217:
957:
930:
911:
977:
892:
989:
873:
1624:
31:
1543:
39:
956:
299:
region varies from 400–500 millimetres (16–20 in) in the western hills, rising to 600 millimetres (24 in) around western
Jerusalem (in central Judaea), falling back to 400 millimetres (16 in) in eastern Jerusalem and dropping to around 100 mm (3.9 in) in the eastern parts,
216:
612:
in 135 CE. Many of these caves were found nestled in the deep ravines of the
Judaean Desert, near intermittent streams. As of 2019, over 30 refuge caves have been discovered in the Judaean Desert, including those situated in
783:. They are considered to be a keystone in the history of archaeology with great historical, religious, and linguistic significance because they include the oldest surviving manuscripts of entire books later included in the
929:
677:
type, or on the fringe of the desert in or near settled places such as
Bethlehem and Jerusalem, but are still considered to belong to the same monastic environment. A short chronological list can include
1470:(ed.), JUDEAN DESERT STUDIES: THE DOCUMENTS FROM THE BAR KOKHBA PERIOD IN THE CAVE OF LETTERS, GREEK PAPYRI (Israel Exploration Society, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1989). Pp. xii+ 149, 40 plates.
268:, most of them deep, from 366 metres (1,201 ft) in the west to 183 metres (600 ft) in the east. The Judaean Desert is an area with a special morphological structure along the east of the
1298:
818:, a plethora of artifacts from the Roman period has been unearthed, including various letters and fragments of papyri. Notable among these findings are letters exchanged between
1817:
119:
1590:
988:
669:
and a number of other influential
Christian figures, some of which spent much of their lives in the desert as hermits or as members of monastic communities of the
910:
1790:
976:
1497:
1573:
1478:.-HANNAH M. COTTON AND JOSEPH GEIGER (edd.), MASADA II, THE YIGAEL YADIN EXCAVATIONS 1963-1965. FINAL REPORTS: THE LATIN AND GREEK DOCUMENTS ....
1521:
614:
891:
442:. When David hides in the strongholds at Ein Gedi, Saul seeks him "even upon the most craggy rocks, which are accessible only to wild goats" (
287:
springs. The rain-fed aquifer contains an average yearly volume of some 100 million m (3.5 billion cu ft) of water.
846:. Another survey of this same cave in 2023 uncovered a unique discovery – a rare collection of 2nd century Roman weaponry, including
279:
of an underground water reservoir beneath the
Judaean Desert known as the Judaea Group Aquifer, found that the aquifer begins in the
2901:
1780:
430:
mentions several locations within the
Judaean Desert that David visited during his escape from Saul, including the Wilderness of
260:. The Judaean Desert is characterized by the topography of a plateau that ends in the east in a cliff. It is crossed by numerous
1058:
1382:
1125:
1546:
1398:
1566:
917:
543:
discovered about 1.5 kilometers (1 mi) from the Dead Sea's northwest shore. According to conventional archeology, the
2886:
1775:
1681:
843:
872:
2392:
1623:
1862:
1475:
1438:
The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and
Christianity
1185:
2632:
861:, including statues, masks, wooden and bone tools, skulls and reed basketry, were found in a cave at Nahal Heimar.
834:, archaeologists have unearthed an inscription dating back to the 7th century BCE. This inscription, carved into a
2712:
2837:
1666:
1559:
593:
took control of Masada, and from there they launched raids against communities in the Dead Sea region. The Roman
2896:
276:
1534:
Nissenbaum, A., Bar-Yosef, O., & Connan, J. (2000). Neolithic collagen from the Nahal Heimar cave, Israel.
597:
rose on Masada in eight camps, and constructed a large siege ramp. Josephus claimed that the siege ended in a
2813:
17:
1795:
1656:
501:
577:(132-135 CE), Jewish rebels took advantage of the Judaean Desert's natural characteristics for refuge and
1812:
1661:
936:
283:
and flows in a northeasterly direction towards the Dead Sea with outflows at the Tsukim, Kane, Samar and
257:
2881:
1714:
1598:
967:
806:
Numerous caves in the
Judaean Desert have yielded significant archaeological discoveries linked to the
570:
443:
2204:
1648:
791:
and extra-biblical manuscripts which preserve evidence of the diversity of religious thought in late
727:
2823:
2535:
2412:
1802:
1676:
1671:
1102:
691:
601:, when the 960 Sicarii rebels present decided to kill themselves rather than be sold into slavery.
585:, which took place there circa 73 CE, was one of the pivotal battles of the conflict. According to
504:
and his mausoleum. Cypros, which the
Hasmoneans most likely built, was also rebuilt by Herod.
2876:
1903:
1113:
763:
723:
609:
605:
564:
397:
604:
During the latter phase of the Bar Kokhba revolt, Jewish refugees and their families escaped to
2742:
2694:
2495:
2485:
2440:
2422:
2161:
2083:
1691:
1582:
1222:
1023:
788:
739:
679:
355:
84:
64:
2784:
2672:
2617:
2565:
2525:
1986:
1855:
1175:
839:
807:
792:
731:
658:
401:(also known as the Israeli mole viper). The streams are home to various fish and amphibians.
305:
225:
531:
Jewish sect, lived in the
Judaean Desert on the Dead Sea's northwestern shore, according to
2751:
2599:
2570:
2540:
2500:
1936:
779:
dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, were discovered in the 1940s at the
743:
830:, a Jewish woman landowner who lived during the 2nd century CE. In a nearby cave close to
8:
2622:
2590:
2460:
2274:
2194:
2116:
1043:
1018:
776:
715:
687:
540:
481:
148:
123:
2776:
2379:
1918:
1243:
1226:
2796:
2652:
2612:
2550:
2515:
2505:
2490:
1908:
1829:
1807:
1785:
1724:
1345:
1279:
1271:
683:
646:
618:
489:
476:
rule. These forts were constructed atop mountains or in secluded mountain range spurs.
127:
2041:
2722:
2707:
2647:
2480:
2465:
2445:
2365:
2246:
2050:
2006:
1754:
1704:
1515:
1471:
1378:
1337:
1283:
1263:
1181:
1053:
1038:
823:
742:(448–557) knew Euthymius and Gerasimus and led for many years the Souka of Hilarion.
711:
707:
594:
578:
574:
469:
331:
live on the desert plateau and the Dead Sea cliffs. Until quite recently, there were
301:
280:
269:
249:
103:
2818:
2510:
2475:
2269:
2088:
1848:
1613:
1608:
1255:
1214:
995:
819:
800:
769:
759:
735:
634:
544:
473:
347:
1129:
2627:
2470:
2450:
2435:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2347:
2304:
2176:
2151:
2146:
2058:
1976:
1926:
1898:
1888:
1734:
1402:
1150:
1079:
963:
811:
630:
582:
560:
532:
427:
391:
367:
332:
139:
75:
55:
2891:
2732:
2727:
2702:
2680:
2642:
2637:
2560:
2555:
2357:
2337:
2279:
2251:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2068:
2031:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1739:
1467:
1449:
Yadin, Y. (1963). The finds from the Bar Kokhba period in the Cave of Letters.
940:
784:
666:
662:
626:
477:
375:
313:
309:
187:
158:
2026:
2870:
2852:
2839:
2662:
2657:
2607:
2545:
2530:
2520:
2455:
2430:
2402:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2284:
2229:
2219:
2093:
1996:
1981:
1956:
1946:
1931:
1699:
1638:
1341:
1267:
826:, and the Babatha papyri cache, a collection of legal documents belonging to
719:
699:
535:. Many modern scholars and archaeologists concur that the Essenes resided in
485:
480:, thought to be the oldest, was constructed around 167 BCE. The second fort,
30:
768:
The Judaean Desert has been the site of many archeological discoveries. The
2764:
2717:
2241:
2234:
2224:
2108:
2098:
2011:
2001:
1966:
1893:
1603:
1048:
796:
780:
747:
598:
548:
431:
415:
154:
1542:
2580:
2575:
2327:
2294:
2289:
2209:
2199:
2131:
1941:
1749:
1551:
1374:
1366:
815:
642:
622:
505:
359:
340:
328:
1349:
1325:
1201:
810:, as they served as shelters for Jewish rebels during that time. In the
2759:
2261:
2214:
2156:
2021:
1275:
835:
703:
528:
468:
Several desert fortresses were constructed in the Judaean Desert under
351:
324:
253:
2789:
2186:
1824:
999:
902:
878:
858:
509:
454:, has been associated with David's sojourn in the desert of En-gedi.
435:
386:
233:
221:
107:
95:
1259:
746:(c. 525–559) wrote about the desert monasticism of his time, as did
2063:
1729:
1028:
1013:
948:
898:
831:
674:
586:
497:
447:
439:
371:
336:
284:
237:
228:
appears in the foreground, and the desert in the background.
111:
438:, the Crags of Wild Goats ("Tzuri Ya'alim") and the Wilderness of
2166:
1744:
1709:
1296:
944:
921:
827:
638:
590:
524:
513:
382:
363:
256:. It ends in a steep escarpment dropping to the Dead Sea and the
245:
38:
1840:
1244:"The Water Supply of the Desert Fortresses in the Jordan Valley"
2171:
2016:
1883:
1872:
1759:
1719:
1033:
882:
854:. This find is believed to be linked to the Bar Kokhba revolt.
847:
695:
536:
493:
463:
265:
194:
162:
99:
1466:
Bowersock, G. W. (1991). The Babatha papyri, Masada, and Rome-
1202:"There's Water Under the Desert -- But It's Hardly Being Used"
512:, two further desert strongholds, were constructed elsewhere (
2078:
1991:
1498:"Rare Cache of Roman weapons unearthed in Judean Desert cave"
851:
670:
517:
419:
296:
241:
42:
Location of Judaean Desert in Israel and the West Bank in red
795:. At the same time they cast new light on the emergence of
423:
261:
492:, his son (r. 103 to 76 BCE), is thought to have founded
335:
in the area, but they are now extinct in the area due to
1326:"The Nabataean 'Rock' and the Judaean Desert Fortresses"
1399:"The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls: Nature and Significance"
1391:
452:
a Psalm of David when he was in the wilderness of Judah
339:. For the last time, an Arabian leopard was spotted in
422:
and his men fled into the Judaean Desert to hide from
240:. The Judaean Desert stretches from the northeastern
982:
View of the Judaean Desert from Mount Yair, Ein Gedi
657:
The Judaean Desert is connected with early forms of
89:
69:
1371:The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Archaeological Evidence
1425:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the origins of the bible
457:
2868:
1297:Biblical Archeology Society Staff (8 May 2022).
970:. The Roman siege ramp can be seen to the right.
962:Masada, an ancient fortress, was the scene of a
1242:Garbrecht, Günter; Peleg, Yehuda (1994-09-01).
1528:
1241:
652:
1856:
1567:
617:, the Almisiya cave, the Murabba'at caves in
153:'Desert of Judaea' originates in the
1173:
1520:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1177:Geography and Politics in Israel Since 1967
381:The Judaean Desert is home to a variety of
1863:
1849:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1369:; Zissu, Boaz (2019). "The Refuge Caves".
1365:
637:wrote to the residents of En Gedi and the
1443:
1401:. Israel Museum Jerusalem. Archived from
1080:"El-Bariyah: wilderness with monasteries"
775:a collection of ancient Jewish religious
738:(c. 675/76–749?) spent much of his life.
500:, which housed a royal complex including
1682:Southern Jordan Valley (Bik'at HaYarden)
215:
205:(sometimes stylized 'El-Bariyah') means
201:Similarly, the Arabic name برية الخليل,
37:
29:
1495:
1460:
1436:VanderKam, J., & Flint, P. (2005).
264:flowing from west to east and has many
130:, particularly for its monastic ruins.
14:
2869:
1430:
1323:
1059:Tourism in the Palestinian territories
409:
1844:
1555:
1361:
1359:
714:(ca. 350–417?) and her granddaughter
346:Common birds in the area include the
220:The Judaean Desert lies just east of
1237:
1235:
1229:on 1 Samuel 23, accessed 24 May 2017
918:Monastery of Saint George of Choziba
698:(c. 342/47–420) with his associates
554:
1776:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
1180:. Routledge (Taylor & Fancis).
143:
79:
59:
24:
1356:
1077:
730:(c. 423–529) and his contemporary
319:
25:
2913:
1870:
1232:
1128:. BiblePlaces.com. Archived from
1622:
1541:
994:The Judaean Desert as seen from
987:
975:
955:
928:
909:
890:
871:
822:and his subordinates during the
589:, early in the conflict, Jewish
232:The Judaean Desert lies east of
2902:Geography of Palestine (region)
1489:
1417:
1317:
1290:
1221:, vol. 1. p. 58, referenced by
1078:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
842:, indicating its origin during
496:. Herod later established
118:, it has been nominated to the
1227:Gill's Exposition of the Bible
1208:
1194:
1167:
1143:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1071:
734:(439–532), at whose monastery
458:Hasmonean and Herodian periods
277:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
13:
1:
1549:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1427:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1305:. Biblical Archeology Society
1064:
753:
682:(mid-3rd century – c. 350),
312:in the east, with a strip of
27:Desert in the southern Levant
1796:Israeli Civil Administration
1547:Hiking in the Judaean Desert
1480:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1303:Biblical Archaeology Society
1084:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
690:(377–473) and his associate
641:archive were discovered) in
484:, was likely constructed by
211:
133:
7:
1007:
937:Monastery of the Temptation
706:(c. 368–419/20) as well as
702:(347–404) and her daughter
653:Early Christian monasticism
608:, especially following the
551:, were written by Essenes.
90:
70:
10:
2918:
2887:Geography of the West Bank
1330:Israel Exploration Journal
1248:The Biblical Archaeologist
864:
757:
558:
547:, which were found in the
461:
404:
304:. The climate ranges from
290:
2809:
2775:
2750:
2741:
2693:
2671:
2598:
2589:
2421:
2378:
2356:
2303:
2260:
2185:
2107:
2049:
2040:
1917:
1879:
1768:
1690:
1647:
1631:
1620:
1589:
728:Theodosius the Cenobiarch
169:
168:It is sometimes known as
157:, and it is mentioned in
692:Theoctistus of Palestine
661:. There are examples of
1904:List of deserts by area
1299:"Who Were the Essenes?"
764:Bar Kokhba refuge caves
724:Gerasimus of the Jordan
565:Bar Kokhba refuge caves
398:Atractaspis engaddensis
2486:Gran Desierto de Altar
1583:Judea and Samaria Area
1496:i24NEWS (2023-09-06).
1324:Meshel, Zeʾev (2000).
1024:Geography of Palestine
968:First Jewish-Roman War
740:Cyriacus the Anchorite
680:Chariton the Confessor
571:First Jewish–Roman War
229:
110:, and descends to the
102:that lies east of the
43:
35:
2897:New Testament regions
2785:North American Arctic
2526:North American Arctic
1818:Population statistics
1451:Judean desert studies
1174:Elisha Efrat (1988).
793:Second Temple Judaism
758:Further information:
732:Sabbas the Sanctified
659:Christian monasticism
645:, and three caves in
559:Further information:
488:(ruled 134-104 BCE).
462:Further information:
219:
207:Wilderness of Hebron.
94:) is a desert in the
41:
33:
838:, is inscribed with
744:Cyril of Scythopolis
236:and descends to the
124:World Heritage Sites
2849: /
2713:Los Médanos de Coro
2461:Channeled scablands
2084:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
1803:IDF Central Command
1423:Ulrich, E. (1999).
1126:"Judean Wilderness"
1044:Mount of Temptation
1019:Geography of Israel
840:Paleo-Hebrew script
716:Melania the Younger
694:(died 451 or 467),
688:Euthymius the Great
633:(where the letters
621:, the pool cave in
573:(67–73 CE) and the
410:Biblical references
356:tristram's starling
248:, and is marked by
2506:Jornada del Muerto
1909:Desert exploration
1830:Jerusalem District
1808:Israeli settlement
1632:Regional committee
1377:. pp. 62–64.
684:Hilarion the Great
541:archeological site
502:one of his palaces
230:
128:State of Palestine
44:
36:
2882:Deserts of Israel
2853:31.700°N 35.300°E
2832:
2831:
2805:
2804:
2689:
2688:
2374:
2373:
2051:Arabian Peninsula
2007:Plaine des Sables
1838:
1837:
1705:Beit Aryeh-Ofarim
1649:Regional councils
1405:on 1 October 2014
1384:978-965-217-429-1
1375:Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi
1054:Tourism in Israel
1039:Judaean Mountains
897:The Monastery of
824:Bar Kokhba revolt
808:Jewish–Roman wars
712:Melania the Elder
708:Tyrannius Rufinus
595:Legio X Fretensis
575:Bar Kokhba revolt
555:Jewish–Roman Wars
520:, respectively).
490:Alexander Janneus
414:According to the
302:rainshadow effect
281:Judaean Mountains
270:Judaean Mountains
203:Bariyah El-Khalil
152:
144:מִדְבַּר יְהוּדָה
114:. Under the name
104:Judaean Mountains
88:
80:מִדְבַּר יְהוּדָה
71:Bariyah al-Khalil
68:
16:(Redirected from
2909:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2748:
2747:
2596:
2595:
2047:
2046:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1672:Megilot Dead Sea
1626:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1493:
1487:
1464:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:. A&C Black.
1434:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1336:(1/2): 109–115.
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1239:
1230:
1215:Joseph Lightfoot
1212:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1075:
991:
979:
959:
932:
913:
894:
875:
820:Simon bar Kokhba
801:Rabbinic Judaism
789:deuterocanonical
770:Dead Sea Scrolls
760:Dead Sea Scrolls
736:John of Damascus
635:Simon bar Kokhba
587:Flavius Josephus
579:guerilla warfare
545:Dead Sea Scrolls
434:, Wilderness of
348:fan-tailed raven
333:Arabian leopards
308:in the west and
295:Rainfall in the
250:natural terraces
198:, among others.
171:
147:
145:
93:
83:
81:
73:
63:
61:
21:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2867:
2866:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2801:
2771:
2737:
2685:
2667:
2628:Nullarbor Plain
2585:
2496:Great Salt Lake
2441:Baja California
2417:
2388:Bardenas Reales
2370:
2352:
2305:Iranian Plateau
2299:
2256:
2181:
2162:Saryesik-Atyrau
2103:
2036:
1972:Farafra (White)
1913:
1899:List of deserts
1889:Desertification
1875:
1869:
1839:
1834:
1764:
1686:
1643:
1627:
1618:
1585:
1580:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1494:
1490:
1465:
1461:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1364:
1357:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1295:
1291:
1260:10.2307/3210411
1240:
1233:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1010:
1003:
992:
983:
980:
971:
960:
951:
933:
924:
914:
905:
895:
886:
876:
867:
857:Finds from the
812:Cave of Letters
785:biblical canons
766:
756:
726:(5th century),
655:
647:Tze'elim Stream
631:Cave of Letters
583:siege of Masada
567:
561:Siege of Masada
557:
533:Pliny the Elder
466:
460:
412:
407:
392:Echis coloratus
387:venomous vipers
368:Arabian babbler
337:illegal hunting
322:
320:Flora and fauna
316:in the middle.
293:
275:A study by the
244:to the east of
214:
136:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Judaean Desert
2858:31.700; 35.300
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2797:Russian Arctic
2794:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Great Victoria
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Tule (Arizona)
2563:
2561:Tonopah Desert
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Painted Desert
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:Southeast Asia
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Dasht-e Naomid
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:Ma'ale Efrayim
1752:
1747:
1742:
1740:Karnei Shomron
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1692:Local councils
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:Mateh Binyamin
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1488:
1468:Naphtali Lewis
1459:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1390:
1383:
1355:
1316:
1289:
1254:(3): 161–170.
1231:
1207:
1193:
1186:
1166:
1155:whc.unesco.org
1142:
1117:
1106:
1095:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
993:
986:
984:
981:
974:
972:
961:
954:
952:
943:, overlooking
941:Jebel Quruntul
934:
927:
925:
915:
908:
906:
896:
889:
887:
877:
870:
866:
863:
844:biblical times
755:
752:
750:(c. 550–619).
722:(c. 344–421),
718:(c. 383–439),
710:(344/45–411),
667:Desert Mothers
663:Desert Fathers
654:
651:
627:Cave of Horror
556:
553:
459:
456:
428:Book of Samuel
411:
408:
406:
403:
376:sand partridge
321:
318:
314:steppe climate
310:desert climate
292:
289:
213:
210:
193:Wilderness of
186:Wilderness of
135:
132:
120:Tentative List
48:Judaean Desert
34:Judaean Desert
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2914:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Polar regions
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2695:South America
2692:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Tule (Nevada)
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2423:North America
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Gurbantünggüt
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Rub' al Khali
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Alfei Menashe
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1639:Yesha Council
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1614:Modi'in Illit
1612:
1610:
1609:Ma'ale Adumim
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:965-221-009-9
1473:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1373:. Jerusalem:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1187:9780203989166
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1132:on 2015-09-23
1131:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1001:
997:
996:Ma'ale Adumim
990:
985:
978:
973:
969:
965:
958:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
926:
923:
919:
912:
907:
904:
900:
893:
888:
884:
880:
874:
869:
868:
862:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:, along with
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Mary of Egypt
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:Paula of Rome
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Nahal Michmas
611:
610:fall of Betar
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
566:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:John Hyrcanus
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
444:1 Samuel 24:2
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
402:
400:
399:
394:
393:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:Mediterranean
303:
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Jordan Valley
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
218:
209:
208:
204:
199:
197:
196:
190:
189:
183:
179:
175:
166:
164:
160:
156:
150:
141:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:, so east of
105:
101:
97:
92:
91:Midbar Yehuda
86:
77:
72:
66:
57:
53:
52:Judean Desert
49:
40:
32:
19:
18:Judean Desert
2834:
2765:Meyer Desert
2623:Little Sandy
2393:Cabo de Gata
2275:Indus Valley
2195:Badain Jaran
2117:Aral Karakum
2109:Central Asia
2099:Wahiba Sands
2073:
2012:Richtersveld
1937:Black Desert
1894:Polar desert
1725:Giv'at Ze'ev
1604:Beitar Illit
1540:
1530:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1393:
1370:
1367:Eshel, Hanan
1333:
1329:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1251:
1247:
1218:
1210:
1196:
1176:
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1151:"El-Bariyah"
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1120:
1109:
1098:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:
1073:
1049:Qumran Caves
964:famous siege
885:in June 2022
856:
805:
797:Christianity
781:Qumran Caves
772:
767:
748:John Moschus
686:(291–371),
656:
606:refuge caves
603:
599:mass suicide
568:
549:Qumran Caves
522:
467:
451:
450:, subtitled
416:Hebrew Bible
413:
396:
390:
385:, including
380:
345:
325:Rock hyraxes
323:
294:
274:
231:
206:
202:
200:
192:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
155:Hebrew Bible
137:
115:
51:
47:
45:
2856: /
2673:New Zealand
2653:Sturt Stony
2613:Great Sandy
2551:Smoke Creek
2516:Lechuguilla
2501:Great Sandy
2491:Great Basin
2132:Betpak-Dala
1781:Enclave law
1750:Kiryat Arba
1657:Gush Etzion
1103:Judges 1:16
998:(suburb of
966:during the
848:four swords
816:Nahal Hever
777:manuscripts
643:Nahal Hever
623:Nahal David
619:Nahal Darga
569:During the
506:Alexandrium
341:Ein Feshkha
329:Nubian ibex
254:escarpments
60:برية الخليل
2871:Categories
2760:Antarctica
2723:Patagonian
2708:La Guajira
2648:Strzelecki
2541:Red Desert
2481:Forty Mile
2466:Chihuahuan
2446:Black Rock
2262:South Asia
2247:Taklamakan
2022:Tanezrouft
1662:Har Hevron
1507:2023-09-07
1486:, 336-344.
1409:13 October
1160:2024-06-30
1136:2010-11-28
1089:2022-11-12
1065:References
947:& the
836:stalactite
754:Archeology
704:Eustochium
352:blackstart
176:, meaning
170:יְשִׁימוֹן
116:El-Bariyah
2790:Greenland
2752:Antarctic
2600:Australia
2476:Escalante
2413:Deliblato
2270:Cholistan
2187:East Asia
1987:Moçâmedes
1825:Seam Zone
1342:0021-2059
1284:132210394
1268:0006-0895
1114:Psalms 63
1000:Jerusalem
903:Bethlehem
879:Nabi Musa
859:Neolithic
510:Machaerus
470:Hasmonean
300:due to a
234:Jerusalem
222:Jerusalem
212:Geography
184:, or yet
138:The term
134:Etymology
108:Jerusalem
96:West Bank
85:romanized
65:romanized
2819:Category
2471:Colorado
2451:Carcross
2436:Amargosa
2408:Tabernas
2398:Monegros
2348:Registan
2152:Moiynkum
2147:Kyzylkum
2059:Ad-Dahna
1977:Kalahari
1927:Algerian
1769:See also
1735:Immanuel
1730:Har Adar
1516:cite web
1350:27926921
1223:Gill, J.
1029:Mar Saba
1014:Ein Gedi
1008:See also
949:Dead Sea
899:Mar Saba
832:Ein Gedi
675:cenobium
629:and the
498:Herodium
482:Hyrcania
474:Herodian
448:Psalm 63
440:Ein Gedi
383:reptiles
372:wheatear
285:Ein-Gedi
238:Dead Sea
226:Old City
182:wildland
174:Yeshimon
172:
112:Dead Sea
2844:35°18′E
2841:31°42′N
2824:Commons
2814:Project
2733:Tatacoa
2728:Sechura
2703:Atacama
2681:Rangipo
2643:Simpson
2638:Pedirka
2633:Painted
2591:Oceania
2556:Sonoran
2403:Oleshky
2280:Katpana
2252:Tengger
2177:Ustyurt
2167:Sarykum
2142:Karakum
2127:Barsuki
2122:Aralkum
2074:Judaean
2069:Arabian
2032:Western
1962:Eastern
1952:Danakil
1873:deserts
1745:Kedumim
1710:Beit El
1677:Shomron
1502:I24news
1276:3210411
945:Jericho
922:Jericho
920:, near
901:, near
865:Gallery
828:Babatha
799:and of
673:or the
639:Babatha
591:Sicarii
529:ascetic
525:Essenes
514:Samaria
405:History
364:hirundo
291:Climate
266:ravines
246:Beit El
151:
126:in the
87::
67::
2777:Arctic
2663:Tirari
2658:Tanami
2608:Gibson
2546:Sevier
2531:Owyhee
2521:Mojave
2456:Carson
2431:Alvord
2380:Europe
2366:La Paz
2343:Polond
2338:Naomid
2285:Kharan
2242:Qaidam
2230:Kubuqi
2220:Kumtag
2172:Taukum
2094:Syrian
2027:Ténéré
2017:Sahara
1997:Nubian
1982:Libyan
1957:Djurab
1947:Chalbi
1932:Bayuda
1919:Africa
1884:Desert
1871:World
1786:Area C
1760:Oranit
1720:Elkana
1591:Cities
1474:
1381:
1348:
1340:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1184:
1034:Masada
883:Sunset
850:and a
696:Jerome
625:, the
581:. The
537:Qumran
494:Masada
464:Qumran
426:. The
374:, and
224:. The
195:Judaea
178:desert
163:Psalms
159:Judges
140:Hebrew
100:Israel
76:Hebrew
56:Arabic
2892:Judea
2718:Monte
2333:Margo
2323:Leili
2318:Khash
2313:Kavir
2235:Mu Us
2225:Ordos
2079:Negev
2064:Nefud
2002:Nyiri
1992:Namib
1967:Ferlo
1791:COGAT
1715:Efrat
1599:Ariel
1346:JSTOR
1309:9 May
1280:S2CID
1272:JSTOR
1219:Works
852:pilum
671:lavra
539:, an
527:, an
518:Perea
436:Ma'on
420:David
389:like
297:Judea
262:wadis
252:with
242:Negev
188:Judah
2581:Yuma
2576:Yuha
2511:Kaʻū
2295:Thar
2290:Thal
2210:Hami
2200:Gobi
2042:Asia
1942:Blue
1813:List
1522:link
1472:ISBN
1411:2014
1379:ISBN
1338:ISSN
1311:2022
1264:ISSN
1182:ISBN
935:The
916:The
762:and
665:and
563:and
523:The
516:and
508:and
472:and
432:Ziph
424:Saul
395:and
360:apus
327:and
161:and
149:lit.
98:and
46:The
2328:Lut
2215:Lop
2157:Ryn
1256:doi
1225:in
939:on
814:at
478:Dok
446:).
191:or
180:or
122:of
50:or
2873::
1518:}}
1514:{{
1500:.
1482:,
1453:,
1358:^
1344:.
1334:50
1332:.
1328:.
1301:.
1278:.
1270:.
1262:.
1252:57
1250:.
1246:.
1234:^
1217:,
1153:.
1082:.
881:-
803:.
649:.
418:,
378:.
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
350:,
343:.
272:.
165:.
146:,
142::
82:,
78::
74:,
62:,
58::
1864:e
1857:t
1850:v
1575:e
1568:t
1561:v
1524:)
1510:.
1484:4
1457:.
1455:1
1413:.
1387:.
1352:.
1313:.
1286:.
1258::
1204:.
1190:.
1163:.
1139:.
1092:.
1002:)
773:,
54:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
