3618:
1037:
4165:
962:
2139:
4312:
1413:
1105:
3557:
3382:
1268:
4348:
732:
1121:
1687:
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was an important consideration as the life expectancy of a Ju 87 had been reduced (since 1941) from 9.5 months to 5.5 months to just 100 operational flying hours. On 26 October, Kupfer reported the Ju 87 could no longer survive in operations and that the Focke-Wulf Fw 190F should take its place. Milch finally agreed and ordered the minimal continuance of Ju 87 D-3 and D-5 production for a smooth transition period. In May 1944, production wound down. 78 Ju 87s were built in May and 69 rebuilt from damaged machines. In the next six months, 438 Ju 87 Ds and Gs were added to the Ju 87 force as new or repaired aircraft. It is unknown whether any Ju 87s were built from parts unofficially after
December 1944 and the end of production.
1760:
4324:
3662:
1723:. But this would delay production until the buildings and factories could be furnished with the machine tools. These tools were also in short supply, and the RLM hoped to purchase them from Switzerland and Italy. The Slovaks could provide 3,500–4,000 workers, but no technical personnel. The move would produce only another 25 machines per month at a time when demand was increasing. In October, production plans were dealt another blow when one of WFGs plants burned down, leaving a chronic shortage of tailwheels and undercarriage parts. Junkers director and member of the Luftwaffe industry council Carl Frytag reported that by January 1943 only 120 Ju 87s could be produced at Bremen and 230 at
1457:
1449:
1912:
931:(0.312 in) MG 17 machine guns in its wings, but two of these—one per side—were omitted due to weight concerns; the pair that remained were fed a total of 500 rounds of ammunition, stored in the design's characteristic transverse strut-braced, large-planform undercarriage "trousers", not used on the Ju 87B versions and onward. The pilot relied on the Revi C 21C gun sight for the two MG 17s. The gunner had a single 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 15, with 14 drums of ammunition, each containing 75 rounds. This represented a 150-round increase in this area over the Ju 87 A-0. The A-1 was also fitted with a larger 3.3 m (11 ft) propeller.
4107:
560:. This was accepted by the RLM as an interim solution. The reworking of the design began on 1 January 1936. The test flight could not be carried out for over two months due to a lack of adequate aircraft. The 24 January crash had already destroyed one machine. The second prototype was also beset by design problems. It had its twin stabilisers removed and a single tail fin installed due to fears over stability. Due to a shortage of engines, instead of a DB 600, a BMW "Hornet" engine was fitted. All these delays set back testing until 25 February 1936. By March 1936, the second prototype, the V2, was finally fitted with the
3609:, 1,208 Stuka sorties were flown against this small strip of land. The intense air attack, though causing horrific losses on Soviet units, failed to destroy them. The Luftwaffe's Stuka force made a maximum effort during this phase of the war. They flew an average of 500 sorties per day and caused heavy losses among Soviet forces, losing an average of only one Stuka per day. The Battle of Stalingrad marked the high point in the fortunes of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. As the strength of the Soviet Air Forces grew, they gradually wrested control of the skies from the Luftwaffe. From this point onward, Stuka losses increased.
1328:
built, increasing to 90 thereafter. Various production problems were encountered. One of the planned 48 was produced in July. Of the 25 the RLM hoped for in August 1941, none were delivered. In
September did the first two of the planned 102 Ju 87s came off the production lines. The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941. During this time, the WFG plant in Lemwerder moved production to Berlin. Over 165 Ju 87s had not been delivered and production was only 23 Ju 87 Ds per month out of the 40 expected. By the spring of 1942 to the end of production in 1944, 3,300 Ju 87s, mostly D-1s, D-2s and D-5s had been manufactured.
3885:
4360:
2412:
1312:
4048:
1215:
On 6 October 1939, with the war already underway, 120 of the planned Ju 87 Tr(C)s on order at that point were cancelled. Despite the cancellation, the tests continued using catapults. The Ju 87 C had a takeoff weight of 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) and a speed of 133 km/h (83 mph) on departure. The Ju 87 could be launched with a SC 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb and four SC 50 kg (110 lb) bombs under the fuselage. The C-1 was to have two MG 17s mounted in the wing with a MG 15 operated by the rear gunner. On 18 May 1940, production of the C-1 was switched to the R-1.
4336:
3981:
1790:
376:
3863:
3812:
4004:
3908:
851:. With 40%, vision vanished altogether from 7.5 g upwards and black-out sometimes occurred. Despite this blindness, the pilot could maintain consciousness and was capable of "bodily reactions". After more than three seconds, half the subjects passed out. The pilot would regain consciousness two or three seconds after the centrifugal forces had dropped below 3 g and had lasted no longer than three seconds. In a crouched position, pilots could withstand 7.5 g and were able to remain functional for a short duration. In this position, Junkers concluded that
3935:
1555:
necessary equipment, radios and dampeners was a requirement regardless of whether the aircraft was a production D-5 or a D-1 or 3 that had undergone wing changes. The change in designations due to conversions was not readily apparent, for with wing changes, the serial number and designation was applied to the fuselage by the manufacture which remained unaltered by wing changes. Some sub-contractors added an "N" designation (Nacht) for clarity on D-3 and 5s . Others added the roman numeral VII to the D-7s, perhaps to reflect that the aircraft was fitted with the
4071:
2937:
3468:. The dive bomber wing suffered only two losses on the opening day of Barbarossa. As a result of the Luftwaffe's attention, the Soviet Air Force in the western Soviet Union was nearly destroyed. The official report claimed 1,489 Soviet aircraft destroyed. Even Göring was unable to believe such a high total and ordered this checked. After picking their way through the wreckage across the front, Luftwaffe officers found that the tally exceeded 2,000. In the next two days, the Soviets reported the loss of another 1,922 aircraft.
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3840:
545:
4025:
38:
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and completely redesigned fuselage and landing gear, replacing the twin radio masts of the "A" version with a single mast mounted further forward on the "greenhouse" canopy, and much simpler, lighter-weight wheel "spats" used from the -B version onwards, discarding the transverse strut bracing of the "A" version's maingear design. This new design was again tested in Spain, and after proving its abilities there, production was ramped up to 60 per month. As a result, by the outbreak of
3641:. The Ju 87s participated in a huge aerial counter-offensive lasting from 16 to 31 July against a Soviet offensive at Khotynets and saved two German armies from encirclement, reducing the attacking Soviet 11th Guards Army to 33 tanks by 20 July. The Soviet offensive had been completely halted from the air although losses were considerable. Fliegerkorps VIII lost eight Ju 87s on 8 July, six on 9 July, six on 10 July and another eight on 11 July. The Stuka arm also lost eight of their
1772:
Lemwerder. Attacks throughout 1940-45 caused little lasting damage and succeeded only in damaging some Ju 87 airframes, in contrast to the Focke-Wulf plant in Bremen. At Berlin-Tempelhof, little delay or damage was caused to Ju 87 production, despite the heavy bombings and large-scale destruction inflicted on other targets. The WFG again went unscathed. The
Junkers factory at Dessau was heavily attacked, but not until Ju 87 production had ceased. The Ju 87 repair facility at the
4391:
795:(an altimeter equipped with an electrical contact which triggers at a preset altitude) came on to indicate the bomb-release point, usually at a minimum height of 450 m (1,480 ft). The pilot released the bomb and initiated the automatic pull-out mechanism by depressing a knob on the control column. An elongated U-shaped crutch located under the fuselage swung the bomb out of the way of the propeller, and the aircraft automatically began a 6
1117:
30 km/h (19 mph) slower than the Ju 87 B-1 and had a lower service ceiling. The Ju 87 R-2 had an increased range advantage of 360 km (220 mi). The R-3 and R-4 were the last R variants developed. Only a few were built. The R-3 was an experimental tug for gliders and had an expanded radio system so the crew could communicate with the glider crew by way of the tow rope. The R-4 differed from the R-2 in the Jumo 211J powerplant.
3787:
3958:
776:
1504:("cannon-bird"), as it was nicknamed, proved very successful in the hands of Stuka aces such as Rudel. The G-1 was converted from older D-series airframes, retaining the smaller wing, but without the dive brakes. The G-2 was similar to the G-1 except for use of the extended wing of the D-5. 208 G-2s were built and at least a further 22 more were converted from D-3 airframes. Only a handful of production Gs were committed in the
11518:
11546:
1097:, used by a wide variety of Luftwaffe aircraft through most of the war. This increased fuel capacity to 1,080 litres (290 US gal) (500 litres in main fuel tank of which 480 litres were usable + 600 litres from drop tanks). To prevent overload conditions, bomb carrying ability was often restricted to a single 250 kg (550 lb) bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel.
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tanks, 92 artillery batteries and 21 trains for the loss of 25 Ju 87s to hostile action. At the end of
Barbarossa, StG 1 had lost 60 Stukas in aerial combat and one on the ground. StG 2 lost 39 Ju 87s in the air and two on the ground, StG 77 lost 29 of their dive-bombers in the air and three on the ground (25 to enemy action). IV.(St)/LG1, operating from Norway, lost 24 Ju 87s, all in aerial combat.
3770:
largest concentration of German air power since 1940 and even in
February 1945 the Germans were able to achieve and challenge for air superiority on the Eastern Front. The air offensive was instrumental in saving Berlin, albeit only for three months. The effort exhausted German fuel reserves. The contribution of the Ju 87 was exemplified by Rudel, who claimed 13 enemy tanks on 8 February 1945.
1708:. Working around the clock, the shortfall was made good. WFG received an official commendation. By May 1942, demand increased further. Chief of Procurement General Walter Herthel found that each unit needed 100 Ju 87s as standard strength and an average of 20 per month to cover attrition. Not until June–December 1942 did production capacity increase, and 80 Ju 87s were produced per month.
1320:
The window in the floor of the cockpit was reinforced and four, rather than the previous three, aileron hinges were installed. Higher diving speeds were obtained of 650 km/h (400 mph) up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The range was recorded as 715 km (444 mi) at ground level and 835 km (519 mi) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft).
1903:, 13 Ju 87s and 26 crew members were lost when they crashed into the ground almost simultaneously. The planes dived through clouds, expecting to release their practice bombs and pull out of the dive once below the cloud ceiling. They were unaware that the ceiling was too low and unexpected ground mist formed, leaving them no time to pull out of the dive.
587:, so Heinkel could communicate with Udet only by telephone. According to this version of the story, Heinkel warned Udet about the propeller's fragility. Udet failed to consider this, so in a dive, the engine oversped and the propeller broke away. Immediately after this incident, Udet announced the Stuka the winner of the development contest.
3765:. The offensive made rapid progress. The Soviets eventually outran their air support, which was unable to use forward, quagmire-filled, airfields. The Germans, who had fallen back on airbases with good facilities and concrete runways, were able to mount uninterrupted attacks against Soviet army columns. Reminiscent of the early years, the
1202:. The prototypes were Ju 87 B-0 airframes powered by Jumo 211 A engines. Owing to delays, the V10 was not completed until March 1938. It first flew on 17 March and was designated Ju 87 C-1. On 12 May, the V11 also flew for the first time. By 15 December 1939, 915 arrested landings on dry land had been made. It was found that the
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fighters because of its low speed, and the very low altitudes at which it ended its dive bomb attacks. The Stuka depended on air superiority, the very thing being contested over
Britain. It was withdrawn from attacks on Britain in August after prohibitive losses, leaving the Luftwaffe without precision ground-attack aircraft.
906:
1508:. On the opening day of the offensive, Hans-Ulrich Rudel flew the only "official" Ju 87 G, although a significant number of Ju 87 D variants were fitted with the 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon, and operated as unofficial Ju 87 Gs before the battle. In June 1943, the RLM ordered 20 Ju 87Gs as production variants.
529:, killing Junkers' chief test pilot, Willy Neuenhofen, and his engineer, Heinrich Kreft. The square twin fins and rudders proved too weak; they collapsed and the aircraft crashed after it entered an inverted spin during the testing of the terminal dynamic pressure in a dive. The crash prompted a change to a single
1481:, after achieving success against Soviet tanks with the 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon. These gun pods were fitted to a Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr 2552. The first flight of the machine took place on 31 January 1943, piloted by Stepp. The continuing problems with about two dozen of the Ju 88P-1 and slow development of the
668:
ground level, and a flying weight of 4,300 kg (9,500 lb). Performance in the diving attack was enhanced by the introduction of dive brakes under each wing, which allowed the Ju 87 to maintain a constant speed and allow the pilot to steady his aim. It also prevented the crew from suffering extreme
2869:
because both sides suffered heavy losses, the Stuka was withdrawn after 16 were destroyed and many others damaged. According to the
Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe, 59 Stukas had been destroyed and 33 damaged to varying degrees in six weeks of operations. Over 20% of the total Stuka strength had
2761:
In total, 89 merchantmen (of 126,518 grt) were lost, and of 40 RN destroyers used in the battle, eight were sunk (one to an E-boat and one to a submarine), and a further 23 damaged and out of service. The campaign ended after the French surrender on 25 June 1940. Allied air power had been ineffective
1673:
Despite initial production issues with the Ju 87, the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A-1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between
January 1936 and 1938. The Junkers production capacity was fully occupied and licensing to other production facilities became necessary. The first 35
1056:
driven by propellers with a diameter of 0.7 m (2.3 ft) The devices caused a loss of 20–25 km/h (12–15 mph) through drag, and over time the sirens were no longer installed on many units, although they remained in use to various extent. As an alternative, some bombs were fitted with
846:
plant. It was discovered that the highest load a pilot could endure was 8.5 g for three seconds, when the aircraft was pushed to its limit by the centrifugal forces. At less than 4 g, no visual problems or loss of consciousness were experienced. Above 6 g, 50% of pilots suffered visual
799:
pullout. Once the nose was above the horizon, dive brakes were retracted, the throttle was opened, and the propeller was set to climb. The pilot regained control and resumed normal flight. The coolant flaps had to be reopened quickly to prevent overheating. The automatic pull-out was not liked by all
4231:
of code LI+KU from 1./St.G.5, and was recovered to the United
Kingdom in 1998, have also been incorporated. The project was displayed in November 2018 and the restoration was stated to take between 18 months and two years to complete. Work will be conducted in a display hangar to allow the public to
3686:
also included substantial use of the Ju 87 units, although again, unsuccessful in stemming the advances. Stuka units were with the loss of air superiority, becoming vulnerable on the ground as well. Some Stuka aces were lost this way. In the aftermath of Kursk, Stuka strength fell to 184 aircraft in
3025:
saw action in the opening phase of the
Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940. Their numbers were low and ineffective in comparison to German operations. The Italian forces were quickly pushed back. By early 1941, the Greeks had pushed into Italian-occupied Albania. Once again, Hitler decided to
1841:
In January 1938, three Ju 87 As from the Legion Condor arrived. Several problems became evident—the spatted undercarriage sank into muddy airfield surfaces, and the spats were temporarily removed. The maximum 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb load could only be carried if the gunner vacated his seat,
1327:
Production of the D-1 variant started in 1941 with 495 ordered. These aircraft were delivered between May 1941 and March 1942. The RLM wanted 832 machines produced from February 1941. The Weserflug company was tasked with their production. From June to September 1941, 40 Ju 87 Ds were expected to be
1044:
The Ju 87 B series was to be the first mass-produced variant. A total of six pre-production Ju 87 B-0 were produced, built from Ju 87 A airframes. The first production version was the Ju 87 B-1, with a considerably larger engine, its Jumo 211D generating 1,200 PS (883 kW or 1,184 hp),
934:
The Ju 87 was capable of carrying a 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb, but only if not carrying the rear gunner/radio operator as, even with the Jumo 210D, the Ju 87 was still underpowered for operations with more than a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load. All Ju 87 As were restricted to 250 kg
922:
sections had smooth leading and trailing edges. The pilot could adjust the elevator and rudder trim tabs in flight, and the tail was connected to the landing flaps, which were positioned in two parts between the ailerons and fuselage. The A-0 also had a flatter engine cowling, which gave the pilot a
861:
of pilots could withstand 8 g and perhaps 9 g for three to five seconds without vision defects which, under war conditions, was acceptable. During tests with the Ju 87 A-2, new technologies were tried out to reduce the effects of g. The pressurised cabin was of great importance during this
3773:
Post-war research revealed that generally, bombing pilots were far less effective than they claimed. The German Luftwaffe, in particular, did not do a scientific analysis of the Ju 87 pilot claims in 1939–1945 but instead relied on pre-war tests and assumptions, contrary to the Allies who did such
3095:
commenced on 7 April. The Luftwaffe committed StG 1, 2 and 77 to the campaign. The Stuka once again spearheaded the air assault, with a front line strength of 300 machines, against minimal Yugoslav resistance in the air, allowing the Stukas to develop a fearsome reputation in this region. Operating
2982:
to heavy attack. The crews were confident that they could sink it as the flight deck had an area of about 6,500 m (70,000 sq ft). On 10 January 1941, the Stuka crews were told that four direct hits with 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs would be enough to sink the carrier. The Ju 87s
2044:
six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four-day bombardment by StG 51, 76 and 77. Employed in this assault were 50 kg (110 lb) fragmentation bombs, which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops. Demoralised, the
1694:
The range of the B-2 was insufficient, and dropped in favor of the Ju 87 R long-range versions in the second half of 1940. The 105 R-1s were converted to R-2 status and a further 616 production R-2s were ordered. In May 1941, the development of the D-1 was planned and was ordered into production by
1587:
Pilots were also asked to complete the new "Blind Flying Certificate 3", which was especially introduced for this new type of operation. Pilots were trained at night, over unfamiliar terrain, and forced to rely on their instruments for direction. The Ju 87's standard Revi C12D gunsight was replaced
1287:
to "place no particular value on the production of the D-2". The D-3 was an improved D-1 with more armour for its ground-attack role. Some Ju 87 D-3s were designated D-3N or D-3 trop and fitted with night or tropical equipment. The D-4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo-bomber version,
1214:
with a flare gun, signal ammunition and other emergency supplies. A quick fuel dump mechanism and two inflatable 750 L (200 US gal) bags in each wing and a further two 500 L (130 US gal) bags in the fuselage enabled the Ju 87 C to remain afloat for up to three days in calm seas.
930:
The A-1 differed from the A-0 only slightly. As well as the installation of the Jumo 210D, the A-1 had two 220 L (58 US gal; 48 imp gal) fuel tanks built into the inner wing, but it was not armoured or protected. The A-1 was also intended to be fitted with four 7.92 mm
4239:
A ‘Stuka’ wreck was discovered in 2014 near the island of Žirje in Croatia. It belonged to JU 87R-2 group from 239 squad of the Italian Royal Air Force. On April 12, 1941, during the Balkans Campaign in World War II, it was attacking the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's torpedo boats together with two more
4152:
and it was repainted and modified to resemble a 1940 variant of the Ju 87. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was considered too costly for the filmmakers and, ultimately, models were used in
1767:
On 28 July 1943, strike and bomber production was to be scaled down, and fighter and bomber destroyer production given priority. On 3 August 1943, Milch contradicted this and declared that this increase in fighter production would not affect production of the Ju 87, Ju 188, Ju 288 and Ju 290. This
1699:
production delayed production of the Ju 87 D. The Weserflug plant in Lemwerder experienced production shortfalls. This prompted Milch to visit and threaten the company into meeting the RLM's Ju 87 D-1 requirements on 23 February 1942. To meet these demands, 700 skilled workers were needed. Skilled
1583:
at the end of the war, and the records were lost or destroyed. A main piece of equipment, hereto not installed in the Ju 87, was the FuG 101 Electronic Radio Altimeter. This was used to measure height. Some Ju 87s also used FuG 16Z transmitter/receiver set to augment the FuG 25 IFF (Identification
1319:
The Ju 87 D-5 was based on the D-3 design and was unique in the Ju 87 series as it had wings 0.6 metres (2 ft) longer than previous variants. The two 7.92 mm MG 17 wing guns were exchanged for more powerful 20 mm MG 151/20s to better suit the aircraft's ground-attack role.
1206:
winch was too weak and had to be replaced. Tests showed the average braking distance was 20–35 metres (66–115 ft). The Ju 87 V11 was designated C-0 on 8 October 1938. It was fitted out with standard Ju 87 C-0 equipment and better wing-folding mechanisms. The "carrier Stuka" was to be built at
600:
had a better acceleration rate, and could climb away from the target area much more quickly, avoiding enemy ground and air defences. Richthofen stated that any maximum speed below 350 km/h (220 mph) was unacceptable for those reasons. Pilots also complained that navigation and powerplant
454:
were invited to watch Udet perform a trial flight in May 1934 at the Jüterbog artillery range, it raised doubts about the capability of the dive bomber. Udet began his dive at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and released his 1 kg (2.2 lb) bombs at 100 m (330 ft), barely recovering
1359:
training area. Stepp noted the increase in drag, which reduced the aircraft's speed to 259 km/h (161 mph). Stepp also noted that the aircraft was also less agile than the existing D variants. D-1 and D-3 variants operated in combat with the 37 mm (1.5 in) BK 37 cannon in 1943.
766:
The engine and propeller had automatic controls, and an auto-trimmer made the aircraft tail-heavy as the pilot rolled over into his dive, lining up red lines at 60°, 75° or 80° on the cockpit side window with the horizon and aiming at the target with the sight of the fixed gun. The heavy bomb was
727:
The control surfaces operated in much the same way as other aircraft, with the exception of the innovative automatic pull-out system. Releasing the bomb initiated the pull-out, or automatic recovery and climb, upon the deflection of the dive brakes. The pilot could override the system by exerting
667:
In accordance with the Aircraft Certification Centre for "Stress Group 5", the Ju 87 had reached the acceptable structural strength requirements for a dive bomber. It was able to withstand diving speeds of 600 km/h (370 mph) and a maximum level speed of 340 km/h (210 mph) near
3288:
Fs in minutes. According to Ring and Shores there were 15 Ju 87s on the mission, 2 Squadron SAAF shot down eight with four probable and three were shot down by 57th Fighter Group. Two South-African and one American lost shot down by German fighter escort. Three Stuka crews were captured, one was
1080:
Production of the Ju 87 B started in 1937. 89 B-1s were to be built at Junkers' factory in Dessau and another 40 at the Weserflug plant in Lemwerder by July 1937. Production would be carried out by the Weserflug company after April 1938, but Junkers continued producing Ju 87 up until March 1940.
604:
These problems were to be resolved by installing the DB 600 engine, but delays in development forced the installation of the Jumo 210 D inverted V-12 engine. Flight testing began on 14 August 1936. Subsequent testing and progress fell short of Richthofen's hopes, although the machine's speed was
3769:
was able to inflict high losses largely unopposed. Over 800 vehicles were destroyed within two weeks. In the first three days of February 1945, 2,000 vehicles and 51 tanks were claimed to be lost to German air attacks. The Ju 87 participated in these intense battles in small numbers. It was the
3547:
in its drive toward Moscow. From 13 to 22 December 420 vehicles and 23 tanks were destroyed by StG 77, greatly improving the morale of the German infantry, who were by now on the defensive. StG 77 finished the campaign as the most effective dive bomber wing. It had destroyed 2,401 vehicles, 234
1433:
had proved a potent ground attack weapon, but its large fuel tanks made it vulnerable to enemy fire, prompting the RLM to say, "that in the shortest possible time a replacement of the Hs 129 type must take place." With Soviet tanks the priority targets, the development of a further variant as a
514:
in Sweden and secretly brought to Germany in late 1934. It was to have been completed in April 1935, but, due to the inadequate strength of the airframe, construction took until October 1935. The mostly complete Ju 87 V1 W.Nr. 4921 (less non-essential parts) took off for its maiden flight on 17
3617:
2861:
The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well-organised and determined fighter opposition. The Ju 87, like other dive bombers, was slow and possessed inadequate defences. Furthermore, it could not be effectively protected by
1771:
Overall, 550 Ju 87 As and B2s were completed at the Junkers factory in Dessau. Production of the Ju 87 R and D variants was transferred to the Weserflug company, which produced 5,930 of the 6,500 Ju 87s produced in total. During the course of the war, little damage was done to the WFG plant at
1715:
production was scaled down and licence work had shut down at WFG. Production now reached 150 Ju 87 D airframes per month, but spare parts were failing to reach the same production levels. Undercarriage parts were in particularly short supply. Milch ordered production to 350 Ju 87s per month in
1554:
The need to equip night units and the phasing out of Ju 87s from ground attack groups in favour of the Fw 190, enabled the use of D-5 airframes awaiting repair and D-7 and 8s already in conversion units. The latter variants were either conversions or modified D-1 and D-3 air frames. Adding the
1323:
The D-6, according to "Operating instructions, works document 2097", was built in limited numbers to train pilots on "rationalised versions". Due to shortages in raw materials, it did not go into mass production. The D-7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D-1 airframes upgraded to D-5
1258:
powerplant was to be installed in the Ju 87 D-1, but it did not have the power of the Jumo 211 and performed "poorly" during tests and was dropped. The Ju 87 D-series featured two coolant radiators underneath the inboard sections of the wings, while the oil cooler was relocated to the position
913:
The second prototype had a redesigned single vertical stabiliser and a 610 PS (601.7 hp; 448.7 kW) Jumo 210 A engine installed, and later the Jumo 210Da. The first A series variant, the A-0, was of all-metal construction, with an enclosed cockpit under a "greenhouse" well-framed
715:
The fuel system comprised two fuel tanks between the main (forward) and rear spars of the (inner) anhedral wing section of the port and starboard wings, each with 240-litre (63 US gal) capacity. The tanks also had a predetermined limit which, if passed, would warn the pilot via a red
595:
Despite being chosen, the design was still lacking and drew frequent criticism from Wolfram von Richthofen. Testing of the V4 prototype (A Ju 87 A-0) in early 1937 revealed several problems. The Ju 87 could take off in 250 m (820 ft) and climb to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) in eight
2371:
waves (accompanied by He 111s) achieved several near misses, but were unable to obtain a hit. Nevertheless, Wells ordered that no ship was to operate within range of the Ju 87s' Norwegian airfields. The Ju 87s had, in effect, driven British sea power from the Norwegian coast. Moreover, Victor
1116:
The Ju 87 R-2 had the same airframe as the B-2, and strengthened to ensure it could withstand dives of 600 km/h (370 mph). The Jumo 211D in-line engine was installed, replacing the R-1s Jumo 211A. Due to an increase in overall weight by 700 kg (1,500 lb), the Ju 87 R-2 was
783:
Flying at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), the pilot located his target through a bombsight window in the cockpit floor. The pilot moved the dive lever to the rear, limiting the "throw" of the control column. The dive brakes were activated automatically, the pilot set the trim tabs, reduced his
3584:, the Stukas repeatedly bombed the trapped Soviet forces. Some Ju 87 pilots flew up to 300 sorties against the Soviet defenders. StG 77 (Luftflotte 4) flew 7,708 combat sorties dropping 3,537 tonnes of bombs on the city. Their efforts help secure the capitulation of Soviet forces on 4 July.
1263:
with an extremely high rate of fire was installed in the rear defensive position. Engine power was increased again, the Jumo 211J now delivering 1,420 PS (1,044 kW or 1,400 hp). Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from 500 kg (1,100 lb) in the B-version to
833:
and it's the only one that you can dive truly vertically. Sometimes with the dive-bombers ... maximum dive is usually in the order of 60 degrees ... When flying the Stuka, because it's all automatic, you are really flying vertically ... The Stuka was in a class of its own."
886:
Once the Stuka became too vulnerable to fighter opposition on all fronts, work was done to develop a replacement. None of the dedicated close-support designs on the drawing board progressed far due to the impact of the war and technological difficulties. So the Luftwaffe settled on the
1885:
As with the Ju 87 A-0, the B-1s were returned discreetly to the Reich. The experience of the Spanish Civil War proved invaluable—air and ground crews perfected their skills, and equipment was evaluated under combat conditions. The Ju 87 had however not been tested against numerous and
2591:
The Luftwaffe benefited from excellent ground-to-air communications throughout the campaign. Radio equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack enemy positions along the axis of advance. In some cases the Stukas responded in 10–20 minutes.
3669:
In the wake of the defeat at Kursk, Ju 87s played a vital defensive role on the southern wing of the Eastern Front. To combat the Luftwaffe, the Soviets could deploy 3,000 fighter aircraft. As a result, the Stukas suffered heavily. SG 77 lost 30 Ju 87s in August 1943 as did SG 2
1093:, "(operational) range". They were primarily intended for anti-shipping missions. The Ju 87 R had a B-series airframe with an additional oil tank and fuel lines to the outer wing stations to permit the use of two 300 litres (79 US gal) standardised capacity under-wing
1198:. The type was ordered into prototype production and available for testing in January 1938. Testing was given two months and was to begin in February and end in April 1938. The prototype V10 was to be a fixed wing test aircraft, while the following V11 would be modified with
1489:-based, autoloading Bordkanone 7,5 7.5 cm (2.95 in) cannon in a conformal gun pod beneath the fuselage, meant the Ju 87G was put into production. In April 1943, the first production Ju 87 G-1s were delivered to front line units. The two 37 mm (1.46 in)
659:
The airframe was also subdivided into sections to allow transport by road or rail. The wings were of standard Junkers double-wing construction. This gave the Ju 87 considerable advantage on take-off; even at a shallow angle, large lift forces were created through the
7568:
There are historical recordings of Stukas that date before the war and that sound has been recycled over the generations for movies and TV shows. It's often used as the classic dive bomber sound, or plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on Wile E. Coyote's
926:
The RLM ordered seven A-0s initially, but then increased the order to 11. Early in 1937, the A-0 was tested with varied bomb loads. The underpowered Jumo 210A, as pointed out by von Richthofen, was insufficient, and was quickly replaced with the Jumo 210D engine.
2571:
from Groupe de Chasse I/5 (Group Interception) attacked a formation of Ju 87s, claiming 11 out of 12 unescorted Ju 87s without loss (the Germans recorded six losses over Sedan entire). For the most part, Allied opposition was disorganised. During the battles of
1674:
Ju 87 A-1s were therefore produced by the Weser Flugzeugbau (WFG). By 1 September 1939, 360 Ju 87 As and Bs had been built by the Junkers factories at Dessau and Weserflug factory in Lemwerder near Bremen. By 30 September 1939, Junkers had received 2,365,196
1424:
With the G variant, the ageing airframe of the Ju 87 found new life as an anti-tank aircraft. This was the final operational version of the Stuka, and was deployed on the Eastern Front. The reverse in German military fortunes after 1943 and the appearance of
914:
canopy; bearing twin radio masts on its aft sections, diagonally mounted to either side of the airframe's planform centreline and unique to the -A version. To ease the difficulty of mass production, the leading edge of the wing was straightened out and the
4705:
Figures are debated. Griehl cites additions of Chief engineer Pichon's list. This indicates 5,930 produced. Griehl points out this may include all machines, even those that were incomplete. Junkers records give 5,126 aircraft delivered to the Luftwaffe.
882:
were equipped for dive bombing. The Heinkel He 177 strategic bomber was initially supposed to have dive bombing capabilities, a requirement that contributed to the failure of the design, with the requirement not rescinded until September 1942 by Göring.
3296:
strength only, often jettisoning their bombs at the first sight of enemy aircraft. Adding to this trouble, the German fighters had only enough fuel to cover the Ju 87s on takeoff, their most vulnerable point. After that, the Stukas were on their own.
1259:
formerly occupied by the single, undernose "chin" coolant radiator. The D-series also introduced an aerodynamically refined cockpit with better visibility and space. Armour protection was increased and a new dual-barrel 7.92 mm (.312 in)
1064:
The Ju 87 B-2s that followed had some improvements and were built in several variants that included ski-equipped versions (the B-1 also had this modification) and at the other end, with a tropical operation kit called the Ju 87 B-2 trop. Italy's
1282:
The D-2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D-series airframes. It was intended as the tropical version of the D-1 and had heavier armour to protect the crew from ground fire. The armour reduced its performance and caused the
862:
research. Testing revealed that at high altitude, even 2 g could cause death in an unpressurised cabin and without appropriate clothing. This new technology, along with special clothing and oxygen masks, was researched and tested. When the
923:
much better field of vision. In order for the engine cowling to be flattened, the engine was set down nearly 0.25 m (9.8 in). The fuselage was also lowered along with the gunner's position, allowing the gunner a better field of fire.
2901:. After a lull, anti-shipping operations attacks were resumed by some Ju 87 units from 1 November 1940, as part of the new winter tactic of enforcing a blockade. Over the next 10 days, seven merchant ships were sunk or damaged, mainly in the
357:, held the opinion that any dive-bomber design needed to be simple and robust. This led to many technical innovations, such as the retractable undercarriage being discarded in favour of one of the Stuka's distinctive features, its fixed and "
1682:
records in Berlin, by the end of the financial year on 30 September 1941, 3,059,000 RM had been spent on Ju 87 airframes. By 30 June 1940, 697 Ju 87 B-1s and 129 B-2s alone had been produced. Another 105 R-1s and seven R-2s had been built.
788:, the automatic dive recovery system would be activated. The Stuka dived at a 60–90° angle, holding a constant speed of 500–600 km/h (310–370 mph) due to dive-brake deployment, which increased the accuracy of the Ju 87's aim.
1625:("night battle groups"—NSGr) had been formed, flying a multitude of different types of aircraft, including the Ju 87, which proved itself ideally suited to the low-level slow flying needed. NSGr 1 and 2 fought with some success on the
724:. The powerplant was cooled by a 10-litre (2.6 US gal), ring-shaped aluminium water container situated between the propeller and engine. A further container of 20-litre (5.3 US gal) was positioned under the engine.
3774:
research during the war, which showed that pilots, for a number of reasons, misjudged most of their tank kills and revealed the ineffectiveness of dive-bombers as an anti-tank weapon, except for the suppression effect of the bombing.
3096:
unmolested, they took a heavy toll of ground forces, suffering only light losses to ground fire. The effectiveness of the dive bombers helped bring about Yugoslav capitulation in ten days. The Stukas also took a peripheral part in
1979:
Bruno Dilly carried out the first bombing attack of the war. The Stukas attacked 11 minutes before the official German declaration of hostilities and hit the targets. The Ju 87s achieved complete success. The mission failed as the
1894:
All Stuka units were moved to Germany's eastern border in preparation for the invasion of Poland. On the morning of 15 August 1939, during a mass-formation dive-bombing demonstration for high-ranking commanders of the Luftwaffe at
2260:. On 27 April, a bomb passed through the quarterdeck, a wardroom, a water tank and 4-inch (10.2 cm) ammunition magazine and out through the hull to explode in the fjord. The muffled explosion limited the damage to her hull.
2250:
were subjected to lengthy attacks which badly damaged the former for one Ju 87 lost. A witness later said, "they threatened to take our masthead with them in every screaming nerve-racking dive". The same fate nearly befell the
747:
pattern along the leading edge. The shape of the wing improved the pilot's ground visibility and also allowed a shorter undercarriage height. The centre section protruded by only 3 m (9 ft 10 in) on either side.
1434:
successor to the Ju 87D began in November 1942. On 3 November, Milch raised the question of replacing the Ju 87, or redesigning it altogether. It was decided to keep the design as it was, but the power-plant was upgraded to a
891:
fighter aircraft, with the Fw 190F becoming the ground-attack version. The Fw 190F started to replace the Ju 87 for day missions in 1943, but the Ju 87 continued to be used as a night nuisance-raider until the end of the war.
784:
throttle and closed the coolant flaps. The aircraft then rolled 180°, automatically nosing the aircraft into a dive. Red tabs protruded from the upper surfaces of the wing as a visual indicator to the pilot that, in case of a
1858:, five days before the city was captured by the Nationalists. 29 Republican fighters were defending the city. There were more than 100 aircraft operating over the city and, while a Ju 87 was dive-bombing a ship, a Republican
3645:
holders. StG 77 lost 24 Ju 87s in the period 5–31 July (StG had lost 23 in July–December 1942), while StG 2 lost another 30 aircraft in the same period. In September 1943, three of the Stuka units were re-equipped with the
1324:
standard (armour, wing cannons, extended wing panels), while the D-8 was similar to the D-7 but based on D-3 airframes. The D-7 and D-8 were both were fitted with exhaust flame dampers, and could conduct night operations.
3605:, Stukas flew thousands of sorties against Soviet positions in the city. StG 1, 2 and 77 flew 320 sorties on 14 October 1942. As the German Sixth Army pushed the Soviets into a 1,000-metre enclave on the west bank of the
2016:
airfield; its pilot, Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, was killed. In air-to-air combat, Ju 87 formations were well protected by German fighter aircraft and losses were light against the tenacious, but short lived opposition.
2315:. All ships were targeted. Armed trawlers were used under the German air umbrella in an attempt to make smaller targets. Such craft were not armoured or armed. The Ju 87s demonstrated this on 30 April when they sank the
3275:
invasion of French North Africa made the situation far worse; the Stuka was obsolete in what was now a fighter-bomber's war. The Bf 109 and Fw 190 could at least fight enemy fighters on equal terms after dropping their
692:
cover which could be breached by the crew in an emergency, enabling them to escape into the main fuselage. The canopy was split into two sections and joined by a strong welded steel frame. The canopy itself was made of
1578:
P engine was installed in some cases. It took 2,170 technicians and workers to carry out the conversions. Total figures for conversions to night flying operations are unknown. The company's equipment was seized by the
1100:
The Ju 87 R-1 had a B-1 airframe with the exception of a modification in the fuselage which enabled an additional oil tank. This was installed to feed the engine due to the increase in range with the extra fuel tanks.
3576:, half the landing force was destroyed, while sea lanes were blocked by the Stukas inflicting heavy losses on Soviet shipping. The Ju 87's effectiveness against Soviet armour was not yet potent. Later versions of the
2924:. By spring 1941, only St.G 1 with 30 Ju 87s remained facing the United Kingdom. Operations on a small scale continued throughout the winter months into March. Targets included ships at sea, the Thames Estuary, the
2460:
demonstrated its accuracy when the small building was destroyed by four direct hits. As a result, only one of the three bridges was destroyed, allowing the German Army to rapidly advance in the opening days of the
1308:. Other modifications included a flame eliminator and, unlike earlier D variants, two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, while the radio operator/rear gunner's ammunition supply was increased by 1,000 to 2,000 rounds.
2219:
was run aground and scuttled. The Stuka wings were now equipped with the new Ju 87 R, which differed from the Ju 87 B by having increased internal fuel capacity and two 300l underwing drop tanks for more range.
811:
known to Stuka pilots as "seeing stars". They lose vision while remaining conscious; after five seconds, they black out. The Ju 87 pilots experienced the visual impairments most during "pull-up" from a dive.
3691:(SG) wings, reflecting their ground-attack role, as these combat wings were now also using ground-attack aircraft, such as the Fw 190F-series aircraft. The Luftwaffe's dive-bomber units had ceased to exist.
1254:, the Luftwaffe had no choice but to continue its development, as there was no replacement aircraft in sight. The result was the D-series. In June 1941, the RLM ordered five prototypes, the Ju 87 V21–25. A
1927:
records indicate a total force of 366 Ju 87 A and Bs were available for operations on 31 August 1939. The first Ju 87 operation was to destroy Polish demolition charges fixed to the rail bridges over the
1574:
company (Menibum) converted approximately 300 Ju 87D-3 and 5s to night versions. Dive-brakes were removed there, while gun muzzles and dampers were installed to eliminate exhaust and muzzle flash. The
467:. Nevertheless, development continued at Junkers. Udet's "growing love affair" with the dive bomber pushed it to the forefront of German aviation development. Udet went so far as to advocate that all
2635:(3,047) followed. The Ju 87s operated to maximum effectiveness when the weather allowed. RAF fighter units were held back and Allied air cover was patchy at best. On 29 May the Royal Navy destroyer
368:
Karl Plauth (Plauth was killed in a flying accident in November 1927), and produced the Ju A 48, which underwent testing on 29 September 1928. The military version of the Ju A 48 was designated the
4138:
in May 1945. It is thought to have been built in 1943–1944 as a D-5 before being rebuilt as a G-2 variant, possibly by fitting G-2 outer wings to a D-5 airframe. The wings have the hard-points for
3471:
The Ju 87 took a huge toll on Soviet ground forces, helping to break up counterattacks of Soviet armour, eliminating strongpoints and disrupting the enemy supply lines. A demonstration of the Stuka
3104:. The dive bombers were to attack airfields and anti-aircraft gun positions as the level bombers struck civilian targets. Belgrade was badly damaged, with 2,271 people killed and 12,000 injured.
2223:
The Stukas had numerous successes against Allied naval vessels and in particular the Royal Navy which posed a formidable threat to German naval and coastal operations. The British heavy cruiser
1275:
The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87 D was raised to 800 L (of which 780 L were usable) by adding wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300 L drop tanks. Tests at
804:
later said that he and his unit disconnected the system because it allowed the enemy to predict the Ju 87's recovery pattern and height, making it easier for ground defences to hit an aircraft.
572:
that the Ju 87 stood little chance of becoming the Luftwaffe's main dive bomber, as it was underpowered in his opinion. On 9 June 1936, the RLM ordered cessation of development in favour of the
7483:
4180:. It was abandoned in North Africa and found by British forces in 1941. The Ju 87 was donated by the British government and sent to the US during the war. It was fully restored in 1974 by the
3658:
continued to operate with great success throughout 1943–45, operating the Ju 87 G variants equipped with 37 mm cannons, which became tank killers, although in increasingly small numbers.
1882:
mounting, hit one pilot (Heinz Bohne) in both legs and the Stuka crashed, seriously injuring Bohne, and his machine gunner, Albert Conrad. Those two were the only Stuka casualties of the war.
11071:
4755:
4215:, which was built in 1941 and served with Stukageschwader 5. Shot down in April 1942 on a mission to bomb Murmansk, it was recovered in 1992. The wreck was purchased by New Zealand collector
3580:
tank could withstand Stuka attacks in general, unless a direct hit was scored but the Soviet 44th Army had only obsolescent types with thin armour which were nearly all destroyed. During the
1438:, and two 37 mm (1.5 in) cannons were added. The variant was also designed to carry a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) free-fall bomb load. Furthermore, the armoured protection of the
596:
minutes with a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load, and its cruising speed was 250 km/h (160 mph). Richthofen pushed for a more powerful engine. According to the test pilots, the
739:
The wing was the most unusual feature. It consisted of a single centre section and two outer sections, each installed using four universal joints. The centre section had a large negative
688:. The cockpit was protected from the engine by a firewall ahead of the wing centre section where the fuel tanks were located. At the rear of the cockpit, the bulkhead was covered by a
704:. The frame structure was triangulated and emanated from the fuselage. The main frames were bolted onto the engine's top quarter. In turn, the frames were attached to the firewall by
4311:
3138:, the Ju 87s also played a significant role. On 21–22 May 1941, the Germans attempted to send in reinforcements to Crete by sea but lost 10 vessels to "Force D" under the command of
3271:. As the tide turned and Allied air power grew in the autumn of 1942, the Ju 87 became very vulnerable and losses were heavy. The entry of the Americans into North Africa with the
2870:
been lost between 8 and 18 August; and the myth of the Stuka shattered. The Ju 87s did succeed in sinking six warships, 14 merchant ships, badly damaging seven airfields and three
2162:
began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark. Denmark capitulated within the day; Norway continued to resist with British and French help. The campaign was not a
3753:
In the final months of the war the ground attack groups were still able to impose operational constraints upon the enemy. Most notably the aircraft participated in the defence of
2180:. The Ju 87s were given the role of ground attack and anti-shipping missions; they proved to be the most effective weapon in the Luftwaffe's armoury carrying out the latter task.
1842:
therefore the bomb load was restricted to 250 kg (550 lb). These aircraft supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti-shipping missions until they returned to
295:
in 1940. Though sturdy, accurate, and very effective against ground targets, the Stuka was, like many other dive bombers of the period, vulnerable to fighter aircraft. During the
3487:, the Ju 87s again rendered invaluable support. On 13 September, Stukas from StG 1 destroyed the rail network in the vicinity as well as inflicting heavy casualties on escaping
3389:
On 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht commenced Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Luftwaffe order of battle of 22 June 1941 contained four dive bomber wings.
2786:'s III. Gruppe, Sturzkampfgeschwader 51 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3's I. Gruppe were committed to the battle. As an anti-shipping weapon, the Ju 87 proved a potent weapon in the
1426:
3746:. The unit claimed 200 Soviet tanks and 150 Soviet aircraft destroyed for 41 losses. By 31 January 1945, only 104 Ju 87s remained operational with their units. The other mixed
1756:, a fighter pilot with operational and combat experience in ground attack, said that abandoning development would be premature, but 150 machines per month would be sufficient.
3698:, a role it had proved successful in when operating in the Mediterranean. In October 1943, this became evident again when StG 3 carried out several attacks against the Soviet
1300:
of 848 kg (1,870 lb). The D-4 was to be converted from D-3 airframes and, in place of the carrier-specific Ju 87C series designs, operated from the aircraft carrier
3742:, a mixed aircraft unit, which included large numbers of Stuka dive bombers, was rushed to the Finnish front in the summer of 1944 and was instrumental in halting the Soviet
4335:
1737:
4347:
4146:. The aircraft was stored and displayed at various RAF sites until 1978, when it was moved to the RAF Museum. In 1967, permission was given to use the aircraft in the film
3654:(attack wings). In the face of overwhelming air opposition, the dive-bomber required heavy protection from German fighters to counter Soviet fighters. Some units like SG 2
3300:
The dive bombers continued operations in southern Europe; after the Italian surrender in September 1943, the Ju 87 participated in the last campaign-sized victory over the
2399:. The town fell in the first week of May. In the remaining four weeks of the campaign in Norway, the Ju 87s supported German forces in containing the Allied land forces in
2205:, but the defenders did not surrender until after Oslo had been captured. As a result, the German naval operation failed. StG 1 caught the 735 ton Norwegian destroyer
874:
The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs. Later bomber models like the
3750:
units contained a further 70 Ju 87s and Fw 190s between them. Chronic fuel shortages kept the Stukas grounded and sorties decreased until the end of the war in May 1945.
3491:
columns, for the loss of one Ju 87. On 23 September, Rudel (who was to become the most decorated serviceman in the Wehrmacht) of StG 2, helped sink the Soviet battleship
1279:
revealed it made possible a flight duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes. With an extra two 300 L (80 US gal) fuel tanks, it could achieve four hours flight time.
1264:
1,800 kg (4,000 lb) in the D-version (max. load for short ranges, overload condition), a typical bomb load ranged from 500–1,200 kg (1,100–2,600 lb).
1036:
564:
engine, which a year later was replaced by a Jumo 210 G (W.Nr. 19310). The testing went well, and the pilot, Flight Captain Hesselbach, praised its performance. However,
248:
victories of 1939–1942, as well as providing Stuka pilots with audible feedback as to speed. The Stuka's design included several innovations, including automatic pull-up
2810:. Six more were damaged. That afternoon, 33 Ju 87s delivered the single most deadly air assault on British territory in history, when 33 Ju 87s of III./StG 51, avoiding
605:
increased to 280 km/h (170 mph) at ground level and 290 km/h (180 mph) at 1,250 m (4,100 ft), while maintaining its good handling ability.
322:, the Stuka became an easy target for enemy fighters, but it continued being produced until 1944 for lack of a better replacement. By 1945 ground-attack versions of the
4382:
and Richard H. Kurzenberger. Langhurst's aircraft ended up with the Commemorative Air Force. Kurzenburger's was written off in a crash that killed the pilot in 2000.
1827:
harbour on the night of 1 August 1936, arriving in Cádiz five days later. The only known information pertaining to its combat career in Spain is that it was piloted by
568:, in charge of developing and testing new aircraft in the Technisches Amt, or Technical Service, told the Junkers representative and Construction Office chief engineer
486:
exempted the He 177A, Germany's only operational heavy bomber, in September 1942 from being given the task of such a mismatched mission profile for its large airframe.
2893:, closer to the area of the proposed invasion of Britain. On 13 September, the Luftwaffe targeted airfields again, with a small number of Ju 87s crossing the coast at
4323:
2854:
in Kent unhindered. The attack killed the station commander, destroyed 20 RAF aircraft on the ground and a great many of the airfield's buildings. Detling was not an
656:
parts wherever possible, preferring moulded and cast parts instead. Large airframe segments were interchangeable as a complete unit, which increased speed of repair.
601:
instruments were mixed together, and were not easy to read, especially in combat. Despite this, pilots praised the aircraft's handling qualities and strong airframe.
4164:
2998:
in Austria to be trained for dive-bombing aircraft. In the spring of 1940, between 72 and 108 Ju 87 B-1s, some of them ex-Luftwaffe aircraft, were delivered to 96°
11588:
10739:
10650:
1592:("Night revi") C12N. On some Ju 87s, the Revi 16D was exchanged for the Nachtrevi 16D. To help the pilot see his instrument panel, a violet light was installed.
1143: : W.Nr 0870028. Prototype of the Ju 87B, powered by a 1,000 PS (735 kW or 986 hp) Jumo 211A. Flown on 23 August 1937 (A-0 to B-0 conversion)
4778:(W.Nr.) means "works number" of the factory. The number can usually be found on the vertical stabiliser of all German military aircraft of the Second World War.
11284:
11145:
2840:
During August, the Ju 87s also had some success. On 13 August the opening of the main German attacks on airfields took place; it was known to the Luftwaffe as
2126:
with several auxiliaries. The Polish naval units trapped in the Baltic were destroyed by Ju 87 operations. Once again, enemy air opposition was light, and the
3625:
The Stuka was also heavily involved in Operation Citadel, the Kursk offensive. The Luftwaffe committed I, II, III./St.G 1 and III./StG 3 under the command of
2078:
had a few anti-shipping naval units such as 4.(St)/TrGr 186 to deal with Polish naval forces. This unit performed effectively, sinking the 1540-ton destroyer
2020:
The Ju 87s reverted to ground attack missions for the campaign after the opening air attacks. Ju 87s were involved in the controversial but effective attacks
3251:
in its two-year campaign in North Africa; its other main task was attacking Allied shipping. In 1941, Ju 87 operations in North Africa were dominated by the
2168:
of fast-moving armoured divisions supported by air power as the mountainous terrain ruled out close Panzer/Stuka cooperation. Instead, the Germans relied on
307:
1559:
radio. A great deal of confusion exists concerning the D-7. Its existence has been questioned, but the type is listed in Junkers company records and in the
479:
A—into having an airframe design (due to Udet examining its design details in November 1937) that could perform "medium angle" dive-bombing missions, until
3855:
operated captured aircraft postwar, five Ju 87 D-5s registrations OK-XAA – OK-XAE - OK-KAC. These were operated by the Czechs under the “B-37" designation.
1649:
in 1945. Photographic evidence exists of 16 NSGr 20 Ju 87s lining up to take-off in the woods circling the Lippe airfield, Germany while under attack from
1570:
A Stuka repair centre was set up at Wels-Lichtenegg. From May 1940 to November 1944, 746 were repaired and flight-tested there. In the winter 1943/44, the
10599:
8992:
2766:
losses were mainly due to ground fire. 120 machines, one-third of the Stuka force, were destroyed or damaged by all causes from 10 May to 25 June 1940.
2051:
4579:, the Jericho trumpets sound "is often used in movies and TV shows as the classic dive bomber sound, plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on
3018:, Allied convoys in Mediterranean and in North Africa (where they took part in conquering Tobruk). They were used by the Regia Aeronautica up to 1942.
2956:
ordered the deployment of German forces to these theatres. Amongst the Luftwaffe contingent deployed was the command unit StG 3, which touched down in
231:
7491:
11061:
10929:
10807:
10783:
10749:
10361:
420:. After Plauth's death, Pohlmann continued the development of the Junkers dive bomber. The Ju A 48 registration D-ITOR, was originally fitted with a
525:
The Ju 87 V1, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel V12 cylinder liquid-cooled engine, and with a twin tail, crashed on 24 January 1936 at Kleutsch near
11140:
10714:
10699:
10376:
10352:
9920:
9773:
8747:
1567:. There was no production "nacht stuka", and modifications could vary according to the sub-contractor and depending on what parts were available.
4142:
gun-pods, but these are not fitted. It was one of 12 captured German aircraft selected by the British for museum preservation and assigned to the
552:
The RLM was still not interested in the Ju 87 and was not impressed that it relied on a British engine. In late 1935, Junkers suggested fitting a
11105:
10659:
9595:
9448:
9302:
1057:
whistles on the fin to produce the noise after release. The trumpets were a suggestion from Udet, but some authors say the idea originated from
866:
occupied the Junkers factory at Dessau on 21 April 1945, they were both impressed at and interested in the medical flight tests with the Ju 87.
11215:
9945:
8522:
8497:
6829:
1705:
2036:
and I./StG 2 destroyed a Polish infantry division de-training there. Troop trains were also easy targets. StG 77 destroyed one such target at
299:
of 1940–1941, its lack of manoeuvrability, speed, or defensive armament meant that it required a heavy fighter escort to operate effectively.
7584:
Arthy, Andrew (October 2021). "Last Days of the Cannon Birds: Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 87G Anti-tank Operations, Eastern Front, April-May 1945".
3825:
3203:
with one hit. As the Battle of Crete drew to a close, the Allies began yet another withdrawal. On 23 May, the Royal Navy lost the destroyers
3328:
bases 500 kilometres (310 mi) away, the Ju 87 helped the German landing forces rapidly conquer the islands. On 5 October the minelayer
3164:, forced the remaining German ships to retreat. The Stukas were called upon to deal with the British naval threat. On 21 May, the destroyer
712:
mesh with dural sheets on both sides. All conduits passing through had to be arranged so that no harmful gases could penetrate the cockpit.
10401:
2994:
was equipped for a while with the Stukas. In 1939, the Italian government asked the RLM to supply 100 Ju 87s. Italian pilots were sent to
1984:
delayed their advance allowing the Poles to carry out repairs and destroy all but one of the bridges before the Germans could reach them.
4153:
the film to represent Stukas. In 1998, the film modifications were removed, and the aircraft returned to the original G-2 configuration.
3385:
The Eastern Front brought new challenges. A Ju 87 B-2 is fitted with ski undercarriage to cope with the winter weather, 22 December 1941.
1806:
961:
8418:
3572:) and two dive bomber groups belonging to StG 77. With air superiority, the Ju 87s operated with impunity. In the first 10 days of the
3527:
1297:
2837:
for remaining at his post despite being mortally wounded. Mantle may have been responsible for the single Ju 87 lost during the raid.
11259:
11244:
10852:
4359:
1874:. On 24 January 1939, a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on
1556:
652:
The Ju 87 was fitted with detachable hatches and removable coverings to aid and ease maintenance and overhaul. The designers avoided
3368:
was also sunk by Ju 87s before the capitulation of the Allied force. It proved to be the Stuka's final victory against the British.
2683:(1,564 and 1,567 tons) were sunk also. By 29 May, the Allies had lost 31 vessels sunk and 11 damaged. On 1 June the Ju 87s sank the
11598:
4208:
4177:
4076:
2033:
537:, was fitted to the fuselage. Other early additions included the installation of hydraulic dive brakes that were fitted under the
11408:
8985:
3492:
2913:
went out against another convoy; as no targets were found over the estuary, the Stukas attacked Dover, their alternative target.
1832:
633:, and the external coverings were made of duralumin sheeting. Parts that were required to be of strong construction, such as the
11378:
Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.
2940:
A Ju 87 B of 5/StG 2 is examined by British troops after making an emergency landing in the North African desert, December 1941.
2138:
1331:
In January 1943, a variety of Ju 87 Ds became "test beds" for the Ju 87 G variants. At the start of 1943, the coastal Luftwaffe
548:
The Stuka had inverted gull wings, as shown in this photograph. Also visible are the two separate sliding "hoods" of the canopy.
947:
909:
Formation of Ju 87 A dive-bombers, with the A's characteristic large wheel "trousers", each having one transverse bracing strut
720:
via a pump from the tanks to the engine. Should this shut down, it could be pumped manually using a hand-pump on the fuel cock
3730:
Towards the end of the war, as the Allies gained air supremacy, the Stuka was being replaced by ground-attack versions of the
1412:
11608:
11583:
8364:
8350:
8336:
8275:
8180:
8161:
8142:
7998:
7973:
7926:
7810:
7789:
7728:
7667:
7648:
7629:
7610:
2503:
1870:, but the Stuka was capable of landing on the beach without crashing. That was the only time a Stuka attacked the capital of
1302:
2307:
s survivors, was sunk in a later attack with the loss of 63 sailors. 49 officers and men, 13 soldiers and 33 survivors from
1104:
11573:
4681:
3564:
In early 1942, the Ju 87s gave the Heer yet more valuable support. On 29 December 1941, the Soviet 44th Army landed on the
3556:
3280:
but the Stuka could not. The Ju 87's vulnerability was demonstrated on 11 November 1942, when 15 Ju 87Ds were shot down by
1124:
The powerplant; a Jumo 211D installed in a Ju 87 B – the "Jericho Trumpet" siren housing is faired over on the maingear leg
3734:. By early 1944, the number of Ju 87 units and operational aircraft terminally declined. For the Soviet summer offensive,
2395:(1,146 tons). The Ju 87s then took to bombing the town and the airstrip to support the German forces under the command of
1641:
from July 1944, replacing their use of German trainers. The 3rd and 4th group served on the Eastern Front, the 8th in the
1551:("flame eliminators"). On 10 November 1943, the RLM GL/C-E2 Division finally authorised the design in directive No. 1117.
11534:
8824:
7415:
3792:
3642:
2673:(2,376 tons) was sunk having taken on 600 soldiers. The attacks brought the evacuation to a halt for a time. The ferries
2619:
2377:
1809:, a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) was allocated serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental
1267:
396:
3687:
total. This was well below 50 per cent of the required strength. On 18 October 1943, StG 1, 2, 3, 5 and 77 were renamed
2607:) said that "never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved."
11578:
8978:
4580:
3890:
3381:
2732:
1646:
679:
4240:
Stukas when it was shot down. Today the wreck is a visiting site for many scuba divers, lying at a depth of 28 meters.
9005:
8311:
8256:
8237:
8218:
8199:
8123:
8101:
8082:
8063:
8044:
8025:
7945:
7907:
7867:
7848:
7829:
7766:
7747:
7709:
7690:
4259:
4181:
3738:, 12 Ju 87 groups and five mixed groups (including Fw 190s) were on the Luftwaffe's order of battle on 26 June 1944.
2850:(JG 26) were sent out in advance of the main strike and drew off RAF fighters, allowing 86 Ju 87s of StG 1 to attack
2567:
units. When resistance was organised, the Ju 87s could be vulnerable. For example, on 12 May, near Sedan, six French
2013:
1735:
After evaluating Ju 87 operations on the Eastern Front, Göring ordered production limited to 200 per month in total.
721:
3026:
send military aid to his ally. Before the Luftwaffe could intervene, the Italian Ju 87s achieved some successes. 97
2169:
1686:
984: : W.Nr 4922, registration D-IDQR. Flown on 25 February 1936. Flown again as registration D-UHUH on 4 June 1937
4676:
3947:
1759:
1497:
1445:
was copied to protect the crew from ground fire now that the Ju 87 would be required to conduct low level attacks.
1120:
735:
The RAF Museum's Ju 87, 2016, partially disassembled, showing the four attachment points for the outer wing section
731:
533:
tail design. To withstand strong forces during a dive, heavy plating, along with brackets riveted to the frame and
2738:
sank after a mass-attack. Further victories against shipping were claimed before nightfall on 1 June. The steamer
9001:
3986:
3844:
2423:
of I./StG 1 to silence the Oscarsborg fort, ensured even more attention was paid to pin-point bombing during the
2383:
In the following weeks, StG 1 continued their sea operations. Off Namsos on 5 May 1940, they caught and sank the
303:
2419:
The Ju 87 units had learned lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns. The failures in Poland, and of the
1369:
Ju 87 V 21. Registration D-INRF. W.Nr 0870536. Airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.
807:
Physical stress on the crew was severe. Human beings subjected to more than 5g in a seated position will suffer
759:
system from the pilot's control column. The rear gunner/radio operator operated one 7.92 mm (.312 in)
9842:
8411:
3993:
2917:
2588:, Ju 87 operations broke up counterattacks and offered pin-point aerial artillery support for German infantry.
1742:
1089:
A long range version of the Ju 87 B was also built, known as the Ju 87 R, the letter being an abbreviation for
9298:
3661:
3456:
occurred early at 03:40–03:47 in the morning of 22 June. While being escorted by Bf 109s from JG 51 to attack
11195:
10037:
4576:
4366:
4127:
4060:
3573:
3281:
1814:
1027: : Production version fitted with an improved 680 PS (500 kW or 670 hp) Jumo 210E engine.
436:
for dive testing. The aircraft was given a good evaluation and "exhibited very good flying characteristics".
3674:, which also reported the loss of 30 aircraft in combat operations. Despite these losses, Ju 87s helped the
1342:
G. Wolfgang Vorwald noted the experiments were not successful, and suggested the cannon be installed on the
1015: : Ten pre-production aircraft, powered by a 640 PS (471 kW or 632 hp) Jumo 210C engine.
950:. By mid-1938, 262 Ju 87 As had been produced, 192 from the Junkers factory in Dessau and a further 70 from
10391:
9866:
9857:
9852:
9674:
4280:
3817:
3453:
3101:
3097:
2928:
and Dover and night-bomber sorties made over the Channel. These attacks were resumed the following winter.
1626:
1190:
On 18 August 1937, the RLM decided to introduce the Ju 87 Tr(C). The Ju 87 C was intended to be a dive and
311:
11401:
11210:
10973:
10969:
10959:
10764:
10627:
10623:
10613:
10313:
10304:
10249:
10130:
9828:
9701:
3722:
decreed that no more ships were to pass within range of German aircraft without his personal permission.
3675:
3264:
3123:
2551:. It was here that most of the Ju 87-equipped units were concentrated. They assisted in the breakthrough
1678:(RM) for Ju 87 construction orders. The RLM paid another 243,646 RM for development orders. According to
1070:
11386:
9367:
8970:
11603:
11508:
10997:
10219:
10135:
10121:
10032:
10028:
9279:
8391:
4835:
4762:
4247:
in Berlin has the wreckage of two complete aircraft that were recovered from separate crash sites near
3950:- Purchased two aircraft from Germany for evaluation. Japan received the Ju 87 A-1 (called a Ju 87 K-1)
3762:
3743:
3260:
2983:
delivered six and three damaging near-misses but the ship's engines were untouched and she reached the
2953:
1704:. Junkers were able to supply 300 German workers to the Weserflug factory, and as an interim solution,
1456:
1448:
1284:
815:
416:. The main, and what was to be the most distinctive, feature of the Ju 87 was its double-spar inverted
10537:
3084:
2272:
2063:, the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well-entrenched and resolute Polish forces. IV(Stuka)./
11593:
9967:
8404:
4274:
4106:
3897:
3852:
3235:
had been evacuating 1,100 soldiers to North Africa; 260 of them were killed and another 280 wounded.
2684:
2604:
2581:
2485:
2478:
1911:
1886:
well-coordinated fighter opposition; this lesson was learned later at great cost to the Stuka crews.
1650:
694:
284:
3115:. The Stukas inflicted severe damage on Allied shipping. On 22 April, the 1,389 ton destroyers
2202:
2188:
1987:
A Ju 87 achieved the first air victory during World War II on the morning of 1 September 1939, when
1460:
A technician servicing the 3.7 cm gun pod. The barrel can be seen near the left border of the photo.
1073:, including Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. The B-2 also had an oil hydraulic system for closing the
10253:
4748:
4566:
1 × 250 kg (550 lb) bomb beneath the fuselage and 4× 50 kg (110 lb) under-wing.
4147:
3970:
2961:
2643:
1397:
of BK+EF. W.Nr 0870530. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-4 trop. First flown on 1 March 1941.
1074:
413:
123:
11239:
1716:
September 1942. This was not achievable due to the insufficient production capacity in the Reich.
1390:
of BK+EE. W.Nr 0870544. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1/D-4. First flown on 1 March 1941.
1276:
11299:
10168:
9188:
4686:
4244:
4220:
3739:
3407:
2878:
2560:
2025:
1981:
1654:
1155: : W.Nr 4927. Flown on 16 February 1938 as D-IELZ. Flown again as WL-IELZ on 16 October 1939
451:
447:
2905:, for the loss of four Ju 87s. On 14 November 19 Stukas from III./St.G 1 with escort drawn from
2865:
Steady losses had occurred throughout their participation in the battle. On 18 August, known as
2159:
2029:
463:, feared that such high-level nerves and skill could not be expected of "average pilots" in the
361:" undercarriage. Pohlmann continued to carry on developing and adding to his ideas and those of
11417:
11394:
11190:
11136:
10584:
10522:
10482:
10477:
10438:
10410:
10386:
9985:
9980:
9972:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9545:
9381:
9274:
4629:
4083:
3513:
3301:
2783:
2585:
2577:
2552:
2497:
2411:
2056:
1712:
1311:
1069:
received B-2s and named them the "Picchiatello", while others went to the other members of the
565:
185:
75:
20:
3432:
2563:
alone flying 201 individual missions. The Ju 87s benefited from heavy fighter protection from
1400:
Ju 87 V 30, the only known prototype of the Ju 87 D-5. W.Nr 2296. First flown on 20 June 1943.
1383:
of PB+UB. W.Nr 0870542. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.
1376:
of SF+TY. W.Nr 0870540. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.
958:
near Bremen. The new, more powerful, Ju 87B model started to replace the Ju 87A at this time.
685:
340:
became the most successful Stuka pilot and the most highly decorated German pilot of the war.
252:
under both wings to ensure that the aircraft recovered from its attack dive even if the pilot
11485:
11453:
11046:
11012:
10983:
10744:
10669:
10405:
10186:
9681:
9251:
7885:]. Grande enciclopedia delle armi moderne (in Italian). Milano: Alberto Peruzzo Editore.
4830:
4664:
4644:
4634:
4143:
3758:
3683:
3185:
was sunk, with the loss of 45 officers and 648 ratings. The Ju 87s also crippled the cruiser
3117:
3088:
3059:
2984:
2535:
2444:, Belgium. The headquarters of the commander responsible for ordering the destruction of the
1961:
1789:
1517:
326:
had largely replaced the Ju 87, but it remained in service until the end of the war in 1945.
272:
10589:
7352:
2642:
was severely damaged by a Ju 87 attack within Dunkirk's harbour, and subsequently sank. The
2367:. The carriers mounted fighter patrols over the ships evacuating troops from Andalsnes. The
1850:
in January 1939, the Junkers Ju 87 returned to Spain. On the morning of 21 January 1939, 34
1695:
March 1942. The expansion of the Ju 88 production lines to compensate for the withdrawal of
1621:(Luftwaffe Command East) were given six and two respectively. In the first half of 1943, 12
1482:
1435:
522:, stated the only problem was with the small radiator, which caused the engine to overheat.
515:
September 1935. The aircraft was later given the registration D-UBYR. The flight report, by
471:
should have dive-bombing capabilities, which initially doomed the only dedicated, strategic
11328:
11279:
11254:
11150:
11115:
11036:
11007:
11002:
10904:
10897:
10892:
10645:
10636:
10631:
10618:
10609:
10532:
10318:
10309:
10274:
10116:
10106:
10081:
10042:
10024:
10015:
10010:
9715:
9710:
9706:
9491:
9372:
9192:
8899:
4119:
3602:
3581:
3240:
3193:
2976:
2921:
2573:
2564:
2523:
2384:
2255:
1989:
1468:
1343:
443:
375:
7446:
2206:
2021:
1794:
1547:(harassment squadrons). On 23 July 1942, Junkers offered the Ju 87 B-2, R-2 and R-4s with
8:
10674:
10071:
9477:
9060:
9055:
3800:
3735:
3305:
3197:
3179:
3063:
2916:
Bad weather resulted in a decline of anti-shipping operations, and before long the Ju 87
2882:
2855:
2830:
2678:
2517:
2184:
1847:
1634:
1496:
cannons were mounted in under-wing gun pods, each loaded with two six-round magazines of
1332:
1255:
822:
740:
553:
530:
499:
111:
7484:"Odnaleziono wrak bombowca sprzed 71 lat. W jego wnętrzu znajdowały się szczątki pilota"
4861:
4796:
2055:) alone dropped 388 tonnes (428 tons) of bombs during this battle. During the
1543:
at night to drop flares and fragmentation bombs, inspired the Luftwaffe to form its own
11552:
10323:
9861:
9847:
4472:
V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engine, 1,000 kW (1,400 hp) for take-off
4135:
3963:
3568:. The Luftwaffe was only able to dispatch meager reinforcements of four bomber groups (
3357:
3317:
3309:
3277:
3217:
3075:
3069:
2975:. The Ju 87s first made their presence felt by subjecting the British aircraft carrier
2936:
2700:
2493:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2154:
1630:
863:
744:
519:
280:
276:
3312:
had been occupied by the British; the Luftwaffe committed 75 Stukas of StG 3 based in
3292:
By 1943, the Allies enjoyed air supremacy in North Africa. The Ju 87s ventured out in
2742:
was lost while carrying 1,500 Dutch soldiers most of whom were killed. The oil tanker
1896:
329:
Germany built an estimated 6,000 Ju 87s of all versions between 1936 and August 1944.
11269:
11185:
11170:
10836:
10574:
10294:
10196:
10191:
10159:
10144:
10000:
9958:
9949:
9362:
9353:
9246:
9025:
8360:
8346:
8332:
8307:
8290:
8271:
8252:
8233:
8214:
8195:
8176:
8157:
8138:
8119:
8097:
8078:
8059:
8040:
8021:
8004:
7994:
7990:
7969:
7941:
7922:
7903:
7886:
7863:
7844:
7825:
7806:
7785:
7762:
7743:
7724:
7705:
7686:
7679:
7663:
7644:
7625:
7606:
7589:
6823:
4867:
4557:
4553:
4341:
Deutsches Technikmuseum, with a veteran gunner speaking of his combat in North Africa
4015:
3920:
3731:
3647:
3544:
3363:
3351:
3204:
3172:
2949:
2847:
2716:
2636:
2611:
2529:
2462:
2265:
2239:
2079:
1855:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1464:
1260:
1251:
1066:
951:
936:
888:
808:
760:
752:
700:
The engine was mounted on two main support frames that were supported by two tubular
580:
579:
On 27 July 1936, Udet crashed the He 118 prototype, He 118 V1 D-UKYM. That same day,
475:
design to enter German front-line service during the war years—the 30-metre wingspan
365:
337:
323:
315:
296:
288:
268:
201:
117:
37:
7526:
4524:
1,535 km (954 mi, 829 nmi) at 5,100 m (16,730 ft) (maximum)
3633:
VIII. Rudel's cannon-equipped Ju 87 Gs had a devastating effect on Soviet armour at
2971:
was to attack British shipping passing between Sicily and Africa, in particular the
1970:
1952:
targeted the cables along the embankment, the electricity plant and signal boxes at
682:
576:, a rival design. Udet cancelled the order the next day, and development continued.
483:
11076:
10679:
10396:
9417:
9408:
9404:
9376:
9265:
9103:
9074:
8657:
4717:
4649:
4469:
3913:
3505:, which was struck by two 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombs. During this action,
3441:
3256:
3108:
3092:
2925:
2822:
2779:
2726:
2656:
2650:
2615:
2548:
2474:
2279:
2245:
2230:
was attacked on 17 April. Her stern was virtually destroyed but she limped back to
2224:
2060:
2009:
1835:
1525:
1250:
Despite the Stuka's vulnerability to enemy fighters having been exposed during the
946:. The only further significant difference between the A-1 and A-2 was the H-PA-III
676:
646:
561:
390:
came to power, the design was given priority. Despite initial competition from the
358:
354:
292:
220:
189:
91:
8111:
4219:, who originally planned for a rebuild to airworthy status, and later went to the
3111:. As the Allies withdrew and resistance collapsed, the Allies began evacuating to
2183:
On 9 April, the first Stukas took off at 10:59 from occupied airfields to destroy
11522:
11294:
11027:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10802:
10797:
10734:
10641:
10561:
10154:
10149:
10061:
10056:
10047:
9995:
9990:
9837:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9758:
9669:
9655:
9515:
7800:
4379:
4037:
4008:
3940:
3699:
3565:
3479:
and 500 vehicles. As the 1st and 2nd Panzer Groups forced bridgeheads across the
3345:
3332:
was sunk along with a patrol vessel, a steam ship and the auxiliary landing ship
3272:
3252:
3211:
3135:
2960:
in December 1940. In the next few days, two groups—80 Stukas—were deployed under
2945:
2866:
2811:
2791:
2775:
2496:
and Dutch gold reserves through the country's ports. Ju 87s sank the Dutch ships
2380:, that carrier operations were no longer practical under the current conditions.
2334:
also had an operational effect, even when little damage was done. On 1 May 1940,
2085:
2068:
2046:
2041:
1933:
1859:
1776:
aircraft works was destroyed on 30 May 1944, and the site abandoned Ju 87 links.
1533:
1505:
1430:
1352:
826:
705:
634:
569:
511:
391:
319:
261:
60:
4203:
One aircraft is being restored to airworthy condition from two wrecks, owned by
11495:
11490:
11463:
11448:
11443:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11318:
11314:
11289:
11274:
11264:
11249:
11229:
11205:
11200:
11165:
11160:
11131:
11090:
11081:
11041:
10964:
10949:
10939:
10919:
10778:
10768:
10759:
10724:
10709:
10694:
10664:
10556:
10371:
10357:
10347:
10342:
10332:
10181:
10172:
10125:
10111:
10101:
10019:
10005:
9768:
9763:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9720:
9639:
9630:
9625:
9620:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8757:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8707:
4619:
4602:
4597:
4030:
3839:
3509:
3457:
3165:
3153:
3142:
2902:
2834:
2625:
2600:
2595:
2555:, the critical and first major land battle of the war on French territory. The
2201:. The 22 Ju 87s had helped suppress the Norwegian defenders during the ensuing
1878:. During the attack the Republican ground defenders, equipped with a quadruple
1851:
1752:
decided continued development would "hardly bring any further tactical value".
1537:
1346:. Testing continued, and on 31 January 1943, Ju 87 D-1 W.Nr 2552 was tested by
1289:
1203:
1191:
879:
717:
573:
544:
503:
476:
314:
war, where it was used for general ground support, as an effective specialised
239:
8385:
7900:
Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943
7552:
4255:, who originally planned for the remains to be restored to airworthy, in 1996.
2833:
continued to fire on the Stukas as the ship sank. He was awarded a posthumous
649:. Bolts and parts that were required to take heavy stress were made of steel.
11567:
11438:
11086:
10944:
10754:
10433:
10429:
10284:
10269:
10163:
9665:
9660:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9506:
9501:
9486:
9457:
9439:
9430:
9421:
9412:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9358:
9344:
9339:
9335:
9330:
9321:
9316:
9312:
9293:
9289:
9284:
9269:
9237:
9161:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9070:
9065:
9040:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8712:
8702:
8697:
8687:
8667:
8647:
8294:
8008:
7890:
7593:
4840:
4792:
4639:
4053:
3927:
received a delivery of 46 Ju 87 D-2 and D-3 dive bombers and some Ju 87 R-2s.
3415:
3186:
3159:
3146:
3035:
2972:
2886:
2815:
2706:
2470:
2264:
fired 1,000 rounds, but failed to shoot down any of her attackers. The sloop
2235:
2173:
2111:
1998:
1875:
1802:
1753:
1696:
1529:
1486:
1439:
1053:
875:
801:
791:
When the aircraft was reasonably close to the target, a light on the contact
645:
alloy containing titanium as a hardening element) and its components made of
597:
584:
468:
227:
197:
10328:
9079:
3080:
became victims. The former was crippled and later sunk by Italian warships.
2049:
which resulted in the breaking of Polish resistance. The dive bomber wings (
1403:
Ju 87 V 26-28, Ju 87 V 31, and V 42-47 were experiments of unknown variants.
755:
fitted one in each wing outboard of undercarriage, operated by a mechanical
11333:
11304:
11234:
11224:
11219:
11095:
10788:
10570:
10541:
10512:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10414:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10096:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9696:
9686:
9307:
9241:
9217:
9212:
9098:
8793:
8788:
8752:
8662:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8492:
8487:
8477:
4654:
4263:
4115:
3868:
3719:
3702:. On 6 October 1943 the most powerful flotilla in the fleet comprising the
3626:
3424:
3285:
3248:
3244:
3139:
2898:
2890:
2568:
2466:
2449:
2445:
2396:
2350:
2338:
2335:
2252:
2142:
1975:
1937:
1920:
1843:
1749:
1611:
1600:
1580:
1429:
caused Junkers to adapt the existing design to combat this new threat. The
1199:
1195:
1058:
1046:
943:
905:
626:
538:
472:
460:
400:(RLM/German aviation ministry) turned to the designs of Herman Pohlmann of
369:
226:. Upon the leading edges of its faired main gear legs were mounted ram-air
223:
209:
8116:
Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
7984:
4518:
319 km/h (198 mph, 172 kn) at 5,100 m (16,700 ft)
4512:
410 km/h (255 mph, 222 kn) at 4,100 m (13,500 ft)
3996:- Operated 6 Ju 87 D-1s and 5 more Ju 87s of an unknown variant from 1943.
2874:
radar stations, and destroying 49 British aircraft, mainly on the ground.
942:
The Ju 87 A-2 was retrofitted with the Jumo 210Da fitted with a two-stage
697:
and each compartment had its own "sliding hood" for the two crew members.
192:, it first flew in 1935. The Ju 87 made its combat debut in 1937 with the
11416:
11180:
11066:
10812:
10565:
10546:
10051:
9691:
9615:
9610:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9520:
9511:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9453:
9444:
9435:
9325:
9227:
9222:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9178:
9165:
9156:
9045:
9000:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8692:
8652:
8482:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
7802:
Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943–45
4788:
4624:
4390:
4251:
in 1990 and 1994. These wrecks were purchased from New Zealand collector
3679:
3606:
2851:
2513:
2177:
2107:
2091:
1945:
1863:
1292:
on a PVC 1006 B rack—this setup would have had the capacity to carry the
830:
442:
took an immediate liking to the concept of dive-bombing after flying the
405:
205:
181:
56:
1838:
in 1937. Presumably the aircraft was then secretly returned to Germany.
1420:" with its twin Bordkanone 3.7 cm (1.46 in) underwing gun pods
743:(anhedral) and the outer surfaces a positive dihedral. This created the
11309:
10551:
10201:
9482:
4252:
4216:
4204:
2871:
2787:
2489:
2441:
2424:
2342:
2231:
2164:
1944:. To do this, Ju 87s were ordered to perform a low-level attack on the
1900:
818:
756:
675:
The fuselage had an oval cross-section and housed, in most examples, a
619:
439:
433:
429:
379:
302:
After the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe deployed Stuka units in the
249:
244:
235:
3597:
making it the largest and most powerful air command in the world. The
2669:(363 and 290 tons) disintegrated under bombardment. The merchant ship
629:
and could carry a two-person crew. The main construction material was
459:
Command Office Walther Wever, and the Secretary of State for Aviation
275:
roles at the outbreak of World War II. It led air assaults during the
11323:
9426:
9107:
8767:
8762:
8357:
Fronteinsätze eines Stuka-Fliegers: Mittelmeer und Ostfront 1943/1944
4614:
4279:
Junkers Ju 87 B-2, Code 98+01, Werk Nr. 870406, is on display at the
4235:
Other aircraft survive as wreckage at or recovered from crash sites:
3875:
3695:
3621:
A wrecked Ju-87 and the corpse of its pilot near Leningrad, June 1943
3589:
3502:
3498:
3336:. On 24 October Ju 87s sank the landing craft LCT-115 and cargo ship
2746:
was also destroyed. A flotilla of French minesweepers were also lost—
2731:, commissioned for just three weeks, was sunk and in the evening the
2694:
2509:
2432:
2212:
2198:
1941:
1871:
1867:
1724:
1701:
1521:
1348:
1315:
A pair of Ju 87Ds following a landing with air brakes still deployed.
1207:
the Weserflug Company's Lemwerder plant between April and July 1940.
1094:
955:
792:
642:
630:
622:
556:
inverted V-12 engine, with the final variant to be equipped with the
417:
409:
216:
193:
103:
8285:
Willigenburg, Henk van (March–April 2001). "Graft Zeppelin Afloat".
4118:
in 1970 wearing inaccurate wing code W8-A, with "W8" belonging to a
3694:
A few Ju 87s were also retained for anti-shipping operations in the
2920:
began re-deploying to Poland, as part of the concealed build-up for
2790:. On 4 July 1940, StG 2 made a successful attack on a convoy in the
1040:
Junkers Ju 87 B parked at Schiphol airport in the Netherlands, 1940.
775:
425:
279:
in September 1939. Stukas proved critical to the rapid conquest of
9170:
8396:
8249:
Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of North Africa and the Mediterranean
4284:
4248:
3638:
3629:. I., II, III. of StGs 2 and 3 were committed under the command of
3488:
2842:
2037:
2006:
1994:
1953:
1879:
1720:
1575:
1210:
Among the "special" equipment of the Ju 87 C was a two-seat rubber
1137: : W.Nr 0870027. Flown on 14 June 1937 (A-0 to B-0 conversion)
728:
significant force on the control column and taking manual control.
709:
661:
557:
534:
507:
8387:
Test flight and combat debut of the "Kanonenvogel" – wartime video
8304:
The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power
7603:
Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945
4269:
In October 2006, a Ju 87 D-3/Trop. was recovered underwater, near
1161:: W.Nr 0870321. Registration D-IGDK. Destroyed in a crash in 1942.
11100:
11022:
11017:
10442:
10424:
10419:
10279:
10215:
10210:
9349:
8778:
8427:
4958:
4956:
4659:
4494:
4445:
4131:
3480:
3268:
3128:
2453:
2099:
1929:
1824:
1819:
1638:
1540:
1472:
1356:
1109:
919:
915:
796:
669:
653:
526:
502:
engine. Ten engines were ordered by Junkers on 19 April 1934 for
421:
401:
257:
80:
7721:
Dornier Do 17 – The Yugoslav Story: Operational Record 1937–1947
7490:(in Polish). Grupa Onet.pl S.A. 12 November 2015. Archived from
3087:. A furious Hitler ordered the attack to be expanded to include
1801:
Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the
1706:
Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians deported to Germany
767:
swung down clear of the propeller on crutches prior to release.
9255:
7761:. Black Cross. Vol. V. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag.
7553:"Behind the spectacular sound of 'Dunkirk' - with Richard King"
7304:
5253:
4301:
4270:
4211:. The project takes its identification from Ju 87 R-4 Werk Nr.
3754:
3476:
3475:
s effectiveness occurred on 5 July, when StG 77 knocked out 18
3321:
3313:
2957:
2894:
2508:(1,520 tons) as they provided close-shore artillery support at
2400:
1642:
1490:
1211:
843:
842:
Extensive tests were carried out by the Junkers works at their
689:
638:
362:
333:
7394:
7088:
6980:
4953:
4481:
1,050 kW (1,410 hp) at 4,300 m (14,100 ft)
2544:
was later beached and scuttled after an air attack on 19 May.
310:
and the Mediterranean theatres and in the early stages of the
11528:
4729:
4003:
3634:
3465:
3341:
3112:
3043:
3015:
2910:
2906:
2722:
2002:
1957:
1949:
1919:
On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland, beginning
1679:
1476:
1052:
The B-1 was also fitted with "Jericho trumpets", essentially
785:
701:
387:
253:
7702:
The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
3803:- Bulgaria received 12 Ju 87 R-2 and R-4s and 40 Ju 87 D-5s.
1862:
pilot, Francisco Alférez Jiménez, claimed it destroyed near
8343:
Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source
8329:
Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source
8056:
To Win the Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944–1945
5707:
5705:
5703:
4735:
4287:. The parts of three others have been found (S2+?? ; H4+??
3577:
3484:
3435:, operating from Norway's Arctic Circle, were allotted IV.
3255:, which lasted for over seven months. It served during the
3050:
was sunk later in the day. On 21 April the Greek freighter
2995:
2194:
2064:
1773:
751:
The offensive armament was two 7.92 mm (.312 in)
7292:
7112:
7100:
7040:
7004:
6992:
6884:
6555:
6553:
4063:
tested various captured variants during and after the war.
4040:
tested various captured variants during and after the war.
3725:
3718:
were caught and sunk by dive-bombing. After the disaster,
2814:(RAF) interception, sank the 5,500 ton anti-aircraft ship
1968:("chain" or flight of three) of Ju 87s of 3./StG 1 led by
1288:
which could carry a 750–905 kg (1,653–1,995 lb)
825:(the captured enemy aircraft Flight), tested the Ju 87 at
7256:
7064:
7052:
7028:
7016:
6968:
6944:
6932:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6023:
6011:
5942:
5778:
4126:
A later, ground-attack variant, this is displayed at the
3650:
F and G (ground attack versions) and began to be renamed
3325:
3127:
were sunk. In the next two days, the Greek naval base at
2028:
in the Polish Army magnified the impact of the Ju 87. At
1854:, along with some escorts and three Ju 87B, attacked the
494:
The design of the Ju 87 had begun in 1933 as part of the
382:; proponent of the dive-bomber and the Ju 87 (1928 photo)
8135:
Ju 87 Stuka: Luftwaffe Ju 87 Dive-Bomber Units 1939–1941
7660:
Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942–February 1943
6649:
6647:
5700:
4811:
4095:
Two intact Ju 87s survive, with a third being restored:
3900:- received 33/34 Ju 87 D-3/D-5s and 11/12 B-1 and B-2s.
3526:
were also sunk. The Stukas also crippled the battleship
1711:
By 17 August 1942, production had climbed rapidly after
1637:. NSGr 7 operated in "anti-partisan" role from bases in
6550:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5932:
5930:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
2481:, Ju 87s effectively neutralised artillery and armour.
2473:. In pitched battles against French armoured forces at
2067:
was particularly effective in destroying the fortified
2045:
Poles surrendered. The Stukas also participated in the
1719:
The RLM considered setting up production facilities in
1700:
workers had been called up for military service in the
1296:
LT 850, the German version of the well-proven Japanese
672:
and high acceleration during "pull-out" from the dive.
613:
318:
and in an anti-shipping role. Once the Luftwaffe lost
8118:(3rd ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
7784:] (in Catalan). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau, Editor.
7429:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7316:
7280:
7268:
6956:
6360:
6358:
6282:
6280:
6238:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5737:
5735:
5722:
5720:
5594:
5592:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5531:
5321:
5319:
5294:
5292:
5184:
5182:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
4329:
Ju 87 wreck, Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum (2008)
4262:
displays the remains of an aircraft that crashed near
11506:
8211:
Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945
6644:
6345:
6343:
6328:
6163:
6161:
6035:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5666:
5664:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5521:
5519:
5506:
5504:
5428:
5426:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5336:
5334:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
4900:
4732:
4723:
4556:
forward firing, 1 × 7.92 mm (0.31 in) twin
4223:
in Berlin. Parts from a second airframe, a Ju 87 R-2
4172:
at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago (2014)
3593:, the Luftwaffe had concentrated 1,800 aircraft into
3543:
Elsewhere on the Eastern front, the Junkers assisted
3350:
was put out of action for a year. The light cruisers
2931:
2782:'s IV.(St), Sturzkampfgeschwader 1's III. Gruppe and
2614:, many Allied ships were lost to Ju 87 attacks while
2427:
period. This was to pay off in the Western campaign.
2296:
s forward magazine was hit, killing 108 of the crew.
510:
and sixpence. The first Ju 87 prototype was built by
6122:
5994:
5982:
5965:
5927:
5790:
5640:
5467:
5465:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4726:
4317:
Ju 87 underwater wreck, Adriatic sea, Croatia (2021)
2130:(Stuka force) lost 31 aircraft during the campaign.
215:
The aircraft is easily recognisable by its inverted
7420:
7387:
6355:
6277:
6052:
6050:
5747:
5732:
5717:
5604:
5589:
5577:
5560:
5411:
5316:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5179:
5150:
5127:
5069:
5067:
4720:
4609:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
3054:was sunk and they accounted for the British tanker
2289:1 on 3 May 1940 during the evacuation from Namsos.
8268:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of the Russian Front
7678:
6340:
6255:
6253:
6158:
5826:
5688:
5676:
5661:
5628:
5543:
5516:
5501:
5489:
5438:
5423:
5346:
5331:
5206:
4353:The Ju 87 at the Hellenic Air Force Museum, Greece
2345:expedition of seven destroyers, the heavy cruiser
8039:. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Power Research Institute.
5462:
4912:
4883:
3665:Ju 87 Ds over the Eastern Front, 22 December 1943
1817:. The aircraft was secretly loaded onto the ship
1645:and the 9th in Italy. NSGr 20 fought against the
1498:armour-piercing tungsten carbide-cored ammunition
821:, a British test pilot and Commanding Officer of
412:were introduced to give the rear gunner a better
11565:
8345:, Volume 2. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007.
8331:, Volume 1. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007.
8189:
7959:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
7381:
7310:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6047:
5064:
4130:in London; it was captured by British forces at
3551:
2559:flew 300 sorties against French positions, with
2492:in concert with the British were evacuating the
1730:
1338:tested this combination from a static position.
267:The Ju 87 operated with considerable success in
11365:Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved
7622:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941
7346:
7344:
6250:
4266:in 1944 and was raised from the seabed in 1989.
2778:included bomber wings equipped with the Ju 87.
2406:
1572:Metal Works Lower Saxony Brinckmann und Mergell
1231:of TK+HD). W.Nr 4928. First flown 17 March 1938
11589:World War II ground attack aircraft of Germany
9002:Reich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations
6228:
6226:
6224:
3362:were badly damaged by StG 3 and the destroyer
2547:The Ju 87 units were also instrumental in the
2484:The Ju 87s also assisted German forces in the
1565:Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Technisches Amt
829:. He said of the Stuka, "I had flown a lot of
455:and pulling out of the dive. The chief of the
11402:
8986:
8412:
8170:
7986:Hitler's Eagles : The Luftwaffe, 1933–45
7968:. Translated by Weal, John. Frontline Books.
7857:
7775:
7737:
6577:
6092:
6080:
6068:
5310:
5259:
4962:
3196:fighter bombers) while sinking the destroyer
3192:that morning, (she was later finished off by
2193:, which disrupted the amphibious landings in
2094:(both moored in a harbour). The torpedo boat
978: : W.Nr 4921. Flown on 17 September 1935
939:missions were conducted without the gunner).
498:. The Ju 87 was to be powered by the British
8341:de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek.
8327:de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek.
8301:
8284:
8171:Thompson, Steve J.; Smith, Peter C. (2008).
8037:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1935–1945
7341:
6602:
4385:
2593:
2323:(466 tons). On 15 May, the Polish troopship
1915:Ju 87 Bs over Poland, September/October 1939
1511:
1271:Ju 87Ds, Soviet Union, January/February 1943
1241:of TV+OV. W.Nr 4929. First flown 12 May 1938
1149: : W.Nr 4926. Flown on 11 November 1937
1049:, the Luftwaffe had 336 Ju 87 B-1s on hand.
809:vision impairment in the form of a grey veil
19:"Stuka" redirects here. For other uses, see
8154:The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History
7921:. Vol. II. London: Chevron/Ian Allan.
7718:
7353:"Kennzeichen ab 1939 - Verbandskennzeichen"
6701:
6221:
4536:5,000 m (16,400 ft) in 20 minutes
3464:Karl Führing of StG 77 was shot down by an
2774:For the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe's
2465:. The Ju 87 proved to be a useful asset to
1807:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War
1077:. This continued in all the later designs.
935:(550 lb) weapons (although during the
708:. The firewall itself was constructed from
408:. During the trials with the K 47 in 1932,
16:1935 dive bomber aircraft family by Junkers
11409:
11395:
8993:
8979:
8419:
8405:
8374:. München, Germany: Curt Pechstein Verlag.
8359:(in German). Berlin: Helios Verlag, 2009.
7858:Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998).
7738:Dressel, Joachim; Griehl, Manfred (1994).
7657:
7638:
7619:
7118:
7106:
7094:
7070:
7058:
7046:
7034:
7022:
7010:
6998:
6986:
6974:
6950:
6938:
6926:
6914:
6902:
6890:
6828:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6809:
4787:a feature pioneered by the 1916–17 origin
4176:This aircraft is displayed in the Chicago
3828:Croatia received Ju 87s, delivered to the
3783:
3612:
3085:pro-German Yugoslav government was toppled
2649:was crippled by bomb damage the same day.
2440:helped swiftly neutralise the fortress of
1471:, each one in a self-contained under-wing
1427:huge numbers of well-armoured Soviet tanks
1002: : W.Nr 4925. Flown on 14 August 1936
7824:(2nd ed.). New York: Galahad Books.
7798:
7600:
7447:"Croatia: Stuka Bomber Wreck | X-Ray Mag"
7262:
7250:
7238:
7226:
7214:
7166:
7154:
7142:
4300:found in the village Krościenko Wyżne in
4209:Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum
3808:
3397:, II. and III./StG 1. Also included were
3171:was sunk and the next day the battleship
2624:was sunk on 21 May 1940, followed by the
2522:was crippled, beached and scuttled while
2234:with 33 dead and 38 wounded crewmen. The
1452:Hans-Ulrich Rudel's Ju 87 G-1 in May 1944
990: : W.Nr 4923. Flown on 27 March 1936
837:
618:The Ju 87 was a single-engined all-metal
7954:
7919:Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West
7902:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
7550:
6810:Ring, Hans; Shores, Christopher (1968),
4456:3,900 kg (8,598 lb) (equipped)
4389:
4163:
4105:
3660:
3616:
3555:
3380:
3145:. The force, consisting of the cruisers
2935:
2456:(14 km/ mi to the north). The
2436:(Case Yellow) began on 10 May 1940, the
2410:
2238:squadron consisting of the sister ships
2137:
1910:
1788:
1758:
1685:
1455:
1447:
1411:
1310:
1266:
1119:
1103:
1035:
996: : W.Nr 4924. Flown on 20 June 1936
960:
904:
774:
730:
543:
374:
7897:
7876:
7843:. London/Stuttgart: Airlife/Motorbuch.
7778:La guerra aèria a Catalunya (1936–1939)
7756:
7527:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
7082:
6653:
5417:
5405:
5298:
5283:
5271:
5200:
5188:
5161:
5144:
4974:
3826:Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske
3726:Operation Bagration to Berlin 1944–1945
3046:on 4 April 1941 while the torpedo boat
2715:was later badly damaged and along with
2187:, after the loss of the German cruiser
1467:, a Stuka ace, had suggested using two
11566:
8270:. Combat Aircraft 74. Oxford: Osprey.
8110:
8053:
8034:
8015:
7963:
7916:
7838:
7776:Gesalí, David; Íñiguez, David (2012).
7699:
7518:
7322:
7298:
7286:
7274:
7130:
6962:
6532:
6472:
6424:
6394:
6191:
6041:
6029:
6017:
6005:
5976:
5959:
5936:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5820:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5760:
5741:
5726:
5711:
5694:
5682:
5670:
5655:
5634:
5622:
5610:
5598:
5583:
5571:
5554:
5537:
5525:
5510:
5495:
5483:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5393:
5381:
5369:
5357:
5340:
5325:
5235:
5223:
5121:
5109:
5097:
5085:
5058:
5022:
4998:
4986:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4906:
4894:
4817:
3678:break out of an encirclement near the
3540:in exchange for two Ju 87s shot down.
2825:, killing 176 of its 298 crew. One of
2705:was crippled before being scuttled by
2661:were badly damaged while the trawlers
2631:on 28 May. The French Channel-steamer
1779:
1469:37 mm (1.46 in) Flak 18 guns
664:, reducing take-off and landing runs.
11390:
8974:
8400:
8369:
8302:Wood, Derek; Dempster, Derek (2003).
8251:. Combat Aircraft 6. Oxford: Osprey.
8232:. Combat Aircraft 1. Oxford: Osprey.
8230:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41
8151:
8132:
8072:
7982:
7819:
7719:Ciglic, Boris; Savic, Dragan (2007).
7676:
7583:
7512:
7470:
7433:
7369:
7202:
6878:
6677:
6590:
6460:
6436:
6412:
6400:
6364:
6334:
6298:
6286:
6271:
6215:
6203:
6179:
6152:
5988:
5921:
5909:
5897:
5837:
5808:
5471:
5173:
4791:all-metal sesquiplane of World War I
4747:
4570:
4423:11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in)
4378:Replicas at 7/10 scale were built by
4090:
3109:little air opposition was encountered
1932:, that linked Eastern Germany to the
11535:
8426:
8265:
8246:
8227:
8208:
8091:
7935:
7883:The Aircraft of the Second World War
7551:Andersen, Asbjoern (2 August 2017).
7524:
7190:
7178:
6866:
6854:
6842:
6797:
6785:
6773:
6761:
6749:
6737:
6725:
6713:
6689:
6665:
6638:
6626:
6614:
6571:
6559:
6544:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6448:
6388:
6376:
6349:
6322:
6310:
6259:
6244:
6232:
6167:
6140:
6128:
6116:
6104:
6056:
5885:
5247:
5073:
5046:
5034:
5010:
4682:List of military aircraft of Germany
4441:31.9 m (343.37 sq ft)
4435:3.9 m (12 ft 9.25 in)
4429:13.8 m (45 ft 3.5 in)
3324:), to recover the islands. With the
2769:
2616:evacuating British and French troops
1948:Garrison headquarters. II. and III./
1925:Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe
1793:Condor Legion's Junkers Ju 87A with
1784:
1763:Two Junkers Ju 87 Ds near completion
614:Basic design (based on the B series)
432:). The machine was also fitted with
3376:
2973:convoys aimed at re-supplying Malta
2762:and disorganised, and as a result,
2403:until they withdrew in early June.
1889:
1831:Herman Beuer, and took part in the
1595:On 15 November 1942, the Auxiliary
1021: : Initial production version.
770:
212:from beginning to end (1939–1945).
13:
8321:
7879:Gli aerei della 2a guerra mondiale
7685:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
7357:Das Archiv der Deutschen Luftwaffe
4260:Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum
3601:strength stood at 151. During the
3344:. On 31 October the light cruiser
3058:off Tobruk on 25 May and then the
2932:North Africa and the Mediterranean
1647:Western Allied invasion of Germany
1227:: Registration D-IHFH (changed to
716:warning light in the cockpit. The
14:
11620:
8379:
8094:Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne
7641:Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943
6812:Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne
3587:For the German summer offensive,
3131:lost 23 vessels to Stuka attack.
2944:After the Italian defeats in the
2881:moved up from their bases around
1690:A Ju 87D during wing installation
745:inverted gull, or "cranked", wing
11544:
11516:
8137:. Vol. I. London: Classic.
7957:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes
7544:
7506:
7476:
7464:
7439:
7409:
7375:
7363:
7350:
7328:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7208:
7196:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7076:
6872:
6860:
6848:
6836:
6803:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6755:
6743:
6731:
6719:
6707:
6695:
6683:
6671:
6659:
6632:
6620:
6608:
6596:
6565:
6538:
6526:
6514:
6502:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6382:
6370:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6265:
6209:
6197:
6185:
6173:
6146:
6134:
4716:
4677:List of aircraft of World War II
4552:2 × 7.92 mm (0.31 in)
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4227:857509 which served bearing the
4187:One Ju 87 is under restoration:
4069:
4046:
4023:
4002:
3979:
3956:
3948:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
3933:
3906:
3883:
3861:
3838:
3810:
3785:
3643:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
3371:
3107:In Greece, despite British aid,
3068:on 20 June. The British gunboat
2452:was stationed in the village of
2215:and hit her in the engine room.
2118:(183 tons) and its sister ships
1657:. The unit operated against the
1561:Der Reichsminister der Luftfahrt
1485:, both designs using the large,
869:
353:The Ju 87's principal designer,
36:
11599:Single-engined tractor aircraft
8372:Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure
8190:Vanags-Baginskis, Alex (1982).
7577:
6110:
6098:
6086:
6074:
6062:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5814:
5802:
5766:
5616:
5477:
5450:
5399:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5304:
5241:
5229:
5194:
5167:
5115:
5103:
5091:
5079:
5052:
5040:
5028:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4941:
4781:
4769:
3238:The dive bomber wing supported
2005:"Immelmann" shot down a Polish
1516:The Ju 87 had been used in the
965:The Ju 87 V4 prototype in 1936.
348:
11420:bomber designations, 1945–1958
4929:
4866:Wörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch –
4854:
4823:
4709:
4699:
4462:6,600 kg (14,550 lb)
4178:Museum of Science and Industry
3422:, I., II. and III. of StG 77.
3320:(II.StG 3; from 17 October on
2300:, which had taken off some of
1530:harassing German ground forces
590:
343:
1:
11368:Assigned to captured aircraft
8096:. Motorbuchverlag Stuttgart.
8018:Axis Aircraft of World War II
7938:Stuka Pilot Hans Ulrich Rudel
7662:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan.
7658:Bergström, Christer (2007c).
7643:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan.
7639:Bergström, Christer (2007b).
7624:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan.
7620:Bergström, Christer (2007a).
7416:Flying Heritage Stuka Project
4805:
4530:7,300 m (24,000 ft)
4273:. The aircraft is now in the
4061:United States Army Air Forces
3987:Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945)
3574:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
3552:Fall Blau to Stalingrad; 1942
3282:United States Army Air Forces
3267:, which drove Rommel back to
3002:. The Italian Stuka, renamed
2831:Leading Seaman John F. Mantle
2415:Campaign in the Low Countries
2012:while it was taking off from
1748:("General of Ground Attack")
1731:Decline and end of production
1668:
1520:role in 1940 and 1941 during
404:and co-designer of the K 47,
11609:Aircraft first flown in 1935
11584:1930s German bomber aircraft
11374:Propaganda/cover designation
8020:. London: Chancellor Press.
7822:Warplanes of the Third Reich
7601:Bergström, Christer (2008).
4402:Warplanes of the Third Reich
4281:Yugoslav Aeronautical Museum
3832:bomber unit in January 1944.
3777:
3452:The first Stuka loss on the
3231:were also severely damaged.
3178:was damaged and the cruiser
3000:Gruppo Bombardamento a Tuffo
2407:France and the Low Countries
2114:—along with the minesweeper
1846:in October 1938. During the
948:controllable-pitch propeller
489:
204:of 1936–1939 and served the
7:
11574:Inverted gull-wing aircraft
8073:Rudel, Hans Ulrich (1952).
7338:, February 2009, pp. 14–18.
4586:
4373:
4296:Junkers Ju 87 B-3 Werk Nr.
4232:observe the work underway.
4086:operated captured aircraft.
3265:Second Battle of El Alamein
2877:On 19 August, the units of
2794:, sinking four freighters:
2376:of the Home Fleet, Admiral
1960:, Poland. At exactly 04:26
1738:General der Schlachtflieger
895:
424:engine, producing 450
410:double vertical stabilisers
10:
11625:
8077:. London, UK: Blackhouse.
8058:. Pennsylvania: Combined.
8035:Murray, Willamson (1983).
7782:The Air War over Catalonia
4836:Collins English Dictionary
3744:fourth strategic offensive
3497:, during an air attack on
3263:, as well as the decisive
3261:First Battle of El Alamein
3006:, was in turn assigned to
2954:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
2846:("Eagle Day"). Bf 109s of
2788:early stages of the battle
2271:was sunk on 30 April. The
2152:
2110:on 6 September—during the
1651:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts
1599:was created. By mid-1943,
1500:. With these weapons, the
1407:
1285:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe
1245:
1185:
1181:may never have been built.
1084:
1031:
900:
397:Reichsluftfahrtministerium
176:, popularly known as the "
18:
11579:World War II dive bombers
11472:
11425:
11355:
11125:Post-349 (non-sequential)
11124:
10845:
10262:
9648:
9013:
8822:
8776:
8676:
8435:
8306:. London: Pen and Sword.
8213:. London: Eagles of War.
7955:Lawrence, Joseph (1945).
6093:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012
6081:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012
6069:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012
5311:Dressel & Griehl 1994
5260:Thompson & Smith 2008
4963:Griehl & Dressel 1998
4386:Specifications (Ju 87D-1)
4275:Hellenic Air Force Museum
4157:Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Werk Nr.
3898:Royal Hungarian Air Force
3853:Czechoslovakian Air Force
3757:. On 12 January 1945 the
2985:besieged harbour of Malta
2486:Battle of the Netherlands
2133:
1906:
1512:Night-harassment variants
786:g-force induced black-out
608:
162:
154:
146:
141:
133:
98:
86:
74:
66:
52:
47:
35:
30:
8152:Smith, Peter C. (2011).
8133:Smith, Peter C. (2007).
7966:Memoirs of a Stuka Pilot
7940:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer.
7860:Heinkel He 177 – 277–274
7839:Griehl, Manfred (2001).
7820:Green, William (1990) .
7757:Erfurth, Helmut (2004).
7740:Bombers of the Luftwaffe
7700:Bungay, Stephen (2000).
6816:Fighters over the Desert
6603:Wood & Dempster 2003
4692:
4497:constant-speed propeller
3973:- 90 Ju 87 D-3 and D-5s.
3971:Royal Romanian Air Force
3529:Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya
3393:was equipped with units
3010:97°, 101° and 102°. The
2885:and concentrated in the
2505:Johan Maurits Van Nassau
2448:-held bridges along the
2349:, the aircraft carriers
2327:(11,442 tons) was sunk.
1836:offensive against Bilbao
1336:test centre at Tarnewitz
763:for defensive purposes.
124:Royal Romanian Air Force
8680:(experimental aircraft)
8677:Company EF designations
8355:Eisenbach, Hans Peter.
7964:Mahlke, Helmut (2013).
7898:Hayward, J. S. (2001).
7862:. Shrewsbury: Airlife.
7799:Gooderson, Ian (1998).
7531:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
6702:Ciglic & Savic 2007
6415:, pp. 124, 131–140
4687:List of bomber aircraft
4408:General characteristics
4245:Deutsches Technikmuseum
4221:Deutsches Technikmuseum
3740:Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey
3613:Kursk and decline; 1943
3483:river and closed in on
3428:, under the command of
3411:, under the command of
3405:Immelmann. Attached to
3100:, Hitler's retribution
3034:(squadron) sinking the
2618:. The French destroyer
2273:French large destroyer
2149:on a Norwegian airfield
2106:(441 tons) was sunk in
2098:(412 tons) was sunk at
2026:anti-aircraft artillery
1805:, and as part of other
1713:Blohm & Voss BV 138
1655:IX Tactical Air Command
954:("Weserflug" – WFG) in
452:Robert Ritter von Greim
42:Ju 87Ds in October 1943
11418:Czechoslovak Air Force
8370:Zuerl, Walter (1941).
8175:. Hersham: Ian Allan.
8054:Parker, Danny (1998).
8016:Mondey, David (1996).
7936:Just, Gunther (1986).
7917:Hooton, E. R. (2007).
7877:Gunston, Bill (1984).
7723:. Belgrade: Jeroplan.
7586:The Aviation Historian
7334:"The Stuka Stealers".
4761:
4630:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver
4395:
4173:
4128:Royal Air Force Museum
4123:
4084:SFR Yugoslav Air Force
3763:Vistula–Oder Offensive
3666:
3622:
3561:
3560:Ju 87B over Stalingrad
3518:, while the destroyer
3403:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2
3401:, I., II. and III. of
3386:
2967:The first task of the
2941:
2926:Chatham naval dockyard
2784:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2
2594:
2416:
2203:Battle of Drøbak Sound
2150:
1916:
1899:training grounds near
1798:
1764:
1691:
1619:Luftwaffe Kommando Ost
1461:
1453:
1421:
1316:
1298:Type 91 aerial torpedo
1272:
1125:
1113:
1041:
966:
910:
838:G-force test at Dessau
780:
779:Ju 87 diving procedure
736:
566:Wolfram von Richthofen
549:
541:and could rotate 90°.
383:
186:ground-attack aircraft
61:ground-attack aircraft
21:Stuka (disambiguation)
8173:Air Combat Manoeuvres
7983:McNab, Chris (2012).
7677:Boyne, W. J. (1994).
7605:. London: Ian Allan.
7382:Vanags-Baginskis 1982
7311:Vanags-Baginskis 1982
4665:Vultee A-31 Vengeance
4645:Loire-Nieuport LN.401
4635:Douglas SBD Dauntless
4393:
4365:Junkers Ju 87 D G-2,
4167:
4144:Air Historical Branch
4109:
3759:1st Belorussian Front
3664:
3620:
3559:
3384:
3074:and supply submarine
3060:Royal Australian Navy
2952:in North Africa, the
2939:
2414:
2361:, and the battleship
2141:
1914:
1792:
1762:
1689:
1459:
1451:
1415:
1314:
1277:Rechlin-Lärz Airfield
1270:
1123:
1107:
1039:
964:
908:
778:
734:
547:
378:
242:and of the so-called
8436:Company designations
7397:. Flyingheritage.org
4862:"Sturzkampfflugzeug"
4191:Ju 87 R-4, Werk Nr.
4120:Messerschmitt Me 321
4099:Ju 87 G-2, Werk Nr.
3603:Battle of Stalingrad
3582:Battle of Sevastopol
3241:Generalfeldmarschall
3098:Operation Punishment
3030:(group) and its 239
2922:Operation Barbarossa
2721:, staggered back to
2693:while the destroyer
2565:Messerschmitt Bf 109
2385:Royal Norwegian Navy
2287:Sturzkampfgeschwader
2278:was sunk along with
2160:Operation Weserübung
2052:Sturzkampfgeschwader
2030:Piotrków Trybunalski
1623:Nachtschlachtgruppen
1344:Messerschmitt Me 410
496:Sturzbomber-Programm
444:Curtiss F11C Goshawk
11362:Unofficial/proposed
8266:Weal, John (2008).
8247:Weal, John (1998).
8228:Weal, John (1997).
8209:Ward, John (2004).
8092:Ring, Hans (1978).
7301:, pp. 151–152.
7097:, pp. 123–124.
6989:, pp. 112–113.
6032:, pp. 131–133.
6020:, pp. 120–121.
5912:, pp. 356, 363
5787:, pp. 274–275.
4820:, pp. 129–130.
4592:Related development
4460:Max takeoff weight:
3801:Bulgarian Air Force
3736:Operation Bagration
3532:and the destroyers
3512:sank the destroyer
3454:Soviet-German front
3433:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
3413:General der Flieger
3306:Dodecanese Campaign
3102:bombing of Belgrade
2883:Cherbourg-Octeville
2856:RAF Fighter Command
2185:Oscarsborg Fortress
2145:addressing a Ju 87
1848:Catalonia Offensive
1795:Spanish Nationalist
1780:Operational history
1635:Battle of the Bulge
1483:Henschel Hs 129 B-3
1256:Daimler-Benz DB 603
1007:Production variants
823:No. 1426 Flight RAF
816:Eric "Winkle" Brown
531:vertical stabiliser
500:Rolls-Royce Kestrel
260:, or suffered from
112:Bulgarian Air Force
48:General information
11477:Lehký Bombardovací
8538:H 21 / J 21 / T 21
8194:. London: Jane's.
7841:Junker Ju 87 Stuka
7473:, pp. 385–387
7372:, pp. 382–383
6881:, pp. 305–314
6562:, pp. 108–109
6535:, pp. 251–257
6463:, pp. 138–140
6301:, pp. 113–115
6095:, pp. 482–484
6083:, pp. 478–480
6071:, pp. 470–472
5962:, pp. 116–117
5864:, pp. 210–212
5840:, pp. 352–353
5714:, pp. 101–102
5313:, pp. 100–105
5262:, pp. 235–236
5176:, pp. 438–439
5025:, pp. 111–118
4763:Sturzkampfflugzeug
4749:[ˈʃtuːkaː]
4571:In popular culture
4554:MG 17 machine guns
4396:
4174:
4136:Schleswig-Holstein
4124:
4091:Surviving aircraft
3964:Kingdom of Romania
3891:Kingdom of Hungary
3689:Schlachtgeschwader
3667:
3652:Schlachtgeschwader
3623:
3562:
3391:VIII. Fliegerkorps
3387:
3310:Dodecanese Islands
3014:were used against
2942:
2879:VIII. Fliegerkorps
2688:-class minesweeper
2494:Dutch royal family
2417:
2374:Commander-in-Chief
2155:Norwegian campaign
2151:
2084:and the minelayer
1940:as well as Polish
1917:
1799:
1765:
1692:
1631:Battle of Normandy
1462:
1454:
1422:
1317:
1273:
1261:MG 81Z machine gun
1126:
1114:
1042:
967:
911:
864:United States Army
781:
753:MG 17 machine guns
737:
550:
384:
316:anti-tank aircraft
277:Invasion of Poland
11604:Low-wing aircraft
11504:
11503:
11384:
11383:
8968:
8967:
8365:978-3-938208-96-0
8351:978-1-903223-87-1
8337:978-1-85780-279-5
8277:978-1-84603-308-7
8182:978-1-903223-98-7
8163:978-0-85979-156-4
8156:. London: Crecy.
8144:978-1-903223-69-7
8000:978-1-78096-283-2
7991:Osprey Publishing
7975:978-1-84832-664-4
7928:978-1-85780-272-6
7812:978-0-7146-4211-6
7791:978-84-232-0775-6
7730:978-86-909727-0-8
7704:. London: Aurum.
7669:978-1-85780-276-4
7650:978-1-903223-88-8
7631:978-1-85780-270-2
7612:978-1-903223-91-8
7525:Lednicer, David.
7253:, pp. 99–100
6247:, pp. 34–35.
4868:WordReference.com
4558:MG 81 machine gun
4534:Time to altitude:
4470:Junkers Jumo 211J
4367:RAF Museum London
4149:Battle of Britain
4140:Bordkanone BK 3,7
4122:cargo glider unit
4016:Spanish Air Force
3925:Regia Aeronautica
3921:Regia Aeronautica
3706:class destroyers
3545:Army Group Centre
2992:Regia Aeronautica
2950:Operation Compass
2848:Jagdgeschwader 26
2770:Battle of Britain
2733:French destroyer
2644:French destroyer
2612:Battle of Dunkirk
2502:(1,316 tons) and
2463:Battle of Belgium
2311:were lost aboard
1856:Port of Barcelona
1785:Spanish Civil War
1663:Battle of Remagen
1659:Ludendorff Bridge
1549:Flammenvernichter
1545:Störkampfstaffeln
1532:using antiquated
1478:Bordkanone BK 3,7
1465:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
1436:Junkers Jumo 211J
1252:Battle of Britain
1108:A Ju-87 towing a
1067:Regia Aeronautica
952:Weser Flugzeugbau
937:Spanish Civil War
889:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
761:MG 15 machine gun
718:fuel was injected
625:. It had a fixed
581:Charles Lindbergh
338:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
324:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
297:Battle of Britain
269:close air support
238:symbol of German
234:, which became a
202:Spanish Civil War
170:
169:
158:17 September 1935
147:Introduction date
118:Regia Aeronautica
11616:
11594:Junkers aircraft
11557:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11537:
11521:
11520:
11519:
11512:
11411:
11404:
11397:
11388:
11387:
11177:
11157:
11112:
11058:
11053:
11034:
10994:
10989:
10980:
10956:
10936:
10926:
10916:
10911:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10833:
10794:
10775:
10731:
10721:
10706:
10691:
10686:
10656:
10606:
10596:
10581:
10529:
10519:
10509:
10489:
10474:
10469:
10383:
10368:
10339:
10301:
10291:
10208:
10179:
10142:
10093:
10088:
10078:
10068:
9978:
9965:
9956:
9927:
9835:
9756:
9637:
9607:
9602:
9592:
9552:
9527:
9498:
9262:
9234:
9185:
9176:
9154:
9134:
9052:
9037:
9032:
9022:
8995:
8988:
8981:
8972:
8971:
8681:
8421:
8414:
8407:
8398:
8397:
8388:
8375:
8317:
8298:
8281:
8262:
8243:
8224:
8205:
8186:
8167:
8148:
8129:
8107:
8088:
8069:
8050:
8031:
8012:
7979:
7960:
7951:
7932:
7913:
7894:
7873:
7854:
7835:
7816:
7795:
7772:
7753:
7734:
7715:
7696:
7684:
7673:
7654:
7635:
7616:
7597:
7572:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7418:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7351:Bert, Hartmann.
7348:
7339:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7145:, pp. 25–26
7140:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7116:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6869:, pp. 82–83
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6827:
6819:
6818:], Stuttgart
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6776:, pp. 45–51
6771:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6752:, pp. 38–39
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6548:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6511:, pp. 66–67
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6451:, pp. 52–53
6446:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6391:, pp. 73–74
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6353:
6347:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6325:, pp. 68–69
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6219:
6218:, pp. 96–97
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6156:
6155:, pp. 87–88
6150:
6144:
6143:, pp. 21–22
6138:
6132:
6131:, pp. 18–19
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6107:, pp. 15–16
6102:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5963:
5957:
5940:
5934:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5745:
5739:
5730:
5724:
5715:
5709:
5698:
5692:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5659:
5653:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5558:
5552:
5541:
5540:, pp. 80–81
5535:
5529:
5523:
5514:
5508:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5460:
5459:, pp. 64–65
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5344:
5338:
5329:
5323:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5148:
5142:
5125:
5124:, pp. 52–53
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5062:
5061:, pp. 42–44
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4910:
4909:, pp. 38–39
4904:
4898:
4892:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4799:
4797:Luftstreitkräfte
4793:Imperial Germany
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4713:
4707:
4703:
4650:Mitsubishi Ki-51
4544:
4528:Service ceiling:
4505:
4410:
4394:Junkers Ju 87B-2
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4304:in October 2015.
4229:Stammkennzeichen
4075:
4073:
4072:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4007:
4006:
3994:Slovak Air Force
3985:
3983:
3982:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3914:Kingdom of Italy
3912:
3910:
3909:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3843:
3842:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3474:
3442:Lehrgeschwader 1
3408:II. Fliegerkorps
3377:Barbarossa; 1941
3257:Battle of Gazala
3093:Operation Marita
2897:and heading for
2823:Portland Harbour
2780:Lehrgeschwader 2
2750:(264 tons), the
2599:
2549:Battle of France
2372:reported to the
2306:
2295:
2176:and specialised
2061:Battle of Modlin
1890:Second World War
1813:of the Legion's
1746:
1725:Berlin-Tempelhof
1584:Friend or Foe).
1526:Soviet Air Force
1395:Stammkennzeichen
1388:Stammkennzeichen
1381:Stammkennzeichen
1374:Stammkennzeichen
1364:Known prototypes
1334:Erprobungsstelle
1239:Stammkennzeichen
1229:Stammkennzeichen
1219:Known prototypes
1169:Stammkennzeichen
1167:: W.Nr 0870279.
1129:Known prototypes
860:
859:
855:
771:Diving procedure
706:universal joints
677:Junkers Jumo 211
520:Willy Neuenhofen
355:Hermann Pohlmann
304:Balkans Campaign
232:Jericho trumpets
190:Hermann Pohlmann
92:Hermann Pohlmann
40:
28:
27:
11624:
11623:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11564:
11563:
11560:
11550:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11536:sister projects
11533:at Knowledge's
11527:
11517:
11515:
11507:
11505:
11500:
11474:
11468:
11427:
11421:
11415:
11385:
11380:
11351:
11175:
11155:
11120:
11110:
11056:
11051:
11032:
10992:
10987:
10978:
10954:
10934:
10924:
10914:
10909:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10841:
10831:
10792:
10773:
10729:
10719:
10704:
10689:
10684:
10654:
10604:
10594:
10579:
10527:
10517:
10507:
10487:
10472:
10467:
10381:
10366:
10337:
10299:
10289:
10258:
10206:
10177:
10140:
10091:
10086:
10076:
10066:
9976:
9963:
9954:
9925:
9833:
9754:
9644:
9635:
9605:
9600:
9590:
9550:
9525:
9496:
9260:
9232:
9183:
9174:
9152:
9132:
9050:
9035:
9030:
9020:
9009:
8999:
8969:
8964:
8818:
8772:
8679:
8678:
8672:
8431:
8425:
8386:
8382:
8324:
8322:Further reading
8314:
8278:
8259:
8240:
8221:
8202:
8183:
8164:
8145:
8126:
8104:
8085:
8066:
8047:
8028:
8001:
7976:
7948:
7929:
7910:
7870:
7851:
7832:
7813:
7792:
7769:
7750:
7742:. London: DAG.
7731:
7712:
7693:
7670:
7651:
7632:
7613:
7580:
7575:
7561:
7559:
7549:
7545:
7535:
7533:
7523:
7519:
7511:
7507:
7497:
7495:
7494:on 20 June 2017
7482:
7481:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7455:
7453:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7432:
7421:
7414:
7410:
7400:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7380:
7376:
7368:
7364:
7349:
7342:
7333:
7329:
7321:
7317:
7309:
7305:
7297:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7273:
7269:
7261:
7257:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7153:
7149:
7141:
7137:
7129:
7125:
7119:Bergström 2007b
7117:
7113:
7107:Bergström 2007b
7105:
7101:
7095:Bergström 2007b
7093:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7071:Bergström 2007c
7069:
7065:
7059:Bergström 2007c
7057:
7053:
7047:Bergström 2007c
7045:
7041:
7035:Bergström 2007c
7033:
7029:
7023:Bergström 2007c
7021:
7017:
7011:Bergström 2007a
7009:
7005:
6999:Bergström 2007a
6997:
6993:
6987:Bergström 2007a
6985:
6981:
6975:Bergström 2007a
6973:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6951:Bergström 2007a
6949:
6945:
6939:Bergström 2007a
6937:
6933:
6927:Bergström 2007a
6925:
6921:
6915:Bergström 2007a
6913:
6909:
6903:Bergström 2007a
6901:
6897:
6891:Bergström 2007a
6889:
6885:
6877:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6841:
6837:
6821:
6820:
6808:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6760:
6756:
6748:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6700:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6676:
6672:
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6660:
6652:
6645:
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6625:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6601:
6597:
6589:
6578:
6570:
6566:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6447:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6356:
6348:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6321:
6317:
6309:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6285:
6278:
6270:
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6214:
6210:
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6159:
6151:
6147:
6139:
6135:
6127:
6123:
6115:
6111:
6103:
6099:
6091:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6055:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6004:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5975:
5966:
5958:
5943:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5908:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5836:
5827:
5819:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5748:
5740:
5733:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5561:
5553:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5470:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5347:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5317:
5309:
5305:
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5290:
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5234:
5230:
5222:
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5195:
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5151:
5143:
5128:
5120:
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5104:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
4997:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4884:
4874:
4872:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4766:, "dive bomber"
4753:
4752:
4744:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4589:
4573:
4545:
4540:
4501:
4406:
4388:
4380:Louis Langhurst
4376:
4369:
4363:
4354:
4351:
4342:
4339:
4330:
4327:
4318:
4315:
4195:(incorporating
4168:Ju 87 R-2/Trop
4093:
4070:
4068:
4047:
4045:
4038:Royal Air Force
4024:
4022:
4001:
3980:
3978:
3957:
3955:
3941:Empire of Japan
3934:
3932:
3907:
3905:
3884:
3882:
3862:
3860:
3837:
3811:
3809:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3728:
3700:Black Sea Fleet
3676:XXIX Army Corps
3615:
3566:Kerch Peninsula
3554:
3472:
3379:
3374:
3316:(I./StG 3) and
3273:Operation Torch
3253:Siege of Tobruk
3136:Battle of Crete
2962:X. Fliegerkorps
2946:Italo-Greek War
2934:
2867:the Hardest Day
2812:Royal Air Force
2792:English Channel
2776:order of battle
2772:
2754:(380 tons) and
2409:
2391:(335 tons) and
2319:(452 tons) and
2304:
2293:
2172:transported by
2157:
2136:
2057:Siege of Warsaw
2047:Battle of Bzura
2042:Battle of Radom
1934:Danzig corridor
1909:
1892:
1860:Polikarpov I-15
1787:
1782:
1740:
1733:
1671:
1606:was given four
1534:Polikarpov Po-2
1514:
1506:Battle of Kursk
1431:Henschel Hs 129
1410:
1353:Hans-Karl Stepp
1248:
1188:
1087:
1034:
903:
898:
872:
857:
853:
852:
840:
827:RAE Farnborough
773:
637:, were made of
616:
611:
593:
512:AB Flygindustri
492:
481:Reichsmarschall
392:Henschel Hs 123
351:
346:
320:air superiority
262:target fixation
180:", is a German
129:
128:
94:
67:National origin
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11622:
11612:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11559:
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11529:
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11502:
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11499:
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11488:
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11119:
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11025:
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11015:
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11000:
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10990:
10981:
10976:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10901:
10900:
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10875:
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10316:
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10094:
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10069:
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10045:
10040:
10038:Me 164/MeC 164
10035:
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10008:
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8605:
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8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8424:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8381:
8380:External links
8378:
8377:
8376:
8367:
8353:
8339:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8312:
8299:
8287:Air Enthusiast
8282:
8276:
8263:
8257:
8244:
8238:
8225:
8219:
8206:
8200:
8187:
8181:
8168:
8162:
8149:
8143:
8130:
8124:
8112:Rohwer, Jürgen
8108:
8102:
8089:
8083:
8070:
8064:
8051:
8045:
8032:
8026:
8013:
7999:
7980:
7974:
7961:
7952:
7946:
7933:
7927:
7914:
7908:
7895:
7874:
7868:
7855:
7849:
7836:
7830:
7817:
7811:
7796:
7790:
7773:
7767:
7754:
7748:
7735:
7729:
7716:
7710:
7697:
7691:
7681:Clash of Wings
7674:
7668:
7655:
7649:
7636:
7630:
7617:
7611:
7598:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7557:A Sound Effect
7543:
7517:
7515:, pp. 442
7505:
7475:
7463:
7438:
7419:
7408:
7395:"FHCAM – Home"
7386:
7374:
7362:
7340:
7327:
7325:, p. 150.
7315:
7303:
7291:
7289:, p. 156.
7279:
7277:, p. 135.
7267:
7265:, p. 103.
7263:Gooderson 1998
7255:
7251:Bergström 2008
7243:
7239:Bergström 2008
7231:
7227:Bergström 2008
7219:
7215:Bergström 2008
7207:
7195:
7183:
7171:
7167:Bergström 2008
7159:
7155:Bergström 2008
7147:
7143:Bergström 2008
7135:
7123:
7121:, p. 118.
7111:
7109:, p. 109.
7099:
7087:
7075:
7063:
7051:
7049:, p. 122.
7039:
7027:
7015:
7013:, p. 119.
7003:
7001:, p. 115.
6991:
6979:
6967:
6965:, p. 102.
6955:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6895:
6893:, p. 131.
6883:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6643:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6576:
6564:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6513:
6501:
6489:
6477:
6465:
6453:
6441:
6429:
6417:
6405:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6354:
6339:
6337:, p. 116.
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6276:
6264:
6249:
6237:
6220:
6208:
6196:
6184:
6172:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6121:
6109:
6097:
6085:
6073:
6061:
6046:
6044:, p. 134.
6034:
6022:
6010:
5993:
5991:, p. 278.
5981:
5964:
5941:
5926:
5914:
5902:
5890:
5878:
5866:
5854:
5842:
5825:
5813:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5746:
5731:
5716:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5660:
5639:
5627:
5615:
5603:
5588:
5576:
5559:
5542:
5530:
5515:
5500:
5488:
5476:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5345:
5330:
5315:
5303:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5205:
5193:
5178:
5166:
5149:
5126:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4952:
4940:
4928:
4911:
4899:
4882:
4853:
4822:
4809:
4807:
4804:
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4800:
4780:
4768:
4708:
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4696:
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4690:
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4679:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:Blackburn Skua
4617:
4606:
4605:
4603:Heinkel He 118
4600:
4598:Junkers Ju 187
4588:
4585:
4581:Wile E. Coyote
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4510:Maximum speed:
4499:
4498:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4387:
4384:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4277:
4267:
4256:
4241:
4201:
4200:
4184:of Wisconsin.
4162:
4161:
4104:
4103:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4056:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4033:
4031:United Kingdom
4019:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3929:
3928:
3917:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3845:Czechoslovakia
3834:
3833:
3822:
3821:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3779:
3776:
3761:initiated the
3727:
3724:
3684:Battle of Kiev
3614:
3611:
3553:
3550:
3522:and submarine
3510:Egbert Jaeckel
3458:Brest Fortress
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3302:Western Allies
3216:, followed by
3143:Irvine Glennie
3083:In March, the
2933:
2930:
2903:Thames Estuary
2835:Victoria Cross
2771:
2768:
2752:Le Moussaillon
2626:paddle steamer
2605:Chief of Staff
2603:(Richthofen's
2601:Hans Seidemann
2596:Oberstleutnant
2540:were damaged.
2516:. The British
2408:
2405:
2378:Charles Forbes
2174:Junkers Ju 52s
2135:
2132:
2104:General Haller
2102:; the gunboat
2024:. The lack of
1971:Staffelkapitän
1908:
1905:
1891:
1888:
1852:Heinkel He 111
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1732:
1729:
1670:
1667:
1518:night intruder
1513:
1510:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1290:aerial torpedo
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1204:arresting gear
1192:torpedo bomber
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1171:code of GT+AX.
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1086:
1083:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1004:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
902:
899:
897:
894:
880:Dornier Do 217
871:
868:
839:
836:
772:
769:
615:
612:
610:
607:
592:
589:
574:Heinkel He 118
491:
488:
484:Hermann Göring
477:Heinkel He 177
469:medium bombers
350:
347:
345:
342:
256:from the high
188:. Designed by
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
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121:
114:
108:
107:
100:
96:
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90:
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84:
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78:
72:
71:
68:
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63:
54:
50:
49:
45:
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33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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11575:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11562:
11555:
11554:
11542:
11541:
11538:
11532:
11531:Junkers Ju 87
11524:
11514:
11513:
11510:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
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11481:
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11021:
11019:
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11009:
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11001:
10999:
10996:
10991:
10985:
10982:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
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10951:
10948:
10946:
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10941:
10938:
10933:
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10928:
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10921:
10918:
10913:
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10899:
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10895:
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10891:
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10881:
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10871:
10866:
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10856:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10848:
10844:
10838:
10835:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10772:
10770:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10632:Me 263 (1945)
10629:
10628:Me 263 (1942)
10625:
10624:Me 263 (1941)
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10365:
10363:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10336:
10334:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10261:
10255:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10176:
10174:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9962:
9960:
9953:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9641:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9259:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9187:
9182:
9180:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9007:
9003:
8996:
8991:
8989:
8984:
8982:
8977:
8976:
8973:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8675:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8429:
8422:
8417:
8415:
8410:
8408:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8393:
8389:
8384:
8383:
8373:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8315:
8313:0-85052-915-8
8309:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8289:(92): 59–65.
8288:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8258:1-85532-722-8
8254:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8239:1-85532-636-1
8235:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8220:1-86227-246-8
8216:
8212:
8207:
8203:
8201:0-7106-0191-3
8197:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8174:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8125:1-59114-119-2
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8103:3-87943-151-5
8099:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8084:9781908476876
8080:
8076:
8071:
8067:
8065:0-938289-35-7
8061:
8057:
8052:
8048:
8046:0-16-002160-X
8042:
8038:
8033:
8029:
8027:1-85152-966-7
8023:
8019:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7987:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7947:0-88740-252-6
7943:
7939:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7920:
7915:
7911:
7909:0-7006-1146-0
7905:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7869:1-85310-364-0
7865:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7850:1-84037-198-6
7846:
7842:
7837:
7833:
7831:0-883-65666-3
7827:
7823:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7804:
7803:
7797:
7793:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7774:
7770:
7768:1-85780-186-5
7764:
7760:
7759:Junkers Ju 87
7755:
7751:
7749:1-85409-140-9
7745:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7711:1-85410-721-6
7707:
7703:
7698:
7694:
7692:0-684-83915-6
7688:
7683:
7682:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7623:
7618:
7614:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7588:(37): 20–28.
7587:
7582:
7581:
7570:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7509:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7472:
7467:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7436:, p. 387
7435:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7417:
7412:
7396:
7390:
7383:
7378:
7371:
7366:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7345:
7337:
7331:
7324:
7319:
7313:, p. 52.
7312:
7307:
7300:
7295:
7288:
7283:
7276:
7271:
7264:
7259:
7252:
7247:
7241:, p. 131
7240:
7235:
7228:
7223:
7217:, p. 129
7216:
7211:
7205:, p. 292
7204:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7156:
7151:
7144:
7139:
7133:, p. 279
7132:
7127:
7120:
7115:
7108:
7103:
7096:
7091:
7085:, p. 211
7084:
7079:
7073:, p. 84.
7072:
7067:
7061:, p. 49.
7060:
7055:
7048:
7043:
7037:, p. 46.
7036:
7031:
7025:, p. 30.
7024:
7019:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6995:
6988:
6983:
6977:, p. 85.
6976:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6953:, p. 69.
6952:
6947:
6941:, p. 89.
6940:
6935:
6929:, p. 23.
6928:
6923:
6917:, p. 20.
6916:
6911:
6905:, p. 18.
6904:
6899:
6892:
6887:
6880:
6875:
6868:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6844:
6839:
6831:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6794:
6787:
6782:
6775:
6770:
6764:, p. 123
6763:
6758:
6751:
6746:
6739:
6734:
6728:, p. 121
6727:
6722:
6715:
6710:
6703:
6698:
6692:, p. 120
6691:
6686:
6680:, p. 218
6679:
6674:
6667:
6662:
6656:, p. 137
6655:
6650:
6648:
6640:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6617:, p. 109
6616:
6611:
6605:, p. 228
6604:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6573:
6568:
6561:
6556:
6554:
6546:
6541:
6534:
6529:
6523:, p. 105
6522:
6517:
6510:
6505:
6498:
6493:
6486:
6481:
6474:
6469:
6462:
6457:
6450:
6445:
6439:, p. 138
6438:
6433:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6402:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6378:
6373:
6367:, p. 124
6366:
6361:
6359:
6351:
6346:
6344:
6336:
6331:
6324:
6319:
6312:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6289:, p. 118
6288:
6283:
6281:
6274:, p. 114
6273:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6241:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6217:
6212:
6206:, p. 101
6205:
6200:
6193:
6188:
6181:
6176:
6169:
6164:
6162:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6125:
6118:
6113:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6058:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6008:, p. 120
6007:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5990:
5985:
5979:, p. 118
5978:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5939:, p. 115
5938:
5933:
5931:
5924:, p. 364
5923:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5900:, p. 354
5899:
5894:
5888:, p. 200
5887:
5882:
5876:, p. 208
5875:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5852:, p. 210
5851:
5846:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5823:, p. 209
5822:
5817:
5811:, p. 349
5810:
5805:
5799:, p. 286
5798:
5793:
5786:
5781:
5775:, p. 274
5774:
5769:
5763:, p. 284
5762:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5744:, p. 103
5743:
5738:
5736:
5729:, p. 102
5728:
5723:
5721:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5691:
5684:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5665:
5658:, p. 95.
5657:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5636:
5631:
5625:, p. 114
5624:
5619:
5613:, p. 243
5612:
5607:
5601:, p. 242
5600:
5595:
5593:
5586:, p. 241
5585:
5580:
5574:, p. 240
5573:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5497:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5419:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5328:, p. 179
5327:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5285:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5238:, p. 132
5237:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5203:, p. 122
5202:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4988:
4983:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4959:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4842:
4841:HarperCollins
4838:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4750:
4740:
4712:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4671:Related lists
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Ilyushin Il-2
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4575:According to
4565:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4516:Cruise speed:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4454:Empty weight:
4452:
4450:Göttingen 256
4449:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4392:
4383:
4381:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4114:displayed at
4113:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:United States
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:Besposhchadny
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3520:Steregushchiy
3517:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:harbour near
3500:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:Generaloberst
3427:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3416:Bruno Loerzer
3414:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3372:Eastern front
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:Porto Di Roma
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:Hellenic Navy
3033:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:Pas de Calais
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2699:was sunk and
2698:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:Polly Johnson
2664:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:Crested Eagle
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2569:Curtiss H-75s
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:Jan Van Galen
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:Low Countries
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:light cruiser
2233:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:Battle of Hel
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2040:. During the
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Frank Neubert
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:Molins de Rei
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:Unteroffizier
1826:
1823:and departed
1822:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:Condor Legion
1796:
1791:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:Adolf Galland
1751:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1697:Dornier Do 17
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:of the USAAF
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:Western Front
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1588:with the new
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1487:7.5 cm Pak 40
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:Ilyushin Il-2
1437:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:Graf Zeppelin
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:folding wings
1197:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:cowling flaps
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
963:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
907:
893:
890:
884:
881:
877:
876:Junkers Ju 88
870:Other designs
867:
865:
850:
847:problems, or
845:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
810:
805:
803:
802:Helmut Mahlke
798:
794:
789:
787:
777:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
746:
742:
733:
729:
725:
723:
719:
713:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
673:
671:
665:
663:
657:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:undercarriage
624:
621:
606:
602:
599:
598:Heinkel He 50
588:
586:
585:Ernst Heinkel
583:was visiting
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
487:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
448:Walther Wever
445:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:field of fire
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
381:
377:
373:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
341:
339:
336:
335:
330:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Eastern Front
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:anti-shipping
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:undercarriage
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Condor Legion
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Junkers Ju 87
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
125:
122:
120:
119:
115:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
101:
99:Primary users
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
11561:
11556:from Commons
11551:
11530:
11476:
11473:Light Bomber
11458:
11430:Bombardovací
11429:
11377:
11359:Not assigned
9570:
8864:
8828:designations
8823:
8782:designations
8777:
8371:
8356:
8342:
8328:
8303:
8286:
8267:
8248:
8229:
8210:
8191:
8172:
8153:
8134:
8115:
8093:
8074:
8055:
8036:
8017:
7985:
7965:
7956:
7937:
7918:
7899:
7882:
7878:
7859:
7840:
7821:
7801:
7781:
7777:
7758:
7739:
7720:
7701:
7680:
7659:
7640:
7621:
7602:
7585:
7578:Bibliography
7567:
7560:. Retrieved
7556:
7546:
7534:. Retrieved
7530:
7520:
7508:
7496:. Retrieved
7492:the original
7488:onet.rzeszow
7487:
7478:
7466:
7454:. Retrieved
7451:xray-mag.com
7450:
7441:
7411:
7401:20 September
7399:. Retrieved
7389:
7384:, p. 51
7377:
7365:
7356:
7335:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7294:
7282:
7270:
7258:
7246:
7234:
7229:, p. 59
7222:
7210:
7198:
7193:, p. 77
7186:
7181:, p. 74
7174:
7169:, p. 30
7162:
7157:, p. 27
7150:
7138:
7126:
7114:
7102:
7090:
7083:Hayward 2001
7078:
7066:
7054:
7042:
7030:
7018:
7006:
6994:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6898:
6886:
6874:
6862:
6857:, p. 68
6850:
6845:, p. 67
6838:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6800:, p. 65
6793:
6788:, p. 44
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6740:, p. 38
6733:
6721:
6716:, p. 32
6709:
6704:, p. 59
6697:
6685:
6673:
6668:, p. 23
6661:
6654:Gunston 1984
6634:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6593:, p. 51
6574:, p. 66
6567:
6547:, p. 83
6540:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6499:, p. 94
6492:
6487:, p. 55
6480:
6475:, p. 74
6468:
6456:
6444:
6432:
6427:, p. 67
6420:
6408:
6403:, p. 78
6396:
6384:
6379:, p. 46
6372:
6352:, p. 43
6330:
6318:
6313:, p. 37
6306:
6294:
6267:
6262:, p. 35
6240:
6235:, p. 34
6211:
6199:
6194:, p. 91
6187:
6182:, p. 98
6175:
6170:, p. 22
6148:
6136:
6124:
6119:, p. 17
6112:
6100:
6088:
6076:
6064:
6059:, p. 15
6037:
6025:
6013:
5984:
5917:
5905:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5857:
5845:
5816:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5768:
5697:, p. 98
5690:
5685:, p. 97
5678:
5673:, p. 99
5637:, p. 87
5630:
5618:
5606:
5579:
5557:, p. 49
5533:
5528:, p. 79
5513:, p. 68
5498:, p. 66
5491:
5486:, p. 65
5479:
5474:, p. 30
5452:
5447:, p. 64
5440:
5435:, p. 63
5420:, p. 42
5418:Erfurth 2004
5413:
5408:, p. 40
5406:Erfurth 2004
5401:
5396:, p. 57
5389:
5384:, p. 54
5377:
5372:, p. 53
5365:
5360:, p. 52
5343:, p. 50
5306:
5301:, p. 54
5299:Erfurth 2004
5286:, p. 53
5284:Erfurth 2004
5279:
5274:, p. 52
5272:Erfurth 2004
5267:
5255:
5250:, p. 54
5243:
5231:
5226:, p. 61
5201:Gunston 1984
5196:
5191:, p. 49
5189:Erfurth 2004
5169:
5164:, p. 50
5162:Erfurth 2004
5147:, p. 48
5145:Erfurth 2004
5117:
5112:, p. 47
5105:
5100:, p. 46
5093:
5088:, p. 44
5081:
5076:, p. 31
5054:
5049:, p. 41
5042:
5037:, p. 27
5030:
5018:
5013:, p. 28
5006:
5001:, p. 41
4994:
4989:, p. 40
4982:
4977:, p. 27
4975:Erfurth 2004
4970:
4965:, p. 53
4950:, p. 16
4943:
4938:, p. 13
4931:
4926:, p. 38
4902:
4897:, p. 37
4873:. Retrieved
4865:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4834:
4825:
4813:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4711:
4701:
4670:
4669:
4655:Nakajima B5N
4608:
4607:
4591:
4590:
4577:Richard King
4574:
4563:
4549:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4490:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4377:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4264:Saint-Tropez
4234:
4228:
4224:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4175:
4169:
4158:
4148:
4139:
4125:
4116:RAF Chivenor
4111:
4100:
4094:
3924:
3869:Nazi Germany
3829:
3772:
3766:
3752:
3747:
3729:
3720:Josef Stalin
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3688:
3671:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3631:Fliegerkorps
3630:
3627:Luftflotte 6
3624:
3598:
3595:Luftflotte 4
3594:
3588:
3586:
3570:Kampfgruppen
3569:
3563:
3542:
3538:Grozyashchiy
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3493:
3470:
3462:Oberleutnant
3461:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3425:Luftflotte 5
3423:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3286:Curtiss P-40
3249:Afrika Korps
3245:Erwin Rommel
3239:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3140:Rear Admiral
3133:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:Picchiatelli
3022:
3021:Some of the
3020:
3012:Picchiatelli
3011:
3007:
3004:Picchiatello
3003:
2999:
2991:
2989:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2943:
2915:
2891:Luftflotte 2
2876:
2864:
2860:
2841:
2839:
2826:
2817:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:(264 tons).
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2633:Côte d'Arzur
2632:
2628:
2620:
2609:
2590:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2504:
2498:
2483:
2467:Army Group B
2457:
2450:Albert Canal
2446:Belgian Army
2437:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2397:Eduard Dietl
2392:
2388:
2382:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2341:commanded a
2339:Lionel Wells
2336:Vice Admiral
2331:
2329:
2324:
2321:Warwickshire
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2240:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2207:
2189:
2182:
2163:
2158:
2146:
2143:Erhard Milch
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2050:
2019:
1993:
1990:Rottenführer
1988:
1986:
1976:Oberleutnant
1974:
1969:
1965:
1938:East Prussia
1924:
1921:World War II
1918:
1893:
1884:
1840:
1828:
1818:
1815:fighter wing
1810:
1800:
1770:
1766:
1750:Ernst Kupfer
1736:
1734:
1718:
1710:
1693:
1672:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:Soviet Union
1571:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1528:practice of
1515:
1502:Kanonenvogel
1501:
1491:
1477:
1463:
1442:
1423:
1418:Kanonenvogel
1417:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1281:
1274:
1249:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1196:Kriegsmarine
1189:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1063:
1059:Adolf Hitler
1051:
1047:World War II
1043:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
968:
944:supercharger
941:
933:
929:
925:
912:
885:
873:
848:
841:
831:dive-bombers
814:
806:
790:
782:
765:
750:
738:
726:
714:
699:
680:water-cooled
674:
666:
658:
651:
617:
603:
594:
578:
570:Ernst Zindel
551:
539:leading edge
524:
516:
506:20,514, two
495:
493:
480:
473:heavy bomber
464:
461:Erhard Milch
456:
438:
395:
385:
352:
349:Early design
332:
331:
328:
301:
266:
243:
214:
210:World War II
177:
173:
171:
155:First flight
134:Number built
116:
102:
76:Manufacturer
70:Nazi Germany
25:
11371:Unconfirmed
10314:Me 209 (II)
8558:F 24 / G 24
8192:Ju 87 Stuka
8075:Stuka Pilot
7805:. F. Cass.
7562:3 September
7498:29 November
7456:4 September
7323:Griehl 2001
7299:Griehl 2001
7287:Griehl 2001
7275:Griehl 2001
7131:Griehl 2001
6963:Rohwer 2005
6641:, p. 9
6629:, p. 7
6533:Bungay 2000
6473:Hooton 2007
6425:Hooton 2007
6192:Hooton 2007
6042:Griehl 2001
6030:Griehl 2001
6018:Griehl 2001
6006:Griehl 2001
5977:Griehl 2001
5960:Griehl 2001
5937:Griehl 2001
5874:Parker 1998
5862:Griehl 2001
5850:Griehl 2001
5821:Griehl 2001
5797:Griehl 2001
5785:Griehl 2001
5773:Griehl 2001
5761:Griehl 2001
5742:Griehl 2001
5727:Griehl 2001
5712:Griehl 2001
5695:Griehl 2001
5683:Griehl 2001
5671:Griehl 2001
5656:Griehl 2001
5635:Griehl 2001
5623:Mondey 1996
5611:Griehl 2001
5599:Griehl 2001
5584:Griehl 2001
5572:Griehl 2001
5555:Griehl 2001
5538:Griehl 2001
5526:Griehl 2001
5511:Griehl 2001
5496:Griehl 2001
5484:Griehl 2001
5457:Griehl 2001
5445:Griehl 2001
5433:Griehl 2001
5394:Griehl 2001
5382:Griehl 2001
5370:Griehl 2001
5358:Griehl 2001
5341:Griehl 2001
5326:Griehl 2001
5236:Mahlke 2013
5224:Griehl 2001
5122:Griehl 2001
5110:Griehl 2001
5098:Griehl 2001
5086:Griehl 2001
5059:Griehl 2001
5023:Mondey 1996
4999:Griehl 2001
4987:Griehl 2001
4948:Murray 1983
4936:Murray 1983
4924:Griehl 2001
4907:Griehl 2001
4895:Griehl 2001
4871:(in German)
4818:Griehl 2001
4789:Junkers J.I
4625:Breda Ba.65
4503:Performance
4491:Propellers:
4466:Powerplant:
3680:Sea of Azov
3607:Volga River
3223:on 26 May;
3134:During the
3032:Squadriglia
2979:Illustrious
2852:RAF Detling
2827:Foylebank's
2800:Dallas City
2748:Denis Papin
2610:During the
2537:Westminster
2514:Afsluitdijk
2387:transports
2108:Hel Harbour
2092:Polish Navy
1982:German Army
1946:Polish Army
1864:El Vendrell
1833:Nationalist
1741: [
1661:during the
1629:during the
1416:Ju 87 G-1 "
1393:Ju 87 V 25
1386:Ju 87 V 24
1379:Ju 87 V 23
1372:Ju 87 V 22
686:V-12 engine
591:Refinements
434:dive brakes
406:Karl Plauth
344:Development
285:Netherlands
254:blacked out
250:dive brakes
200:during the
182:dive bomber
57:Dive bomber
11568:Categories
10846:301 to 349
10310:Me 209 (I)
10263:201 to 300
9649:101 to 200
7989:. Oxford:
7513:Green 1990
7471:Smith 2011
7434:Smith 2011
7370:Smith 2011
7203:Smith 2011
6879:Smith 2011
6678:Smith 2011
6591:Smith 2007
6461:Smith 2011
6437:Smith 2011
6413:Smith 2011
6401:Boyne 1994
6365:Smith 2011
6335:Smith 2011
6299:Smith 2011
6287:Smith 2011
6272:Smith 2011
6216:Smith 2011
6204:Smith 2011
6180:Smith 2011
6153:Smith 2011
5989:McNab 2012
5922:Smith 2011
5910:Smith 2011
5898:Smith 2011
5838:Smith 2011
5809:Smith 2011
5472:Boyne 1994
5174:Green 1990
4806:References
4776:Werknummer
4583:’s head".
4439:Wing area:
4253:Tim Wallis
4225:Werknummer
4217:Tim Wallis
4205:Paul Allen
4077:Yugoslavia
3599:Stukawaffe
3182:Gloucester
3089:Yugoslavia
3062:destroyer
3038:freighter
2872:Chain Home
2735:Foudroyant
2574:Montcornet
2557:Stukawaffe
2525:Winchester
2490:Dutch Navy
2442:Eben Emael
2425:Phoney War
2343:Home Fleet
2262:Black Swan
2257:Black Swan
2232:Scapa Flow
2178:ski troops
2170:paratroops
2165:Blitzkrieg
2153:See also:
2128:Stukawaffe
1676:Reichsmark
1669:Production
1613:Luftflotte
1602:Luftflotte
1524:, but the
1492:Bordkanone
1294:Luftorpedo
1112:over Italy
1095:drop tanks
1091:Reichweite
970:Prototypes
757:pneumatics
641:(a German
635:wing flaps
620:cantilever
562:Jumo 210Aa
440:Ernst Udet
428:(600
418:gull wings
386:After the
380:Ernst Udet
245:Blitzkrieg
236:propaganda
219:and fixed
217:gull wings
8295:0143-5450
8009:779264558
7891:797533857
7594:2051-1930
7336:Aeroplane
7191:Weal 2008
7179:Weal 2008
6867:Weal 1998
6855:Weal 1998
6843:Weal 1998
6798:Weal 1998
6786:Weal 1998
6774:Weal 1998
6762:Ward 2004
6750:Weal 1998
6738:Weal 1998
6726:Ward 2004
6714:Weal 1998
6690:Ward 2004
6666:Weal 1998
6639:Weal 1998
6627:Weal 1998
6615:Ward 2004
6572:Weal 1997
6560:Ward 2004
6545:Weal 1997
6521:Ward 2004
6509:Weal 1997
6497:Ward 2004
6485:Weal 1997
6449:Weal 1997
6389:Ward 2004
6377:Weal 1997
6350:Weal 1997
6323:Ward 2004
6311:Weal 1997
6260:Weal 1997
6245:Weal 1997
6233:Weal 1997
6168:Weal 1997
6141:Weal 1997
6129:Weal 1997
6117:Weal 1997
6105:Weal 1997
6057:Weal 1997
5886:Ward 2004
5248:Just 1986
5074:Ward 2004
5047:Ward 2004
5035:Ward 2004
5011:Ward 2004
4615:Aichi D3A
4493:3-bladed
4427:Wingspan:
4399:Data from
4110:Ju 87G-2
3876:Luftwaffe
3778:Operators
3767:Luftwaffe
3704:Leningrad
3696:Black Sea
3672:Immelmann
3656:Immelmann
3590:Fall Blau
3503:Leningrad
3499:Kronstadt
3289:wounded.
3218:HMS
3205:HMS
3200:Greyhound
3198:HMS
3187:HMS
3180:HMS
3173:HMS
3166:HMS
3147:HMS
2977:HMS
2858:station.
2829:gunners,
2818:Foylebank
2816:HMS
2804:Deucalion
2713:Whitehall
2708:Whitehall
2680:Normannia
2519:Valentine
2510:Waalhaven
2433:Fall Gelb
2393:Blaafjeld
2358:Ark Royal
2280:HMS
2266:HMS
2213:Stavanger
2199:Oslofjord
2076:Luftwaffe
2022:at Wieluń
2007:PZL P.11c
1942:Pomerania
1897:Neuhammer
1872:Catalonia
1868:Comarruga
1702:Wehrmacht
1590:Nachtrevi
1522:The Blitz
1475:, as the
1443:Sturmovik
1355:near the
1349:Hauptmann
1235:Ju 87 V11
1225:Ju 87 V10
1179:Ju 87 V18
1175:Ju 87 V17
1165:Ju 87 V16
1159:Ju 87 V15
1025:Ju 87 A-2
1019:Ju 87 A-1
1013:Ju 87 A-0
956:Lemwerder
793:altimeter
695:Plexiglas
643:aluminium
631:duralumin
623:monoplane
517:Hauptmann
508:shillings
490:Evolution
465:Luftwaffe
457:Luftwaffe
240:air power
230:known as
194:Luftwaffe
104:Luftwaffe
11523:Aviation
10898:Zwilling
9014:1 to 100
8430:aircraft
8114:(2005).
7536:16 April
6824:citation
4587:See also
4542:Armament
4374:Replicas
4290:; 5B+??
4285:Belgrade
4249:Murmansk
3793:Bulgaria
3748:Schlacht
3716:Sposobny
3639:Belgorod
3507:Leutnant
3489:Red Army
3359:Carlisle
3353:Penelope
3338:Taganrog
3284:(USAAF)
3278:ordnance
3259:and the
3220:Hereward
3175:Warspite
3077:Cachalot
3065:Waterhen
2899:Tangmere
2843:Adlertag
2702:Basilisk
2691:Skipjack
2621:L'Adroit
2582:Bolougne
2553:at Sedan
2512:and the
2479:Gembloux
2352:Glorious
2197:through
2124:Jaskolka
2059:and the
2038:Radomsko
1995:Leutnant
1954:Dirschau
1880:PM M1910
1797:markings
1721:Slovakia
1608:Staffeln
1576:Jumo 211
1541:biplanes
1194:for the
1153:Ju 87 V9
1147:Ju 87 V8
1141:Ju 87 V7
1135:Ju 87 V6
1000:Ju 87 V5
994:Ju 87 V4
988:Ju 87 V3
982:Ju 87 V2
976:Ju 87 V1
920:aerofoil
916:ailerons
896:Variants
878:and the
800:pilots.
741:dihedral
722:armature
710:asbestos
683:inverted
670:g forces
662:aerofoil
647:Elektron
558:Jumo 210
535:longeron
258:g-forces
87:Designer
11300:ZSO 523
11260:DFS 468
11245:DFS 446
11211:ZMe 423
11101:DFS 346
11077:WNF 342
11023:DFS 332
11018:DFS 331
10974:ZMe 323
10853:DFS 301
10614:Me 261w
10443:DFS 230
10425:DFS 228
10420:FGP 227
10280:DFS 203
10216:DFS 194
10211:DFS 193
9725:He 111U
9711:Bf 109R
8809:E.I (2)
8779:Idflieg
8428:Junkers
8392:YouTube
4875:22 July
4846:22 July
4831:"Stuka"
4760:; from
4745:German:
4660:Saab 17
4560:to rear
4495:Junkers
4446:Airfoil
4433:Height:
4421:Length:
4132:Eggebek
3818:Croatia
3708:Kharkov
3481:Dnieper
3418:, were
3365:Panther
3330:Lagnano
3269:Tunisia
3207:Kashmir
3129:Piraeus
3071:Cricket
3048:Proussa
3040:Susanah
2796:Britsum
2718:Ivanhoe
2686:Halcyon
2671:Fenella
2646:Mistral
2639:Grenade
2542:Whitley
2531:Whitley
2469:in the
2454:Lanaken
2389:Aafjord
2364:Valiant
2347:Berwick
2325:Chrobry
2317:Jardine
2268:Bittern
2241:Curacoa
2227:Suffolk
2190:Blücher
2147:staffel
2100:Oksywie
2090:of the
2010:fighter
1930:Vistula
1844:Germany
1825:Hamburg
1820:Usaramo
1811:Staffel
1639:Albania
1597:Staffel
1473:gun pod
1408:Ju 87 G
1357:Briansk
1246:Ju 87 D
1186:Ju 87 C
1110:DFS 230
1085:Ju 87 R
1032:Ju 87 B
901:Ju 87 A
856:⁄
849:greyout
654:welding
527:Dresden
446:. When
422:BMW 132
402:Junkers
370:Ju K 47
359:spatted
308:African
289:Belgium
221:spatted
163:Retired
142:History
81:Junkers
11509:Portal
11426:Bomber
11347:Ju 635
11343:He 635
11339:Do 635
11334:Ar 632
11329:Me 609
11324:Me 600
11319:He 535
11315:Do 535
11305:Ar 532
11290:He 519
11285:Me 510
11280:Me 509
11275:He 500
11270:Fw 491
11265:Ju 488
11255:Me 462
11250:Ju 452
11235:Ar 440
11230:Do 435
11225:Ar 432
11220:Ka 430
11216:Ar 430
11206:He 419
11201:Do 417
11196:Me 410
11191:Me 409
11186:Ta 400
11181:Ar 396
11176:Ar 393
11171:Fw 391
11166:Ju 390
11161:Ju 388
11156:Me 368
11151:Me 364
11146:Me 362
11141:Ju 356
11137:Fi 356
11132:Ju 352
11116:Ba 349
11106:Rk 347
11096:Go 345
11091:So 344
11087:Rk 344
11082:He 343
11067:Ar 340
11062:Fl 339
11052:Ju 337
11047:Fa 336
11042:Do 335
11037:Me 334
11033:Ar 334
11028:Fi 333
11013:Fa 330
11008:Me 329
11003:Me 328
10998:Me 327
10988:Fw 325
10984:Fa 325
10970:Me 323
10965:Ju 322
10960:Me 321
10955:Me 320
10950:He 319
10945:Do 318
10940:Do 317
10930:Hs 315
10905:Me 310
10893:Me 309
10837:Fw 300
10832:Ju 299
10827:Hs 298
10822:Hs 297
10817:Hs 296
10813:Ar 296
10808:Hs 295
10803:Hs 294
10798:Hs 293
10793:Hs 292
10789:As 292
10784:Hs 291
10779:Ju 290
10774:Ju 289
10769:Ju 288
10765:Do 288
10760:Ju 287
10755:Ju 286
10750:Fl 285
10745:Fa 284
10740:Fa 283
10735:Fl 282
10730:He 281
10725:He 280
10720:He 279
10715:He 278
10710:He 277
10705:He 276
10700:He 275
10695:He 274
10690:He 273
10685:He 272
10680:We 271
10675:He 270
10670:Fa 269
10665:Ju 268
10660:Ho 267
10655:Go 266
10651:Fa 266
10646:Me 265
10642:Fl 265
10637:Me 264
10619:Me 262
10610:Me 261
10600:Fw 259
10590:SK 257
10585:Fi 256
10575:Ta 254
10571:Ho 254
10566:Ho 253
10562:Fi 253
10557:Ju 252
10552:Ho 252
10547:Ho 251
10542:Ho 250
10538:BV 250
10533:Ju 248
10523:BV 246
10518:Go 245
10513:Go 244
10508:Me 243
10503:Go 242
10498:Go 241
10493:Ar 240
10483:BV 238
10478:BV 237
10473:Fa 236
10468:Do 235
10463:Ar 234
10458:Ar 233
10453:Ar 232
10448:Ar 231
10434:Ho 229
10430:Go 229
10415:Ho 226
10411:BV 226
10406:Fa 225
10402:Ao 225
10397:Fa 224
10392:Fa 223
10387:BV 222
10382:Do 221
10377:He 220
10372:He 219
10367:Do 218
10362:Hs 217
10358:Do 217
10353:Do 216
10348:Do 215
10343:Do 214
10333:Do 212
10324:Hü 211
10319:Me 210
10305:Me 208
10295:Fw 206
10285:Si 204
10275:Si 202
10270:Si 201
10254:Fw 200
10250:Do 200
10245:Ar 199
10240:Ar 198
10235:Ar 197
10230:Ar 196
10225:Ar 195
10220:Me 194
10207:Ao 193
10202:Ao 192
10197:Fw 191
10192:Fw 190
10187:Fw 189
10182:Ju 188
10178:Fw 188
10173:Ju 187
10169:Fw 187
10164:Ju 186
10160:Fw 186
10155:Fl 185
10150:Fl 184
10145:Ta 183
10141:Bü 183
10136:Bü 182
10131:Bü 181
10126:He 180
10122:Bü 180
10117:He 179
10112:He 178
10107:He 177
10102:He 176
10092:He 174
10087:He 173
10082:He 172
10077:He 171
10072:He 170
10067:Fi 169
10062:Fi 168
10057:Fi 167
10052:FK 166
10048:Fi 166
10043:Bf 165
10033:Me 163
10029:Li 163
10025:Bf 163
10020:He 162
10016:Bf 162
10011:Bf 161
10006:Ju 160
10001:Fw 159
9996:Fi 158
9991:Fi 157
9986:Fi 156
9981:Me 155
9977:Kl 155
9973:BV 155
9968:Ta 154
9964:Kl 154
9959:Ta 153
9955:Kl 153
9950:Ta 152
9946:Kl 152
9941:Kl 151
9936:Go 150
9931:Go 149
9926:Go 148
9921:Ju 147
9917:Go 147
9912:Go 146
9907:Go 145
9902:BV 144
9897:BV 143
9892:BV 142
9887:BV 141
9882:Ha 140
9877:Ha 139
9872:BV 138
9867:Ha 137
9862:Hü 136
9858:Ha 136
9853:Ha 135
9848:Bü 134
9843:Bü 133
9838:Hs 132
9834:Bü 132
9829:Bü 131
9824:Hs 130
9819:Hs 129
9814:Hs 128
9809:Hs 127
9804:Hs 126
9799:Hs 125
9794:Hs 124
9789:Hs 123
9784:Hs 122
9779:Hs 121
9774:He 120
9769:He 119
9764:He 118
9759:Hs 117
9755:He 117
9750:He 116
9745:He 115
9740:He 114
9735:He 113
9730:He 112
9721:He 111
9716:Bf 110
9707:Bf 109
9702:Bf 108
9697:Kl 107
9692:Kl 106
9687:Kl 105
9682:Fh 104
9670:Fi 103
9666:Al 103
9661:Al 102
9656:Al 101
9640:He 100
9636:Fi 100
9516:FZG 76
9350:DFS 54
9256:DFS 40
9247:DFS 39
8960:Ju 635
8955:Ju 488
8950:Ju 452
8945:Ju 390
8940:Ju 388
8935:Ju 352
8930:Ju 322
8925:Ju 290
8920:Ju 288
8915:Ju 287
8910:Ju 268
8905:Ju 252
8900:Ju 248
8895:Ju 188
8890:Ju 187
8885:Ju 160
8768:EF 150
8763:EF 140
8758:EF 132
8753:EF 131
8748:EF 130
8743:EF 128
8738:EF 127
8733:EF 126
8363:
8349:
8335:
8310:
8293:
8274:
8255:
8236:
8217:
8198:
8179:
8160:
8141:
8122:
8100:
8081:
8062:
8043:
8024:
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7997:
7972:
7944:
7925:
7906:
7889:
7866:
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7788:
7765:
7746:
7727:
7708:
7689:
7666:
7647:
7628:
7609:
7592:
4564:Bombs:
4522:Range:
4302:Poland
4298:110757
4271:Rhodes
4197:857509
4112:494083
4101:494083
4074:
4051:
4028:
3984:
3961:
3938:
3911:
3888:
3866:
3815:
3790:
3755:Berlin
3732:Fw 190
3682:. The
3648:Fw 190
3534:Silnyy
3477:trains
3437:Gruppe
3347:Aurora
3322:Rhodes
3314:Megara
3308:. The
3304:, the
3194:Bf 109
3052:Ioanna
3028:Gruppo
3008:Gruppi
2958:Sicily
2918:groups
2895:Selsey
2889:under
2728:Havant
2675:Lorina
2658:Verity
2652:Jaguar
2586:Calais
2584:, and
2561:StG 77
2488:. The
2475:Hannut
2421:Stukas
2401:Narvik
2332:Stukas
2313:Afridi
2298:Afridi
2282:Afridi
2247:Curlew
2134:Norway
2120:Czapla
2081:Wicher
2069:Modlin
2034:StG 76
2014:Balice
2001:of I./
1907:Poland
1643:Arctic
1610:while
1494:BK 3,7
1340:Oberst
1212:dinghy
1054:sirens
918:' two
844:Dessau
702:struts
690:canvas
639:Pantal
609:Design
554:DB 600
394:, the
334:Oberst
306:, the
293:France
291:, and
283:, the
281:Norway
228:sirens
11553:Media
11496:LB-79
11491:LB-77
11486:LB-36
11464:B-228
11310:8-534
11295:8-520
11240:8-445
11111:8-348
11072:8-341
11057:8-338
10993:8-326
10979:8-324
10935:8-316
10925:8-314
10920:8-313
10915:8-312
10910:8-311
10888:8-308
10883:8-307
10878:8-306
10873:8-305
10868:8-304
10863:8-303
10858:8-302
10605:8-260
10595:8-258
10580:8-255
10528:8-247
10488:8-239
10439:8-230
10338:8-213
10329:8-212
10300:8-207
10290:8-205
10097:8-175
9631:Fi 99
9626:Fi 98
9621:Fi 97
9616:Ar 96
9611:Ar 95
9606:Ju 94
9601:Ju 93
9596:Ju 92
9591:Ju 91
9586:Ju 90
9581:Ju 89
9576:Ju 88
9571:Ju 87
9566:Ju 86
9561:Ju 85
9556:Al 84
9541:Ar 81
9536:Ar 80
9531:Ar 79
9526:Ar 78
9521:Ar 77
9512:Ar 76
9507:Al 75
9502:He 74
9497:He 73
9492:He 72
9487:He 71
9478:He 70
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9468:Ar 68
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9454:Ar 66
9449:He 65
9445:Ar 65
9440:He 64
9436:Ar 64
9431:He 63
9422:He 62
9418:Fw 62
9413:He 61
9409:Fw 61
9405:Fa 61
9400:Ju 60
9396:He 60
9391:He 59
9386:He 58
9382:Fw 58
9377:Fw 57
9368:Fw 56
9363:NR 55
9359:Fw 55
9354:NR 54
9345:Ju 53
9340:Ju 52
9336:He 52
9331:He 51
9326:Ju 50
9322:He 50
9317:Ju 49
9313:He 49
9308:Ju 48
9303:He 47
9299:Fw 47
9294:Ju 46
9290:He 46
9285:He 45
9280:Fw 44
9275:Fw 43
9270:He 42
9266:Fw 42
9261:He 41
9252:BV 40
9242:Ju 38
9238:He 38
9233:He 37
9228:Kl 36
9223:Kl 35
9218:Ju 34
9213:Ju 33
9208:Kl 32
9203:Kl 31
9198:Fw 30
9193:Do 29
9179:Kl 27
9175:Do 27
9166:Kl 26
9162:Do 26
9157:Kl 25
9153:Do 25
9148:Do 24
9143:Do 23
9138:Do 22
9128:Do 20
9123:Do 19
9118:Do 18
9113:Do 17
9108:Wn 16
9104:Do 16
9099:Do 15
9094:Do 14
9089:Do 13
9084:Do 12
9075:Wn 11
9071:Do 11
9066:Do 10
9046:DFS 6
8880:Ju 90
8875:Ju 89
8870:Ju 88
8865:Ju 87
8860:Ju 86
8855:Ju 85
8850:Ju 60
8845:Ju 52
8840:Ju 49
8835:Ju 46
8794:CLS.I
8728:EF 94
8723:EF 77
8718:EF 74
8713:EF 73
8708:EF 72
8703:EF 61
8698:EF 52
8693:EF 31
8688:EF 29
7881:[
7780:[
7569:head.
6814:[
4693:Notes
4550:Guns:
4415:Crew:
4009:Spain
3830:Lucko
3515:Minsk
3494:Marat
3473:'
3466:I-153
3439:(St)/
3342:Samos
3318:Argos
3294:Rotte
3233:Orion
3225:Orion
3213:Kelly
3155:Orion
3118:Psara
3113:Crete
3056:Hekla
3044:Corfu
3016:Malta
2969:Korps
2911:JG 51
2907:JG 26
2808:Kolga
2764:Stuka
2756:Venus
2744:Niger
2740:Pavon
2723:Dover
2696:Keith
2663:Calvi
2578:Arras
2458:Stuka
2438:Stuka
2430:When
2369:Stuka
2309:Bison
2305:'
2302:Bison
2294:'
2291:Bison
2275:Bison
2253:sloop
2096:Mazur
2003:StG 2
1966:Kette
1958:Tczew
1956:(now
1950:StG 1
1901:Sagan
1866:, in
1745:]
1680:audit
1557:FuG 7
388:Nazis
178:Stuka
137:6,000
31:Ju 87
11459:B-37
11454:B-36
11449:B-33
11444:B-32
11439:B-31
9551:8-83
9546:8-82
9483:8-71
9427:8-63
9373:8-57
9189:8-29
9184:8-28
9171:8-27
9133:8-21
9080:8-12
9061:Gö 9
9056:Gö 8
9041:Fi 5
9026:Fi 2
9006:list
8789:CL.I
8668:K 85
8663:K 53
8658:K 51
8653:A 50
8648:J 49
8643:A 48
8638:K 47
8633:K 39
8628:G 38
8623:K 37
8618:S 36
8613:A 35
8608:W 34
8603:W 33
8598:A 32
8593:G 31
8588:K 30
8583:T 29
8578:J 28
8573:T 27
8568:T 26
8563:A 25
8553:G 23
8548:T 23
8543:J 22
8533:A 20
8528:T 19
8523:J 18
8518:K 17
8513:K 16
8508:J 15
8503:F 13
8498:J 12
8493:J 11
8488:J 10
8361:ISBN
8347:ISBN
8333:ISBN
8308:ISBN
8291:ISSN
8272:ISBN
8253:ISBN
8234:ISBN
8215:ISBN
8196:ISBN
8177:ISBN
8158:ISBN
8139:ISBN
8120:ISBN
8098:ISBN
8079:ISBN
8060:ISBN
8041:ISBN
8022:ISBN
8005:OCLC
7995:ISBN
7970:ISBN
7942:ISBN
7923:ISBN
7904:ISBN
7887:OCLC
7864:ISBN
7845:ISBN
7826:ISBN
7807:ISBN
7786:ISBN
7763:ISBN
7744:ISBN
7725:ISBN
7706:ISBN
7687:ISBN
7664:ISBN
7645:ISBN
7626:ISBN
7607:ISBN
7590:ISSN
7564:2023
7538:2019
7500:2016
7458:2023
7403:2018
6830:link
4877:2023
4848:2023
4468:1 ×
4258:The
4243:The
4213:6234
4193:6234
4170:5954
4159:5954
3851:The
3714:and
3637:and
3635:Orel
3578:T-34
3536:and
3524:M-74
3485:Kyiv
3447:LG 1
3420:Stab
3399:Stab
3395:Stab
3356:and
3229:Dido
3227:and
3210:and
3189:Fiji
3168:Juno
3161:Ajax
3158:and
3149:Dido
3124:Ydra
3121:and
3042:off
2996:Graz
2990:The
2948:and
2909:and
2806:and
2677:and
2665:and
2655:and
2637:HMS
2534:and
2477:and
2355:and
2330:The
2244:and
2225:HMS
2217:Æger
2211:off
2208:Æger
2195:Oslo
2122:and
2116:Mewa
2087:Gryf
2074:The
2065:LG 1
1964:, a
1936:and
1774:Wels
1633:and
1617:and
1563:and
1536:and
1177:and
1071:Axis
450:and
363:Dipl
271:and
206:Axis
184:and
172:The
166:1945
150:1936
59:and
53:Type
9051:8-7
9036:8-4
9031:8-3
9021:8-1
8825:RLM
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3340:at
3326:RAF
3247:'s
2821:in
2285:by
2032:I./
1962:CET
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366:Ing
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