660:, but K. Lawson Younger noted that even Judah is subtly criticised in Judges 1, and the rest of the Book of Judges portrays Judah in the same negative manner as all other tribes, and it looked to him like the first three chapters of Judges are integral parts of the book that were not added by later editors. Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) mounted an argument against commonly-cited evidence for a pro-Judah polemic in all of Judges, but Serge Frolov (2007) sought to refute his interpretations, concluding: 'The opening chapter of Judges presents Judah as uniquely capable of mounting a successful war effort on behalf of the entire Israel (...). In sum, according to Judges Judah is supremely qualified to be in charge of a political entity that includes all tribes of Israel, in other words, of the Israelite monarchy. This stance is in its turn consistent with the Deuteronomistic political philosophy, hinging upon the idea that only the Judahite Davidic dynasty is entitled to reign in Israel (
523:(Azotus) to the list of cities, but it specifically denies that the Judahites conquered (literally "inherited") these cities, while the Hebrew text asserts that they did. Although English Bible translations have generally followed the Masoretic Text in saying the Judahites took the three cities, some scholars claim that the Greek version should be regarded as superior if the inhabitants of these four coastal cities are to be equated with "the people of the plains" in the next verse, who repelled the Judahites thanks to their iron chariots. The Septuagint may therefore 'correct' the Hebrew text, as other textual evidence also seems to indicate the towns did not fall to the Israelites until much later.
609:(c. 6th century BCE) and was therefore considered unreliable. However, Wright contended that his colleagues too readily wrote off Joshua 10–11 as unhistorical due to focusing on verses 10:40–41: 'Undoubtedly it was an exaggeration to say that every single inhabitant was killed. (...) Reduce the statement to geography, and all that it claims is that Joshua took the Judean hill country with the Negeb and Shephela.' He also accused Moore and other scholars of oversimplifying the reliability of Judges 1, as it is often fragmentary, self-contradictory, and 'not in such absolute contradiction to Joshua and the Deuteronomic point of view as is so commonly assumed.'
474:
47:
619:, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period. Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp.
1376:
562:, but by the 18th century, scholars had begun to consider the discrepancies between the books of Joshua and Judges a problem. While Joshua 10–11 portrayed Joshua's united Israelites as completely annihilating all Canaanites and capturing or destroying all their cities, Judges 1 shows many of these cities as still standing and being inhabited by Canaanites who often successfully repelled various Israelite tribes. For example,
584:, as a 'gradual and partial' subjugation of the land was consistent with everything else known about subsequent Israelite and Canaanite history in the centuries thereafter, while 'the whole political and religious history of these centuries would be unintelligible if we were to imagine it as beginning with such a conquest of Canaan as narrated in the Book of Joshua'.
627:) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.' Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of
449:
even had to capture
Jerusalem from the Jebusites in order to make it his capital. Throughout the centuries, various Christian editions of the Bible sought to resolve this problem in numerous ways, including implying that verse 8 referred to an earlier successful Judahite attack on Jerusalem, but that
338:
experienced several failures, with the
Canaanites repelling Israelite attacks on their cities. Verses 17–36 of Judges 1 include a list of Canaanite cities which were or were not captured as a result of the failures and successes of the military campaigns of the various Israelite tribes in their
433:
Another unusual feature is the conquest of
Jerusalem as described in Judges 1:7–8: the Judahites capture Adoni-Bezek and take him to Jerusalem, everyone there was killed and the city burnt to the ground. In contrast, Judges 1:21 reports Jerusalem as having not been conquered and containing
635:
in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other
Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration. More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of
461:, although some Bible translations identify the "City of Palms" mentioned in Judges 1:16 with Jericho. Even so, the verse does not indicate the city was taken by military force, nor is it the first city the Israelites conquered according to Judges 1, which starts with the defeat of king
1789:
Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the
Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of
450:
the city was lost again to the
Jebusites later on; or that verse 8 merely describes a siege, not a capture; or that the Judahites only seized the civilian part of the city, but the Jebusites held out in Jerusalem's castle or fortress until David finally took it.
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Judges 1:28 makes the general claim that 'When Israel became strong, they pressed the
Canaanites into forced labor but never drove them out completely.' (NIV) Verses 30, 33, and 35 mention specific examples of Canaanite tribes which were subjected to forced
371:, but also with the fact that Kayin and Caleb have never been recognised as sons of Jacob, and do not appear in any other lists of Israelite tribes either. Judges 1 does not specify the total number of tribes, nor mentions the (usually included) tribes of
537:(volume 2, paragraph 4) that 'Askelon and Ashdod were taken in the war, but that Gaza and Ekron escaped, because their situation in the plains enabled them to use their chariots; yet in 3, § 1, he says that the Canaanites
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generally believed that Judges 1 was probably mostly written in the 10th or 9th century BCE (with verse 1 "After the death of Joshua..." 'having been added by a harmonistic editor') and 'supported by statements in
405:) and Ronald M. Glassman (2017) to conclude that there never was a fixed number of tribes. Instead, the idea that there were always twelve tribes should be regarded as part of the Israelite national
351:
command to the contrary. Compared to the other tribes, the
Judahites are portrayed as supremely capable conquerors, and even where Judah fails, an excuse is given – the occupants had iron
1115:καὶ οὐκ ἐκληρονόμησεν Ἰούδας τὴν Γάζαν οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀσκάλωνα οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀκκαρὼν οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἄζωτον οὐδὲ τὰ περισπόρια αὐτῆς. (
306:
274:
1842:
The
Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010
512:(LXX) renders Judges 1:18 as: "But Judas did not inherit Gaza nor her coasts, nor Ascalon nor her coasts, nor Accaron nor her coasts, nor Azotus nor the lands around it.' (
367:), Simeon, Judah, Caleb, Benjamin, Manasseh, Ephraim, Zebulun, Asher, Napthali, and Dan. This set of eleven is not only at odds with the traditional idea that there were
347:
inflicted the later tribulations in Judges upon the (northern) Israelites partially because they failed to completely extinguish the
Canaanite race despite his somewhat
149:. With the exception of the first verse, scholars have long recognised and studied the parallels between chapter 1 of Judges and chapters 13 to 19 in the preceding
513:
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334:, took the initiative and was most successful in conquering lands from the Canaanites, while especially those tribes who later formed the northern
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present two accounts of a slow, gradual, and only partial conquest by individual Israelite tribes, marred by defeats, in stark contrast with the
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355:. Hence, many biblical critics see the list as biased, and partly deliberate propaganda, by an author hailing from the Kingdom of Judah.
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951:
875:) (Judges 1:21). However, Judges 1:8 reported that the Judahites had (already?) taken Jerusalem, killed everyone inside and burnt it.
2106:
570:, argued that either the Book of Joshua or the Book of Judges had to be false, as 'this crowd of contradictions is unsustainable.'
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attempts to conquer Canaan. In most cases of failure, Judges 1 says that the Israelite tribes later subjugated the Canaanites into
3328:
984:
1140:וַיִּלְכֹּ֤ד יְהוּדָה֙ אֶת־עַזָּ֣ה וְאֶת־גְּבוּלָ֔הּ וְאֶֽת־אַשְׁקְלֹ֖ון וְאֶת־גְּבוּלָ֑הּ וְאֶת־עֶקְרֹ֖ון וְאֶת־גְּבוּלָֽהּ׃. (
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615:(1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the
1849:
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576:(1895) argued that Judges 1's account of the Israelite conquest of Canaan was 'of vastly greater historical value' than
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of the unidentified place "Bezek" (Judges 1:4–7), after which Jerusalem was supposedly taken and sacked (Judges 1:8).
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441:(confirmed by Joshua 15:63). Judges 19:11–12 again claims it is a city of Jebusites, with no Israelites. Later on in
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664:) and viewing the Northern Kingdom (whose mainstay was the house of Joseph) as a renegade province (see especially
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The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48
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The terms 'Judahite' and 'Jud(a)ean' are synonymous adjectives for 'Judah'. The former is based on the Hebrew
813:, killing all inhabitants except for the man and his family who showed them how to get into the city (1:22–26)
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during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.
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was not a real number, but an ideal number, which had symbolic significance in Near Eastern cultures with
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287:
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1204:"The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua"
1965:
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One curious feature of the list is that it mentions eleven Israelite tribes, namely Kayin (the
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1872:(2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.).
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181:, which portray a swift and complete victory of a united Israelite army under the command of
558:(2005) noted that early Jewish and Christian interpreters paid little attention to Judges 1–
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are also presented as Israelite tribes elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible led scholars such as
8:
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484:, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod
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as the iconic first victory in the conquest of Canaan, Judges 1 does not even mention
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1844:. Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Vol. 392. Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 525–548.
1840:. In Galil, Gershon; Leṿinzon-Gilboʻa, Ayelet; Maeir, Aren M.; Kahn, Dan'el (eds.).
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229:(1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the
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1103:). Scholars prefer the term 'Judahite' when referring to the pre-Roman period.
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This contradiction has puzzled scholars, as not only does the Greek text add
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1978:(first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 176–191.
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including XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudg?; 50 BCE) with extant verses 10–12.
2020:. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
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A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266
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The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States
1123:' means "not", 'ἐκληρονόμησεν' (related to the modern Greek verb
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The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
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Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24
1258:"The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1"
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783:
779:
743:
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1415:"Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong"
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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in
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153:. Both provide similar accounts of the purported conquest of
1902:. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
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244:(originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include
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343:. According to Judges 2:1–5 and onwards, the Israelite god
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have concluded that Judges 1 is a pro-Judean redaction of
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1356:
1309:
1924:
Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary
1674:
1459:"Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld"
1928:(24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House.
1095:), while the latter is derived from the Latinised form
1899:
A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature
1779:. American Research Center in Egypt. 1985. p. 212
1344:
694:. This discusses a specific list present in the Bible.
290:
258:
2057:. Hebrew text and English translation at Chabad.org
1321:
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The whole book of Judges is missing from the extant
692:
archaeological remains in the modern-day Middle East
1878:(Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1838:"Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1"
1013:was unable to drive out the Canaanites living in:
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and the western foothills (Judges 1:9; Judges 1:19)
1921:
1111:
1109:
300:
268:
1805:People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines
236:Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into
3343:
3238:List of surviving and destroyed Canaanite cities
1106:
1514:"Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan"
1333:
1134:
566:(1776), invoking earlier observations made by
544:
2100:
1721:. British Archaeological Reports. p. 6.
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
962:was unable to drive out the Canaanites from:
941:was unable to drive out the Canaanites from:
926:was unable to drive out the Canaanites from:
701:Twelve Tribes of Israel § Land allotment
2055:Shoftim - Judges - Chapter 1 (Judaica Press)
1801:
1201:
1630:"Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation"
1507:
1505:
1083:
1081:
643:
330:, which would later establish the southern
193:This chapter was originally written in the
2107:
2093:
1835:
1384:
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1209:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
2010:
1558:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 17–33.
1420:Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1362:
1315:
1197:
1195:
1193:
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469:Hebrew/Greek contradiction on Judges 1:18
1964:Niditch, Susan (2007). "10. Judges". In
1892:
1511:
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1034:was confined to the hill country by the
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864:failed to drive out the occupants of:
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798:(consisting of two "half-tribes": the
531:had a different solution, claiming in
492:(MT) of Judges 1:18, "Also Judah took
2088:
1942:
1802:Dothan, Trude; Dothan, Moshe (1992).
1456:
1447:
775:together with that of Judah destroy:
1714:
1551:
1534:
1427:(1). Taylor & Francis: 127–138.
1395:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
453:While Joshua 5:13–6:27 narrates the
204:
375:(the landless priestly class), nor
358:
293:
261:
16:First chapter of the Book of Judges
13:
2114:
1605:"Judges 1:18 Hebrew Text Analysis"
1385:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
853:version of Judges 1:18, see above)
14:
3393:
2042:
679:
551:Book of Judges § Composition
1374:
1202:Younger, Jr., K. Lawson (1995).
588:(1946) stated that, in his day,
514:Brenton's Septuagint Translation
45:
2078:Judges chapter 1. Bible Gateway
1829:
1795:
1767:
1742:
1708:
1648:
1622:
1597:
1572:
1520:. Cham: Springer. p. 632.
1263:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1068:
301:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
269:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
1473:Society of Biblical Literature
1464:Journal of Biblical Literature
1368:
1158:
605:was written much later by the
217:tradition, which includes the
1:
2017:The Text of the Old Testament
1715:Brug, John Frederick (1978).
1656:"Judges 1 Swete's Septuagint"
1175:
417:counting systems, from which
2000:Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010).
1555:Judges Through the Centuries
1512:Glassman, Ronald M. (2017).
822:Because the inhabitants had
705:
500:with the coast thereof, and
496:with the coast thereof, and
129:is the first chapter of the
7:
1975:The Oxford Bible Commentary
1272:University of Chicago Press
1142:Westminster Leningrad Codex
817:
763:(Kiriath Sepher), taken by
545:Composition and historicity
321:
311:
117:Order in the Christian part
51:Beginning of Judges in the
10:
3398:
1862:
1836:van Bekkum, Koert (2012).
1808:. Macmillan. p. 235.
1691:"Judges 1:18 Commentaries"
1256:Wright, G. Ernest (1946).
1226:10.1177/030908929502006805
1151:
1119:'s Septuagint). The word '
740:of Judges 1:18, see above)
698:
548:
504:with the coast thereof." (
326:Judges 1 narrates how the
316:
133:, the seventh book of the
3329:American Standard Version
3307:
3286:
3165:
2790:
2717:
2710:
2219:
2122:
1949:. Yale University Press.
1946:Introduction to the Bible
1943:Hayes, Christine (2015).
1433:10.1080/09018320601171005
1340:Dead sea scrolls - Judges
736:(according to the Hebrew
116:
101:
91:
83:
73:
63:
44:
28:
23:
1457:Klein, Ralph W. (2001).
1127:) means "inherit", and '
1061:
883:failed to drive out the
856:The plains (Judges 1:19)
849:(according to the Greek
644:Potential pro-Judah bias
488:According to the Hebrew
84:Order in the Hebrew part
3352:Book of Judges chapters
1552:Gunn, David M. (2005).
1038:and could not capture:
534:Antiquities of the Jews
480:'s 1880 edition of the
369:Twelve Tribes of Israel
188:
1750:"Judges 1:18 Parallel"
1413:Frolov, Serge (2007).
1101:Judea (Roman province)
746:(Kiriath Arba), where
718:The hill country, the
648:Some scholars such as
508:). However, the Greek
485:
302:
270:
3333:World English Version
3198:Battle of Mount Tabor
2337:Debir - Kirjathsepher
1870:Coogan, Michael David
1392:Catholic Encyclopedia
786:(which translates as
750:drives out the three
476:
429:Conquest of Jerusalem
303:
271:
3367:History of Gaza City
3357:Hebrew Bible battles
782:, which they rename
541:Askelon and Ekron.'
387:. The fact that the
288:
256:
227:Codex Leningradensis
225:(10th century), and
102:Christian Bible part
55:, a 10th-century CE
2958:Joash the Abiezrite
1894:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.
276:; 4th century) and
141:, a sacred text in
3325:King James Version
3273:Spirit of the YHWH
3213:Children of Israel
2993:Levite's concubine
2402:Harosheth Haggoyim
506:King James Version
486:
298:
278:Codex Alexandrinus
266:
199:It is divided into
3339:
3338:
3253:Salting the earth
3173:Angel of the Lord
3161:
3160:
3123:Tribe of Naphtali
3118:Tribe of Manasseh
3093:Tribe of Benjamin
2878:Cushan-rishathaim
2677:Valley of Jezreel
2532:Mizpah (Benjamin)
2072:at GospelHall.org
1851:978-3-86835-066-1
1565:978-0-631-22252-1
1527:978-3-319-51695-0
1365:, pp. 73–74.
1318:, pp. 35–37.
1057:(Judges 1:34–35).
1011:Tribe of Naphtali
881:Tribe of Manasseh
862:Tribe of Benjamin
804:Tribe of Manasseh
650:Marc Zvi Brettler
574:George Foot Moore
455:Battle of Jericho
336:Kingdom of Israel
308:; 5th century).
205:Textual witnesses
124:
123:
74:Hebrew Bible part
57:Hebrew manuscript
3389:
3294:Textual variants
3287:Textual analysis
3193:Battle of Gibeah
3133:Tribe of Zebulun
3103:Tribe of Ephraim
2719:Judges of Israel
2715:
2714:
2692:Zephath (Hormah)
2547:Mount Baalhermon
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2012:Würthwein, Ernst
2007:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1960:
1939:
1927:
1918:Halley, Henry H.
1913:
1889:
1856:
1855:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1532:
1531:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1387:Codex Sinaiticus
1378:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1253:
1238:
1237:
1199:
1169:
1166:Codex Sinaiticus
1162:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1113:
1104:
1093:Kingdom of Judah
1085:
1076:
1072:
1051:(Judges 1:34–35)
1045:(Judges 1:34–35)
939:Tribe of Zebulun
924:Tribe of Ephraim
830:failed to take:
800:Tribe of Ephraim
796:Tribes of Joseph
767:(Judges 1:11–13)
586:G. Ernest Wright
525:Charles Ellicott
359:Tribes mentioned
332:Kingdom of Judah
307:
305:
304:
299:
297:
296:
275:
273:
272:
267:
265:
264:
231:Dead Sea Scrolls
49:
21:
20:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3303:
3282:
3263:Song of Deborah
3157:
3138:Woman of Thebez
3128:Tribe of Simeon
3108:Tribe of Joseph
3073:Sisera's mother
2786:
2706:
2682:Valley of Sorek
2537:Mizpah (Gilead)
2215:
2118:
2113:
2045:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1957:
1936:
1910:
1886:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1800:
1796:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1550:
1535:
1528:
1510:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1481:10.2307/3268272
1455:
1448:
1411:
1400:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1254:
1241:
1218:SAGE Publishing
1200:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1114:
1107:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1064:
871:(also known as
820:
790:) (Judges 1:17)
773:Tribe of Simeon
708:
703:
682:
646:
590:textual critics
568:Thomas Woolston
553:
547:
471:
431:
402:Ancient Judaism
361:
324:
319:
314:
292:
291:
289:
286:
285:
260:
259:
257:
254:
253:
246:Codex Vaticanus
219:Codex Cairensis
207:
195:Hebrew language
191:
161:. Judges 1 and
157:by the ancient
96:Former Prophets
59:
40:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3337:
3336:
3321:Wycliffe Bible
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3166:Phrases/events
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Tribe of Judah
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Tribe of Asher
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Kiriath-Jearim
2474:
2472:Kedeshnaphtali
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2116:Book of Judges
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2065:translations:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2051:translations:
2044:
2043:External links
2041:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2008:
1997:
1985:978-0199277186
1984:
1970:Muddiman, John
1961:
1956:978-0300188271
1955:
1940:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1890:
1885:978-0195288810
1884:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1828:
1814:
1794:
1766:
1741:
1727:
1707:
1673:
1647:
1621:
1596:
1580:"Judges 1 NIV"
1571:
1564:
1533:
1526:
1501:
1446:
1398:
1367:
1363:Würthwein 1995
1355:
1353:, p. 162.
1343:
1332:
1330:, p. 254.
1320:
1316:Würthwein 1995
1308:
1280:10.1086/370775
1239:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1133:
1131:' means "nor".
1105:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1007:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
960:Tribe of Asher
956:
955:
949:
935:
934:
920:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
877:
876:
858:
857:
854:
828:Tribe of Judah
819:
816:
815:
814:
792:
791:
769:
768:
758:
741:
738:Masoretic Text
723:
712:Tribe of Judah
707:
704:
697:
696:
681:
680:List of cities
678:
645:
642:
617:Book of Joshua
613:A. Graeme Auld
546:
543:
490:Masoretic Text
470:
467:
430:
427:
360:
357:
328:Tribe of Judah
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
295:
263:
215:Masoretic Text
206:
203:
190:
187:
179:Book of Joshua
151:Book of Joshua
131:Book of Judges
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
68:Book of Judges
65:
61:
60:
50:
42:
41:
35:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3394:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3299:Deuteronomist
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Timnath-heres
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Mount Lebanon
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Mount Gerizim
2555:
2553:
2552:Mount Ephraim
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Jabesh-Gilead
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Aram-Naharaim
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2029:
2027:0-8028-0788-7
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1935:0-310-25720-4
1931:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:9780802862419
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1817:
1815:9780025322615
1811:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1728:9780860543374
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1381:public domain
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1351:Fitzmyer 2008
1347:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1026:(Judges 1:33)
1025:
1022:
1020:(Judges 1:33)
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1005:(Judges 1:31)
1004:
1001:
999:(Judges 1:31)
998:
995:
993:(Judges 1:31)
992:
989:
987:(Judges 1:31)
986:
983:
981:(Judges 1:31)
980:
977:
975:(Judges 1:31)
974:
971:
969:(Judges 1:31)
968:
965:
964:
963:
961:
954:(Judges 1:30)
953:
950:
948:(Judges 1:30)
947:
944:
943:
942:
940:
933:(Judges 1:29)
932:
929:
928:
927:
925:
918:(Judges 1:27)
917:
914:
912:(Judges 1:27)
911:
908:
906:(Judges 1:27)
905:
902:
900:(Judges 1:27)
899:
896:
894:(Judges 1:27)
893:
890:
889:
888:
886:
882:
874:
870:
867:
866:
865:
863:
855:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
829:
825:
824:iron chariots
812:
809:
808:
807:
805:
801:
797:
789:
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
774:
766:
762:
759:
757:(Judges 1:20)
756:
755:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
717:
716:
715:
713:
702:
695:
693:
689:
684:
683:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
641:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
607:Deuteronomist
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:David M. Gunn
552:
542:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
479:
475:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
448:
444:
440:
437:
426:
424:
423:12-hour clock
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:founding myth
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:Jerahmeelites
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:forced labour
337:
333:
329:
309:
283:
279:
251:
247:
243:
240:known as the
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:11th chapters
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Old Testament
136:
132:
128:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:Old Testament
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
27:
22:
19:
3313:Hebrew Bible
3243:Micah's Idol
3098:Tribe of Dan
2562:Mount Gilead
2487:Kishon River
2462:Jordan River
2132:
2070:Online Bible
2069:
2031:. Retrieved
2016:
2002:
1989:. Retrieved
1974:
1966:Barton, John
1945:
1923:
1898:
1874:
1841:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1804:
1797:
1788:
1781:. Retrieved
1775:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1754:Biblehub.com
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1717:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1695:Biblehub.com
1694:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:Biblehub.com
1659:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:Biblehub.com
1633:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1609:Biblehub.com
1608:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1584:biblehub.com
1583:
1574:
1554:
1517:
1492:. Retrieved
1468:
1462:
1424:
1418:
1390:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1267:
1261:
1213:
1207:
1160:
1136:
1096:
1088:
1070:
1032:Tribe of Dan
1029:
1018:Beth Shemesh
1008:
957:
936:
921:
878:
859:
823:
821:
793:
787:
770:
751:
709:
687:
685:
647:
611:
572:
554:
539:re-conquered
538:
532:
518:
487:
452:
438:
432:
425:is derived.
418:
400:
362:
325:
281:
249:
235:
223:Aleppo Codex
208:
192:
147:Christianity
135:Hebrew Bible
126:
125:
53:Aleppo Codex
18:
3382:Tel Megiddo
3038:Philistines
2938:Ishmaelites
2572:Mount Tabor
2522:Mesopotamia
2482:Kiryat Arba
2407:Havoth-Jair
2317:Bethshemesh
2297:Beit She'an
1328:Ulrich 2010
1274:: 105–114.
1043:Mount Heres
892:Beit She'an
788:destruction
527:noted that
478:Tischendorf
463:Adoni-Bezek
439:to this day
421:the modern
238:Koine Greek
213:are of the
201:36 verses.
3346:Categories
3317:Septuagint
3258:Shibboleth
3023:Midianites
3003:Perizzites
2868:Canaanites
2828:Adonibezek
2808:Abiezrites
2282:Baalberith
2033:26 January
1991:6 February
1176:References
1024:Beth Anath
885:Canaanites
851:Septuagint
699:See also:
690:a list of
666:2 Kings 17
662:2 Samuel 7
549:See also:
510:Septuagint
482:Septuagint
419:inter alia
415:duodecimal
389:Rechabites
242:Septuagint
159:Israelites
110:Heptateuch
3218:Concubine
3183:Atargatis
2953:Jebusites
2843:Ammonites
2838:Amalekite
2813:Abimelech
2452:Jerusalem
2362:Enhakkore
2312:Bethrehob
2307:Bethlehem
2287:Baaltamar
2063:Christian
1441:159653915
1296:161249981
1234:170339976
1220:: 75–87.
1125:κληρονομώ
869:Jerusalem
706:Successes
654:Joshua 13
629:Joshua 13
621:Joshua 13
603:Joshua 10
601:', while
595:Joshua 15
578:Joshua 10
436:Jebusites
411:number 12
397:Max Weber
349:genocidal
163:Joshua 15
37:chapter 2
32:Joshua 24
3278:Teraphim
3248:Nazirite
3178:Astaroth
3058:Sidonian
3043:Phinehas
2983:Lapidoth
2963:Jonathan
2928:Hittites
2848:Amorites
2803:Abieezer
2762:Jephthah
2617:Shaalbim
2592:Pirathon
2517:Meonenim
2457:Jogbehah
2277:Ashkelon
2247:Akrabbim
2133:Judges 1
2127:chapters
2014:(1995).
2006:. Brill.
1972:(eds.).
1920:(1965).
1896:(2008).
1055:Shaalbim
1036:Amorites
818:Failures
806:) took:
802:and the
752:sons of
686:This is
564:Voltaire
529:Josephus
445:5:6–10,
443:2 Samuel
391:and the
377:Issachar
353:chariots
322:Overview
312:Analysis
127:Judges 1
92:Category
24:Judges 1
3372:Ascalon
3308:Sources
3208:Chemosh
3083:Timnite
3053:Sheshai
3018:Maonite
2988:Levites
2933:Hivites
2903:Gershom
2888:Eleazar
2818:Abinoam
2742:Deborah
2737:Shamgar
2727:Othniel
2711:Persons
2687:Zaanaim
2662:Timnath
2652:Taanach
2642:Succoth
2627:Shechem
2602:Red Sea
2527:Minnith
2512:Megiddo
2502:Lebonah
2427:Heshbon
2367:Eshtaol
2242:Aijalon
1863:Sources
1489:3268272
1475:: 747.
1383::
1089:Yehudah
1075:labour.
1049:Aijalon
952:Nahalol
916:Megiddo
898:Taanach
887:from:
839:Ascalon
780:Zephath
765:Othniel
730:Ascalon
498:Askelon
459:Jericho
365:Kenites
317:Content
221:(895),
177:of the
143:Judaism
78:Nevi'im
39: →
30:←
3228:Eshmun
3203:Belial
3188:Baalim
3153:Zippor
3078:Talmai
3068:Sisera
3048:Phurah
3013:Manoah
3008:Machir
2978:Kenite
2968:Joshua
2918:Hillel
2908:Gilead
2853:Anakim
2833:Ahiman
2823:Achsah
2791:Others
2782:Samson
2747:Gideon
2657:Thebez
2632:Shiloh
2622:Shamir
2612:Rimmon
2587:Ophrah
2492:Kitron
2467:Karkor
2437:Jabbok
2432:Ibleam
2422:Helbah
2417:Hebron
2397:Hamath
2392:Gilgal
2387:Gilead
2332:Canaan
2322:Bochim
2302:Bethel
2272:Arumah
2232:Achzib
2220:Places
2049:Jewish
2024:
1982:
1953:
1932:
1906:
1882:
1848:
1821:24 May
1812:
1783:24 May
1759:24 May
1734:24 May
1725:
1700:24 May
1666:24 May
1662:. 1930
1640:24 May
1636:. 1844
1614:24 May
1562:
1524:
1494:23 May
1487:
1439:
1301:23 May
1294:
1288:542372
1286:
1232:
1216:(68).
1097:Iudaea
991:Helbah
973:Siddon
946:Kitron
910:Ibleam
847:Ashdod
826:, the
811:Bethel
784:Hormah
744:Hebron
714:took:
638:Canaan
521:Ashdod
409:: the
385:Reuben
383:, nor
379:, nor
345:Yahweh
211:Hebrew
183:Joshua
155:Canaan
3377:Gezer
3362:Ekron
3268:Sling
3233:Judge
3223:Ephod
3143:Zebul
3063:Sihon
3028:Moses
2973:Kenaz
2943:Jabin
2923:Hobab
2913:Heber
2873:Barak
2863:Caleb
2858:Balak
2798:Aaron
2777:Abdon
2767:Ibzan
2702:Zorah
2697:Zidon
2647:Syria
2637:Sidon
2607:Rehob
2597:Ramah
2582:Nobah
2577:Negev
2497:Laish
2447:Jahaz
2412:Hazor
2382:Gezer
2372:Gaash
2357:Ekron
2352:Egypt
2327:Camon
2267:Aroer
2262:Arnon
2252:Aphik
2237:Ahlab
2227:Accho
2124:Bible
1790:iron.
1589:4 May
1485:JSTOR
1471:(4).
1437:S2CID
1292:S2CID
1284:JSTOR
1270:(2).
1230:S2CID
1152:Notes
1117:Swete
1099:(see
1091:(see
1062:Notes
1003:Rehob
997:Aphek
985:Aczib
979:Ahlab
931:Gezer
873:Jebus
843:Ekron
761:Debir
748:Caleb
734:Ekron
720:Negev
502:Ekron
447:David
3148:Zeeb
2998:Oreb
2948:Jael
2898:Gera
2893:Gaal
2883:Ebed
2772:Elon
2757:Jair
2752:Tola
2732:Ehud
2542:Moab
2377:Gaza
2347:Edom
2292:Beer
2035:2019
2022:ISBN
1993:2019
1980:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1823:2021
1810:ISBN
1785:2021
1761:2021
1736:2021
1723:ISBN
1702:2021
1668:2021
1642:2021
1616:2021
1591:2022
1560:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1496:2021
1303:2021
1129:οὐδὲ
1030:The
1009:The
967:Akko
958:The
937:The
922:The
879:The
860:The
845:and
835:Gaza
794:The
771:The
754:Anak
732:and
726:Gaza
710:The
676:).'
494:Gaza
399:(in
373:Levi
189:Text
173:and
171:10th
145:and
64:Book
3033:Nun
2672:Tob
2507:Luz
2342:Dor
1477:doi
1469:120
1429:doi
1389:".
1276:doi
1222:doi
1121:οὐκ
904:Dor
688:not
516:).
381:Gad
137:or
3348::
3331:•
3327:•
3323:•
3319:•
3315:•
2213:21
2211:•
2209:20
2207:•
2205:19
2203:•
2201:18
2199:•
2197:17
2195:•
2193:16
2191:•
2189:15
2187:•
2185:14
2183:•
2181:13
2179:•
2177:12
2175:•
2173:11
2171:•
2169:10
2167:•
2163:•
2159:•
2155:•
2151:•
2147:•
2143:•
2139:•
2135:•
1968:;
1787:.
1752:.
1693:.
1676:^
1658:.
1632:.
1607:.
1582:.
1536:^
1516:.
1504:^
1483:.
1467:.
1461:.
1449:^
1435:.
1425:21
1423:.
1417:.
1401:^
1290:.
1282:.
1266:.
1260:.
1242:^
1228:.
1214:20
1212:.
1206:.
1184:^
1144:).
1108:^
1080:^
841:,
837:,
728:,
674:23
670:21
658:19
633:19
625:19
599:19
582:11
284:;
252:;
197:.
185:.
167:19
2165:9
2161:8
2157:7
2153:6
2149:5
2145:4
2141:3
2137:2
2108:e
2101:t
2094:v
2037:.
1995:.
1959:.
1938:.
1912:.
1888:.
1854:.
1825:.
1763:.
1738:.
1704:.
1670:.
1644:.
1618:.
1593:.
1568:.
1530:.
1498:.
1479::
1443:.
1431::
1305:.
1278::
1268:5
1236:.
1224::
1168:.
672:–
668:,
656:–
631:–
623:–
597:–
580:–
560:2
294:G
282:A
280:(
262:G
250:B
248:(
165:–
120:7
112:)
108:(
87:2
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