40:
998:
like a patriarch. The lights shone on the streets and there were even a few neon signs, American-style. No one was in a hurry. There was time for everything – for books and films, for political jokes and for a glass of good wine. For a moment, Bucharest had recovered its pre-war normalcy. A year later, in '71, the July Theses would draw an invisible scalpel line over people, over the white nights of
Bucharest, over all our small, guiltless pleasures. A freezing gust of wind heralded the dreadful ideological winter that would soon arrive. In disbelief and naive, people continued to go out, to fill the theatres and concert halls, while Ciulei, Pintilie and
1262:. Writers eager for greater influence could now obtain it by specialising in the production of ideology. These included both figures on the decline who hoped to revive their careers, such as Barbu (whose career had suffered at the expense of oppositionists), and younger writers like Păunescu, an initial opponent. The two factions remained in open conflict for a decade, but by 1981 the PCR had rendered the Union impotent by freezing its funds and restricting its activities — no more Writers' Conferences were allowed after that year. Instead, with the greater emphasis on ideology, force, and
1016:
1147:, came as a shock. The PCR was supposed to supervise the Theses' implementation closely and meticulously, but it was unable to do so with the same efficacy as in the 1950s. In part, this was due to the artistic community, which was numbed by the proposals and roused into a temporary united front against them.
1244:
The PCR offered increased royalties and pensions and played upon writers' envy, which led to the exclusion of Goma and Țepeneag, who failed to be elected by secret ballot and were jeered when they spoke at the Union delegate election meeting before the conference. There, it was also claimed that Goma
1076:
Ceaușescu, upon his return, issued the Theses which contained seventeen proposals. Among these were: continuous growth in the "leading role" of the Party; improvement of Party education and of mass political action; youth participation on large construction projects as part of their "patriotic work"
932:
Inexplicably and in part miraculously, around 1970, time had slowed down all of a sudden. Tired out, history left people alone for a few years, forgetting about denouncements and workers' wrath, about suspicions and ugly memories. It was the artists' time — including those just released from prison.
912:
Moon landing that July featured in advertisements, was broadcast live, occasioning warm greetings from Ceaușescu to Nixon and the
American people. Probably the high point of Romanian-American relations during the Communist period came early the following month, when tens of thousands of enthusiastic
1240:
describes four features of the literary scene in
Romania until 1989: intermittent courage; position in the social order transformed into an aesthetic criterion; the efficacy of some means of corruption; and a breakdown between generations, with many young oppositionists ready to compromise and some
1202:
The PCR issued its own counter-measures. For instance, a law passed in
December 1971 prohibited the broadcasting or publication abroad of any written material that might prejudice the interest of the state. Romanian citizens were also forbidden from having any contact with foreign radio stations or
1126:
Especially after the
Writers' Congress of 1968, PCR leaders started to clash with writers. Earlier that year Ceaușescu had announced: "the freedom of the individual is not in contradiction with the general demands and interests of society but, on the contrary, serves these interests". He managed to
997:
and Berlin , while at the Mignon the first private restaurant had opened, owned by the Chivu brothers, where you could find the freshest seafood, brought that very day from Paris by air. The city adulated its artists, receiving
Nichita as it would a handsome and rebellious prince, and Marin Preda
1253:
refused to conform, maintaining moral and artistic integrity, Goma and Țepeneag were targeted for their readiness to challenge the PCR's cultural dictates. Other writers were anxious not to jeopardise their privileges and afraid that the PCR might use the Theses to bring new "writers" into a
1105:
and authors was re-established. Although presented in terms of "Socialist
Humanism", the Theses in fact marked a return to socialist realism, reaffirming an ideological basis for literature that, in theory, the PCR had hardly abandoned. The difference was the addition of party-sponsored
1203:
newspapers, as this was considered hostile to
Romania. One man who had submitted a volume of poetry to a critic for evaluation was tried for having written "hostile" verse; despite the critic having come to defend him, a military court sentenced him to 12 years' imprisonment.
840:("The Birds"), complied with the censor's demands by justifying the protagonist's arrest and portraying the secret police in a positive light. Nevertheless, most writers were optimistic that the PCR would tolerate a broader range of themes in creative literature.
658:
Expunere cu privire la programul PCR pentru îmbunătățirea activității ideologice, ridicarea nivelului general al cunoașterii și educația socialistă a maselor, pentru așezarea relațiilor din societatea noastră pe baza principiilor eticii și echității socialiste și
1236:, not by a general assembly — delegates would choose one of two names offered to them. By the time of the July 1972 National Party Conference, the cultural elite's strategies and the conflicts that would dominate the 1970s and 1980s had crystallized. Dissident
992:
In the 1970s, life in
Bucharest really started toward midnight. After a concert or a play, people went for a walk, to enjoy themselves. The elegant downtown restaurants were full of artists and beautiful girls. The best-known writers and journalists dined at
888:... plus a few hours of interesting discussions. Here is why the club bar appears as an answer to a natural need for communication, for exchanging ideas and clashing opinions... in a relaxed atmosphere". Modern American art, harshly criticised during the
1339:, winning many honorary awards and being appointed to a number of high positions within the scientific community. Elena politicized the Romanian Academy to such an extent that its prestige and much of its serious research were destroyed.
1254:
rebellious Union. They instead preferred subtle evasion of their constraints and so were reluctant to back the pair of more outspoken dissidents. Within three years, the balance of power in the writers' community had shifted from the
1005:
Not even when the Mignon restaurant was closed, and the light bulbs downtown disappeared one by one, did people stop hoping. It's as if no one wanted to believe that everything could end so quickly, in an absurd and unfair twist of
1228:; Nichita Stănescu also claimed to have received them with "a particular joy" and to regard them as "a real aid to culture". Writers felt resentment at Goma's success in West Germany and at Țepeneag's having been translated into
1723:
855:
in 1967, its product promoted in the press through
American-style advertisements. The slogan "Pepsi, drive and energy" ran regularly in newspapers that just a few years earlier made no mention of Western products.
1707:
1206:
In advance of the National Writers' Conference in May 1972, the writers' initial solidarity was destroyed by infighting, though not by the PCR had which temporarily withdrew into the background. After
1139:. However, the PCR began to intensify the struggle among writers as a group, and between them and the party. In 1970, awards of literary prizes brought the party leadership into open conflict with the
734:
who, at first, actively continued the liberalization in Romania. This trend accelerated with the IXth Congress of the PCR in July 1965. A talented oppositional generation of writers emerged, including
1285:. The number of those allowed to study non-technical subjects at the university was sharply cut; fewer books were published; and the privileges formerly accorded to intellectuals were reduced.
1143:. This determined the party to recover the privilege of granting such awards and of determining their standards of value. Despite these forebodings of conflict, the Theses with their promise of
1118:
in another speech in July 1971, Ceaușescu asserted that "the man who does not write for his entire people is not a poet", and presented himself as the defender of Romanian values.
1464:"Memoria comunismului. Fondul ISISP din Biblioteca Centrală Universitară din București" ("The Memory of Communism. The ISIP Fund at the Central University Library in Bucharest")
1613:
1932:
1315:, and his image was ubiquitous in Romania. State television were given strict orders to portray him in a flattering light at all times. Ceaușescu became an almost
892:, began to receive favourable coverage, as seen during an exhibition ("American painting since 1945") that opened in early 1969, featuring work by artists such as
1319:
figure, above any criticism, which allowed him to obtain even more power than he had already possessed. The personality cult would later be extended to his wife,
1207:
540:
74:
474:
1652:
444:
1582:
1081:); an intensification of political-ideological education in schools and universities, as well as in children's, youth and student organisations (like the
986:
507:
582:
Propuneri de măsuri pentru îmbunătățirea activității politico-ideologice, de educare marxist-leninistă a membrilor de partid, a tuturor oamenilor muncii
39:
1225:
666:
education of the masses, in order to arrange relations in our society on the basis of the principles of socialist and communist ethics and equity").
1335:
in the 1950s, though her competence and achievements were greatly exaggerated due to her husband. Elena was portrayed as an exceptional chemistry
1763:
1743:
104:
1294:
1220:
for the position, which went to someone else, causing Neagu to leave the opposition. Initial supporters of the Theses included Eugen Barbu,
649:
414:
232:
1043:. He was impressed by what he saw, taking great interest in the idea of a total national transformation as embodied in the programs of the
806:("The Absent Ones", 1970) went so far as to provide a critique of contemporary society, describing the spiritual crisis of a young doctor.
620:
in the country since the early 1960s. The PCR launched an offensive against cultural autonomy in Romania and returned to the guidelines of
1466:
533:
404:
333:
1303:
around himself, influenced by the personality cult surrounding Kim Il Sung in North Korea, which would become the most extensive in the
655:
The July Theses, publicized as an official document of the PCR Plenum in their final version of early November 1971, carried the title:
1274:
Theses" in the summer of 1982. Particularly in the 1980s, Romanian culture and science became increasingly isolated internationally.
338:
64:
2180:
695:
2185:
2155:
1136:
526:
284:
119:
114:
1610:
1085:
and its affiliates); and an expansion of political propaganda, orienting radio and television shows to this end, as well as
662:("Exposition regarding the PCR programme for improving ideological activity, raising the general level of knowledge and the
1611:
Minutes of the Romanian Politburo Meeting Concerning Nicolae Ceaușescu's Visit to China, North Korea, Mongolia, and Vietnam
419:
1653:“Artă în spațiul public sau artă pentru sine: ipostaze ale artistului Ion Grigorescu în epoca comunistă și posttotalitară”
2195:
2160:
89:
1155:, long associated with the communist regime, joined in protest with younger writers like Buzura, Păunescu, Popescu, and
832:
methods and the excesses of collectivization. The censor asked for changes; eventually Goma published the book uncut in
966:
821:
409:
2150:
2134:
2119:
2099:
2073:
2055:
2037:
2015:
1993:
1965:
1940:
1797:
502:
366:
290:
1579:
512:
809:
356:
2170:
2107:
1040:
636:
were attacked. Competence and aesthetics were to be replaced by ideology, professionals were to be replaced by
1232:. The PCR exploited this by persuading the Writers' Union to hold its 1972 congress with delegates elected by
1101:, revolutionary" character in artistic productions. The liberalisation of 1965 was condemned, and an index of
1028:
759:
703:
679:
609:
597:
225:
29:
824:, and each wrote a novel about a man's prison experiences and efforts to readjust after his release. Goma's
1140:
889:
464:
2007:
1255:
1246:
799:
687:
497:
492:
270:
250:
1282:
714:. The Romanian government began to permit greater liberties and treat its citizens better, including an
99:
2165:
1985:
1957:
1044:
361:
265:
260:
255:
84:
371:
280:
2175:
1082:
699:
574:
79:
69:
54:
1688:
1212:
1070:
2190:
1308:
787:
691:
313:
162:
2079:
1632:
1463:
376:
1181:
723:
707:
142:
767:
2111:
2029:
1328:
1107:
791:
641:
94:
1708:“Restalinizarea culturii. Tezele din iulie 1971, revoluția lui Ceaușescu inspirată de Mao”
731:
570:
177:
8:
1300:
1267:
1052:
1048:
897:
605:
439:
157:
2127:
National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceaușescu's Romania
1636:
1164:
735:
429:
318:
1999:
962:
782:
era, clearly refers to Gheorghiu-Dej — there is even reference to a project to build a
719:
1320:
751:
192:
2130:
2115:
2095:
2069:
2051:
2033:
2011:
1989:
1961:
1936:
1793:
1168:
813:
755:
747:
621:
558:
434:
328:
1684:
864:
shops, stores with a restricted clientele where Western goods could be purchased in
381:
2061:
2028:("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"),
2021:
1324:
1237:
1217:
1086:
974:
938:
901:
743:
585:
323:
167:
999:
584:("Proposed measures for the improvement of political-ideological activity, of the
182:
2043:
1617:
1586:
1470:
1281:
was removed as a university discipline and what was left was taught at the PCR's
1229:
1196:
1152:
946:
893:
645:
566:
1432:
1263:
1176:
1148:
1111:
982:
950:
683:
629:
617:
1982:
Vin americanii! Prezența simbolică a Statelor Unite în România Războiului Rece
1266:, and with more funds, the protochronists remained more influential until the
187:
2144:
1259:
1250:
1233:
1221:
1156:
1144:
1115:
1036:
970:
969:
would sell out shows for their entire run, while in bookstores, the works of
958:
954:
924:
Writing over three decades later, Sorin Preda, who arrived in Bucharest from
905:
865:
844:
739:
613:
386:
220:
1002:'s bags were being prepared for their permanent departure from the country.
994:
1304:
1186:
1160:
942:
914:
913:
Bucharesters welcomed Nixon, who became the first US president to visit an
833:
711:
633:
172:
852:
758:
plenum in April 1968, Ceaușescu denounced Gheorghiu-Dej and rehabilitated
1312:
1132:
1128:
1102:
1056:
1032:
1024:
978:
877:
779:
771:
601:
593:
147:
2048:
Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989
1131:
or even oppositionist) and bring them into the PCR after condemning the
109:
1316:
1060:
829:
727:
625:
275:
152:
59:
786:
that claims many of its builders' lives, a disguised reference to the
1332:
1278:
989:
or Nichita were sold on the sly, with much pleading and insistence.
909:
885:
881:
869:
861:
857:
817:
770:. This opened up even more space for artistic expression in Romania.
763:
675:
663:
210:
124:
2104:
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
847:
also took place and brought with it an impact on citizens' lives. A
1336:
1271:
1191:
1098:
1015:
918:
637:
2026:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
1327:
was forced to take on Elena as a member in 1974. She had earned a
925:
766:, thus allowing him to claim innocence and to demote a key rival,
2087:
715:
588:
education of Party members, of all working people"), was a quasi-
2091:
1672:, p. 95. Bucharest: Editura Polirom, 2016, ISBN 978-973-465-3386
1580:"Cu dragoste, despre București…" ("With Love, about Bucharest…")
1435:, "Historiography of the Countries of Central Europe: Romania",
941:
was packed with people who'd come to give standing ovations for
1744:“ Tezele din Iulie, punctul de cotitură al regimului Ceaușescu”
1094:
589:
469:
308:
860:
was not produced domestically, but could be found in bars and
1724:“Cum a impus Ceauşescu educarea românilor în spirit comunist”
1172:
1090:
1065:
848:
783:
424:
1195:. Writers appeared combative at a meeting with Ceaușescu in
1954:
Modern Tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age
1670:
Cultul secretului. Mecanismele cenzurii în presa comunistă
640:, and culture was once again to become an instrument for
928:
as an 18-year-old in 1970, recalled the cultural scene:
820:
had both been imprisoned for their participation in the
2066:
The Păltiniș Diary: A Paideic Model in Humanist Culture
1764:“Proiectul cultural ceaușist și tezele din iulie 1971”
2068:, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2000,
1245:
had no talent. While writers like Blandiana, Buzura,
1127:
co-opt numerous intellectuals (many of them formerly
762:, executed just two days before Ceaușescu joined the
908:'s world tour of 1969 was closely followed, and the
904:. Even the US government received praise: President
1447:
1445:
2129:, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1991,
1689:“Anii comunismului târziu. O încercare de sinteză“
1657:Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review
1620:, Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security
961:, opened a new exhibition almost every month. The
726:, such as in the nuances that were appropriate in
730:. Gheorghiu-Dej died in 1965 and was replaced by
2142:
1861:
1859:
1506:
1442:
1380:
1378:
957:. Our great visual artists — Maitec, Apostu and
868:. In 1968, the first student bar/club opened in
16:1971 speech by Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu
1849:
1847:
1595:
1499:
1497:
1419:
1417:
1396:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1819:
1817:
1815:
656:
1856:
1375:
1366:
1189:and attacked the Theses in an interview with
604:. The speech marked the beginning of a "mini-
534:
2004:Intellectuals and Politics in Central Europe
1844:
1494:
1426:
1414:
1348:
1812:
1639:, Radio Europa Liberă Moldova, 14 July 2016
541:
527:
38:
1753:
884:, Pepsi and Coca-Cola, mechanical games,
876:described "low tables, discreet light...
1270:in 1989, having been reinforced by the "
1014:
778:("The Prince", 1969), though set in the
648:would be characterized by the extensive
592:speech influenced by Ceaușescu's recent
1733:
1439:, Vol. 97, No. 4. (Oct. 1992), p. 1081.
1295:Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality
624:. Strict ideological conformity in the
2143:
1288:
802:are explored. Augustin Buzura's novel
120:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
1713:
836:in the fall of 1971. Ivasiuc, in his
445:Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus
1698:
1675:
1662:
1642:
1623:
1097:, artists' unions, and promoting a "
690:in the early 1960s. Romanian leader
1019:Ceaușescu meets Kim on 15 June 1971
13:
1790:Romania: The Unfinished Revolution
822:Bucharest student movement of 1956
580:The July Theses, officially named
573:to the executive committee of the
410:Bucharest student movement of 1956
14:
2207:
1069:philosophy, he sought to emulate
933:It was the time of the thaw. For
420:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977
1277:Also as a result of the Theses,
678:from 1948, cultural life in the
1946:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1835:
1826:
1803:
1782:
1773:
1604:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1485:
1476:
1454:
1241:older writers ready to resist.
710:to reduce the influence of the
632:was demanded and non-compliant
415:Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu
233:Ceaușescu's cult of personality
2108:University of California Press
1809:Ceaușescu, in Verdery, p. 113.
1437:The American Historical Review
1405:
1387:
1063:. Influenced by Kim Il Sung's
1051:. He was also inspired by the
702:(PCR), had quietly pursued a "
682:experienced a modest trend of
1:
2186:Political and cultural purges
2181:Speeches by Nicolae Ceaușescu
2156:Socialist Republic of Romania
2050:, M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995,
1974:
1299:Ceaușescu began to develop a
1010:
843:A thaw in relations with the
680:Socialist Republic of Romania
669:
650:personality cult of Ceaușescu
610:Socialist Republic of Romania
465:Soviet occupation (1944–1958)
1637:“Gramatica obscurantismului”
1307:. He was hailed as a genius
754:. Furthermore, at the PCR's
7:
2084:Stalinism pentru eternitate
2008:Central European University
1883:Lovinescu, in Bozóki, p. 60
1167:denounced the proposals on
1041:Mongolian People's Republic
1023:In 1971, Ceaușescu went on
890:period of socialist realism
800:collectivization in Romania
487:Relations with other states
10:
2212:
2196:July 1971 events in Europe
2161:Speeches by heads of state
1958:Princeton University Press
1792:, p. 51, Routledge, 2000,
1292:
1137:invasion of Czechoslovakia
1029:People's Republic of China
798:, abuses committed during
598:People's Republic of China
459:Relationship with the USSR
1695:, nr. 126-127/2007, p. 16
1141:Writers' Union of Romania
1121:
115:People's Democratic Front
90:National Council of Women
2151:Romanian Communist Party
1929:Istoria României în date
1342:
1283:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy
1089:, theatres and cinemas,
1083:Union of Communist Youth
700:Romanian Communist Party
674:After a period of rigid
575:Romanian Communist Party
105:Romanian Orthodox Church
100:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy
70:Union of Communist Youth
2010:Press, Budapest, 1991,
1770:, nr. 683/23 March 2017
1451:Tismăneanu, pp. 223–42.
1216:, Păunescu fought with
1045:Workers' Party of Korea
828:describes prison life,
577:(PCR) on 6 July 1971.
399:Protests and resistance
75:Great National Assembly
24:Part of a series on the
1710:, Digi24, 21 July 2014
1512:Tismăneanu, pp. 157–8.
1309:communist theoretician
1247:Ștefan Augustin Doinaș
1210:resigned as editor of
1020:
1008:
788:Danube-Black Sea Canal
692:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
657:
644:. Romania's return to
562:
405:1940s–1950s resistance
362:Danube–Black Sea Canal
163:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2171:Censorship in Romania
1933:Editura Enciclopedică
1491:Cioroianu, pp. 397–9.
1402:Cioroianu, p. 489–92.
1179:, editor-in-chief of
1018:
930:
810:Censorship in Romania
724:freedom of expression
143:Constantin Ion Parhon
30:Socialist Republic of
2125:Verdery, Katherine,
2080:Tismăneanu, Vladimir
2030:Editura Curtea Veche
1874:Deletant, pp. 185–6.
1659:, 17(3)/2017, p. 399
1601:Tismăneanu, p. 2412.
1521:Deletant, pp. 182–3.
1185:, resigned while in
1108:Romanian nationalism
1071:North Korea's system
792:Dumitru Radu Popescu
642:communist propaganda
372:Bărăgan deportations
2032:, Bucharest, 2005,
1988:, Bucharest, 2006,
1935:, Bucharest, 2003,
1633:Vladimir Tismăneanu
1411:Tismăneanu, p. 242.
1372:Liiceanu, p. xviii.
1311:, glorified by the
1301:cult of personality
1289:Cult of personality
1268:Romanian Revolution
1049:Cultural Revolution
917:country during the
898:Robert Rauschenberg
812:remained in place:
760:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
720:political prisoners
606:Cultural Revolution
440:Romanian Revolution
158:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
1919:Liiceanu, p. xviii
1788:Roper, Steven D.,
1616:2016-01-20 at the
1585:2007-04-06 at the
1539:Barbu, pp. 169–70.
1469:2007-05-06 at the
1384:Tismăneanu, p. 241
1363:Cioroianu, p. 489.
1323:. The prestigious
1021:
874:Viața Studențească
851:factory opened in
768:Alexandru Drăghici
722:and allowing more
704:national communist
261:Literacy campaigns
226:National communism
2166:Socialist realism
2062:Liiceanu, Gabriel
2022:Cioroianu, Adrian
1892:Deletant, p. 186.
1853:Deletant, p. 185.
1779:Deletant, p. 184.
1651:Ileana Pintilie,
1503:Deletant, p. 182.
1329:bachelor's degree
1169:Radio Free Europe
1087:publishing houses
1055:of North Korea's
1053:personality cults
814:Alexandru Ivasiuc
756:Central Committee
748:Nicolae Manolescu
732:Nicolae Ceaușescu
696:General Secretary
622:socialist realism
571:Nicolae Ceaușescu
551:
550:
435:Letter of the Six
329:Socialist realism
314:Cîntarea României
178:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2203:
2102:(translation of
2044:Deletant, Dennis
1969:
1952:Chirot, Daniel,
1950:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:Verdery, p. 187.
1908:
1902:
1901:Verdery, p. 186.
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:Verdery, p. 113.
1830:
1824:
1823:Verdery, p. 185.
1821:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1762:Caterina Preda,
1761:
1757:
1751:
1750:, 14 August 2014
1742:Andreea Lupșor,
1741:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:Verdery, p. 107.
1391:
1385:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1325:Romanian Academy
1256:1960s generation
1238:Monica Lovinescu
1226:Mihnea Gheorghiu
1208:Ștefan Bănulescu
1182:România Literară
1165:Dumitru Țepeneag
1079:muncă patriotică
939:Bulandra Theatre
902:James Rosenquist
744:Gabriel Liiceanu
736:Nichita Stănescu
688:de-Stalinization
661:
616:reversal of the
586:Marxist–Leninist
563:Tezele din iulie
543:
536:
529:
475:De-satellization
430:Brașov Rebellion
324:Obsessive decade
319:Cenaclul Flacăra
271:De-Stalinization
251:Collectivization
168:Gheorghe Apostol
85:Patriotic Guards
42:
21:
20:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2176:1971 in Romania
2141:
2140:
1980:Barbu, Bogdan,
1977:
1972:
1951:
1947:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:, 14 April 2017
1722:Florin Jbanca,
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1693:Sfera Politicii
1681:
1680:
1676:
1668:Emilia Șercan,
1667:
1663:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1618:Wayback Machine
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1587:Wayback Machine
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:Wayback Machine
1460:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1349:
1345:
1321:Elena Ceaușescu
1297:
1291:
1153:Eugen Jebeleanu
1124:
1013:
935:Leonce and Lena
894:Jackson Pollock
872:; a writer for
752:Adrian Păunescu
672:
646:totalitarianism
630:social sciences
547:
518:
517:
488:
480:
479:
460:
452:
451:
400:
392:
391:
352:
344:
343:
304:
296:
295:
291:1980s austerity
281:Systematization
266:Five-Year Plans
256:Nationalization
246:
238:
237:
206:
198:
197:
193:Elena Ceaușescu
138:
130:
129:
55:Communist Party
50:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2077:
2059:
2041:
2019:
2000:Bozóki, András
1997:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1945:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1865:Bozóki, p. 59.
1855:
1843:
1841:Bozóki, p. 58.
1834:
1825:
1811:
1802:
1781:
1772:
1752:
1732:
1712:
1697:
1685:Stelian Tănase
1674:
1661:
1641:
1622:
1603:
1594:
1568:
1566:Barbu, p. 172.
1559:
1557:Barbu, p. 171.
1550:
1548:Barbu, p. 170.
1541:
1532:
1530:Barbu, p. 169.
1523:
1514:
1505:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1453:
1441:
1433:Keith Hitchins
1425:
1423:Bozóki, p. 57.
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1374:
1365:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1293:Main article:
1290:
1287:
1264:centralisation
1260:protochronists
1177:Nicolae Breban
1149:Zaharia Stancu
1123:
1120:
1112:historiography
1012:
1009:
951:Irina Petrescu
684:liberalization
671:
668:
618:liberalization
549:
548:
546:
545:
538:
531:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
382:Pitești prison
379:
377:Tămădău Affair
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
229:
228:
223:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2208:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:1971 speeches
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2135:0-520-20358-5
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:0-520-23747-1
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:973-681-899-3
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:963-9116-89-0
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:1-56324-633-3
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:973-669-175-6
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:963-9116-21-1
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:973-50-1248-0
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1966:0-691-02777-3
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1941:973-45-0432-0
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1799:
1798:90-5823-027-9
1795:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1760:(in Romanian)
1756:
1749:
1745:
1740:(in Romanian)
1736:
1729:
1725:
1720:(in Romanian)
1716:
1709:
1705:(in Romanian)
1701:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:(in Romanian)
1678:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1654:
1649:(in Romanian)
1645:
1638:
1634:
1630:(in Romanian)
1626:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:Sorin Preda,
1576:(in Romanian)
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1488:
1482:Bozóki, p. 56
1479:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:(in Romanian)
1457:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1251:Marin Sorescu
1248:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:secret ballot
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Aurel Baranga
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Marin Sorescu
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Neo-Stalinism
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1117:
1116:Nicolae Iorga
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:North Vietnam
1034:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:Andrei Șerban
996:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
927:
922:
920:
916:
911:
907:
906:Richard Nixon
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:hard currency
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
845:United States
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:Ana Blandiana
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
667:
665:
660:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:intellectuals
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Neo-Stalinist
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
569:delivered by
568:
564:
560:
556:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
524:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
484:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
456:
455:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
396:
395:
388:
387:Sighet prison
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
300:
299:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
242:
241:
234:
231:
227:
224:
222:
221:Neo-Stalinism
219:
218:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
183:Manea Mănescu
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
134:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
80:State Council
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
49:Organizations
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
2126:
2103:
2083:
2065:
2047:
2025:
2003:
1981:
1953:
1948:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1837:
1828:
1805:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1768:Dilema Veche
1767:
1755:
1747:
1735:
1727:
1715:
1700:
1692:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1644:
1625:
1606:
1597:
1590:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1487:
1478:
1456:
1436:
1428:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1368:
1305:Eastern Bloc
1298:
1276:
1243:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1187:West Germany
1180:
1161:Leonid Dimov
1125:
1103:banned books
1078:
1075:
1073:in Romania.
1064:
1059:and China's
1025:state visits
1022:
1004:
991:
934:
931:
923:
915:Eastern Bloc
873:
842:
837:
834:West Germany
825:
808:
803:
795:
775:
712:Soviet Union
673:
654:
594:state visits
581:
579:
554:
552:
508:Soviet Union
367:Re-education
215:
173:Chivu Stoica
18:
1313:state media
1218:Fănuș Neagu
1133:Warsaw Pact
1057:Kim Il Sung
1033:North Korea
878:chewing gum
772:Eugen Barbu
612:that saw a
602:North Korea
555:July Theses
503:North Korea
216:July Theses
188:Ilie Verdeț
148:Petru Groza
2145:Categories
1975:References
1956:, p. 246,
1931:, p. 621,
1591:Formula As
1337:researcher
1317:infallible
1213:Luceafărul
1129:apolitical
1114:; quoting
1061:Mao Zedong
1011:The Theses
882:cigarettes
849:Pepsi-Cola
830:Securitate
776:Principele
728:literature
708:party line
670:Background
626:humanities
513:Yugoslavia
357:Censorship
351:Repression
276:Decree 770
153:Ana Pauker
60:Securitate
1986:Humanitas
1333:chemistry
1279:sociology
963:Athenaeum
955:Caramitru
910:Apollo 11
886:billiards
870:Bucharest
862:Comturist
858:Coca-Cola
853:Constanța
818:Paul Goma
794:'s novel
780:Phanariot
774:'s novel
764:Politburo
676:Stalinism
664:socialist
659:comuniste
638:agitators
608:" in the
211:Dacianism
125:Comturist
2114:, 2003,
2112:Berkeley
1960:, 1996,
1748:Historia
1728:Adevărul
1614:Archived
1583:Archived
1467:Archived
1272:Mangalia
1192:Le Monde
1099:militant
1047:and the
1039:and the
1006:history.
947:Pintilie
919:Cold War
838:Păsările
826:Ostinato
804:Absenții
565:) was a
559:Romanian
245:Policies
205:Ideology
110:Scînteia
95:Pioneers
2094:, 2005
2088:Polirom
1258:to the
1027:to the
716:amnesty
698:of the
596:to the
303:Culture
137:Leaders
32:Romania
2133:
2118:
2098:
2072:
2054:
2036:
2014:
1992:
1964:
1939:
1796:
1230:French
1197:Neptun
1175:, and
1122:Impact
1095:ballet
983:Breban
971:Eliade
943:Ciulei
937:, the
790:. In
750:, and
694:, the
590:Maoist
567:speech
470:SovRom
334:Emblem
309:Daciad
1691:, in
1655:, in
1589:, in
1343:Notes
1173:Paris
1091:opera
1066:Juche
995:Capșa
979:Preda
975:Noica
967:Opera
926:Bacău
784:canal
498:Italy
493:China
425:SLOMR
285:Rural
2131:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2092:Iași
2070:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1249:and
1224:and
1163:and
1151:and
987:Țoiu
965:and
959:Baba
953:and
900:and
880:and
816:and
686:and
628:and
600:and
553:The
339:Flag
65:Army
1331:in
1171:in
1135:'s
1110:in
718:of
2147::
2122:).
2110:,
2106:,
2090:,
2086:,
2082:,
2064:,
2046:,
2024:,
2006:,
2002:,
1984:,
1858:^
1846:^
1814:^
1766:,
1746:,
1726:,
1687:,
1635:,
1496:^
1444:^
1416:^
1377:^
1350:^
1199:.
1159:.
1093:,
1035:,
1031:,
985:,
981:,
977:,
973:,
949:,
945:,
921:.
896:,
746:,
742:,
738:,
706:"
652:.
561::
2137:.
2076:.
2058:.
2040:.
2018:.
1996:.
1968:.
1943:.
1800:.
1473:.
1077:(
796:F
557:(
542:e
535:t
528:v
287:)
283:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)