230:
518:
1199:
504:
935:
869:
571:
128:
993:
828:
66:
25:
1055:
416:
1178:
the peoples. Scholars have not determined when the peoples were connected so that the common linguistic elements could have developed. The earliest traditions and historical notices of the Kiowa record them migrating from the north and west, to the territory now associated with the tribal nation. Today this area is within the modern states of
1177:
The prehistory of the Kiowa people is little known. As a result, the history is obscure about the separation of the members of this language family into two groups ('Puebloan' and 'Plains') with radically distinct lifestyles. There is apparently no oral tradition of any ancient connection between
1516:
has not been found in stem-initial position and thus is in parentheses above. Hale reconstructs the nasalization feature for nasal vowels. Vowel quality and prosodic features like vowel length, tone, and stress have not yet been reconstructed for the Tanoan family. Hale (1967) gives certain sets of
1149:
of the Plains are culturally quite distinct from the Tiwa, Tewa, and Towa pueblos, which obscured somewhat the linguistic connection between
Tanoans and Kiowans. Linguists now accept that a Tanoan family without Kiowa would be
2633:
The data here is from Hale (1967), which in turn is gathered from G. Trager's publications (for Taos), Harrington's publications (for Kiowa), Dozier in personal communication to Hale (for Tewa), and Hale's own fieldwork on
6139:
5165:
1170:
is now commonly used for the language family as a whole, with Tanoan being the branch that contains the languages now spoken in New Mexico and
Arizona (i.e.
5156:
557:, which is a related language, is now spoken mostly in southwestern Oklahoma. The Kiowa historically inhabited areas of modern-day Texas and Oklahoma.
1154:, as any ancestor of the Pueblo languages would be ancestral to Kiowa as well. Kiowa may be closer to Towa than Towa is to Tiwa–Tewa. In older texts,
6149:
6045:
5021:
3123:
2945:
Trager, George L. (1967). The Tanoan settlement of the Rio Grande area: A possible chronology. In D. H. Hymes & W. E. Bittle (Eds.),
2716:
Ford, Richard I.; Schroeder, Albert H.; & Peckham, Stewart L. (1972). Three perspectives on
Puebloan prehistory. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
6144:
3018:
2599:
The null set symbol ∅ represents the lack of a consonant, i.e. the reconstructed proto-sound was deleted in the daughter language.
5149:
192:
5169:
2777:
Hill, Jane H. (2002). Toward a linguistic prehistory of the
Southwest: "Azteco-Tanoan" and the arrival of maize cultivation.
164:
4536:
4117:
420:
Distribution of Tanoan languages before
European contact. The Pueblo languages are at the left; the nomadic Kiowa at right.
4646:
6018:
171:
3618:
6098:
5142:
4803:
2849:
2841:
2656:
1112:
1094:
1036:
974:
952:
916:
890:
855:
841:
618:
592:
462:
291:
273:
251:
211:
145:
109:
52:
38:
2185:
1018:
898:
600:
244:
91:
6154:
4779:
4018:
178:
6185:
5548:
5517:
3937:
3873:
3116:
2571:
1145:
into the family was at first controversial given the cultural differences between those groups. The once-nomadic
4550:
3792:
3011:
1003:
956:
894:
596:
149:
76:
4301:
2788:
Hill, Jane H. (2008). Northern Uto-Aztecan and Kiowa–Tanoan: Evidence of contact between the proto-Languages?
5134:
5016:
4663:
3798:
3623:
3409:
3403:
3327:
2680:
Davis, Irvine. (1979). The Kiowa–Tanoan, Keresan, and Zuni languages. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.),
2567:
160:
2985:
Wendorf, Fred; & Reed, Erik K. (1955). An alternative reconstruction of northern Rio Grande prehistory.
5026:
5011:
4710:
4011:
3998:
3769:
3730:
2612:
2587:
2579:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2486:
2475:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1512:
1506:
1492:
1472:
1463:
1439:
1434:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
5866:
5006:
5000:
4785:
4058:
3976:
3949:
3653:
3643:
2947:
Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics: Meaning and history in the languages of the
American Southwest
6180:
6103:
5484:
4572:
4233:
4030:
3828:
3688:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3344:
3109:
1210:
1076:
1065:
1072:
6175:
4984:
4791:
4767:
4742:
4715:
4698:
3708:
3663:
3633:
3606:
3177:
3132:
3004:
1521:
6113:
5964:
5946:
5609:
5192:
5031:
4838:
4475:
4463:
4295:
3357:
3350:
3166:
2723:
Foster, Michael K. (1999). Language and the culture history of North
America. In I. Goddard (Ed.),
879:
581:
388:
238:
4036:
3961:
3364:
3314:
1014:
945:
883:
585:
138:
87:
5940:
5898:
5707:
5673:
5391:
5050:
4898:
4693:
4469:
4422:
4052:
3969:
3628:
3612:
3420:
3321:
3184:
3160:
3065:
2624:
This consonant is transcribed as a palatalized in Hale (1967) and palatalized in Hale (1962).
255:
4688:
185:
6108:
6054:
5973:
5951:
5592:
5474:
5096:
4994:
4683:
4486:
4276:
4265:
4227:
3834:
3808:
3713:
3703:
3386:
3302:
3153:
1233:
as reconstructed by Hale (1967) based on consonant correspondences in stem-initial position.
847:
550:(with one outlier in Arizona). These were the first languages collectively given the name of
44:
6006:
5999:
4797:
4522:
2866:(Part 1, pp. 669–701). Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 30). Washington, D.C.
5933:
5781:
5347:
5313:
5071:
4828:
4636:
4609:
4592:
4560:
4458:
4172:
4097:
4024:
3803:
3780:
3752:
3683:
3594:
3375:
3059:
763:
4956:
2774:. Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 84). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
1010:
83:
8:
6118:
5957:
5915:
5855:
5834:
5628:
5564:
5507:
5455:
5440:
5413:
5381:
5197:
4848:
4752:
4652:
4641:
4603:
4582:
4480:
4439:
4214:
4196:
4190:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4064:
4047:
3786:
3452:
3439:
3333:
3283:
3140:
1454:
1394:
2799:
Kinkade, M. Dale; & Powell, J. V. (1976). Language and prehistory of North
America.
6029:
5985:
5909:
5809:
5795:
5725:
5615:
5431:
5375:
5368:
5279:
5263:
4762:
4757:
4747:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4704:
4673:
4668:
4621:
4615:
4566:
4511:
4434:
4318:
4282:
4243:
4185:
3992:
3987:
3698:
3457:
3426:
3392:
3380:
3339:
3214:
2730:
Hale, Kenneth L. (1962). Jemez and Kiowa correspondences in reference to Kiowa–Tanoan.
5252:
4859:
4822:
2934:
Trager, George L. (1951). Linguistic history and ethnologic history in the
Southwest.
406:
6093:
6035:
5788:
5771:
5746:
5732:
5587:
5450:
5445:
5407:
5290:
4773:
4678:
4658:
4597:
4577:
4288:
4249:
4220:
4208:
4145:
4091:
4069:
4042:
3982:
3955:
3774:
3735:
3725:
3693:
3566:
3492:
3474:
3468:
3370:
3288:
3202:
2845:
2837:
2652:
1279:
1272:
346:
4864:
4853:
4833:
3171:
6123:
6068:
6061:
5979:
5920:
5848:
5841:
5760:
5718:
5641:
5622:
5597:
5558:
5537:
5531:
5494:
5401:
5299:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5210:
5081:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4880:
4874:
4843:
4736:
4631:
4555:
4493:
4445:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4341:
4325:
4255:
4238:
4179:
4073:
4005:
3916:
3883:
3851:
3747:
3719:
3668:
3589:
3573:
3559:
3541:
3534:
3520:
3480:
3462:
3446:
3432:
3254:
3237:
3053:
2759:
Harrington, J. P. (1910). On phonetic and lexic resemblances in Kiowan and Tanoan.
2752:
Hale, Kenneth L. (1979). Historical linguistics and archeology. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1248:
1243:
721:
433:
4921:
4869:
3861:
5926:
5883:
5876:
5753:
5739:
5689:
5603:
5578:
5501:
5467:
5461:
5358:
5324:
5224:
5186:
5076:
4951:
4936:
4905:
4626:
4587:
4452:
4398:
4270:
4132:
3898:
3893:
3758:
3673:
3554:
3547:
3527:
3509:
3414:
3397:
3196:
2905:
Reed, Erik K. (1949). Sources of upper Rio Grande Pueblo culture and population.
1260:
340:
5992:
5824:
5802:
5655:
5634:
5526:
5420:
5340:
5333:
5272:
5217:
5086:
4946:
4915:
4886:
4517:
4403:
4386:
4336:
4331:
4202:
4139:
3909:
3903:
3823:
3818:
3764:
3741:
3486:
3308:
3265:
3248:
3242:
3220:
3208:
3092:
3048:
3043:
3038:
1524:
initial consonants in Proto-Tanoan and its reflexes in the daughter languages.
1230:
1142:
683:
669:
653:
554:
531:
378:
358:
5164:
6169:
5696:
5662:
5648:
5306:
5203:
4970:
4910:
4892:
4408:
4392:
4346:
4103:
3923:
3888:
3878:
3856:
3813:
3678:
3259:
3191:
3077:
3070:
1267:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
790:
746:
705:
539:
535:
517:
371:
364:
323:
3101:
2741:
Hale, Kenneth L. (1967). Toward a reconstruction of Kiowa–Tanoan phonology.
3867:
2974:
Wendorf, Fred. (1954). A reconstruction of northern Rio Grande prehistory.
2963:
Trager, George L.; & Trager, Edith
Crowell. (1959). Kiowa and Tanoan.
2689:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
1146:
2923:
Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages.
2893:
Proceedings of the 22nd annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
2891:
Nichols, Lynn. (1996). Toward a reconstruction of Kiowa–Tanoan ablaut. In
2669:
Davis, Irvine. (1959). Linguistic cues to northern Rio Grande prehistory.
2662:
Cordell, Linda A. (1979). Prehistory: Eastern Anasazi. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1166:
as signifying several peoples who share a culture, the more explicit term
2869:
Newman, Stanley S. (1954). American Indian linguistics in the Southwest.
1355:
1198:
3514:
2705:
Ellis, Florence Hawley. (1967). Where did the Pueblo people come from?
2649:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
1429:
959: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
547:
480:
479:, is a family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples in present-day
2902:(Vol. 9, pp. 108–130). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2756:(Vol. 9, pp. 170–177). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2727:(Vol. 17, pp. 64–110). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2702:(Vol. 9, pp. 224–235). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2682:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
2666:(Vol. 9, pp. 131–151). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
1479:
1171:
1151:
400:
2898:
Plog, Fred. (1979). Prehistory: Western Anasazi. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
2857:
17th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1895-1896
1021:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
934:
868:
570:
503:
127:
94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2996:
1255:
1183:
1162:
were used interchangeably. Because of the cultural use of the name
488:
2821:
Miller, Wick R. (1959). A note on Kiowa linguistic affiliations.
814:
Kiowa–Towa might form an intermediate branch, as might Tiwa–Tewa.
631:
The Tanoan language family has seven languages in four branches:
2880:
Nichols, Lynn. (1994). Subordination and ablaut in Kiowa–Tanoan.
2855:
Mooney, James. (1898). Calendar history of the Kiowa Indians. In
2467:"to break" (in Taos, Tewa, Jemez), "to sever several" (in Kiowa)
2189:
2952:
Trager, George L. (1969). Taos and Picuris: How long separated.
2327:"sand" (in Taos), "ground" (in Tewa, Kiowa), "space" (in Jemez)
5110:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5091:
4989:
2698:
Eggan, Fred. (1979). Pueblos: Introduction. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1285:
543:
484:
2720:(pp. 19–39). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
454:
2198:
Cognate sets demonstrating initial consonant correspondences
1179:
492:
415:
1530:
Initial consonants in proto-language and daughter languages
448:
439:
2684:(pp. 390–443). Austin: University of North Texas.
1229:
The chart below contains the consonants of the Tanoan
1125:
Tanoan has long been recognized as a major family of
1075:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
463:
445:
2862:
Mooney, James. (1907). Kiowa. In F. W. Hodge (Ed.),
2687:
Dozier, Edward P. (1954). The Hopi-Tewa of Arizona.
766:
436:
442:
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1186:, which they occupied from the late 18th century.
509:Historical distribution of Pueblo Tanoan languages
6167:
2607:
2605:
2184:As can be seen in the above table, a number of
523:Current distribution of Pueblo Tanoan languages
5865:
2545:"song" (in Taos, Jemez), "to sing" (in Kiowa)
5150:
3131:
3117:
3012:
2954:International Journal of American Linguistics
2936:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
2900:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
2790:International Journal of American Linguistics
2754:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
2743:International Journal of American Linguistics
2732:International Journal of American Linguistics
2725:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
2700:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
2664:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
2602:
5120:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2859:(Part 1, pp. 129–445). Washington, D.C.
2810:Leap, William L. (1971). Who were the Piro?
2615:varies between post-alveolar and alveolar .
2192:sets supporting the above are listed below:
6044:
897:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
856:Learn how and when to remove these messages
599:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
451:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5157:
5143:
3124:
3110:
3019:
3005:
2188:have occurred in the different languages.
5166:Indigenous language families and isolates
2836:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1095:Learn how and when to remove this message
1037:Learn how and when to remove this message
975:Learn how and when to remove this message
917:Learn how and when to remove this message
619:Learn how and when to remove this message
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:North American aboriginal language family
5770:
1071:Relevant discussion may be found on the
237:This article includes a list of general
1189:
6168:
2949:(pp. 335–350). The Hague: Mouton.
5138:
3105:
3000:
2834:The languages of Native North America
2651:. New York: Oxford University Press.
656:, (Cáuijògà/cáuijò:gyà): 20 speakers
3026:
1520:The following table illustrates the
1193:
1048:
986:
957:adding citations to reliable sources
928:
895:adding citations to reliable sources
862:
821:
597:adding citations to reliable sources
564:
542:– are spoken in the Native American
223:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
2779:Journal of Anthropological Research
13:
243:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
6197:
2570:phonetic symbols differ from the
837:This section has multiple issues.
34:This article has multiple issues.
2918:The archaeology of North America
2882:Southwest Journal of Linguistics
2772:Vocabulary of the Kiowa language
1197:
1053:
991:
933:
867:
826:
569:
534:(Taos, Picuris, Southern Tiwa),
516:
502:
432:
414:
228:
126:
64:
23:
2718:New perspectives on the Pueblos
2641:
1517:vowel quality correspondences.
944:needs additional citations for
845:or discuss these issues on the
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2627:
2618:
2593:
2560:
1:
2920:. New York: The Viking Press.
2864:Handbook of American Indians
560:
7:
2812:Anthropological Linguistics
1017:the claims made and adding
345:One of the world's primary
90:the claims made and adding
10:
6202:
2832:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
2770:Harrington, J. P. (1928).
1549:
672:(or Towa): 3,000 speakers
6132:
6086:
6017:
5897:
5823:
5706:
5672:
5577:
5547:
5516:
5483:
5430:
5390:
5357:
5323:
5289:
5262:
5176:
5105:
5064:
5041:
4980:
4969:
4813:
4546:
4535:
4503:
4430:
4421:
4310:
4127:
4116:
4083:
3945:
3936:
3844:
3602:
3588:
3502:
3297:
3279:
3230:
3148:
3139:
3133:Primary language families
3086:
3034:
2176:
2137:
2132:
2110:
2105:
2039:
2022:
2000:
1995:
1973:
1929:
1912:
1885:
1875:
1851:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1797:
1792:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1651:
1621:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1478:
1453:
1428:
1278:
1240:
1129:languages, consisting of
788:
760:
744:
719:
703:
696:
688:
667:
651:
644:
413:
399:
387:
352:
341:Linguistic classification
339:
329:
316:
311:
306:
3950:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2647:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
2611:Taos (and also Picuris)
2553:
530:Most of the languages –
5117:have no living members.
2976:American Anthropologist
2965:American Anthropologist
2871:American Anthropologist
2823:American Anthropologist
2761:American Anthropologist
817:
258:more precise citations.
6186:Pueblo linguistic area
6150:Unclassified languages
5097:Unclassified languages
5051:list of sign languages
4019:Northeastern Tasmanian
2925:Studies in Linguistics
2916:Snow, Dean R. (1976).
2355:first person singular
5072:Constructed languages
1510:comes from prefixes;
3619:Binanderean–Goilalan
2186:phonological mergers
1190:Historical phonology
1064:factual accuracy is
953:improve this article
891:improve this section
593:improve this section
146:improve this article
6099:Algonquian–Wakashan
4901:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4804:Tequiraca–Canichana
4647:Harákmbut–Katukinan
3410:Northwest Caucasian
3404:Northeast Caucasian
3328:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2304:*d (+ Ṽ)
2278:*d (+ V)
2199:
1702:before nasal vowel
1531:
1141:. The inclusion of
6087:Proposed groupings
5177:Language families
4523:Tarascan/Purépecha
4012:Northern Tasmanian
3770:South Bougainville
3731:North Bougainville
2197:
1657:before oral vowel
1529:
1209:. You can help by
1002:possibly contains
161:"Tanoan languages"
75:possibly contains
6181:Language families
6163:
6162:
6145:Extinct languages
6082:
6081:
6078:
6077:
5893:
5892:
5819:
5818:
5573:
5572:
5549:Takelma–Kalapuyan
5132:
5131:
5082:Language isolates
5060:
5059:
4965:
4964:
4531:
4530:
4417:
4416:
4112:
4111:
4059:Western Tasmanian
3977:Eastern Tasmanian
3932:
3931:
3654:East Geelvink Bay
3584:
3583:
3275:
3274:
3099:
3098:
3093:extinct languages
2801:World Archaeology
2584:⟨ʒ⟩
2576:⟨c⟩
2549:
2548:
2214: Kiowa
2180:
2179:
1504:The evidence for
1500:
1499:
1397:
1358:
1322:
1288:
1227:
1226:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1004:original research
985:
984:
977:
927:
926:
919:
860:
811:
810:
802:
801:
793:: 1,600 speakers
777:
776:
749:: 1,600 speakers
733:
732:
629:
628:
621:
425:
424:
347:language families
302:
301:
294:
284:
283:
276:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
77:original research
57:
6193:
6176:Tanoan languages
6155:Linguistic areas
6042:
6041:
5863:
5862:
5768:
5767:
5481:
5480:
5260:
5259:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5136:
5135:
4978:
4977:
4932:Huaorani/Waorani
4816:(extant in 2000)
4780:Esmeralda–Yaruro
4551:Andoque–Urequena
4544:
4543:
4428:
4427:
4234:Plateau Penutian
4125:
4124:
4100:(Northern Daly?)
3943:
3942:
3829:Northwest Papuan
3793:Trans–New Guinea
3659:East New Britain
3634:Central Solomons
3600:
3599:
3345:Great Andamanese
3295:
3294:
3146:
3145:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3028:Tanoan languages
3021:
3014:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2564:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2488:
2477:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2211: Towa
2208: Tewa
2205: Tiwa
2200:
2196:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1532:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1494:
1474:
1465:
1441:
1436:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1238:
1237:
1222:
1219:
1201:
1194:
1118:
1111:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:reliably sourced
1057:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:inline citations
995:
994:
987:
980:
973:
969:
966:
960:
937:
929:
922:
915:
911:
908:
902:
871:
863:
852:
830:
829:
822:
768:
699:
698:
691:
690:
647:
646:
641:
635:
634:
624:
617:
613:
610:
604:
573:
565:
520:
506:
467:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
418:
409:
395:
304:
303:
297:
290:
279:
272:
268:
265:
259:
254:this article by
245:inline citations
232:
231:
224:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
92:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6128:
6074:
6040:
6022:linguistic area
6021:
6013:
5902:linguistic area
5901:
5889:
5861:
5815:
5766:
5711:linguistic area
5710:
5702:
5676:linguistic area
5675:
5668:
5569:
5543:
5512:
5479:
5426:
5386:
5353:
5319:
5285:
5258:
5178:
5172:
5163:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5101:
5087:Mixed languages
5056:
5037:
4972:
4961:
4815:
4809:
4664:Katembri–Taruma
4538:
4527:
4499:
4413:
4306:
4119:
4108:
4079:
3928:
3840:
3799:Turama–Kikorian
3709:Lower Mamberamo
3664:East Strickland
3592:
3580:
3498:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3226:
3135:
3130:
3100:
3095:
3082:
3030:
3025:
2993:(5/6), 131–173.
2971:(6), 1078–1083.
2644:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2583:
2582:⟩, Amer
2575:
2565:
2561:
2556:
1266:
1254:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1207:needs expansion
1192:
1119:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1070:
1062:This section's
1058:
1054:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1008:
996:
992:
981:
970:
964:
961:
950:
938:
923:
912:
906:
903:
888:
872:
831:
827:
820:
812:
803:
778:
734:
724:: 225 speakers
708:: 800 speakers
694:Northern
642:
639:
625:
614:
608:
605:
590:
574:
563:
528:
527:
526:
525:
524:
521:
512:
511:
510:
507:
465:
435:
431:
421:
405:
393:
332:
331:Native speakers
318:
298:
287:
286:
285:
280:
269:
263:
260:
250:Please help to
249:
233:
229:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
143:
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6199:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6140:Classification
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6114:Macro-Chibchan
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6050:
6048:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6025:
6023:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5949:
5947:Tequistlatecan
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5905:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5880:
5872:
5870:
5860:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5830:
5828:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5775:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5712:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5610:Tequistlatecan
5607:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5552:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5488:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5397:
5395:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5362:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5012:Indo-Pakistani
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4711:Piaroa–Saliban
4708:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4478:
4476:Tequistlatecan
4473:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4003:
3999:Marrku–Wurrugu
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3358:Hurro-Urartian
3354:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2983:
2972:
2961:
2950:
2943:
2932:
2921:
2914:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2878:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2830:
2819:
2808:
2797:
2786:
2775:
2768:
2757:
2750:
2739:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2703:
2696:
2685:
2678:
2667:
2660:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2617:
2601:
2592:
2586:= IPA ⟨
2578:= IPA ⟨
2558:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1231:proto-language
1225:
1224:
1204:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1121:
1120:
1103:
1102:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1044:
999:
997:
990:
983:
982:
941:
939:
932:
925:
924:
875:
873:
866:
861:
835:
834:
832:
825:
819:
816:
809:
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
796:
795:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
770:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
731:
730:
727:
726:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
702:
697:
695:
689:
687:
679:
678:
675:
674:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
650:
645:
643:
638:
633:
627:
626:
577:
575:
568:
562:
559:
522:
515:
514:
513:
508:
501:
500:
499:
498:
497:
423:
422:
419:
411:
410:
403:
397:
396:
391:
385:
384:
383:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
350:
349:
343:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
326:
320:
314:
313:
309:
308:
300:
299:
282:
281:
236:
234:
227:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6198:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:Calusa–Tunica
5864:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5170:North America
5167:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5148:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Original Thai
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:Hibito–Cholón
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4302:Yuman–Cochimí
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4037:Southern Daly
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:Darwin Region
3959:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Demta–Sentani
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:Indo-European
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:Austroasiatic
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Southern Tiwa
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:(2), 200–227.
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2960:(2), 180–182.
2959:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2913:(6), 163–184.
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2877:(4), 626–634.
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:0-521-29875-X
2847:
2843:
2842:0-521-23228-7
2839:
2835:
2831:
2829:(1), 102–105.
2828:
2824:
2820:
2818:(7), 321–330.
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2796:(2), 155–188.
2795:
2791:
2787:
2785:(4), 457–476.
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2767:(1), 119–123.
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2749:(2), 112–120.
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2695:(3), 259–376.
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:0-19-509427-1
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2621:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2573:
2569:
2566:The original
2563:
2559:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1552:Proto-Tanoan
1535:Proto-Tanoan
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:reconstructed
1518:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1205:This section
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1114:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:This section
998:
989:
988:
979:
976:
968:
958:
954:
948:
947:
942:This section
940:
936:
931:
930:
921:
918:
910:
900:
896:
892:
886:
885:
881:
876:This section
874:
870:
865:
864:
859:
857:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
833:
824:
823:
815:
807:
806:
798:
797:
794:
792:
786:
785:
782:
781:
773:
772:
769:
765:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
748:
747:Southern Tiwa
742:
741:
738:
737:
729:
728:
725:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
707:
701:
700:
693:
692:
685:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
671:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
655:
649:
648:
637:
636:
632:
623:
620:
612:
602:
598:
594:
588:
587:
583:
578:This section
576:
572:
567:
566:
558:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
519:
505:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:
459:
429:
417:
412:
408:
404:
402:
398:
392:
390:
386:
381:
380:
376:
374:
373:
369:
367:
366:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
351:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
328:
325:
324:North America
321:
315:
310:
305:
296:
293:
278:
275:
267:
257:
253:
247:
246:
240:
235:
226:
225:
216:
213:
205:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:February 2021
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6104:Aztec–Tanoan
6067:
6060:
6055:Guanahatabey
6053:
6046:Pre-Arawakan
6028:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5972:
5963:
5956:
5941:Oto-Manguean
5939:
5932:
5925:
5908:
5899:Mesoamerican
5882:
5875:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:Coahuiltecan
5695:
5688:
5683:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5621:
5614:
5602:
5557:
5536:
5518:Coast Oregon
5500:
5493:
5460:
5419:
5412:
5400:
5392:Macro-Siouan
5374:
5367:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5278:
5271:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5185:
5179:and isolates
5121:
5114:
5113:Families in
5048:
4999:
4897:
4885:
4735:
4703:
4694:Pano-Tacanan
4651:
4614:
4602:
4573:Arutani–Sape
4565:
4510:
4492:
4485:
4470:Oto-Manguean
4468:
4451:
4444:
4391:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4324:
4317:
4294:
4287:
4275:
4260:
4248:
4226:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4138:
4131:
4090:
4057:
4053:Western Daly
4031:Pama–Nyungan
4029:
4017:
4010:
3997:
3975:
3970:Eastern Daly
3968:
3960:
3915:
3791:
3779:
3757:
3740:
3718:
3689:Kaure–Kosare
3649:Doso–Turumsa
3639:Chimbu–Wahgi
3629:Bulaka River
3613:Austronesian
3611:
3572:
3565:
3546:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3421:Sino-Tibetan
3419:
3402:
3385:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3332:
3322:Austronesian
3320:
3313:
3301:
3247:
3185:Nilo-Saharan
3183:
3176:
3161:Austronesian
3159:
3152:
3088:
3058:
3044:Jemez (Towa)
3027:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:(1), 83-100.
2804:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2648:
2642:Bibliography
2629:
2620:
2595:
2562:
2183:
1572:environment
1519:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1228:
1215:
1211:adding to it
1206:
1176:
1172:Arizona Tewa
1168:Kiowa–Tanoan
1167:
1163:
1160:Kiowa–Tanoan
1159:
1155:
1152:paraphyletic
1147:Kiowa people
1124:
1109:
1091:
1082:
1063:
1033:
1024:
1001:
971:
962:
951:Please help
946:verification
943:
913:
904:
889:Please help
877:
853:
846:
840:
839:Please help
836:
813:
789:
761:
745:
720:
704:
668:
652:
640:Tanoan
630:
615:
606:
591:Please help
579:
551:
529:
477:Tanoan–Kiowa
476:
473:Kiowa–Tanoan
472:
427:
426:
389:Linguasphere
377:
370:
363:
353:Subdivisions
319:distribution
312:Kiowa–Tanoan
288:
270:
261:
242:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
6109:Macro-Mayan
5974:Uto-Aztecan
5952:Totozoquean
5782:Coahuilteco
5593:Palaihnihan
5475:Tsimshianic
5007:Germanosign
4911:Mura-Pirahã
4792:Lule–Vilela
4768:Bora-Witoto
4743:Uru–Chipaya
4716:Ticuna–Yuri
4699:Peba–Yaguan
4684:Nambikwaran
4487:Uto-Aztecan
4423:Mesoamerica
4277:Uto-Aztecan
4266:Tsimshianic
4228:Palaihnihan
4098:Malak-Malak
3835:Papuan Gulf
3809:West Papuan
3714:Lower Sepik
3704:Lakes Plain
3607:Arai–Samaia
3595:the Pacific
3303:Afroasiatic
3178:Niger–Congo
3154:Afroasiatic
2713:(3), 35–43.
2677:(3), 73–84.
2568:Americanist
2519:"antelope"
2439:"to drink"
2245:"to bring"
2217:meaning(s)
1356:glottalized
256:introducing
6170:Categories
5965:Mixe–Zoque
5934:Misumalpan
5856:Chitimacha
5348:Algonquian
5314:Athabaskan
5193:Yuki–Wappo
5001:Francosign
4849:Chiquitano
4829:Alacalufan
4637:Guaicuruan
4610:Chapacuran
4593:Cahuapanan
4561:Araucanian
4464:Mixe–Zoque
4459:Misumalpan
4173:Comecrudan
4025:Nyulnyulan
3804:Upper Yuat
3781:Torricelli
3753:Senu River
3684:Foja Range
3590:New Guinea
3515:Burushaski
3376:Kartvelian
3351:Hmong–Mien
3167:Khoe–Kwadi
2987:El Palacio
2942:, 341–343.
2931:(5), 1-10.
2907:El Palacio
2707:El Palacio
2671:El Palacio
1085:March 2021
1027:March 2021
1011:improve it
965:March 2021
907:March 2021
842:improve it
609:March 2021
548:New Mexico
481:New Mexico
317:Geographic
264:March 2021
239:references
202:March 2021
172:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
6119:Tolatecan
6019:Caribbean
6007:Alagüilac
6000:Purépecha
5986:Cuitlatec
5958:Totonacan
5916:Jicaquean
5835:Muskogean
5810:Mamulique
5796:Comecrudo
5726:Karankawa
5629:Jicaquean
5616:Chimariko
5565:Kalapuyan
5508:Sahaptian
5456:Yok-Utian
5441:Chinookan
5414:Iroquoian
5382:Chimakuan
5198:Chumashan
5032:Tanzanian
4973:languages
4870:Hodï/Joti
4814:Isolates
4753:Yanomaman
4689:Otomákoan
4653:Jirajaran
4642:Guajiboan
4604:Catacaoan
4583:Barbacoan
4512:Cuitlatec
4481:Totonacan
4440:Jicaquean
4319:Chimariko
4215:Muskogean
4197:Kalapuyan
4191:Iroquoian
4166:Chumashan
4159:Chinookan
4152:Chimakuan
4070:Yangmanic
4065:Worrorran
4048:Wagaydyic
3938:Australia
3787:Trans-Fly
3453:Yeniseian
3440:Tyrsenian
3334:Dravidian
3091:indicate
2738:(1), 1–5.
2590:⟩.
2411:"to say"
1569:consonant
1455:Fricative
1395:aspirated
1073:talk page
1015:verifying
878:does not
848:talk page
580:does not
561:Languages
401:Glottolog
88:verifying
45:talk page
6030:Arawakan
5910:Chibchan
5789:Cotoname
5747:Quinigua
5733:Maratino
5432:Penutian
5376:Wakashan
5369:Salishan
5280:Eskimoan
5264:Eskaleut
5065:See also
5042:Isolates
5017:Japanese
4957:Yuracaré
4839:Candoshi
4798:Macro-Jê
4763:Zaparoan
4758:Zamucoan
4748:Witotoan
4731:Tucanoan
4726:Tiniguan
4721:Timotean
4705:Quechuan
4674:Matacoan
4669:Mascoian
4659:Jivaroan
4622:Chibchan
4616:Charruan
4567:Arawakan
4504:Isolates
4435:Chibchan
4311:Isolates
4283:Wakashan
4244:Salishan
4186:Eskaleut
4092:Giimbiyu
4084:Isolates
3993:Jarrakan
3988:Iwaidjan
3845:Isolates
3699:Kutubuan
3567:Sumerian
3503:Isolates
3458:Yukaghir
3427:Tungusic
3393:Mongolic
3381:Koreanic
3340:Eskaleut
3231:Isolates
3215:Ubangian
2888:, 85–99.
2613:/tʃ,tʃʼ/
2574:: Amer.
2491:"liver"
1256:Fricated
1218:May 2008
1184:Oklahoma
1066:disputed
489:Oklahoma
471:), also
407:kiow1265
322:central
6094:Amerind
6069:Ciguayo
6062:Macorix
6036:Cariban
6010: ?
5869: ?
5849:Atakapa
5842:Natchez
5827: ?
5774: ?
5772:Pakawan
5761:Tonkawa
5719:Aranama
5674:Pueblo
5642:Salinan
5623:Esselen
5588:Shastan
5581: ?
5559:Takelma
5551: ?
5538:Siuslaw
5520: ?
5495:Klamath
5487: ?
5485:Plateau
5451:Maiduan
5446:Wintuan
5434: ?
5408:Caddoan
5394: ?
5361: ?
5300:Tlingit
5291:Na-Dene
5246:Waikuri
5239:Timucua
5232:Kutenai
5211:Beothuk
5115:italics
5092:Pidgins
5077:Creoles
5027:Swedish
4995:Chinese
4942:Urarina
4927:Puinave
4881:Itonama
4875:Irantxe
4844:Chimane
4774:Chimuan
4679:Nadahup
4598:Cariban
4578:Aymaran
4539:America
4381:Waikuri
4374:Tonkawa
4367:Timucua
4360:Takelma
4353:Siuslaw
4342:Kutenai
4326:Esselen
4289:Wintuan
4250:Shastan
4221:Na-Dene
4209:Maiduan
4146:Caddoan
4120:America
4074:Wagiman
4072:(incl.
4043:Tangkic
3983:Garawan
3956:Bunuban
3917:Tambora
3884:Maybrat
3852:Abinomn
3775:Teberan
3736:Pauwasi
3726:Mairasi
3694:Kiwaian
3574:Tambora
3560:Shompen
3542:Kusunda
3535:Kenaboi
3521:Elamite
3493:Siangic
3475:Kho-Bwa
3469:Hrusish
3387:Kra–Dai
3371:Japonic
3280:Eurasia
3255:Sandawe
3238:Bangime
3203:Songhay
3089:Italics
3054:Picuris
2844:(hbk);
2476:ˈtʃʼɑ̄-
2308:ˈnæ̃̄m-
2299:"fowl"
2273:"hand"
2269:mɔ̃ː-dɔ
2190:Cognate
1280:Plosive
1273:Glottal
1009:Please
899:removed
884:sources
722:Picuris
686:
601:removed
586:sources
552:Tanoan.
544:Pueblos
252:improve
186:scholar
82:Please
6124:Waroid
5980:Xincan
5921:Lencan
5884:Calusa
5877:Tunica
5754:Solano
5740:Naolan
5684:Tanoan
5598:Pomoan
5532:Coosan
5527:Alsean
5502:Molala
5462:Yokuts
5402:Siouan
5253:Pericú
5225:Cayuse
4990:BANZSL
4952:Yamana
4937:Trumai
4906:Movima
4860:Fulniô
4823:Aikanã
4737:Tupian
4632:Chonan
4556:Arauan
4494:Xincan
4446:Lencan
4399:Yokuts
4296:Yukian
4261:Tanoan
4256:Siouan
4239:Pomoan
4180:Coosan
4006:Mirndi
3899:Porome
3894:Pawaia
3748:Senagi
3720:Madang
3669:Eleman
3624:Border
3555:Nihali
3548:Minoan
3528:Hattic
3510:Basque
3481:Mijiic
3463:Digaro
3447:Uralic
3433:Turkic
3284:Europe
3141:Africa
2848:
2840:
2655:
2634:Jemez.
2383:"eye"
2292:délʔɨː
2254:mæ̃̀n-
1564:Kiowa
1547:Kiowa
1286:voiced
1268:Labial
1253:Apical
1249:Apical
1244:Labial
1164:Tanoan
1156:Tanoan
1137:, and
1127:Pueblo
682:
538:, and
491:, and
485:Kansas
428:Tanoan
335:~5,625
307:Tanoan
241:, but
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
6133:Lists
5993:Huave
5927:Mayan
5803:Garza
5690:Keres
5656:Washo
5635:Karuk
5604:Yuman
5579:Hokan
5468:Utian
5421:Yuchi
5359:Mosan
5341:Yurok
5334:Wiyot
5325:Algic
5273:Aleut
5218:Bidai
5187:Haida
4947:Warao
4916:Nukak
4887:Kunza
4865:Guató
4854:Cofán
4834:Camsá
4627:Choco
4588:Boran
4537:South
4518:Huave
4453:Mayan
4404:Yuchi
4387:Washo
4337:Karuk
4332:Haida
4271:Utian
4203:Keres
4140:Alsea
4133:Algic
4118:North
3910:Taiap
3904:Sulka
3759:Sepik
3674:Engan
3415:Ongan
3398:Nivkh
3266:Shabo
3249:Jalaa
3243:Hadza
3197:Mande
3039:Kiowa
2554:Notes
2500:tʼɑ́-
2487:tʼɔ-l
2472:*ts’
2448:ˈtʰɤ̄
2435:tʰõ-m
2416:*tsʰ
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