128:. They held each other in high esteem. In 1864 an order was passed by the Secretary of State in India to retire chaplains after twenty-five years (earlier unlimited). An exception was made for Pratt and he was extended from October 1867 to March 1869 based on pleas from Bishop Cotton. When Pratt wished to resign in 1869, the Secretary of State extended his service to October 1872. After the death of Bishop Cotton in 1866, Pratt started a Hill Schools' Nomination Endowment Fund to help support Bishop Cotton's scheme of starting schools in the pleasant climate of the hills for the benefit of the children of poorer English residents in India who could not afford an education in England. Pratt married Hannah Maria Brown, daughter of
269:, he worked out calculations based on astronomical references, finding some errors in Colebrooke and came up with the suggestion that it could be from either around 1181 or 1229 BC. Pratt however felt that both Indian and Arab astronomy had failed to build a mathematical or physical framework and that their only major achievement was limited to the prediction of eclipses and even these, he considered as imprecise.
218:
mountains below sea-level (actually refined later and termed the depth of compensation) and that this is offset by the mass above sea-level. Pratt's explanation assumes a variation in density whereas Airy assumes a constant crustal density. Pratt found fault with Airy's idea as it assumed a thinner crust (10 miles) than that estimated by
124:
Britain. When Bishop Wilson died in 1858, he was nominated for the position of Bishop. He was approved with the influence of Lord
Shaftesbury on Lord Palmerston but it was shortly after decided in the wake of the 1857 uprising that no appointee known for missionary work should be appointed. The chosen appointee was instead
217:
came up with the explanation that the roots of the mountain go deep into the earth. He compared it with a heap of logs in water and suggested that when a log juts higher above the water, a greater amount of it must be submerged. Pratt on the other hand suggested that there was a lower density under
123:
in 1838. He became Wilson's domestic chaplain, and in 1850 was appointed
Archdeacon of Calcutta. The leisure allowed during his position in India allowed him to pursue mathematics although he noted that it was difficult to work alone and led to long exchanges in the journals of learned societies in
226:
used the debate to claim that mathematics was a useless tool for speculation. Pratt suggested that the crust would be depressed in the cooler parts of the world and suggested that the plumb deflection was caused by anomalous high density in the oceans south of the
Himalayas. Pratt also applied his
212:
in
Scotland) but the observed deviations were much less. He propounded a theory that the density of the mountains was less than that of the underlying substrate. It was also noticed that the deviations of the plumbline were greater at the foot of the mountain and reduced as one moved away from the
51:
being appointed to the position. A gifted mathematician who worked on problems of geodesy and earth science, he was approached by the
Surveyor General of India to examine the errors in surveys resulting from the attraction of the plumb-line to the mass of the Himalayan mountains. This led him to
26:
176:
as starting point, calculates the resulting force exerted at a point by a total mass in forms ranging from sphere to spheroid and subsequently to an irregular mass consisting of nearly spherical layers approximating more and more to the case of the earth. The second part is concerned with
172:(1860, 1861, and 1865). The final edition is a treatise of some 162 pages. The fundamental goal of the text is to supply an answer to the question as to whether the earth acquired its present form from originally being in a fluid state. The book is organised in two parts, the first takes
227:
knowledge of physics and mathematics to a number of applications in India on which he was consulted by engineers. He examined arches, the physics involved in the sudden movement of a mass of water such as in the Indus floods of 1858 and in the
337:
896:"On the Physical difference between a rush of Water like a torrent down a channel and the transmission of Wave down a river with reference to the Inundation of the Indus, as observed at Attock, in August 1858"
222:(800 to 1000 miles) and also that the crust is lighter. Pratt said that the crust cools from the solid interior and should therefore be denser. Airy did not defend his view but
762:"On the effect of local attraction upon the plumb-line at stations on the English Arc of the Meridian, between Dunnose and Burleigh Moor; and a method of computing its amount"
136:
on 6 March 1854. He was elected Fellow of the Royal
Society in 1866. Pratt served as president of the Calcutta Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals founded by
1162:
549:
280:(father of the scouting pioneer) that "all geology is contrary to Scripture", and then went on to counter other scientific theories including that of
100:
1833, was elected to a fellowship, and proceeded M.A. in 1836. For a while he stayed at
Cambridge and gave private tuitions. One of his students was
693:
208:. Pratt estimated the deviation of the plumbline that would be expected by the mass of the mountains (based on density estimated in 1772 at Mount
76:
and
Elizabeth née Jowett. His exact date of birth is debated and it is thought that he was born in London as he was baptised on 30 June 1809 at
1157:
988:
196:
he conducted experiments to examine currents in the ocean and measured temperatures at various depths. While in India, Pratt was approached by
1127:
1167:
1142:
299:
A Pratt School for Girls was founded in his memory in
Calcutta in 1876 by Bishop Milman. This school is located on A.J.C. Bose Road,
173:
1106:
614:"Observations on the relative temperature of the sea and air, and on other phenomena, made during a voyage from England to India"
1152:
1147:
511:"Is the problem, "How far is the mass of the earth solid and how far fluid?" excluded from the domain of positive science?"
93:
645:"On the Attraction of the Himalaya Mountains, and of the Elevated Regions beyond Them, upon the Plumb-Line in India"
1172:
432:
153:
1077:
204:, to examine the gravitational anomaly caused by the Himalayas on the plumbline which resulted in errors in the
844:
821:
510:
479:
793:
Brush, Stephen G. (1979). "Nineteenth-century debates about the inside of the earth: Solid, liquid or gas?".
1062:
Paraphrase of the revelation of Saint John. According to the Horae
Apocalyptae of the Rev. E.B.Elliott, M.A.
287:
277:
205:
941:
581:
276:, which went through numerous editions; it was first written to counter a statement by the mathematician
36:
17:
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964:
918:
708:
373:
272:
In 1849, Pratt and his brother wrote a memoir on their father. In 1856, Pratt published a book entitled
864:
422:
448:
1043:
1111:
85:
262:
177:
calculating the shape of the earth based first on the hypothesis of it being a fluid and then on
1060:
112:(1836, second edition 1845) which described mathematical applications in gravitational physics.
43:, he joined the British East India Company in 1838 as a chaplain and later became Archdeacon of
1101:
120:
47:. Although nominated as Bishop of Calcutta, the decision was rescinded at the last moment with
244:
1137:
1132:
970:
129:
52:
develop a theory based on a fluid earth of crustal balance which became the basis for the
39:(4 June 1809 – 28 December 1871) was a British clergyman, astronomer and mathematician. A
8:
1097:
1026:
395:
258:
214:
97:
974:
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that were thought to conflict with the Bible. In 1865 he edited his father's manuscript
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666:
417:
250:
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137:
116:
105:
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236:
40:
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Pratt took a great interest in Hindu Astronomy and supported the translation of the
876:
802:
773:
734:
694:"John Henry Pratt, Archdeacon of Calcutta and his theory of isostatic compensation"
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625:
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Eclectic Notes, or Notes of Discussion on Religious Topics at the Meetings of the
254:
223:
219:
182:
89:
558:
515:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
484:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
453:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
201:
101:
880:
806:
629:
526:
495:
464:
1121:
599:
Mr Hopkin's men. Cambridge reform and British mathematics in the 19th Century
357:
Mr Hopkin's men. Cambridge reform and British mathematics in the 19th Century
321:
Mr Hopkins' men: Cambridge reform and British mathematics in the 19th century
232:
149:
125:
81:
48:
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London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
778:
761:
661:
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A treatise on attractions, Laplace's functions, and the figure of the earth
209:
73:
1004:"Observations on the Herat Astrolabe, described in No 118 of the Journal"
738:
427:
228:
919:"Memoir upon the Quantity of Iron necessary in a Tension Chain Bridge"
670:
618:
The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
400:
Mission Life: An Illustrated Magazine of Home and Foreign Church Work
281:
133:
644:
613:
543:
McConnell, Anita (2004). "Pratt, John Henry (bap. 1809, d. 1871)".
178:
145:
61:
53:
44:
25:
396:"The Venerable John Henry Pratt, Archdeacon of Calcutta. A Sketch"
300:
141:
57:
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On Attractions, Laplace's Functions and the Figure of the Earth
181:
principles. Part of his work was extensively used verbatim by
480:"Controversy between Archdeacon Pratt and Professor Haughton"
266:
148:, India, on 28 December 1871. At the instigation of Bishop
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
649:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1075:
1024:
96:(after Alexander Ellice and Joseph Bowstead) in the
84:
under the tutelage of Dr Doncaster. He then went to
843:
449:"On Professor Stoke's proof of Clairaut's theorem"
416:
257:in 1863. In response to a question from Professor
1095:
725:Norlund, N.E. (1937). "The figure of the earth".
303:, and is now known as the Pratt Memorial School.
192:Even as he travelled to India in 1838 aboard the
1119:
691:
542:
446:
166:Mathematical Principles of Mechanical Philosophy
110:Mathematical Principles of Mechanical Philosophy
1163:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
393:
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436:. Vol. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
200:, Surveyor General of India who had succeeded
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596:
354:
318:
1079:Memoir of the Right Rev. Robert Milman, D.D.
1041:
942:"[Report on the Bibliotheca Indica]"
916:
893:
822:"On the thickness of the crust of the earth"
553:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
378:Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
108:. While at Cambridge he wrote a book called
1058:
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862:
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987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
294:Paraphrase of the revelation of Saint John
168:(1836), subsequently expanded and renamed
966:On Ancient Hindu Astronomy and Chronology
939:
777:
660:
119:through his father's influence on Bishop
1008:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
946:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
923:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
336:
332:
330:
24:
1107:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
550:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
545:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
538:
536:
16:For other people named John Pratt, see
1120:
1065:London: Wertheim, Macintosh, and Hunt.
368:
366:
312:
249:aiding its publication by the authors
115:Pratt was appointed a chaplain of the
1158:19th-century English Anglican priests
1102:"John Pratt (archdeacon of Calcutta)"
1045:Scripture and science not at variance
1028:Memoir of the Rev. Josiah Pratt, B.D.
792:
642:
389:
387:
327:
274:Scripture and Science not at Variance
235:, and computed the iron required for
174:Newton's law of universal gravitation
152:, a memorial to Pratt was erected in
701:Indian Journal of History of Science
533:
290:, London, during the years 1798–1814
1128:19th-century English mathematicians
363:
13:
384:
29:Sketch of John Henry Pratt in 1839
14:
1184:
1168:British East India Company people
1089:
1082:London: John Murray. p. 343.
1143:People educated at Oakham School
1048:(6 ed.). London: Hatchards.
433:Dictionary of National Biography
1069:
1052:
1035:
1025:Pratt, J.; Pratt, J.H. (1849).
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56:principle. He died in India of
1076:Milman, Frances Maria (1897).
502:
471:
440:
410:
348:
338:"Pratt, John Henry (PRT828JH)"
187:Treatise on Analytical Statics
154:St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta
1:
306:
132:, a Bengal Civil Servant, at
80:. His early schooling was at
1153:19th-century English writers
1148:Fellows of the Royal Society
865:"On the stability of arches"
567:UK public library membership
265:came up with an age for the
206:Great Trigonometrical Survey
72:Pratt was the second son of
67:
7:
586:. London: Macmillan and co.
342:A Cambridge Alumni Database
92:. He graduated B.A., third
18:John Pratt (disambiguation)
10:
1189:
969:. Oxford. pp. 22–24.
707:(1): 23–30. Archived from
643:Pratt, John Henry (1855).
344:. University of Cambridge.
144:when he was on a visit to
15:
881:10.1080/14786446308643554
852:. 4 July 1863. p. 6.
807:10.1080/00033797900200231
692:Kahali, Manidipa (1994).
630:10.1080/14786444008650015
527:10.1080/14786446008642860
496:10.1080/14786446008642876
465:10.1080/14786446708639837
447:Archdeacon Pratt (1867).
1112:University of St Andrews
601:. Springer. p. 255.
394:Browne, J. Cave (1872).
359:. Springer. p. 202.
323:. Springer. p. 255.
164:Pratt was the author of
159:
86:Caius College, Cambridge
1173:Archdeacons of Calcutta
580:Pratt, John H. (1865).
900:J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal
845:"Scientific discovery"
826:Philosophical Magazine
779:10.1098/rstl.1856.0006
662:10.1098/rstl.1855.0002
597:Craik, A.D.D. (2008).
559:10.1093/ref:odnb/22704
355:Craik, A.D.D. (2008).
319:Craik, A.D.D. (2008).
292:. He also published a
140:in 1861. He died from
30:
1042:Pratt, J. H. (1871).
917:Pratt, J. H. (1848).
894:Pratt, J. H. (1860).
423:"Pratt, Josiah"
374:"President's address"
88:and was a student of
28:
1098:Robertson, Edmund F.
1059:Pratt, J.H. (1862).
1002:Pratt, J.S. (1842).
963:Muller, Max (1862).
863:Pratt, J.H. (1863).
820:Pratt, J.H. (1859).
760:Pratt, J.H. (1856).
612:Pratt, J.H. (1840).
509:Pratt, J.H. (1860).
478:Pratt, J.H. (1860).
130:George Francis Brown
60:while on a visit to
1096:O'Connor, John J.;
975:1862ahac.book.....M
727:Bulletin Géodésique
259:Edward Byles Cowell
245:Siddhānta Shiromani
98:Mathematical Tripos
940:Grote, A. (1864).
739:10.1007/BF03030165
418:John Henry Overton
251:Lancelot Wilkinson
237:cantilever bridges
198:Andrew Scott Waugh
138:Colesworthey Grant
117:East India Company
106:Bishop of Carlisle
31:
850:North London News
795:Annals of Science
565:(Subscription or
194:Duke of Buccleuch
41:Cambridge Apostle
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74:Josiah Pratt
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33:
32:
22:
1138:1871 deaths
1133:1809 births
490:: 343–345.
428:Lee, Sidney
380:: 22. 1872.
253:and Pandit
215:George Airy
1122:Categories
1014:: 720–723.
906:: 274–282.
655:: 53–100.
569:required.)
307:References
213:mountain.
983:cite book
929:(1): 1–6.
772:: 31–52.
747:119740554
679:186208098
282:Evolution
134:Bhagalpur
68:Biography
420:(1896).
296:(1862).
189:(1853).
179:geodetic
146:Ghazipur
104:, later
94:wrangler
62:Ghazipur
54:isostasy
45:Calcutta
971:Bibcode
430:(ed.).
301:Kolkata
261:on how
231:of the
185:in his
142:cholera
58:cholera
745:
677:
671:108510
669:
563:
952:: 27.
743:S2CID
712:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
675:S2CID
667:JSTOR
426:. In
267:Vedas
160:Works
989:link
229:bore
877:doi
803:doi
774:doi
770:146
735:doi
657:doi
653:145
626:doi
555:doi
523:doi
492:doi
461:doi
37:FRS
1124::
1110:,
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