885:
377:
372:
382:
The reason that
Knaanic inscriptions, which use Hebrew letters, appear on coins minted for a Polish duke is that at the time, he leased some mints to Jews. The mint masters were responsible for collecting bullion and striking coins as well as periodically taking in and restriking existing coins.
327:. In other words, the Knaanim, that is, the people speaking the Judaeo-Slavic languages, were the main cause of changes in Yiddish. That view has been dismissed by nearly all mainstream academics, however, and contrasts with the more widely accepted theories of
221:. Very little is known about their difference from the surrounding Slavic languages. The largest number of samples of Knaanic written in Hebrew script are in Czech; therefore, most commonly Knaanic is associated with
233:
The name comes from the "land of Knaan", a geo-ethnological term denoting the Jewish populations living principally in
Czechia, though sometimes applied to all Jewish populations east of the
570:
Uličná, Lenka, "Hlavní proudy středověkého (pre)aškenázského myšlení a tzv. pražská komentátorská škola. Hledání identity v podmínkách izolace a integrace". In: Jiřina Šedinová
386:
The inscriptions on the coins range widely. Some are Hebrew names, possibly those of the mintmasters. Some are the names of the towns in which the mint operated, for instance
848:
2005, Technická univerzita v
Liberci, Liberec 2005. Jiřina Šedinová from the Charles University in Prague seems to be the only specialist to study the glosses written in
487:
is used primarily for Jewish Czech, possibly also for other Jewish variants of West Slavic languages, extinct in the Middle Ages. The 16th edition (2009) no longer lists
491:
among the West Slavic languages. It mentioned it only as an "extinct or artificial" language without further specification and refers to the
Linguist List portal.
561:
Uličná, Lenka, "Roman
Jakobson a staročeské glosy ve středověkých hebrejských spisech". Bohemica Olomucensia 3 – Filologica Juvenilia. Olomouc 2009, pp. 13-24,
2664:
1763:
621:
1860:
917:
303:. That hypothesis is often backed by the large number of Yiddish loanwords of Slavic origin, many of which were no longer in use in
1133:
2035:
1758:
2010:
641:
331:, who argued that Slavic loanwords were assimilated only after Yiddish had already been fully formed. The Jewish commentator
2679:
2025:
2020:
1618:
841:
831:
625:
2649:
2571:
1636:
889:
871:
823:
666:
604:
784:
619:
2425:
2085:
991:
934:
2674:
1853:
910:
323:
has hypothesised that
Knaanic is actually the direct predecessor of Yiddish and that the language later became
2654:
2610:
145:
2440:
2030:
2015:
1753:
682:
Mark Louden (2000). "Contact-induced phonological change in
Yiddish: Another look at Weinreich's riddles".
2669:
2604:
2125:
1748:
1376:
943:
17:
2090:
1995:
1783:
1221:
95:
2659:
1989:
1984:
1846:
1540:
903:
2303:
2271:
1580:
2063:
2417:
2318:
2166:
1971:
1641:
1558:
1486:
1277:
1234:
950:
391:
75:
307:
at the time of the
Ashkenazi expansion. They are believed to come from Knaanic rather than from
1478:
1411:
1406:
1371:
1330:
1101:
320:
80:
659:
Two-tiered relexification in
Yiddish: The Jews, Sorbs, Khazars and the Kiev-Polessian dialects
363:
rulers of 12th and 13th century. The last evidence of usage of the language (written with the
2614:
2600:
2147:
2100:
2080:
2073:
2058:
2053:
2045:
1877:
1671:
1625:
1550:
1528:
1443:
1432:
1240:
1212:
1191:
1002:
957:
852:
which appear in some Jewish religious texts from
Bohemia. In this article the author affirms
633:
90:
2561:
2512:
2344:
1687:
1181:
1151:
1110:
1030:
190:
8:
2551:
2105:
2095:
1788:
1697:
1496:
1463:
1364:
1354:
1323:
1123:
1010:
973:
962:
465:
31:
2486:
2478:
2406:
2338:
2213:
2175:
2141:
2068:
1359:
1296:
1271:
1118:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1039:
300:
2378:
1773:
343:
A possible early example of Knaanic is a 9th-century letter for a Jewish community of
161:
2581:
2567:
2533:
2392:
1808:
1798:
1659:
1575:
1513:
1416:
1398:
1381:
1338:
1312:
1258:
1253:
1176:
1141:
1060:
983:
867:
830:
The book documents languages used by Jews in the Czech lands during 12–20th century.
819:
780:
741:
662:
637:
600:
312:
1160:
2541:
2498:
2482:
2461:
2450:
2399:
2223:
2188:
2151:
2002:
1979:
1932:
1869:
1793:
1729:
1533:
1198:
1186:
1171:
1050:
1045:
926:
691:
356:
304:
296:
288:
218:
194:
85:
58:
53:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2324:
2242:
2203:
1957:
1952:
1937:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1886:
1813:
1611:
1570:
1563:
1317:
1307:
1282:
1265:
1055:
1023:
978:
968:
352:
316:
67:
2630:
2361:
2351:
2312:
2247:
1947:
1942:
1828:
1803:
1596:
1518:
1508:
1451:
1229:
1166:
1069:
713:
507:
347:. One of the very few commonly-accepted examples of Knaanic is inscriptions on
308:
238:
2643:
2592:
2508:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2331:
2261:
2234:
2136:
2131:
1916:
1778:
1768:
1468:
1344:
1089:
1015:
859:
592:
390:, the burial place of Mieszko the Old. Some have the duke's name. One in the
364:
328:
324:
250:
242:
198:
138:
2385:
1386:
710:
Max Weinreich (1956). "Yiddish, Knaanic, Slavic: The basic relationships".
695:
245:
of the Iberian Peninsula). As such, the land is often translated as simply
2577:
2371:
2253:
1715:
1702:
770:
202:
1456:
2504:
1652:
1631:
1523:
775:
531:
480:
2430:
2279:
2228:
2208:
1677:
1503:
1491:
539:
535:
348:
292:
222:
154:
124:
527:
2284:
1838:
1722:
1646:
1604:
895:
396:
344:
2121:
716:: Essays on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 11 October 1956
2356:
2289:
2218:
2184:
1709:
1665:
210:
884:
809:
387:
360:
261:
257:
206:
2193:
376:
371:
332:
214:
590:
234:
811:
Mezi námi řečeno. Jak mluvili Židé v Čechách a na Moravě
483:(2005) assigned code czk to it and said that the term
856:
is just the Hebrew term for the local Slavic language.
498:
once again lists Knaanic as a Czech–Slovak language.
816:
Between us: language of Jews in Bohemia and Moravia
530:has no information on the language. It refers to
2641:
690:(1). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 85–110.
576:Dialog myšlenkových proudů středověkého judaismu
1854:
911:
709:
432:
413:
287:The language became extinct some time in the
753:
751:
599:(in Polish). Warsaw: Interpress. p. 6.
542:, but only Ethnologue currently defines czk.
448:
274:
265:
818:] (in Czech). Society of Franz Kafka].
681:
656:
291:, possibly because of the expansion of the
1861:
1847:
918:
904:
842:"Literatura a jazyk Židů v Českých zemích"
748:
722:
613:
807:
702:
586:
584:
394:'s numismatic collection bears the word
2665:Languages extinct in the 2nd millennium
14:
2642:
1759:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
718:. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 622–632.
189:) is a tentative name for a number of
1842:
899:
675:
650:
581:
1868:
925:
414:
266:
27:Extinct West Slavic Jewish language
24:
626:Yivo Institute for Jewish Research
25:
2691:
877:
771:"Indo-European - Ethnologue Free"
474:
256:The term is derived from ancient
883:
375:
370:
864:History of the Yiddish Language
846:EUROLITTERARIA & EUROLINGUA
787:from the original on 2023-05-22
763:
734:
729:History of the Yiddish Language
630:History of the Yiddish Language
367:) comes from the 16th century.
205:, but also the lands of modern
193:dialects or registers formerly
1619:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
564:
555:
521:
13:
1:
2611:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
801:
661:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
595:(1983). Witold Tyloch (ed.).
549:
335:was aware of this language.
241:, living to its west, or the
217:. They became extinct in the
1754:Slavic second palatalization
742:"Rashi on Deuteronomy 3:9:2"
628:(corporate) (January 2008).
433:
228:
7:
2680:Extinct languages of Europe
1749:Slavic first palatalization
501:
275:
10:
2696:
1996:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
632:. Vol. 1. New Haven:
338:
282:
29:
2624:
2591:
2526:
2471:
2441:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
2416:
2302:
2270:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2114:
2044:
1970:
1925:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1822:
1739:
1686:
1595:
1549:
1541:Slavic dialects of Greece
1477:
1442:
1431:
1397:
1295:
1220:
1211:
1150:
1132:
1109:
1100:
1001:
933:
528:The iso639-3 page for czk
415:
267:
237:River (as opposed to the
152:
136:
122:
117:
64:
52:
44:
39:
2650:Extinct Slavic languages
597:Z dziejów Żydów w Polsce
514:
30:Not to be confused with
2572:Portuguese-based Creole
808:Bondyová, Ruth (2003).
479:In the 15th edition of
443:Interpretation (Polish)
412:
400:, Hebrew for blessing.
392:National Bank of Poland
299:, descended from early
834:in Czech, pages 28–33.
696:10.1075/dia.17.1.05lou
449:
2675:West Slavic languages
2615:village sign language
2601:Israeli Sign Language
1672:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
634:Yale University Press
408:Inscription (Knaanic)
2655:Jewish Czech history
2451:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
2091:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
892:at Wikimedia Commons
657:Paul Wexler (2002).
450:Mieszko, król Polski
295:culture and its own
197:in the lands of the
1698:Pan-Slavic language
1497:Burgenland Croatian
1377:Marcho-Magdeburgian
974:Old Church Slavonic
351:coins issued under
32:Canaanite languages
2670:Medieval languages
2479:Jewish Koine Greek
2339:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2086:Judaeo-Palestinian
1926:Reading traditions
1784:Illič-Svityč's law
1764:Monophthongization
1272:Camaldolese Slovak
1085:Canadian Ukrainian
951:Up to Proto-Slavic
944:Proto-Balto-Slavic
840:Šedinová, Jiřina:
731:, op.cit., pp. 727
468:, king of Poland'
301:Middle High German
195:spoken by the Jews
2637:
2636:
2631:extinct languages
2568:Judaeo-Papiamento
2522:
2521:
2462:Judaeo-Golpaygani
2393:Judaeo-Portuguese
2298:
2297:
2161:
2160:
1966:
1965:
1836:
1835:
1829:extinct languages
1660:Solombala English
1591:
1590:
1514:Prekmurje Slovene
1427:
1426:
1207:
1206:
1061:Doukhobor Russian
984:Glagolitic script
888:Media related to
781:SIL International
643:978-0-300-10887-3
591:various authors;
472:
471:
461:
445:
429:
410:
168:
167:
16:(Redirected from
2687:
2660:Jewish languages
2548:Judaeo-Malayalam
2400:Judaeo-Aragonese
2379:Judaeo-Provençal
2325:Judaeo-Livornese
2181:
2180:
2172:
2171:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1870:Jewish languages
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1730:Slavonic-Serbian
1581:Cieszyn Silesian
1452:Carpathian Rusyn
1440:
1439:
1218:
1217:
1107:
1106:
992:Modern languages
927:Slavic languages
920:
913:
906:
897:
896:
890:Knaanic language
887:
839:
829:
796:
795:
793:
792:
767:
761:
755:
746:
745:
738:
732:
726:
720:
719:
706:
700:
699:
679:
673:
672:
654:
648:
647:
624:; Shlomo Noble;
617:
611:
610:
588:
579:
568:
562:
559:
543:
525:
457:
452:
441:
436:
425:
420:
419:
417:
406:
403:
402:
379:
374:
357:Leszek the White
305:Slavic languages
297:Yiddish language
289:Late Middle Ages
278:
272:
271:
269:
219:Late Middle Ages
164:
148:
132:
127:
70:
59:Late Middle Ages
37:
36:
21:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2620:
2587:
2558:Judaeo-Georgian
2518:
2467:
2412:
2294:
2266:
2248:Judaeo-Alsatian
2157:
2110:
2101:Judaeo-Tunisian
2081:Judaeo-Moroccan
2074:Judaeo-Baghdadi
2059:Judaeo-Egyptian
2054:Judaeo-Algerian
2040:
2031:Lishanid Noshan
1962:
1921:
1872:
1867:
1837:
1832:
1818:
1741:
1735:
1689:
1682:
1612:Bohemian Romani
1597:Mixed languages
1587:
1564:Pannonian Rusyn
1545:
1487:Banat Bulgarian
1473:
1435:
1423:
1393:
1291:
1283:Pannonian Rusyn
1203:
1146:
1128:
1096:
1056:Alaskan Russian
1031:Old Novgorodian
1024:Old East Slavic
997:
979:Cyrillic script
969:Church Slavonic
929:
924:
880:
837:
826:
804:
799:
790:
788:
769:
768:
764:
756:
749:
740:
739:
735:
727:
723:
707:
703:
680:
676:
669:
655:
651:
644:
636:. p. 525.
620:Max Weinreich;
618:
614:
607:
589:
582:
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
547:
546:
526:
522:
517:
504:
477:
353:Mieszko the Old
341:
319:. The linguist
285:
231:
215:Sorbian regions
160:
144:
141:
130:
123:
113:
71:
68:Language family
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2593:Sign languages
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:Judaeo-Marathi
2502:
2490:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2456:Judaeo-Kashani
2453:
2448:
2446:Judaeo-Shirazi
2443:
2438:
2436:Judaeo-Persian
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2418:Judaeo-Iranian
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2352:Judaeo-Spanish
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2332:Judaeo-Mantuan
2328:
2319:Judaeo-Italian
2316:
2313:Judaeo-Catalan
2308:
2306:
2304:Judaeo-Romance
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2272:Jewish English
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1972:Judaeo-Aramaic
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1809:Van Wijk's law
1806:
1804:Ruki sound law
1801:
1799:Pedersen's law
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:Romano-Serbian
1639:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1559:Eastern Slovak
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1433:Microlanguages
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1304:East Lechitic
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:Eastern Slovak
1275:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1259:White Croatian
1256:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1235:Biblical Czech
1226:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1167:Serbo-Croatian
1164:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
966:
954:
947:
939:
937:
931:
930:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
894:
893:
879:
878:External links
876:
875:
874:
857:
835:
824:
803:
800:
798:
797:
762:
747:
733:
721:
714:Roman Jakobson
701:
674:
667:
649:
642:
612:
605:
580:
563:
553:
551:
548:
545:
544:
519:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:Judaeo-Spanish
503:
500:
476:
475:Classification
473:
470:
469:
462:
454:
453:
446:
438:
437:
430:
422:
421:
411:
340:
337:
284:
281:
239:Ashkenazi Jews
230:
227:
201:, notably the
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
142:
137:
134:
133:
128:
120:
119:
118:Language codes
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
74:
72:
65:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2692:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:Judaeo-Gascon
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2262:Scots-Yiddish
2260:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2235:Klezmer-loshn
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Indo-European
2164:
2153:
2149:
2148:Judaeo-Berber
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2106:Judaeo-Yemeni
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Judaeo-Syrian
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2046:Judaeo-Arabic
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Meillet's law
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1610:20th century
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Slavomolisano
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1469:West Polesian
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:Lower Sorbian
1410:
1408:
1407:Upper Sorbian
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:West Lechitic
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:Middle Polish
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:Slavomolisano
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1161:Alpine Slavic
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1090:Simple speech
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Simple speech
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
993:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
967:
964:
960:
959:
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
941:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:
898:
891:
886:
882:
881:
873:
872:0-226-88604-2
869:
865:
861:
860:Max Weinreich
858:
855:
854:leshon kenaan
851:
850:leshon kenaan
847:
843:
836:
833:
827:
825:80-85844-88-5
821:
817:
813:
812:
806:
805:
786:
782:
778:
777:
772:
766:
759:
754:
752:
743:
737:
730:
725:
717:
715:
708:for instance
705:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
668:3-11-017258-5
664:
660:
653:
645:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
608:
606:83-223-2095-7
602:
598:
594:
593:Szymon Datner
587:
585:
578:, Praha, 2010
577:
573:
567:
558:
554:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
509:
506:
505:
499:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
467:
463:
460:
456:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
439:
435:
434:mškʾ krl plsk
431:
428:
427:Transcription
424:
423:
416:משקא קרל פלסק
409:
405:
404:
401:
399:
398:
393:
389:
384:
380:
378:
373:
368:
366:
365:Hebrew script
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336:
334:
330:
329:Max Weinreich
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
277:
263:
259:
254:
252:
251:Slavic Europe
248:
244:
243:Sephardi Jews
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Western Slavs
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:(also called
172:
163:
159:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
140:
139:Linguist List
135:
129:
126:
121:
116:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:Indo-European
73:
69:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2626:
2578:Judaeo-Malay
2493:
2492:
2460:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2372:Judaeo-Latin
2370:
2345:Judaeo-Roman
2337:
2330:
2323:
2311:
2252:
2233:
2192:
2135:
2126:Ethiosemitic
2069:Judaeo-Iraqi
2064:Judaeo-Fessi
2026:Lishán Didán
2021:Lishana Deni
2001:
1994:
1824:
1814:Winter's law
1774:Havlík's law
1728:
1721:
1714:
1670:
1658:
1651:
1626:Mednyj Aleut
1624:
1617:
1609:
1479:South Slavic
1436:and dialects
1343:
1329:
1322:
1270:
1247:
1246:
1241:Czechoslovak
1239:
1222:Czech-Slovak
1159:
1134:Transitional
1102:South Slavic
1038:
1029:
1022:
990:
958:Proto-Slavic
956:
949:
942:
863:
853:
849:
845:
815:
810:
789:. Retrieved
774:
765:
757:
736:
728:
724:
711:
704:
687:
683:
677:
658:
652:
629:
622:Paul Glasser
615:
596:
575:
571:
566:
557:
523:
495:
493:
488:
484:
478:
458:
442:
426:
407:
395:
385:
381:
369:
342:
286:
255:
246:
232:
213:, and other
187:Judeo-Slavic
186:
183:Judaeo-Czech
182:
179:Leshon Knaan
178:
174:
170:
169:
153:
100:
96:Czech–Slovak
81:Balto-Slavic
2605:German Sign
2505:Judaeo-Urdu
2254:Lachoudisch
1878:Afroasiatic
1789:Ivšić's law
1716:Army Slavic
1703:Interslavic
1688:Constructed
1551:West Slavic
1444:East Slavic
1213:West Slavic
1182:Montenegrin
1003:East Slavic
684:Diachronica
494:As of 2023
459:Translation
321:Paul Wexler
203:Czech lands
191:West Slavic
91:West Slavic
18:Judeo-Czech
2644:Categories
2562:Kartvelian
2513:Indo-Aryan
2431:Judaeo-Tat
1779:Hirt's law
1769:Dybo's law
1740:Historical
1653:Russenorsk
1632:Ponaschemu
1524:Shtokavian
1464:Podlachian
1365:Slovincian
1355:Pomeranian
1324:Old Polish
1124:Macedonian
1011:Belarusian
838:(In Czech)
802:Literature
791:2023-05-21
776:Ethnologue
550:References
532:Ethnologue
496:Ethnologue
481:Ethnologue
325:Germanised
2629:indicate
2552:Dravidian
2407:Zarphatic
2280:Yeshivish
2229:Udmurtish
2224:Ukrainish
2209:Galitzish
1933:Ashkenazi
1827:indicate
1742:phonology
1690:languages
1678:Trasianka
1504:Kajkavian
1492:Chakavian
1417:Schleifer
1360:Kashubian
1142:Torlakian
1119:Bulgarian
1075:Ukrainian
1040:Ruthenian
758:Bankoteka
540:Multitree
536:Glottolog
349:bracteate
293:Ashkenazi
229:Etymology
223:Old Czech
155:Glottolog
125:ISO 639-3
2534:Krymchak
2487:Hellenic
2285:Yinglish
2189:dialects
2176:Germanic
2142:Cushitic
2036:Betanure
2003:Galilean
1990:Talmudic
1980:Biblical
1958:Tiberian
1953:Yemenite
1938:Sephardi
1912:Medieval
1907:Mishnaic
1902:Biblical
1723:Iazychie
1647:Runglish
1605:Balachka
1576:Silesian
1534:Bunjevac
1382:Polabian
1339:Silesian
1318:dialects
1313:Masurian
1297:Lechitic
1254:Moravian
1177:Croatian
1080:dialects
1051:dialects
866:, 1980,
785:Archived
510:(Ladino)
502:See also
345:Ruthenia
247:Slavonia
175:Canaanic
162:west3000
2627:Italics
2582:Malayic
2494:Knaanic
2483:Yevanic
2426:Bukhori
2362:Tetuani
2357:Haketia
2290:Heblish
2243:Western
2219:Poylish
2214:Litvish
2204:Eastern
2185:Yiddish
2016:Hulaulá
2011:Barzani
1948:Italian
1943:Mizrahi
1825:Italics
1710:Lydnevi
1666:Surzhyk
1399:Sorbian
1248:Knaanic
1199:Slovene
1187:Serbian
1172:Bosnian
1152:Western
1111:Eastern
1046:Russian
935:History
760:, p.25.
489:Knaanic
485:Knaanic
466:Mieszko
418:
339:Coinage
313:Sorbian
283:History
276:kəna'an
270:
211:Lusatia
171:Knaanic
101:Knaanic
54:Extinct
40:Knaanic
2542:Turkic
2538:Karaim
2527:Others
2499:Slavic
2472:Others
2194:argots
2152:Berber
2115:Others
1985:Targum
1917:Modern
1887:Hebrew
1637:Quelia
1519:Resian
1308:Polish
1266:Slovak
963:Accent
870:
832:Review
822:
665:
640:
603:
397:bracha
388:Kalisz
361:Polish
359:, two
317:Polish
262:Hebrew
258:Canaan
207:Poland
86:Slavic
48:Europe
45:Region
2137:Qwara
2132:Kayla
2122:Geʽez
1571:Goral
1509:Pomak
1457:Lemko
1230:Czech
1070:Rusyn
844:, in
814:[
572:et al
515:Notes
333:Rashi
309:Czech
1895:Eras
1387:Rani
1345:Lach
868:ISBN
820:ISBN
712:For
663:ISBN
638:ISBN
601:ISBN
355:and
268:כנען
235:Elbe
692:doi
315:or
279:).
249:or
146:czk
131:czk
2646::
2536:,
2507:,
2481:,
862:,
783:.
779:.
773:.
750:^
688:17
686:.
583:^
574:,
538:,
534:,
311:,
273:,
264::
253:.
225:.
209:,
185:,
181:,
177:,
2617:)
2613:(
2607:)
2603:(
2584:)
2580:(
2574:)
2570:(
2564:)
2560:(
2554:)
2550:(
2544:)
2540:(
2515:)
2511:(
2501:)
2497:(
2489:)
2485:(
2197:)
2191:/
2187:(
2154:)
2150:(
2144:)
2140:(
2134:/
2128:)
2124:(
1862:e
1855:t
1848:v
1831:.
965:)
961:(
919:e
912:t
905:v
828:.
794:.
744:.
698:.
694::
671:.
646:.
609:.
464:'
260:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.