 701: 326:, a student newspaper. After graduation in June 1897, he worked at the University of Texas as registrar for the next six years until the spring of 1903. He also had other duties such as being personal secretary to the President of the University, manager of Brackenridge Hall (the men's dormitory on campus), and serving on the Alumni Scholarship Committee. Lomax joined a campus fraternity known as The Great and Honorable Order of Gooroos receiving the title "Sybillene Priest". 1800:

importance that full information be supplied, when possible, as to the source of the contribution, the informant, whence he has obtained the material, how long it has been current, and any other date that may be of aid to the student. Whenever it is possible, a transcript in the exact words of the informant is best – colloquialisms, meaningless words, mistakes, and all—and, in the case of ballads and much of the other work, such exactness is necessary.

2113:, a WPA staffer in Texas, once asked Lomax what he thought of Botkin's work in Oklahoma? Botkin's work was interesting, responded Lomax, but it wasn't the sort of thing he did; moreover, "how much is Botkin and how much is folklore, only he knows." Ironically, despite Botkin's impeccable credentials, within a decade he had also earned the enmity of academics for publishing "popular" books and was cast from the fold. (See Porterfield, pp. 407–408) 314:, Lomax recounts how he had arrived at the University of Texas with a roll of cowboy songs he had written down in childhood. He showed them to an English professor, Morgan Callaway, only to have them discounted as "cheap and unworthy," prompting Lomax to take the bundle behind the men's dormitory and burn it. His interest in folksongs thus rebuffed, Lomax focused his attentions on more acceptable academic pursuits. He joined the fraternity 2306: 2069:) routinely painted him as a stereotypical Southern white conservative (Gellert claimed Lomax embodied "the slave-master attitude intact", see Wolfe and Lornell, p. 194). John Lomax's racial attitudes, however, formed during the more optimistic period of Reconstruction, arguably reflected rather a Western populism and conservative stiff-upper-lip, "bootstrap" individualism. The issue is explored in Alan B. Govenar's 365:, two renowned scholars who actively encouraged his interest in cowboy songs. Harvard, in fact, was the center of American folklore studies (then viewed as a subsidiary of English literature, itself a novel field of scholarship in comparison with the more traditional study of rhetoric focused on classical languages and geared to preparing lawyers and clergy). Kittredge, in addition to being a well-known scholar of 2100:

from the material from the Federal Writers' Project under Lomax's direction. It would be acceptable only if collected under "expert guidance" (in other words by an academic with specialized training). only response to the AFS's snub was the wry observation, sometime later, that "perhaps the collector must go out among the people dressed in cap and gown." After a few months, WPA director,

908:. As Curator and Assistant in Charge of the Folk Song Collection John and Alan Lomax supervised and worked with many other folklorists, musicologists, and composers, amateur and professional, all over the country, amassing more than ten thousand records of vocal and instrumental music on aluminum and acetate discs along with many pages of written documentation. 337:. It ultimately emerged that the reason for Green's reluctance to commit herself to an engagement to John Lomax had been her awareness that she was mortally ill with tuberculosis. However, Lomax continued to exchange letters with Green until a month before her death, which occurred in February 1903. That year, Lomax accepted an offer to teach English at 587:, an anthology of cowboy poetry, was published by Macmillan. That year Lomax returned to Texas to be secretary of the Texas Exes, which had become financially independent of the University, so as to avoid further interference from politicians. Nevertheless, interference struck, when Ferguson, whom the law prohibited from holding office, ran his wife, 755:, Lomax was able to set out in June 1933 on the first recording expedition under the Library's auspices, with Alan Lomax (then eighteen years old) in tow. As now, a disproportionate percentage of African American males were held as prisoners. Robert Winslow Gordon, Lomax's predecessor at the Library of Congress, had written (in an article in 559:, John A. Lomax urged the collection of Texas folklore: "Two rich and practically unworked fields in Texas are found in the large Negro and Mexican populations of the state." He adds, "Here are many problems of research that lie close at hand, not buried in musty tomes and incomplete records, but in vital human personalities." 684:, Professor of Classics and Dean of Women at the University of Texas, whom he married in 1934. His sons and daughters assisted with his folksong research and with the daily operations of the Archive: Shirley, who performed songs taught to her by her mother; John Jr., who encouraged his father's association with the Library; 2124:, the founder of American folklore studies and the first person to hold the title of "Professor of English", and later of modern languages at Harvard University, possessed several honorary doctorates from German Universities, but none from America or Britain. For more on the Federal Writers' Project see Jerre Mangione's 478:, 1909, Lomax nominated Payne as president of the society, and Payne nominated Lomax as first secretary. The two set out to marshal support, and a month later, Killis Campbell, an associate professor at the University, publicly proposed the formation of the Society at a meeting of the Texas State Teachers Association in 604:

with two school-age children to support, the sixty-five-year-old went into a deep depression. In hope of reviving his father's spirits, his oldest son, John Lomax Jr. encouraged him to begin a new series of lecture tours. They took to the road, camping out by the side of the road to save money, with John Jr. (and later

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now declared him unacceptable because he lacked a Ph.D. Some observers attributed this action to the jealousy of certain academics over the commercial success of Lomax's books. ... Whatever the motive, at its annual meeting in 1938 the American Folklore Society adopted a resolutions distancing itself

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Three traditions guided the collecting : the academic, which, following Child, sought accurate transcriptions of text first and music later for scholarly study; the local enthusiastic, which searched out and displayed the quaint, the unusual, the exciting, the enjoyable in undisciplined and mercurial

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newsreel of Lomax's discovery of Lead Belly in prison, led to the myth that John Lomax made Lead Belly perform in prison stripes (which is inaccurate). He did perform in overalls, however. During Lomax's two-week lecture tour with Lead Belly on the eastern college circuit in March 1935 (pre-scheduled

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It was Kittredge who pioneered modern methods of ballad study, and who encouraged collectors to get out of their armchairs and library halls and to get out into the countryside to collect ballads first hand. When he met John Lomax in 1907, this was what he encouraged him to do; the cowboy songs Lomax

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Never was there such a hopeless hodge-podge, There was I, a Chautauqua-educated country boy who couldn't conjugate an English verb or decline a pronoun, attempting to master three other languages at the same time. ... But I plunged on through the year, for since I was older than the average freshman,

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In 1931, Lomax's wife Bess Brown died at the age of 50, leaving four children (the youngest, Bess, was ten years old). In addition, the Dallas bank at which Lomax worked failed: he had to phone his customers one by one to announce that their investments were all worthless. In debt and unemployed and

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to take a job selling bonds at Lee, Higginson & Co; a bond brokerage firm run by the son of his old professor Barrett Wendell. A few months later, Ferguson was impeached and the Board of Regents rescinded its dismissal of the faculty. Lomax judged that it would be wrong to leave his post at Lee,

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in 1935. This publication exemplified the society's express purpose, and the motivation behind Lomax's own work: to gather a body of folklore before it disappeared, and to preserve it for the analysis of later scholars. These early efforts foreshadowed what would become Lomax's greatest achievement,

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although he paid generous tribute to John A. Lomax's greatness as a collector, as a first-generation professional academic folklorist, Wilgus could be harshly critical. In particular, although he acknowledged the accuracy of Lomax's transcriptions and notations of sources, he objected to his having

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The WPA project to interview former slaves assumed a form and a scope that bore Lomax's imprint and reflected his experience and zeal as a collector of folklore. His sense of urgency inspired the efforts in several states. And his prestige and personal influence enlisted the support of many project

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Soon after his return to Austin, John Lomax's son, John Jr., was born, on June 14, 1907. Galvanized by Kittredge's advice and support, Lomax had begun collecting cowboy songs and ballads, but his work was interrupted on February 7, 1908, when "The Great A&M Strike" broke out. The strike, caused

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When he was about to turn twenty-one, and his legal obligation to work as apprentice on his father's farm was coming to an end, his father permitted him to take the profits from the crops of one of their fields. Lomax used this, along with the money from selling his favorite pony, to pay to further

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This checklist has been prepared as a result of countless requests. ... Its appearance at this time is indeed appropriate since it is natural for a nation at war to try to evaluate and exploit to the fullest its own cultural heritage. In our folk song may be found some of the profoundedst currents

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few would deny the instrumental role he played in the transformation of the one-time convict into a commercially successful performer of traditional African American music. The turnabout in his life was rapid and profound: Lead Belly was released from prison on August 1, 1934; his schedule for the

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songs as a child. At around nine he befriended Nat Blythe, a former slave hired as a farmhand by James Lomax. The friendship, he wrote later, "perhaps gave my life its bent." Lomax, whose own schooling was sporadic because of the heavy farmwork he was forced to do, taught Blythe to read and write,

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After 1942, field work of collecting folk songs under government auspices was discontinued due to a shortage of acetate needed for the war effort. But the work had aroused the ire and suspicion of Southern conservatives in Congress who were fearful it could be used as a cover for civil and worker

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The following year (in July 1934), they visited Angola once again. This time Lead Belly begged them to make a recording of a song he had written to take to the Governor requesting parole, which they did. However, unbeknownst to them, Lead Belly was released in August for good time (and because of

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emerged as a major collection of Western songs and had "a profound effect on other folk song students.". According to noted folklore scholar, D. K. Wilgus, the book's publication "sparked a great surge of interest in folk songs of all kinds, and in fact, inspired a search for folk material in all

250:, which pioneered adult education (and where Lomax himself would later lecture). According to Porterfield, "There he improved his mathematics, struggled with Latin, listened to music that stirred him (opera and oratorios, light 'classics' of the day), and learned, for the first time, of two poets— 923:

Many hard-working and expert folklorists cooperated in the accumulation of this material, but in the main the development of the Archive of American Folk Song represents the work of two men, John and Alan Lomax. Starting in 1933, the Lomaxes, father and son, traveled tens of thousands of miles,

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named as Lomax's successor Benjamin Botkin, A.B. Harvard (magna cum laude), M.A. Columbia, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, editor, professor at the University of Oklahoma, and contributor to learned journals. At its next annual meeting, the AFS "noted with interest" the appointment of Botkin, "a

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For the collector of Folk-Lore, the most important virtue is accuracy; and the value of any contribution is destroyed if it is not given just as it was told or sung or described, with no changes whatever, even when such change seems necessary to make sense. Second to accuracy, it is of great

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in the spring of 1889. He was hired as principal by the school's new president, David Switzer, who had previously been president of Granbury College until it was closed down and he was transferred to Weatherford. In 1890, after having attended a summer course at Eastman Business College in

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last week of December that year included performances for the MLA gathering in Philadelphia, for an afternoon tea in Bryn Mawr, and for an informal gathering of professors from Columbia and NYU. Even by the standards of the entertainment industry ... this was a remarkable transformation.

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Throughout the next seven years he continued his research and lecture tours assisted and encouraged by his wife and children. All this came to an end on July 16, 1917, however, when Lomax was fired along with six other faculty members as the result of a political battle between

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Higginson & Co so soon after arriving, especially with regards to his friendship with the family of Barrett Wendell, so he remained in Chicago for eighteen months until the war ended. There he struck up a what turned out to be a lifelong friendship with Chicago poet

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who accompanied John on field trips and who from 1937 to 1942 served as the Archive's first paid (though very nominally) employee as Assistant in Charge; and Bess, who spent her weekends and school vacations copying song texts and doing comparative song research.

498:, December 1912) "Stories of an African Prince", a collection of 16 African stories, which he had obtained through his correspondence with a young Nigerian student, Lattevi Ajayi. In 1912, with the backing of Kittredge, John A. Lomax was elected president of the 493:

Lomax's abiding interest in African-American folklore was also in evidence, for he had plans to publish another book within a year that consisted of folk songs collected from African-Americans. Although the book failed to materialize, he did publish (in the

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The first Ph.D. in folklore was awarded in 1953. For an account of the history of the professionalization of the discipline and its struggle to emerge from its former identity as a subsection between literature and anthropology, see Rosemary Levy Zumwalt,

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records. Satherly had publicity photos made of the singer wearing overalls and sitting on sacks of grain, garb and setting that were customary in commercial publicity photos of country singers in those days. But Lead Belly's recordings, marketed as

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Lomax then used his prestige as a nationally known author to travel the country raising money for folklore studies and to establish other state folklore societies. "He was among the first scholars to present papers about American folk songs to the

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The 1910 promotional pamphlet for the society, prepared mostly by Leonidas Payne (and largely based on Henry M. Belden 1906's pamphlet for the Missouri Folklore Society), explained the society's purpose and suggested the following guidelines to

595:, which during his tenure was a 100-page long publication. Seeing how the wind was blowing, Lomax resigned his secretaryship and joined the Republic Bank of Dallas in 1925. The economic crash of 1929 presaged bad things for the bank, however. 341:

beginning in September To bolster his credentials, in the meantime, he decided to enroll at the University of Chicago for a summer course. Upon his return to Texas he became engaged to Bess Brown and they married on June 9, 1904, in

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After the departure of Robert Gordon from the Library in 1934, John A. Lomax was named Honorary Consultant and Curator of the Archive of American Folk Song, a title he held until his death in 1948. His work, for which he was paid a

333:, to whom he had been introduced in 1897 by the president of the University of Texas. For four years, their friendship had its ups and downs, until June 1902, when Lomax met one of Green's acquaintances, Bess Baumann Brown from 836:). Their association continued for three more months until the following March (1935). In January, Lomax, who knew nothing whatever about the recording business, became Lead Belly's manager and, through a friend, cowboy singer 388:

had been writing down were glimpses into a whole new world, and Lomax should follow up on his work. "Go and get this material while it can be found," he told the young Texan. "Preserve the words and music. That's your job."

1079:(New York: Macmillan) was published and was awarded the Carr P. Collins prize as the best book of the year by the Texas Institute of Letters. The book was immediately optioned to be made into a Hollywood movie starring 292: 217:". When Blythe was 21 years old, he took his savings and left. Lomax never saw him again and heard rumors that he had been murdered. For years afterward, he always looked for Nat when he traveled around the South. 925: 246:, Lomax returned to Texas where he became head of the Business Department of Weatherford College. Each summer, between 1891 and 1894, he also attended the annual lecture-and-concert series at New York State's 821:, better known as "Lead Belly," whom they considered one of their most significant finds. During the next year and a half, father and son continued to make disc recordings of musicians throughout the South. 2095:

Porterfield observes that Lomax's withdrawal from the WPA in 1938 "was eased" by hostility from "elistists" within the American Folklore Society, which had twice honored Lomax by electing him president.

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Lomax, "Unexplored Treasures of Texas Folk-Lore", pp. 101–102. The Texas Folklore Society also sought to collect and preserve the folklore and dialects of other non-English-speaking inhabitants of

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After his three-months as a performer illustrating John A. Lomax's lectures, Lead Belly went on to a 15-year career as an independent artist, championed and assisted intermittently (but not managed) by

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In contrast to earlier amateur collectors, the Lomaxes were also among the first to attempt to apply scholarly methodology in their work, though they did not adhere to the strict empirical

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Wendell and Kittredge continued to play an important advisory role in Lomax's career after he returned to Texas in June 1907 to resume his teaching position at A&M after completing his

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John A. Lomax has been accused of paternalism and of tailoring Lead Belly's repertoire and clothing during his brief association with Lead Belly. "But," writes jazz historian Ted Gioia,

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The Texas Folklore Society grew gradually over the next decade, with Lomax steering it forward. At his invitation, Kittredge and Wendell attended its meetings. Other early members were

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John A. Lomax's contribution to the documentation of American folk traditions extended beyond the Library of Congress Music Division through his involvement with two agencies of the

717: 1868:(University of Indiana Press, 1988), p. 36. Ballad scholar James Francis Child also served two terms as president, in 1888 and 1889; Kittredge had been president in 1904. The 2210:

Library Of Congress Music Division: Checklist of Recorded Songs in the English Language in the Archive of American Folk Song to July, 1940 (3 Volume Set) Library of Congress

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that have run through American history. A mere glance at the titles listed here will be sufficient to show the variety and complexity of the democratic life of our country.

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in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a graduate student, having previously received a $ 500 stipend: The Austin Teaching Fellowships. Here he had the opportunity to study under

427:.) From the first, John Lomax insisted on the inclusiveness of American culture. Some of the most famous songs in the book — "Git Along Little Dogies", "Sam Bass," and " 282:, and undertaking almost a double course load (including Greek, Latin, and Anglo Saxon) and was graduated in two years. With a touch of Texas hyperbole, he later wrote: 1991:

news series routinely used re-enactments and dramatizations since film and sound technology were not yet sufficiently advanced for on location filming of news events

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and The Cactus Brothers. He began representing the Dead Ringer Band in 1996. John Lomax III was also a music writer for Houston's early-'70s underground newspaper,

718: 1064:, who succeeded Lomax as the Project's folklore editor in 1938, and at the Library in 1939, resulting in the invaluable compendium of authentic slave narratives: 651:, included fund raising for the Library, and he was expected to support himself entirely through writing books and giving lectures. Lomax secured grants from the 353:

Lomax, aware of the deficiencies of his early education, still wished to improve himself, however, and on September 26, 1906, he jumped at the chance to attend

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at the age of eighty in January 1948. On June 15 of that year, Lead Belly gave a concert at the University of Texas, performing children's songs such as "

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Thus began a ten-year relationship with the Library of Congress that would involve not only John but the entire Lomax family, including his second wife,

806:. By no means were all of those whom the Lomaxes recorded imprisoned, however: in other communities, they recorded K.C. Gallaway and Henry Truvillion. 888:, where Robertson introduced him to the all-day singing festivals of the area which enabled Lomax to preserve the lyrics of many local folk songs. 1091: 2441: 828:

adopted by the subsequent generation of academic folklorists, who believed in refraining from drawing conclusions about the data they amassed.

474:. Lomax and Payne hoped that the society would further their own research while kindling an interest in folklore among like-minded Texans. On 322:. During the summer of 1896, he attended a summer school program in Chicago studying languages. In 1897, he became an associate editor of the 2436: 396:

degree. This included a visit by the two professors to Texas during which Lomax took them to a Sunday service in an African-American church.

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recordings that straddled the boundaries between commercial and folk, and wax cylinder field recordings, built up under the leadership of

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The Archive of American Folk Song of the Library of Congress contains songs collected in 33 states of the Union and certain parts of the

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sedan, Lomax soon used it to record, at the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola, a twelve-string guitar player by the name of

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and folksongs, with a special emphasis on the contributions of African Americans. It was accepted. In preparation he traveled to

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John A. Lomax served as president of the Texas Folklore Society for the years 1940–41, and 1941–42. In 1947 his autobiography

229:, southeast of Meridian. As time went on, he grew tired of the low pay and country-school drudgery and he applied for work at 752: 591:, as his surrogate. As governor, Mrs. Ferguson was able to pack the board of regents and oust John from his job as editor of 1117:

Miriam Ferguson. Lomax's old enemy, James Ferguson, was virtually running his wife's comeback attempt at the governorship.

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and in May 1888, he graduated and eventually became a teacher. He began his first job as a teacher at a country school in

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by Lomax before teaming up with Lead Belly), the two men quarreled over money and never spoke to one another again.

1114: 1107: 1777:, which was founded by Rutherford B. Hayes and Mark Twain, does not list its presidents for the years before 1942. 2471: 2461: 2451: 2368: 1589: 885: 1128:" and spirituals (performed with his wife Martha) that he had first sung years before for the late collector. 608:) serving the senior Lomax as driver and personal assistant. In June 1932, they arrived at the offices of the 1030: 1014: 625: 548: 463: 275: 208:

on the 183 acres (0.74 km) of bottomland that he had purchased near the Bosque River. He was exposed to

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Jim Nicar, "The Defenders, 1913–1926: The Association Saves the University from an Educational Infanticide."

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And continued until much later, as in the outfits worn by the country artists on the television series

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and Blythe taught Lomax songs including "Big Yam Potatoes on a Sandy Land" and dance steps such as "

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3. Did you take it from recitation, from old manuscript, from singing, or write it out from memory?

1824:, , p. 30.) The Society's first annual meeting was held in 1911 on the University of Texas campus. 318:

and the Rusk Literary Society, as well as becoming an editor and later the editor-in-chief of the

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The Defenders, 1913–1926: The Association Saves the University from an Educational Infanticide",

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As the Federal Writers' Project's first Folklore Editor, Lomax also directed the gathering of ex-

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From Norman R. Yetman's online introduction to the Library of Congress Slave Narrative Website

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regions of the nation." Its success transformed John A. Lomax into a nationally known figure.

377:, whose courses he continued to teach and whose great, unfinished eight-volume edition of the 2456: 2342: 1933: 1861: 1099: 1033: 969: 953: 636: 517:, was born in 1921, and she too had a distinguished career, both as a performer and teacher. 506:

became secretary-treasurer of the Texas Folklore Society, a job he was to hold for 21 years.

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Lomax did think of himself as a Southerner, and detractors (such as Hungarian-born Marxist

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By the time of Lomax's arrival, the Archive already contained a collection of commercial

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I must hurry, hurry, hurry. I don't think I ever stopped to think how foolish it all was.

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Lomax, John A. "Unexplored Treasures of Texas Folk-Lore". Reprinted in Stith Thompson's

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Lomax decided to further his education at a first-rate university. His first choice was

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trained folklorist" and now expressed a willingness to cooperate with his WPA projects.

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rights agitation, and because of congressional opposition it has never been resumed.

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Sometime around July 1898 Lomax began an intense relationship with Shirley Green of

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Lomax's second son (and third child), Alan, was born on January 15, 1915. In time,

330: 142: 529: 2347: 2147: 1916: 1693: 1170: 1095: 957: 916: 440: 358: 350:

near the A&M campus. Their first child, Shirley, was born on August 7, 1905.

315: 299: 255: 222: 2278: 411:, was published by Sturgis and Walton, with an introduction by former president 2128:(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983). See also Gerald Graff, 1633:

published composite versions of the songs in his books intended for the public.

1139: 1125: 977: 973: 937: 525: 521: 503: 459: 424: 393: 258:—whose work would soon become an integral part of his intellectual equipment." 226: 138: 2336: 1029:. Lomax's biographer, Nolan Porterfield, notes that the outlines of the famed 538:, was published. The same year, Stith Thompson edited the first volume of the 470:, following Kittredge's suggestion that Lomax establish a Texas branch of the 121:(September 23, 1867 – January 26, 1948) was an American teacher, a pioneering 37: 2380: 2228: 2220: 2110: 2101: 1877: 1143: 1048: 841: 613: 576: 479: 420: 378: 343: 334: 189: 932:, Dr. E. K. Davis, Kay Dealy, Seamus Doyle, Charles Draves, Marjorie Edgar, 2236: 783: 373:, had inherited the professorship in English literature previously held by 182: 174: 1899:

For an account of the Vinson-Ferguson dispute and Lomax's role in it, see

809:

In July 1933, they acquired a state-of-the-art, 315 pounds (143 kg)

2244: 1807:

1. Have you recorded the material just as you found it, mistakes and all?

1166: 1080: 901: 897: 775: 436: 370: 170: 161:

in what was then "the colony of North Carolina." John Lomax was born in

2198:. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, facsimile edition 1975. 1911:, the University of Texas Alumni Association, largely founded by Lomax 1908: 1873: 1084: 1061: 874: 850: 837: 833: 825: 810: 779: 743: 685: 666: 640: 632: 605: 510: 214: 134: 130: 122: 2232: 674: 404: 2337:

Notes on the John and Ruby Lomax 1930 Southern States Recording Trip

221:

his education. In the fall of 1887, he attended Granbury College in

2300: 2296: 2219:. Rounder Audio CD, 1997. ASIN: B0000002UB. Contains recordings of 1018: 813:

uncoated-aluminum disk recorder. Installing it in the trunk of his

251: 126: 2358:

Discovering Keepers of Folk Music. Article by Michael Corcoran in

840:, got Lead Belly a recording contract with the famous A&R man 1974: 1717: 1715: 1044: 571: 513:

would prove a worthy successor of his father. A second daughter,

366: 154: 2126:

The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers' Project, 1935–1943

1872:

was edited then and for many years afterward by anthropologist

1121: 1036:

resulting from this work resemble Lomax and Benedict's earlier

919:, Chief of the Library of Congress's Division of Music, wrote: 795: 787: 661: 617: 570:

and the University President, Dr. R. E. Vinson. Lomax moved to

209: 201: 197: 2353:

Biography of John A. Lomax from the Western Music Hall of Fame

1712: 2326:

Biography of John A. Lomax at the Library of Congress website

2203:

Last Cavalier: The Life and Times of John A. Lomax, 1867–1948

2160:

Last Cavalier: The Life and Times of John A. Lomax, 1867-1948

1629:(Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1959), p. XV. 1221:

Last Cavalier: The Life and Times of John A. Lomax, 1867-1948

905: 791: 772: 768: 764: 670: 205: 193: 186: 178: 2432:

University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni

2254:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1959. 1816:

4. When, where, and from whom did your informant get it?

616:. Here Lomax proposed his idea for an anthology of American 547:

the collection of more than ten thousand recordings for the

1138:

Following in his grandfather's footsteps, Lomax's grandson

760: 2031:"Broadcasting and Preserving Upcountry Music Near and Far" 1765:

p. 109), state that a few months after the publication of

913:

Checklist of Recorded Folk Song in the Library of Congress

853:, failed to sell. A filmed re-enactment in early 1935 for 1161:(1988). He is also an artist manager and has represented 936:, Richard Fento, Helen Hartness Flanders, Frank Goodwin, 177:

from Mississippi to Texas. John Lomax grew up in central

2369:"John A. Lomax Jr. (1907–1974): A Success in All He Did" 2362:

about John A. Lomax and the Gant family of Austin, Texas

1803:

The following questions may be of use to the collector:

1590:"John A. Lomax Jr. (1907–1974): A Success in All He Did" 1195:"Texas State Historical Association | Lomax, John Avery" 431:" — were sourced from African-American cowboys. Before 2003:

Faking It: The Quest for Authenticity in Popular Music

435:

was published Lomax recorded a black saloon keeper in

1017:. In 1936, he was assigned to serve as an advisor on 2266:

American Folklore Scholarship: a Dialogue of Dissent

1961:

American Folklore Scholarship: a Dialogue of Dissent

1866:

American Folklore Scholarship: a Dialogue of Dissent

1135:

for his contributions to the field of cowboy music.

928:, Richard Chase, Fletcher Collins, Carita D. Corse, 2312:"Lomax, John Avery" in the Handbook of Texas Online 1087:as Lead Belly, but the project was never realized. 2217:A Treasury of Library of Congress Field Recordings 2073:(Texas A&M University Press, 2008), pp. 16–20. 1060:Upon Lomax's departure this work was continued by 1217: 972:, Walter McClintock, Alton Morris, Juan B. Rael, 2378: 2191:. New York: Collier Books, reissued 1938 (1910). 2000:For example, see Hugh Barker and Yuval Taylor's 800:James "Iron Head" Baker, Mose "Clear Rock" Platt 598: 482:. By April 1910, there were 92 charter members. 16:American musicologist and folklorist (1867–1948) 2130:Professing Literature, an Institutional History 2084:"John Lomax's Leadership and the Issue of Race" 1732:Anglo American Folk Song Scholarship since 1898 145:, also distinguished collectors of folk music. 2252:Anglo-American Folksong Scholarship since 1898 1627:Anglo-American Folksong Scholarship Since 1898 1621:Wilgus situates Lomax's collecting as follows: 891: 129:who did much for the preservation of American 2116:Lomax's mentor, the distinguished professor, 2071:Texas Blues: The Rise of a Contemporary Sound 1810:2. Where, when, and from whom did you get it? 1131:In 2010, John A. Lomax was inducted into the 1066:Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery 911:In his 1942 introduction to the multi-volume 669:border and spent weeks among French-speaking 2467:Presidents of the American Folklore Society 2212:(Paperback, March 1, 1942) ASIN: B0017HYX4E 579:, who frequently mentions him in his book, 557:Publications of the Texas Folklore Society 540:Publications of the Texas Folklore Society 458:Around the same time, Lomax and Professor 36: 2175:(New York: Da Capo Press, 1999 ), p. 254. 1581: 1299:(New York: Da Capo Press, 1999), p. 107. 453: 42:Lomax (left) shaking hands with musician 1870:Journal of the American Folklore Society 880:In 1938 John Lomax visited noted writer 290: 2331:1939 Southern Recording Trip Fieldnotes 2189:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 1698:. Oxford University Press. p. 33. 1691: 1680:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 447:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 409:Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 380:Popular Ballads of England and Scotland 19:For other people named John Lomax, see 2379: 2028: 1482: 1455: 1094:, a rancher and businessman then from 585:Songs of the Cattle Trail and Cow Camp 153:The Lomax family originally came from 2442:Works Progress Administration workers 2366: 2205:, University of Illinois Press, 2001. 2029:Bailey, Beatrice Naff (Spring 2007). 1822:The Texas Folklore Society: 1909–1943 1820:(Quoted in Francis Edward Abernethy, 1769:, Lomax was elected president of the 1587: 976:, Helen Roberts, Domingo Santa Cruz, 753:American Council of Learned Societies 2437:University of Texas at Austin people 1963:(University of Indiana Press, 1988). 1883: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1780: 1746: 1737: 1734:, quoted in Wolfe and Lornell, ibid. 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1606: 1597: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1527: 534:, which he had written jointly with 1518: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1473: 1464: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1329: 1320: 1068:, edited by B. A. Botkin (Chicago: 980:, Mrs. Nicol Smith, Robert Sonkin, 692: 157:with William Lomax, who settled in 13: 2447:American people of English descent 2371:. Association for Cultural Equity. 1761:Charles Wolfe and Kip Lornell (in 1592:. Association for Cultural Equity. 1311: 1302: 1280: 1271: 1262: 1253: 699: 14: 2483: 2407:American male non-fiction writers 2272: 2268:(Indiana University Press, 1988). 2257:Wolfe, Charles, and Kip Lornell. 1721:Wolfe and Lornell (1999), p. 109. 1211: 1102:, while both were volunteers for 1051:for project fieldworkers to use. 2427:Texas A&M University faculty 2422:People from Bosque County, Texas 2417:People from Goodman, Mississippi 2304: 2173:The Life and Legend of Leadbelly 1578:Wolfe and Lornell (1999) p. 108. 742:Problems playing this file? See 715: 583:(1927). In 1919, his next book, 555:. In the inaugural issue of the 2348:Books by John A. and Alan Lomax 2171:Charles Wolfe and Kip Lornell, 2165: 2152: 2135: 2120:, also possessed no doctorate. 2089: 2076: 2059: 2050: 2022: 2009: 1994: 1981: 1966: 1952: 1939: 1922: 1903:, in the January 2010 issue of 1893: 1854: 1789: 1755: 1724: 1695:The History of Music Production 1692:Burgess, Richard James (2014). 1685: 1615: 1572: 1347: 1338: 1090:In 1932, Lomax met his friend, 261: 1295:Charles Wolf and Kip Lornell, 1289: 1187: 886:Pickens County, South Carolina 624:to review the holdings in the 1: 2397:American folk-song collectors 2181: 1851:Porterfield, p. 171–173. 1842:Porterfield, p. 143–144. 1833:Porterfield, p. 176–179. 1660:Porterfield, p. 133–135. 1594:Retrieved on 24 November 2014 1560:Porterfield, p. 106–108. 1077:Adventures of a Ballad Hunter 1015:Works Progress Administration 626:Archive of American Folk Song 599:Archive of American Folk Song 549:Archive of American Folk Song 464:University of Texas at Austin 346:. The couple settled down at 312:Adventures of a Ballad Hunter 276:University of Texas at Austin 148: 2339:, at the Library of Congress 2333:, at the Library of Congress 2288:Works by or about John Lomax 2259:Life and Legend of Leadbelly 1297:Life and Legend of Leadbelly 1230:University of Illinois Press 628:of the Library of Congress. 610:Macmillan publishing company 496:Journal of American Folklore 320:University of Texas Magazine 7: 2373:Retrieved 24 November 2014. 2303:(public domain audiobooks) 2261:. New York: Da Capo, 1999. 1524:Porterfield, p. 94–95. 1488:Porterfield, p. 62–66. 1479:Porterfield, p. 79–80. 1470:Porterfield, p. 75–77. 1461:Porterfield, p. 53–66. 1443:Porterfield, p. 71–72. 1389:Porterfield, p. 59–60. 1380:Porterfield, p. 40–41. 1277:Porterfield, p. 18–19. 1070:University of Chicago Press 1009:American folk music revival 892:The scope of the collection 767:, the distinctive old-time 639:, Head of the Archive, and 488:Modern Language Association 21:John Lomax (disambiguation) 10: 2488: 2343:Lead Belly and the Lomaxes 1218:Nolan Porterfield (1996). 1142:is a nationally published 1133:Western Music Hall of Fame 1006: 542:, which Dobie reissued as 383:he brought to completion. 18: 2412:Harvard University alumni 2402:American music historians 2279:Works by John Avery Lomax 2039:The South Carolina Review 1786:Porterfield, p. 141. 1775:American Folklore Society 1771:American Folklore Society 1752:Porterfield, p. 157. 1669:Porterfield, p. 147. 1651:Porterfield, p. 140. 1642:Porterfield, p. 131. 1612:Porterfield, p. 127. 1603:Porterfield, p. 123. 1569:Porterfield, p. 114. 1551:Porterfield, p. 105. 1542:Porterfield, p. 101. 1533:Porterfield, p. 100. 1151:Nashville: Music City USA 1047:narratives and devised a 1023:Historical Records Survey 1002: 751:Through a grant from the 500:American Folklore Society 472:American Folklore Society 302:", performed by John and 96: 77: 51: 35: 28: 2264:Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy. 1743:Porterfield, pp.;150–52. 1515:Porterfield, p. 89. 1506:Porterfield, p. 87. 1497:Porterfield, p. 83. 1452:Porterfield, p. 73. 1434:Porterfield, p. 68. 1425:Porterfield, p. 50. 1416:Porterfield, p. 45. 1407:Porterfield, p. 43. 1398:Porterfield, p. 41. 1371:Porterfield, p. 34. 1362:Porterfield, p. 32. 1326:Porterfield, p. 26. 1317:Porterfield, p. 25. 1308:Porterfield, p. 22. 1286:Porterfield, p. 20. 1268:Porterfield, p. 12. 1259:Porterfield, p. 10. 1181: 1157:(2001) and co-author of 1027:Federal Writers' Project 1021:collecting for both the 339:Texas A&M University 1876:, who was succeeded by 930:Sidney Robertson Cowell 771:melodies." They toured 133:. He was the father of 89:Greenville, Mississippi 2146:July 28, 2011, at the 2118:George Lyman Kittredge 2115: 2107: 2006:, W. W. Norton: 2007. 1907:, the magazine of the 1819: 1631: 1335:Porterfield, p. 27–29. 1159:The Country Music Book 1058: 996: 990: 870: 704: 657:Rockefeller Foundation 536:Harry Yandall Benedict 468:Texas Folklore Society 454:Texas Folklore Society 390: 363:George Lyman Kittredge 307: 289: 244:Poughkeepsie, New York 2472:Folk music historians 2462:Historians from Texas 2452:Historians of slavery 2108: 2097: 1945:Quoted in Ted Gioia, 1934:Duke University Press 1862:Rosemary Levy Zumwalt 1797: 1622: 1053: 991: 970:Bascom Lamar Lunsford 954:George Pullen Jackson 921: 865: 703: 637:Robert Winslow Gordon 403:In November 1910 the 385: 297: 284: 268:Vanderbilt University 2237:Justice Learned Hand 2201:Porterfield, Nolan. 2056:Porterfield, p. 386. 804:Lightnin' Washington 653:Carnegie Corporation 649:salary of one dollar 417:The Buffalo Skinners 272:Nashville, Tennessee 248:Chautauqua Institute 192:. His father raised 70:Goodman, Mississippi 2297:Works by John Lomax 2158:Nolan Porterfield, 2122:Francis James Child 1353:Porterfield, p. 30. 1344:Porterfield, p. 29. 1226:Champaign, Illinois 968:, Eloise Linscott, 964:, Elizabeth Lomax, 946:Melville Herskovits 553:Library of Congress 375:Francis James Child 231:Weatherford College 2208:Spivacke, Harold. 1915:2011-07-25 at the 1199:www.tshaonline.org 1104:Orville Bullington 1062:Benjamin A. Botkin 982:Ruby Pickens Tartt 966:Ruby Terrill Lomax 950:Zora Neale Hurston 926:Genevieve Chandler 757:The New York Times 705: 682:Ruby Terrill Lomax 589:Miriam A. Ferguson 413:Theodore Roosevelt 355:Harvard University 308: 280:English literature 66:September 23, 1867 44:"Uncle" Rich Brown 2367:Lomax III, John. 2283:Project Gutenberg 1588:Lomax III, John. 1113:race against the 856:The March of Time 720: 568:James E. Ferguson 531:The Book of Texas 439:singing it on an 433:Home on the Range 429:Home on the Range 295: 159:Rockingham County 116: 115: 2479: 2372: 2360:Austin Statesman 2308: 2307: 2292:Internet Archive 2247:, and many more. 2225:Honeyboy Edwards 2176: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2139: 2133: 2093: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2067:Lawrence Gellert 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2035: 2026: 2020: 2013: 2007: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1970: 1964: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1936:, 2006), p. 209. 1926: 1920: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1191: 1163:Townes Van Zandt 1147:music journalist 1120:Lomax died of a 986:John W. Work III 934:John Henry Faulk 819:Huddie Ledbetter 722: 721: 702: 693:Field recordings 581:American Songbag 476:Thanksgiving Day 331:Palestine, Texas 296: 181:, just north of 143:Bess Lomax Hawes 119:John Avery Lomax 84: 81:January 26, 1948 65: 63: 56:John Avery Lomax 40: 26: 25: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2377: 2376: 2321:(January 2010). 2305: 2275: 2215:Wade, Stephen. 2196:Round the Levee 2187:Lomax, John A. 2184: 2179: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2148:Wayback Machine 2140: 2136: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2033: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2010: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1982: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1927: 1923: 1917:Wayback Machine 1898: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1763:Life and Legend 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1232:. p. 371. 1216: 1212: 1203: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1171:David Schnaufer 1011: 1005: 958:Stetson Kennedy 942:Herbert Halpert 917:Harold Spivacke 894: 749: 748: 740: 738: 737: 736: 735: 723: 716: 713: 706: 700: 695: 601: 544:Round the Levee 466:co-founded the 456: 441:Edison cylinder 359:Barrett Wendell 348:College Station 316:Phi Delta Theta 310:In his memoir, 300:Cotton-Eyed Joe 291: 264: 151: 112: 92: 86: 82: 73: 67: 61: 59: 58: 57: 47: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2485: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2375: 2374: 2364: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2309: 2294: 2285: 2274: 2273:External links 2271: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2250:Wilgus, D. K. 2248: 2239:, Kelly Pace, 2213: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2164: 2151: 2134: 2088: 2075: 2058: 2049: 2021: 2008: 1993: 1980: 1965: 1951: 1938: 1921: 1892: 1882: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1788: 1779: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1730:D. K. Wilgus, 1723: 1711: 1705:978-0199357178 1704: 1684: 1682:, p. xxi. 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1288: 1279: 1270: 1261: 1252: 1238: 1210: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1169:, Rocky Hill, 1155:Red Desert Sky 1140:John Lomax III 1126:Skip to My Lou 1100:Johnson County 1004: 1001: 978:Charles Seeger 974:Vance Randolph 938:Percy Grainger 893: 890: 739: 724: 714: 709: 708: 707: 698: 697: 696: 694: 691: 600: 597: 526:J. Frank Dobie 522:Stith Thompson 504:J. 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Ball 2182:References 2017:Work Songs 1987:The early 1947:Work Songs 1930:Work Songs 1909:Texas Exes 1905:The Alcade 1874:Franz Boas 1204:2022-02-25 1108:Republican 1085:Josh White 1007:See also: 962:Bess Lomax 875:Alan Lomax 851:race music 838:Tex Ritter 834:Lead Belly 826:positivism 811:phonograph 780:work songs 778:recording 744:media help 732:John Lomax 686:Alan Lomax 667:Rio Grande 641:Carl Engel 633:phonograph 622:Washington 606:Alan Lomax 593:The Alcade 511:Alan Lomax 304:Ruby Lomax 149:Early life 135:Alan Lomax 131:folk music 127:folklorist 106:folklorist 62:1867-09-23 30:John Lomax 2233:Vera Hall 1949:, p. 205. 1932:(Durham: 1072:, 1945). 796:prisoners 675:Louisiana 405:anthology 200:and grew 109:archivist 2301:LibriVox 2162:, p. 371 2144:Archived 1913:Archived 1796:workers: 1153:(1986), 1115:Democrat 1096:Cleburne 1025:and the 1019:folklore 798:such as 763:and the 655:and the 565:Governor 256:Browning 252:Tennyson 223:Granbury 183:Meridian 125:, and a 2290:at the 1975:Hee Haw 1678:Lomax, 788:ballads 734:in 1939 662:vaquero 618:ballads 572:Chicago 551:at the 462:of the 367:Chaucer 324:Alcalde 306:(1939). 227:Clifton 175:ox cart 163:Goodman 155:England 46:in 1940 1890:Texas. 1702: 1236: 1122:stroke 1003:Legacy 904:, and 802:, and 790:, and 671:Cajuns 480:Dallas 344:Austin 335:Dallas 210:cowboy 202:cotton 198:cattle 194:horses 91:, U.S. 72:, U.S. 2034:(PDF) 1860:See: 1182:Notes 1045:slave 906:Haiti 794:from 792:blues 784:reels 773:Texas 769:Negro 765:radio 187:rural 179:Texas 2096:They 1700:ISBN 1247:2015 1234:ISBN 815:Ford 761:jazz 524:and 515:Bess 423:and 369:and 361:and 254:and 215:Juba 206:corn 204:and 196:and 141:and 78:Died 52:Born 2299:at 2281:at 1106:'s 1098:in 1031:WPA 884:in 846:ARC 844:of 612:in 270:in 237:in 233:in 185:in 165:in 2383:: 2243:, 2235:, 2231:, 2227:, 2223:, 2044:38 2042:. 2036:. 1864:, 1714:^ 1228:: 1224:. 1197:. 1165:, 1040:. 960:, 956:, 948:, 944:, 940:, 915:, 900:, 877:. 786:, 782:, 677:. 443:. 407:, 137:, 2086:. 1978:. 1919:. 1880:. 1708:. 1249:. 1207:. 988:. 746:. 298:" 64:) 60:( 23:.

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Index