30:
392:
987:
261:. He describes his visit to the "people of the cows" in one of the towns, but these may have been the settled Indians of La Junta. They were people "with the best bodies that we saw and the greatest liveliness." He described their cooking method, in which they dropped hot stones into prepared gourds to cook their food, rather cooking in pottery. Their cooking technique was common among the nomads of the
410:
Scholars estimate that in 1580, the population of Native
Americans, partially or wholly Jumano, living along the Rio Grande and the Pecos River was somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000. Other people may have been identified as part of the Jumano people, or at least closely associated with them, living
308:
Jumano maintained close relations—and possibly spoke a similar language—with the people living at La Junta, but were distinct from them. From their recognized homeland between the Pecos and Concho Rivers in Texas, the Jumano traveled widely to trade meat and skins to the
Patarabueye and other Indians
472:
In the early 18th century, the Jumano tried to create an alliance with their historical enemies the Apache. By 1729, the
Spanish referred to the two tribes as the Apache Jumanos. By 1750, the Jumano had nearly disappeared from the historical record as a distinct people. They appeared to have been
443:
had adversely affected the agricultural yields and the buffalo herds in their territory. The Jumano asked for
Christian missions to be established in their territory; they tried to mediate between the Spanish and other tribes. The Spanish visited them in the homeland on the Concho River in 1629,
219:
Spanish records from the 16th to the 18th centuries frequently refer to the Jumano
Indians, and the French mentioned them as present in areas in eastern Texas, as well. During the last decades of the 17th century, they were noted as traders and political leaders in the Southwest. Contemporary
276:
in 1582, to refer to agricultural peoples living at La Junta. This area was a trade crossroads and seems to have attracted numerous
Indians of different tribes, of which the Jumano were one group. Among the other names the Spanish used for Indian groups near La Junta were the Cabris,
364:
and the salines. Over the next two centuries, the people who became known as the
Wichita were often referred to as Jumano in the historical record. Scholars agree that, at a minimum, the Jumanos comprised the nomadic bison-hunting people of the Pecos and
333:. They traded salt for agricultural produce. The people living in the Tompiro pueblos have been identified as speaking a Tanoan language. The historian Dan Flores has suggested that the Jumano associated with the Pueblo villages were the ancestors of the
220:
scholars are uncertain whether the Jumano were a single people organized into discrete bands, or whether the
Spanish used Jumano as a generic term to refer to several different groups, as the references spanned peoples across a large geographic area.
143:, but their population had already declined by the early 18th century. Scholars have generally argued that the Jumanos disappeared as a distinct people by 1750 due to infectious disease, the slave trade, and warfare, with remnants absorbed by the
374:(1999), Gary Anderson proposes that the Jumano includes multiple ethnic groups from diverse regions of Texas. They combined and became a new people in a process of ethnogenesis, formed from refugees fleeing the effects of disease,
369:
valleys of Texas. Since as nomads and traders, they were often found far from their homeland, this may account for the
Spanish having referred to a variety of Indians of different cultures and locations as Jumano. In his book
328:
was the largest of several Jumano towns. This location enabled trading with the buffalo-hunting
Indians of the Great Plains. The Jumano also mined extensive salt deposits, for which the Spanish named the region
460:
was prominent in forging trade and religious ties with the Spanish. In the latter part of the 17th century, the colonists seem to have lost interest in the Jumano, transferring their priorities to the
399:
In the 16th century when the Spanish came to the Tompiro Pueblos of New Mexico, the Tompiro traded extensively with the Jumano. Historical records indicate Franciscan missionaries, including
975:
337:, who are also Tanoan-language speakers. The Tompiro towns were abandoned by 1672, probably due to fatalities from epidemics of introduced European diseases,
464:
of east Texas. The Caddo were more numerous and of greater concern to the Spanish because the French were trying to establish a trading foothold among them.
403:, were surprised when Jumanos approached them requesting baptism. The Jumanos stated that they received instruction from "a lady in blue", believed to be
235:
have been suggested. The Jumano have been identified in the historical record of present-day Texas. They combined and became a new people in a process of
420:
412:
1381:
300:-hunting nomads, or lived part of each year in La Junta is uncertain. Charles Kelley has suggested that the sedentary people living at La Junta were
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further east in Texas at this time. Other groups closely associated with the Jumano and who at times have been identified as Jumano were the
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265:, for whom pottery was too fragile to be transported. For this reason, scholars think he may have been describing the semi-nomadic Jumano.
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1356:
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1326:
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explorers first recorded encounters with the Jumano in 1581. Later expeditions noted them in a broad area of the Southwest and the
1448:
of Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today
1485:
1131:
771:
627:
360:, or Jumano. American anthropologist Carroll Riley suggests that they were the nomadic relatives of the Pueblo villagers of
239:, formed from refugees fleeing the effects of disease, Spanish missions, and Spanish slaving raids south of the Rio Grande.
1030:
1010:
1015:
999:
602:
Kenmotsu, Nancy Adele, "Seeking Friends, Avoiding Enemies: the Jumano Response to Spanish Colonization, A.D. 1580-1750,"
477:
when living at Spanish missions in Central Texas. If Flores' speculation is correct, they may have migrated north to the
285:, Abriaches, and Caguates. A member of Espejo's expedition identified some bison-hunters whom they encountered on the
549:
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345:
991:
445:
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The hunters were known to have close relations with the Indians at La Junta, but whether they were full-time
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absorbed by bands of Lipan and Mescalero Apache, Caddo, and Wichita; died of infectious diseases, or become
431:
The Jumano of the late 17th century sought an alliance with the Spanish. They were under pressure from the
324:, an area about 50 miles east of the Rio Grande on the border of the Great Plains. The pueblo later called
34:
The approximate location of Indian tribes in western Texas and adjacent Mexico, in the early 17th century
423:
living progressively further south along the Conchos River from its intersection with the Rio Grande.
404:
375:
223:
Scholars have been unable to determine what language family was spoken by the historic Jumano, but
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1059:
912:
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Scholars have suggested that a fourth group of people in Texas may have been Jumano. In 1541,
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8:
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798:"The Visits of the "Lady in Blue": An Episode in the History of the South Plains, 1629"
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1054:
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96:
715:. "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850,"
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We Came Naked and Barefoot: The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca across North America
1459:
1395:
1371:
1331:
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1252:
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821:
813:
566:"Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 2)"
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456:) and gained a rich harvest of bison skins. In the 1680s, the Jumano chief
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extinct language / extinct tribe / early,
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region with its large settled Indigenous population. They lived in the
113:
108:
were a tribe or several tribes, who inhabited a large area of western
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1217:
1197:
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45:
Extinct as a tribe by the late 18th century. 20,000 and 30,000 (1580)
167:
Variant spellings of the name attested in Spanish documents include
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690:, Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1986
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The Indian Southwest, 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention
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The Indian Southwest, 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention
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The approximate location of Indian tribes in Texas circa 1500
372:
The Indian Southwest: 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention
349:
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305:
297:
109:
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region and emerged on the Southern Plains about 1800 as the
659:(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 73-79.
703:(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995), 129, 192
304:
and the bison hunters were Jumano. In this scenario, the
688:
Jumano and Patarabueye: Relations at La Junta de los Rios
677:
Hammond and Rey (1966), "Rediscovery of New Mexico", 229
668:
Hammond and Rey (1966), "Rediscovery of New Mexico", 216
341:
raids, and burdensome Spanish levies of food and labor.
16:
Historical tribe from Western Texas and Northern Mexico
867:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916, pp. 313-314
534:
The Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times
522:, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994, pp. xii-xiv
356:. Scholars have suggested that the Teyas were Apache,
320:
the people associated with the Tompiro Pueblos of the
378:, and Spanish slaving raids south of the Rio Grande.
918:
519:
The Jumanos: Hunters and Traders of the South Plains
281:, Passaguates, Patarabueyes, Amotomancos, Otomacos,
139:
The last historical reference was in a 19th-century
1457:
865:Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542-1706
604:Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 72
969:
245:may have encountered the Jumano in 1535 near
499:
497:
444:1650, and 1654. In 1654, the Spanish of the
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962:
536:. University of Texas Press. p. 226.
28:
1434:Sam Houston and Native American relations
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494:
448:aided the Jumano in a battle against the
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657:The Rediscovery of New Mexico, 1580-1594
615:
390:
348:encountered a group of people he called
531:
309:in exchange for agricultural products.
128:area in the mountain and basin region.
1458:
877:Nancy P. Hickerson, "Jumano Indians",
750:Kenmotsu (2001), "Seeking Friends", 25
728:Kenmostu (2001), "Seeking Friends", 24
719:Vol. 78, No. 2, Sept 1991, pp. 472-473
1491:Unattested languages of North America
957:
646:. Austin: U of Texas Press, 2002, 86,
1481:Extinct Indigenous peoples in Mexico
909:, Texas State Historical Association
903:Nancy P. Hickerson, "Jumano Indians"
50:Regions with significant populations
890:Flores (1991), "Bison Ecology", 473
802:Journal of Anthropological Research
655:George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey,
155:proposed that they merged into the
13:
1466:Indigenous peoples of Aridoamerica
558:
14:
1502:
896:
1471:Native American history of Texas
985:
766:. University of Oklahoma Press.
717:The Journal of American History,
622:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1476:Native American tribes in Texas
992:Native American tribes in Texas
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760:Anderson, Gary Clayton (1999).
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616:Anderson, Gary Clayton (1999).
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446:Diego de Guadalajara expedition
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1486:Extinct Native American tribes
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439:advancing from the north, and
405:Sister Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
1:
1392:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
919:Frederick Webb Hodge (1910).
913:"Lands of the Jumano Indians"
488:
346:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
796:Hickerson, Nancy P. (1990).
532:Newcomb, William W. (2002).
7:
55:West Texas, Northern Mexico
10:
1507:
1016:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe
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312:The Spanish identified as
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352:at the headwaters of the
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907:Handbook of Texas Online
879:Handbook of Texas Online
863:Bolton, Herbert Eugene.
814:10.1086/jar.46.1.3630394
517:Nancy Potter Hickerson,
542:2027/heb.03714.0001.001
162:
915:, Texas Beyond History
786:Anderson (1999), p. 20
396:
249:, the junction of the
120:, especially near the
1114:Historical Indigenous
1021:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
505:The Indiana Southwest
394:
268:The Spanish explorer
86:Related ethnic groups
1031:Indigenous languages
1000:Federally recognized
852:The Indian Southwest
686:Kelley, J. Charles,
272:first used the term
153:Frederick Webb Hodge
81:, Roman Catholicism
79:Indigenous religion
24:
943:The Jumano Indians
922:The Jumano Indians
699:Carroll L. Riley,
642:Kreiger, Alex D.,
589:Hickerson (1994),
397:
22:
1453:
1452:
1011:Alabama–Coushatta
948:Project Gutenberg
773:978-0-8061-3111-5
629:978-0-8061-3111-5
293:as being Jumano.
270:Antonio de Espejo
122:Junta de los Rios
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1241:Coahuiltecan
1222:Lower Nasoni
1141:Lipan Apache
1085:Tamaulipecan
1060:Coahuiltecan
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927:. Retrieved
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808:(1): 67–90.
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475:detribalized
471:
468:18th century
458:Juan Sabeata
449:
433:Lipan Apache
430:
427:17th century
409:
398:
387:16th century
371:
367:Concho River
362:Gran Quivira
354:Brazos River
343:
330:
326:Gran Quivira
321:
317:
313:
311:
295:
291:Pecos, Texas
273:
267:
263:Great Plains
241:
237:ethnogenesis
222:
218:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
141:oral history
138:
105:
103:
68:(unattested)
19:Ethnic group
1194:Kadohadacho
713:Flores, Dan
591:The Jumanos
479:Black Hills
302:Patarabueye
287:Pecos River
225:Uto-Aztecan
1460:Categories
1206:Nacogdoche
1090:Tanpachoan
935:, also at:
850:Anderson,
606:, 2001, 25
593:, pp. xiii
503:Anderson,
489:References
255:Rio Grande
233:Athabascan
114:New Mexico
1287:Karankawa
1245:Ervipiame
1218:Nanatsoho
1198:Nabedache
929:25 August
838:163215598
822:0091-7710
575:13 August
91:possibly
60:Languages
1404:Tawakoni
1382:Tomoacas
1357:Saracuam
1347:Pulacuam
1267:Comanche
1145:Querecho
1100:Tonkawan
1065:Cotoname
1045:Atacapan
283:Cholomes
247:La Junta
149:Comanche
126:Big Bend
73:Religion
1418:Yojuane
1400:Taovaya
1387:Tonkawa
1377:Tilijae
1367:Tamique
1362:Semonam
1327:Papanac
1322:Pampopa
1317:Paguame
1282:Jumanos
1261:Xarames
1249:Pajalat
1230:Nechaui
1186:Hasinai
1172:Deadose
1164:Akokisa
1156:Atakapa
1151:Aranama
1105:Wichita
1075:Pakawan
1050:Borrado
1040:Araname
854:, p. 18
830:3630394
507:, p. 24
454:Wichita
450:Cuitaos
441:drought
421:Conchos
417:Tobosos
413:Julimes
382:History
358:Wichita
331:salinas
322:salinas
318:Ximenas
314:Humanas
306:nomadic
279:Julimes
130:Spanish
106:Jumanos
97:Wichita
1396:Kichai
1342:Patiri
1332:Pastia
1307:Pachal
1302:Mayeye
1297:Kohani
1291:Copano
1272:Decose
1257:Sijame
1253:Payaya
1214:Nadaco
1210:Nacono
1202:Nabiti
1190:Hainai
1182:Eyeish
1160:Akokna
1137:Apache
1080:Solano
1070:Garzan
1002:tribes
836:
828:
820:
770:
626:
548:
419:, and
339:Apache
274:Jumano
231:, and
229:Tanoan
215:Enigma
207:, and
205:Xumano
197:Humano
189:Sumana
177:Humana
173:Xumana
169:Jumana
145:Apache
118:Mexico
93:Apache
23:Jumano
1372:Teyas
1337:Pasxa
1312:Pacoa
1226:Neche
1178:Caddo
1168:Bidai
1132:Anxau
1055:Caddo
834:S2CID
826:JSTOR
483:Kiowa
462:Caddo
350:Teyas
335:Kiowa
298:bison
289:near
201:Juman
193:Chome
185:Xoman
181:Umana
110:Texas
1408:Waco
1352:Sana
1277:Emet
1127:Adai
1095:Tiwa
931:2012
818:ISSN
768:ISBN
624:ISBN
577:2024
546:ISBN
435:and
253:and
209:Xume
163:Name
946:at
810:doi
538:hdl
316:or
257:at
147:or
136:.
104:The
1462::
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1398:,
1259:,
1255:,
1251:,
1247:,
1228:,
1224:,
1220:,
1216:,
1212:,
1208:,
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1192:,
1188:,
1184:,
1170:,
1166:,
1162:,
1143:,
905:,
832:.
824:.
816:.
806:46
804:.
800:.
568:.
544:.
496:^
485:.
415:,
407:.
227:,
211:.
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
171:,
159:.
151:.
112:,
95:,
1414:)
1394:(
1293:)
1289:(
1263:)
1243:(
1232:)
1180:(
1174:)
1158:(
1147:)
1139:(
977:e
970:t
963:v
933:.
840:.
812::
776:.
632:.
579:.
554:.
540::
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