476:
463:, the Minister to Shah Shujah's court, attempted to sow dissension within the insurgent ranks and even arrange for Akbar Khan to be assassinated, but Akbar Khan was informed of his planned treachery and murdered Macnaghten at a meeting on 23 December. Finally, with his troops blockaded in an indefensible encampment outside Kabul, Elphinstone signed a convention with Akbar Khan by which his army was to evacuate Kabul, and was guaranteed safe passage to Jalalabad. The result was the slaughter of Elphinstone's army of 4,500 British and Indian soldiers and 12,000 camp followers by tribesmen in January 1842. Only one British surgeon and a handful of Indian
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calmly. Ellenborough was opposed by his generals and by the government in
Britain, all of whom insisted that stern retribution was required. He accordingly modified his orders. Pollock and Nott were again ordered to retreat, but Nott was allowed to retreat by way of Kabul if he chose, making a detour of over 300 miles (480 km), and Pollock was also permitted to move to Kabul to cover Nott's retreat. The late nineteenth-century historian
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650:) and infantry under Brigadier Sale to rescue them. They found that when news of the Afghan defeats reached their guards, the hostages, including Sale's own wife, had negotiated their own release in return for payments. In all, thirty-five British officers, fifty-one private soldiers, twelve officers' wives and twenty-two children who had been taken hostage by Akbar Khan were released.
605:), some sepoy regiments which had earlier distinguished themselves and four batteries of artillery, 6,000 men in total. On 30 August, he defeated a force of 10,000 Afghans at Khelat-i-Ghilzai near Ghazni. He captured Ghazni itself without opposition, and looted the city in retaliation for the attack on Palmer. Lord Ellenborough had specifically ordered him to recover a set of ornate
629:
tribesmen deployed by Akbar Khan at the Tezin Pass, and the way to Kabul was clear. Pollock's troops came across many skeletons and unburied bodies from
Elphinstone's army and, in spite of orders from Ellenborough and Pollock to show restraint, they committed many brutal reprisals against villages and their inhabitants. Pollock reached Kabul on 15 September, two days before Nott.
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few casualties. He reached
Jalalabad on 14 April, to find the siege already lifted. After wavering for some weeks, Sale had led a sortie by the garrison of Jalalabad on 19 February, to capture grazing sheep to replenish his supplies of food. He repeated the sortie on 7 April, defeating the besiegers and forcing them to raise the siege.
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Not all of the Indian sepoys of
Elphinstone's army had died in the retreat. Perhaps 2000, many of whom had lost limbs to frostbite, had returned to Kabul to be sold into slavery or to exist by begging. Pollock was able to release many of them, but many others were left behind in the surrounding hills
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On 31 March, Pollock completed restoring the morale of the sepoys at
Peshawar and forced his way through the Khyber Pass. He sent his troops up the heights on either side of the pass to outflank the defenders while his artillery demolished a barricade erected across the pass, and succeeded with very
690:
The withdrawal from Kabul was an arduous march, harassed from
Gandamak onwards by Afghan tribesmen. Although the march was far better organised than Elphinstone's retreat, large numbers of stragglers were left behind to be rescued by the rearguard or abandoned to die. Part of one division commanded
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contingent, had made an ineffectual attempt to break through the Khyber Pass in late
December 1841. The Sikhs had deserted and the Bengal units were demoralised by cold, lack of clothing and rumours of the disaster to Elphinstone's army. Pollock's orders were to restore the efficiency of the troops
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detachment there the previous
November. Finally, Pollock ordered the historic covered bazaar of Kabul to be destroyed. Although he issued orders that the rest of the city was to be spared, discipline in the army broke down and there was widespread looting and destruction. Even the Persian-speaking
568:
proclaimed by Akbar Khan. He was assassinated by adherents of Nawab Zaman Khan, an influential chieftain who resented the favour shown by Shah Shuja to his rival Naib
Aminullah Khan. One of the assassins was Shah Shuja's godson, Shuja' al-Daula. Shah Shuja's son Futteh Jung proclaimed himself his
534:
On 10 February, Nott led a force from
Kandahar against the tribes blockading him. The Afghans, under a chieftain named Mirza Ahmed, bypassed him and attacked the city, setting fire to a gate to gain entry. They were driven off by the small garrison left by Nott, suffering heavy casualties. Nott's
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In India, Lord Ellenborough had softened his earlier attitude. His primary objective was to avoid the expense of a long war. He ordered Nott and Pollock to retreat, arguing that once the British had evacuated Afghanistan, negotiations with Akbar Khan for the release of the hostages could proceed
514:
on the route between Kandahar and Kabul, and at Jalalabad under Sale. The captive General Elphinstone had sent orders to the other garrison commanders that they were to evacuate their positions under the terms of the capitulation he had agreed with Akbar Khan. (Elphinstone died in April, still a
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On 6 March, the troops at Ghazni (the 27th Bengal Native Infantry) came under attack in their temporary quarters. After resisting for two and a half weeks, they were forced to surrender. The sepoys who refused to convert to Islam were murdered, and the British officers and their families became
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Pollock's army, which was widely termed the "Army of Retribution", meanwhile advanced from Jalalabad. The army consisted of four brigades, one of which was made wholly of British troops. It numbered about 8,000 men in total. After a sharp engagement on 13 September, they defeated some 15,000
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An infantry battalion (the Khelat-i-Ghelzai regiment) and an artillery battery from Shah Shuja's army retreated to India with the British armies. They were taken into the East India Company's army and the artillery unit eventually became part of the British army. It survives to this day as
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While Akbar Khan had been absent conducting the siege of Jalalabad, Shah Shuja had restored his authority around Kabul. After temporising for several weeks and secretly asking for British help from India, he reluctantly emerged from the Bala Hissar at the end of March to join the
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to keep them out of reach of the British armies. Nott was urged to send cavalry to rescue the hostages, but he declined to do so (possibly as a result of a minor disaster on 29 August, when his cavalry had suffered heavy losses in a mishandled attack). Instead, Pollock sent
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in Kabul and was attempting to bribe chiefs and tribes to his cause, although he was no longer supported by the British. He even attempted to improve his standing within Afghanistan by demanding that the British comply with the terms Elphinstone had agreed with Akbar Khan.
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The British captured Kabul, and Dost Mohammed surrendered himself into British custody in November 1840. Over the next year, complacent British commanders withdrew some of their forces even as popular resistance grew. They also ceased paying subsidies to the
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captive.) Nott and Sale ignored Elphinstone's order, but Colonel Thomas Palmer at Ghazni obeyed it, withdrawing from the easily defended citadel into vulnerable buildings in the city. Shah Shuja still held the fortress of
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to return from India to resume his rule. Akbar Khan died in 1847. Dost Mohammad's subsequent relations with the British were equivocal until his death. He half-heartedly supported the Sikhs during the
715:- awaiting for them was Lord Ellenborough with festive celebrations, following which a grand military display was held, although many were too exhausted and had too little appetite to celebrate.
402:, who had been deposed by Dost Mohammed thirty years earlier and who had been living as a pensioner in India. They also agreed safe passage for supplies and reinforcements with Maharaja
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Nott began his "retreat" on 9 August. He sent the bulk of his troops and camp-followers back to Quetta but began advancing north to Kabul with two British regiments (the
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The British force defeated the Afghans twice in battle following which they were able to recover prisoners captured during the retreat. The British demolished parts of
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The supposed Somnath Gates which had been laboriously carried back to India were paraded through the country, but were declared to be fakes by Hindu scholars. (
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at the narrowest point of the Khyber Pass on 3 November and destroyed. Casualties mounted due to snipers and ambushes until the troops were within sight of
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wrote that, "No change had come over the views of Lord Ellenborough, but a change had come over the meaning of certain words in the English language."
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Pollock's army then retired through Jalalabad to Peshawar. Futteh Jung handed over power to another nominee and accompanied the retreating army.
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in return for a promise that Peshawar would be restored to Afghan rule, but the British never abandoned the city. He remained neutral when the
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737:, a political agent attached to Nott's force, had already warned Ellenborough that this was the case.) They were eventually installed at
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on 21 February. Before officially taking up his appointment, Ellenborough wrote that he intended to restore British prestige and honour.
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As the British advanced, the hostages in Akbar Khan's hands were treated less severely than previously, although they were moved to
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reached Jalalabad. Elphinstone and several officers and their families surrendered themselves as hostages and were taken prisoner.
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at Peshawar and relieve the besieged garrison of Jalalabad. Auckland was already due to be replaced as Governor General by
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Battle in Kabul between the Afghans versus the Sikhs, Gurkas, and British in 1842. Coloured transfer taken lithograph
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with reinforcements to Peshawar. Here, a brigade of Bengal units commanded by Brigadier Wild, with a
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to avenge the complete annihilation of the British-Indian military-civilian column in January 1842.
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625:), was detailed to carry the gates back to India. Nott's force arrived at Kabul on 17 September.
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In November 1841, there was a popular uprising in Kabul, in which the Resident Political Agent
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broke out. British policy was to avoid expeditions into Afghanistan for nearly forty years.
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During the late winter and spring, there was fighting around all the British-held enclaves.
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Qizilbashis, who were opposed to Akbar Khan, and many Indian merchants were ruined.
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The British still held several garrisons in Afghanistan: at Kandahar under Nott, at
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13th (1st Somersetshire, Prince Albert's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot
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Within three months of the final British withdrawal, the British allowed
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was sent in October 1841 from Kabul to clear the route to India via the
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was murdered. The ineffectual commander of the Kabul garrison, General
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for an army which invaded Afghanistan and restored the former ruler
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father's successor, but had even less support than his father.
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supplies were running short, and a brigade under Brigadier
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when his forces precipitately retreated in November 1842.
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445:, failed to react to the uprising. Dost Mohammed's son
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646:irregular cavalry under Richmond Shakespeare (his
382:In the late 1830s, the British government and the
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658:A detachment from Pollock's army laid waste to
50:British and Indian troops outside Kabul in 1842
1292:The Great Game: on Secret Service in High Asia
747:T Battery (Shah Sujah's Troop) Royal Artillery
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897:40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot
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1246:Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan
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759:Medal for the Defence of Kelat-I-Ghilzie
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355:and advanced on the Afghan capital from
1596:Siege of the British Residency in Kabul
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799:31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot
691:by General McGaskill was ambushed near
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527:A sketch of Kandahar, in December 1841
1748:Battles of the First Anglo-Afghan War
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662:, in revenge for the destruction and
593:Battles of Khelat-i-Ghilzai and Tezin
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1743:Battles involving the United Kingdom
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1344:from the original on 12 October 2007
1096:from the original on 12 October 2007
707:On December 23 the army crossed the
576:Afghan foot soldiers, lithograph by
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1269:The Afghan Wars 1839–42 and 1878–80
789:9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot
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1684:Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)
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1753:British war crimes in Afghanistan
1664:European influence in Afghanistan
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769:The British order of battle was;
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443:William George Keith Elphinstone
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1312:The First Afghan War 1838-1842
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947:12th Khelat-i-Ghilzai Regiment
543:with supplies was repulsed at
539:which tried to reach him from
434:, halfway to the Khyber Pass.
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1738:Battles involving Afghanistan
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995:Dalrymple (2013), pp. 348–353
902:41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot
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1150:Dalrymple (2013), pp.462–463
1141:Dalrymple (2013), pp.387–388
1076:Dalrymple (2013), pp.444–445
1049:Dalrymple (2013), pp.417–421
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390:of Afghanistan was courting
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1674:The Great Game: Afghanistan
1295:. Oxford University Press.
1022:Forbes (1892), Chapter VIII
942:43rd Bengal Native Infantry
937:42nd Bengal Native Infantry
932:38th Bengal Native Infantry
927:16th Bengal Native Infantry
923:Regiment of Irregular Horse
862:64th Bengal Native Infantry
857:60th Bengal Native Infantry
852:53rd Bengal Native Infantry
847:35th Bengal Native Infantry
842:33rd Bengal Native Infantry
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832:26th Bengal Native Infantry
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386:became convinced that Emir
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1616:Second Battle of Charasiab
1132:Hopkirk (1990), pp.276–277
827:6th Bengal Native Infantry
654:Sack of Charikar and Kabul
384:British East India Company
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551:prisoners of Akbar Khan.
503:, whose ship arrived off
488:Governor General of India
343:following the disastrous
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914:3rd Bombay Light Cavalry
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623:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1474:Amir Dost Mohammad Khan
1123:Dalrymple (2013), p.387
872:Three batteries of the
1644:Third Anglo-Afghan War
1591:Battle of Peiwar Kotal
1411:William Hay Macnaghten
1195:www.britishbattles.com
1191:"Battle of Kabul 1842"
1114:Allen (2000), pp.50–52
1040:Allen (2000), pp.44–45
964:Bengal Field Artillery
958:Bengal Horse Artillery
908:Bengal Presidency Army
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773:General Pollock's Army
633:Rescue of the hostages
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372:First Anglo-Afghan War
240:First Anglo-Afghan War
179:Commanders and leaders
38:First Anglo-Afghan War
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1168:Allen (2000), p.52-56
1067:Hopkirk (1990), p.273
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1004:Hopkirk (1990), p.270
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962:Two batteries of the
956:Two batteries of the
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866:Two batteries of the
820:Two regiments of the
724:Second Anglo-Sikh War
666:of a small irregular
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201:several tribal chiefs
97:34.52528°N 69.17833°E
1611:Battle of Ahmed Khel
1586:Battle of Ali Masjid
1558:Battle of Jellalabad
1338:"britishbattles.com"
1310:Norris, J A (1967).
1090:"britishbattles.com"
1031:Forbes (1892), p.107
609:gates, known as the
19:For other uses, see
1763:1842 in Afghanistan
1601:Battle of Charasiab
1499:Mohammed Nadir Shah
1431:William Elphinstone
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93: /
1679:Malalai of Maiwand
1626:Battle of Kandahar
1563:Retreat from Kabul
1522:Afghanistan portal
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1241:Dalrymple, William
1013:Allen (2000), p.44
720:Dost Mohammad Khan
648:Military Secretary
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400:Shah Shuja Durrani
349:East India Company
347:. Two British and
345:retreat from Kabul
335:undertaken by the
102:34.52528; 69.17833
62:March–October 1842
1758:Conflicts in 1842
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1621:Battle of Maiwand
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1278:978-1-4264-2938-5
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135:Belligerents
36:Part of the
1466:Afghanistan
697:Jamrud Fort
517:Bala Hissar
428:Khyber Pass
424:Robert Sale
408:Sikh Empire
353:Khyber Pass
193:Robert Sale
100: /
76:Afghanistan
1727:Categories
1712:Multimedia
1669:Great Game
1578:Second War
1436:Sam Browne
1416:John Keane
1348:23 October
1225:. Abacus.
1211:References
1200:2020-02-27
1100:23 October
693:Ali Masjid
644:Qizilbashi
621:after the
607:sandalwood
555:Expedition
447:Akbar Khan
378:Background
300:Jellalabad
290:Ali Masjid
198:Akbar Khan
88:69°10′42″E
85:34°31′31″N
1636:Third War
1540:First War
975:Citations
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603:41st Foot
599:40th Foot
432:Jalalabad
361:Jalalabad
305:2nd Kabul
278:1st Kabul
1702:Category
1342:Archived
1289:(1990).
1267:(1892).
1243:(2013).
1221:(2000).
1094:Archived
753:See also
713:Firozpur
664:massacre
660:Charikar
601:and the
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455:Kandahar
420:Ghilzais
414:to him.
412:Peshawar
357:Kandahar
295:Hykulzye
283:Gandamak
125:Charikar
67:Location
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337:British
1532:Events
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505:Madras
486:, the
465:sepoys
331:was a
268:Parwan
258:Khelat
253:Ghazni
147:
113:Result
970:Notes
566:jihad
396:Sindh
368:Kabul
314:Tezin
263:Kahun
121:Kabul
72:Kabul
1350:2007
1316:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1102:2007
739:Agra
673:Shia
496:Sikh
359:and
327:The
123:and
117:Sack
59:Date
711:at
119:of
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