3103:/ which they shared with Northern Dusun and Ulu Sugut Dusun when they still a single group who stayed in Nunuk Ragang at the time Kadazan, Rungus, and East Dusun left. As the last group to migrate, they found out that to the east, North, south, and West of Nunuk Ragang was already populated. Eventually they choose to go westward, pass-crossed the Talantang settlement in Ranau and Tambunan, then found unpopulated places near the coast at the upper reach of Kadamaian and Tuaran rivers. There is a story of the origin of Tagahas and Tangara enmity: it is said that before Tangara moved to Penampang plain from Nunuk Ragang, they promised to mark their way so the Tagahas can follow it to join them in the next later. But the Tangara changed their marks cused the following Tagahas behind reached other places, the hilly Ulu Tuaran. So the angry Tagahas began to hate the Tangara. This story is very interesting because we can assume that the Tangara must be also Central Dusun-speaking tribe if they migrate at the same time with Central Dusun-speaking Tagahas. The Tangara eventually assimilated with the Kadazan and their dialect influenced the Kadazan, making it similar to Central Dusun. This theory explaining why Kadazan is mutually-intelligible with Central Dusun.
362:, who was a Malay to refer to the ethnic groups of inland farmers in present-day Sabah. Since most of the west coast of North Borneo was under the influence of the Sultan of Indonesia, taxes called 'Duis' (also referred to as the 'River Tax' on the area of southeast of North Borneo) were collected by the sultanate from the 'Orang Dusun', or 'Dusun people'. Hence, since 1881, after the establishment of the British North Borneo Company, the British administration categorised the linguistically similar, 12 main and 33 sub-tribes collectively as 'Dusun' though among themselves they are simply known in their own dialect as just "human" or in their Bobolian term "kadayan" or "kadazan" (in Tangaa version). The Tambanuo and Bagahak, who had converted to Islam for religious reasons, had preferred to be called "Sungei" and "Idaan" respectively although they come from the same sub-tribes. It was also suggested that "Orang Dusun" or "Dusun People" also being used as a term to refer to the forest-dwellers, and farming primitive tribes in the interior of northern Borneo. The usage of this term was then continued by the North Borneo Chartered Company and British colonial governments.
2743:
region, while Lotud, though spoken in the central part, is
Bisayic in origin. Bisayic languages only partially intelligible with Dusun languages, but all Southern Dusun tribes are able to speaks Bunduliwan and today highly influenced by the standard dialect. For example, Lotud is Bisayic but now mutually-intelligible with Central Dusun due to language adoption and long period of interaction with the Central Dusun people as they live side by side for no shorter than 200 years. Gana, the language speaks by the Dusun Gana tribe is Murutic and probably a variant of Northern Murut dialect of Nabai, but now highly influenced by Dusun language which they can fluently speak. Kwijau, who native speaker live side by side with the Gana in Bingkor, Keningau, also found in Papar and Membakut where they amalgamated with Kadazan. Tatana and Bisaya are two varieties of a same language. Bisaya-Tatana language showed some similarities with Murut language, making it likely an intermediate between Dusunic and Murutic. Southern Dusun dialects spokes by approximately 30,000 Bisaya, 15,000 Tatana, 20,000 Kwijau, 10,000 Gana and 35,000 Lotud.
3040:/. However, today Rungus are related to Northern Dusun languages such as Tobilung and Kimaragang while Kadazan is highly-mutually intelligible with Central Dusun. This is because Rungus and Northern Dusun language live near to each other around Marudu Bay (Northern Dusun arrived there later when Rungus already populated the area) causing often contacts or assimilation between the two groups. Over time, Rungus and Northern Dusun languages developed similarity in accent. Another evidence of why Rungus-Northern Dusun similar in accent can be explained by Minokok-Tompizes proposed theory of origin. Minokok-Tompizes are considered a dialect of Rungus. The tribe maybe a small group of Kota Marudu Rungus who moved south to avoid violent contact with newly arrived Northern Dusun group or possibly to run from it and reached Ulu Kinabatangan. While the Rungus in the north developed similarity in accent with the Northern Dusun, Minokok-Tompizes retained their original accent. That is why Rungus and Minokok are similar in vocabulary but different in accent.
299:
approach to resolve the "Kadazan versus Dusun" conflicts that had impeded the growth and development of the
Kadazandusun since "Kadazan versus Dusun" sentiments were politicised in the early 1960s. It was the best alternative generic identity as well as the most appropriate approach in resolving the "Kadazan versus Dusun" conflicts. Although this action is seen as the best alternative to resolving the ongoing "Kadazan versus Dusun" conflicts since the 1960s, its positive effect is only seen by the year 2000 to the present day when the new generation is no longer in the "Kadazan versus Dusun" feudalism mentality. The unification has since strengthened the ties and brought the Kadazandusun community together as an ethnic group towards more positive and prosperous growth in terms of urbanisation, sociocultural, economic and political development.
1492:
762:, Kadazandusun ethnic belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup of O2-P31 (O-268), which she believes plays an important role in the modern Malay genome sequence. O2-P31 is a mutation product of M214 as a maternal haplogroup with the following mutation sequences: M214> M175> P31> O2. This study was also validated by a genetic study group from National Geographic that revealed STR test results through samples taken from Kadazandusun residents of Belud City in 2011. The STR results were: DYS393: 15 DYS439: 12 DYS388: 12 DYS385a: 16 DYS19: 15 DYS389-1: 13 DYS390: 25 DYS385b: 20 DYS391: 11 DYS389-2: NaN DYS426: 11 DYS392: 13, which explains the specific composition of the Y chromosome according to the Y-DNA haplogroup of O2-P31 (O-M268). Mutation sequences for O2-P31 are shown in the Phylogenetic tree below.
332:). The derived term was speculated as a reference to townies, or communities living near shops. This has also been explained in an article by Richard Francis Tunggolou. However, there is evidence that the term has been used long before the 1950s. According to Owen Rutter (The Pagans of North Borneo, 1929, p31), "The Dusun usually describes himself generically as a tulun Tindal (landsman), or on the West Coast, particularly at Papar, as a Kadazan". Rutter started working in Sabah from 1910, and left Sabah in 1914. During this time interval, both Penampang and Papar district was yet to be developed as towns, therefore rejects the derivation theory altogether. To seek better information of the true meaning of the term "Kadazan", two high priestesses of Borneo or locally referred to as
3084:/ in their lexicons. Northern Dusun choose to settled around Kota Marudu today, where they contacted with the Rungus already settled there and developed similarity in accent with the latter. The original Northern Dusun accent may be the same with Ulu Sugut Dusun which can be proved when we look at the similarity in grammar between Kimaragang and Tinagas dialect in Kota Marudu, the only different is in accent. This is another evidence of Rungus-Northern Dusun merging theory. Talantang group migrated from Nunuk Ragang in two directions, one moved to Trusmadi and the other moved far north to Ulu Sugut. Trusmadi group further spread into Tambunan and the rest of Keningau while Ulu Sugut group further spread in Ranau, Kota Marudu and Paitan where they evolved into various sub-tribes.
1479:
traditional arts, crafts, and designs; traditional sports; traditional wears and costumes. Lately, along with the growing international cooperation of the world's indigenous peoples, indigenous knowledge, intellectual property, and traditional resource rights conservation, enhancement and protection have also become new areas of the KDCA's concern and responsibility. The KDCA fosters unity, friendship, and co-operation among the multi-racial population of Sabah through its participatory cultural programs and celebrations such as the
Village, District and State levels Annual "Kaamatan Festival". It has sent Cultural Performance Troupes on goodwill tours to the other Malaysian States, to neighbouring Asian Countries, to Europe, America, Canada and New Zealand.
2727:
Talantang group because
Talantang is the largest tribes in this group which also consists of several sub-tribes such as Toriwad, Manampaka, Mukim and Pulutan. Other tribes in this group are Tinagas, Tuhawon, Gobukon, Kogosingan (Ranau and Kota Marudu sides), and Tanggal, Tilau-Ilau, and Pilantong (Paitan side). Ulu Sugut Dusun tribes also found in Tambunan and Keningau because they was the first inhabitants of the districts before moved away or assimilated by Bundu and Liwan tribes. Many Liwan speaking sub-tribes in Ranau and Tambunan such as Bira/Karanaan, Monsok, Gunah, Polupu and Kohub was originally Talantang-speaking. Ulu Sugut Dusun language is intermediate between Kimaragang and Central Dusun. 30,0000 Dusun people speaks Ulu Sugut dialect.
3107:
themselves from the Bajau Sama lived around the lower
Tempasuk river near the coast. Group who moved to Tuaran and Kiulu plain are the Bundu. Tribes who remained in the highlands are the Sinulihan and Tagahas. The Tagahas further spread to places nearer to the coast in today Telipok, Menggatal, and Inanam. In Inanam, they assimilated with remaining Tobilung who not migrated to the northern districts. Tagahas also moved to Ulu Papar areas. One group moved back inland to Tambunan, where they engaged in the bloody tribal clash with Bundu-Liwan coalition to control the Tambunan plain. Talantang tribes in Tambunan also divided in the clash; Tibabar sided with Tagahas while Bira/Karangan and Tuhawon supported the Bundu-Liwan.
1435:
258:
51:
699:
groups of Taiwan, the high frequency results of haplogroup M and low frequencies of haplogroups B, E, F and N (insignificant to represent the entire said nation) in the genetics of
Kadazandusun ethnicity is enough to refute the theory of Kadazandusun ethnic origin from Taiwan. Kee Boon Pin studies also mentioned that the mtDNA of the Kadazandusun ethnic are more diverse with plenty of variability that is missing which might have depleted (through mutations) in the mtDNA of the Bunun ethnic. Genetic depletion indicates newer mutation from the maternal DNA group. Professor Hirofumi Matsumura, who studies in
1103:(made out of weaved dastar fabric). The decorations and designs of the koubasanan costume are usually varied by region. For example, the koubasanan dress design for Kadazandusun women of Penampang usually comes in a set of sleeveless blouse combined with long skirts and no hats, while the koubasanan dress design for Kadazandusun women of Papar comes in a set of long sleeves blouse combined with knee-length skirts and wore with a siung hat. There are over 40 different designs of the Koubasanan costume across Sabah that belongs to different tribes of the Kadazandusun community.
408:
400:
2884:
impossible that all Dusun languages developed in Nunuk Ragang because the people must be constantly contacted to each other and must using a single language for easy communication, leaving no chances for any new language to developed in that condition. In contrast, migration to different places caused less contact among the Nunuk Ragang people due to geographical distant, paved the ways to new languages to develop separately. Meanwhile, Nunuk Ragang language itself also changed over time within the group of people who stayed in Nunuk Ragang settlement.
2764:: Kinabatangan Paitanic is a grouping of several mutually-intelligible Paitanic languages spoken in Kinabatangan river area across Kinabatangan and Tongod districts, namely Makiang, Sinarupa, Kolobuan, Sinabu, and Rumanau. Makiang dialect is the major language in this group as estimated native speakers of 20,000 people and their language also influenced the Subpan language. Rumanau, also known as Dusun Lobu, is the westernmost Paitanic language as it also spoken in Nunuk Ragang Ranau and Lanas Village in Keningau district.
1004:
is still celebrated as an annual tradition, it is no longer celebrated for the purpose to meet the demands of the ancestral spiritual traditions and customs, but rather in honouring the customs and traditions of the ancestors. Today, Kaamatan is more symbolic as a reunion time with family and loved ones. Domestically, modern
Kaamatan is celebrated as per individual personal aspiration with the option of whether or not to serve the Kadazandusun traditional food and drinks which are mostly non-halal.
2819:
Bisayic-speaking people who migrated to Labuk-Sugut region and interacted with
Paitanic people that already settled there. This people retained their Bisayic language but also adopted many words of the Paitanic people. Over time, one group of their descendants moved inland into the middle reach of Labuk River and founded the Nunuk Ragang village. In Nunuk Ragang the proto-Dusun language developed but eventually split into various languages and dialects as the result of migration.
1116:) indicating that it is time to change the dance moves. Upon hearing this chant, dancers will raise their hands to the sides of their body and in line with their chest, and move their wrists and arms up and down resembling the movement of a flying bird. There is plenty of choreography of sumazau dance, but the signature dance move of the sumazau will always be the flying bird arms movement, parallel arms swinging back and forth at the sides of the body, and the springing feet.
2701:
Penampang and Papar are generally similar with only slight differences, but the
Membakut dialect is distinct as it is a Kadazanised Kwijau. Membakut also known as Kuizou (Kadazan pronunciation for Kwijau). Although Kadazan are not geographically widespread, this language is the second largest Dusunic language as it is spoken by approximately 170,000 people. Sometime Kadazan also considered as dialect of Central Dusun as it is highly mutually-intelligible with Central Dusun.
2077:
6090:
79:
6102:
419:, is a test used to explore genetic ancestry from the mother using mtDNA that is obtained from outside of a nucleus cell that isn't contaminated by the presence of Y-chromosome. According to a study published in 2014, by Kee Boon Pin on 150 volunteers from the Kadazandusun people all over the Sabah region, the Kadazandusun people belongs to 9
291:
various parties desiring a division between the
Kadazan and the Dusuns once again. This action only worsened the conflict by developing the "Kadazan or Dusun identity crisis" into "Kadazan versus Dusun feud". It was also a largely successful and a precursor to the fall of the ruling political state party Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS).
1169:) and membranophones (kompang, gendang or tontog). The most common musical instruments in Kadazandusun ceremonies are gong and kulintangan. The gong beats usually varies by regions and districts, and the gong beats that is often played at the official Kaamatan celebration in KDCA is the gong beats from the Penampang district.
711:, with estimated age around 12,700 years. It is even older than most discovered ancient M7 series, and spread throughout the Southeast Asia continent creating more M7 mutation series. The mutation series products from M7b1'2'4'5'6'7'8 are present today in several ethnics including Jakun the aboriginal of
3150:
Mainstream Dusun language means the most widely spoken dialects of Dusun language in Sabah. There are two main dialect of Dusun language: Bundu and Liwan. The two dialect are the easiest to learn and understand among the tribalised Kadazan Dusun people. Usually, Kadazan Dusun people who not belong to
2733:
is the only Dusunic language in the East Coast of Sabah. It sound to be an intermediate between Kadazan, Dusun and Rungus language. Labuk Dusun and Kinabatangan Dusun (both consist of various tribes and sub-tribes) speaks a single language known as Labuk-Kinabatangan Dusun. Other Eastern Dusun-origin
1474:
From its inception in the early 1950s, the KDCA has focused much of its efforts on the preservation, development, enrichment, and promotion of the Kadazandusun multi-ethnic cultures. The KDCA's Triennial Delegates Conference provides a forum where the various Kadazandusun multi-ethnic representatives
1003:
During the old days, Kaamatan was celebrated to give thanks to ancient God and rice spirits for the bountiful harvesting to ensure continuous paddy yield for the next paddy plantation season. Nowadays, the majority of the Kadazandusun people have embraced Christianity and Islam. Although the Kaamatan
794:
Initially, the purpose of starting the genetic haplogroup lineage was to determine the origin of the human lineage. However, the objective is yet to be verified to this day due to a lack of pure evidences that is free from contamination. The results obtained from genetic studies so far can only prove
3043:
The Kadazan similarity with Central Dusun can be explained with two theories : 1. Like the Rungus case, Kadazan also live near the Central Dusun. Often contacts and inter-marriages make Kadazan and Dusun found the easy way to communicate. 2. Penampang Kadazan are the result of merging of three
3023:
Wave A (Westward group) : Rungus and Kadazan was the earliest groups to migrate out from Nunuk Ragang settlement. It is possible that they initially migrated as a single group before splitting into two: Tangaa' choose to settle in the plain near the coast in Penampang while Rungus moved to Kota
2801:
family which loosely related to Dusunic. Subpan are heavily influenced by the Makiang language. Sagamo are similar to Subpan except it was not influenced by Paitanic languages. Generally Dusun Bonggi, Dusun Subpan, Dusun Sagamo, and Dusun Begak people do not able to speaks mainstream Dusun language.
2719:
are grouping of several related Dusunic languages in northern Sabah districts around the Marudu Bay; namely Rungus, Tobilung, Garo-Luba-Tonduk, and Kimaragang-Sonsogon-Sandayo and Minokok-Tompizos (though only found in Telupid and Tongod, are similar to Rungus). Although Gobukon, Talantang, Tinagas,
987:
is an annual celebration by the people of Kadazandusun in Sabah. It is a one-month celebration starting from 1 to 31 May. In modern-day of Kaamatan Festival celebration, 30 and 31 May are the climax dates for the state-level celebration that happens at the place of the yearly Kaamatan Festival host.
3110:
Liwan is a group of Central Dusun who did not join the move to near coastal areas where they stayed in upper reach of the Kagibangan river, specifically in one of the river's tributary of the river called Tandilwan. This place located in Tambunan-Ranau border. Liwan was named after this river. This
2770:
Sukau Paitanic consist of a single language called Abai or Sabangan, which is distinct and only partially intelligible with Paitan and Kinabatangan. This is maybe because the language was isolated with the rest of Paitanic dialect as it is surrounded by the Bulu Dupi Ida'an. Abai/Sabangan spoken by
2742:
Bisayic languages group consist of three languages namely Bisaya-Tatana, Kwijau, and Lotud. All Bisayic tribes are Dusun people, except Bisaya. That is why Bisayic-speaking Dusun sometime called as Southern Dusun because Tatana and Kwijau are languages spoken in southern part of Sabah's West Coast
1462:
The title "Huguan Siou" Office is an institutionalized Paramount Leadership of the Koisaan. The power and responsibility to bestow the Kadazandusun Paramount Leadership Title "Huguan Siou" rests with the KDCA, which, upon the vacancy of the Huguan Siou's Office, may hold an Extraordinary Delegate's
1425:
spears, and a taming wood as a shield. This gruesome practice has been banned and no longer practice today. However, there is a rumour saying that primitive Kadazandusun clans living in isolation in the deep jungles are still actively practising the headhunting culture today. Yet, there has been no
1273:
In the olden times, a Kadazandusun man's pride and power were measured by his courage and physical strength in combat, as well as the number of heads of fallen enemies that were brought home. The "rule of thumb" for headhunting practice was that the defeated enemy had to be alive during the time of
670:
through the sharing of Haplogroup N as the fundamental DNA. However, in his studies published in 1979, S.G. Tan did not emphasise the significant of this finding to the Out Of Taiwan theory due to the very small percentage of Haplogroup N found in the Kadazandusun test subjects that is insufficient
327:
There is no proper historical record that exists pertaining to the origins of the term or its originator. Between the late 1950s and early 1960s, the term "Kadazan" has always been theorised by local folks as derivatives from the word "kakadazan" which means towns, or "kadai" which means shops, the
2712:
derived from Bundu and Liwan, the two main dialect of Central Dusun. Usually all other Kadazan Dusun tribes including Kadazan, Rungus, and Orang Sungai use either Bundu or Liwan when conversing with Central Dusun speaker. Other dialects of Central Dusun language are Tindal, Sinulihan, and Tagahas;
2693:
family. Dusunic split into two branches, Dusun and Bisayic. Dusun branch further split into five group or dialects: Coastal Dusun, Central Dusun, Northern Dusun, Upper Sugut Dusun, and Eastern Dusun; which are mutually-intelligible among each other. Dusunic languages speaker when combined numbered
1674:
or Talantangic are a group of Central Dusunic sub-tribes that mainly resides in the Ulu Sugut river delta around the borders of Kota Marudu, Beluran, Telupid and also Ranau in the tripoint area of the West Coast, Sandakan and also Kudat divisions, but are also found in Keningau as well as Tambunan
698:
According to Ken-ichi Shinoda in his study published in November 2014, the Bunun ethnic have the mtDNA of haplogroup B (41.5%), followed by F (30.3%), E (23.6%), M (3.4%) and N (1.1%). Although the Kadazandusun ethnic group shared some of maternal mtDNA haplogroups with the Bunun and Paiwan ethnic
370:
According to a Genome-wide SNP genotypic data studies by human genetics research team from University Malaysia Sabah (2018), the Northern Borneon Dusun (Sonsogon, Rungus, Lingkabau and Murut) are closely related to Taiwan natives (Ami, Atayal) and non–Austro-Melanesian Filipinos (Visayan, Tagalog,
298:
coined the new term 'Kadazandusun' to represent both the 'Orang Dusun' and 'Kadazan'. This unified term "Kadazandusun" was unanimously passed as a resolution during the 5th Kadazan Cultural Association's Delegates Conference. During the conference, it was decided that this was the best alternative
270:
The "Kadazan" term is used among the Tangara/Tangaa' tribe on the west coast of Sabah to refer to themselves. Non-Tangara tribes within the same dialectal and cultural continuum in the interior and eastern part of the state prefer the term "Dusun". Administratively, the Kadazans were called 'Orang
2883:
The grouping of Dusun languages above is very important to study the waves of the out from Nunuk Ragang migration. Four types of Dusun languages indicate that there were at least four wave of the migration as each wave of migration bring new development of the Nunuk Ragang language. It seem to be
2111:
Kadazandusuns are not monolingual, though dominated by Dusunic speaking tribes as majority (consists of approximately 170,000 Kadazan, 480,000 Dusun, 70,000 Rungus and 30,000 Bisaya); they also include Paitanic (70,000 Orang Sungai), Idaanic (3,000 Dusun Begak, 2,000 Dusun Subpan, and 1,000 Dusun
1395:
The beheaded heads will be kept and maintained using ancient practices and rituals. One of the uses of the beheaded heads is as a housekeeper amulet or talisman. The ancient Kadazandusun people believed that every house should have its guardians. Thus, they will use the "tandahau" spirit from the
2751:
Paitanic languages family consist of two main branches: Paitan-Kinabatangan and Sukau. Paitan-Kinabatangan are combination of two mutually-intelligible Paitan and Kinabatangan groups. Another branch Sukau Paitanic has only a single language callef Abai or Sebangan. spoken by 2,000 people in Abai
1074:
costume, made out of black velvet fabric with various decorations using beads, flowers, coloured buttons, golden laces, linen, and unique embroidery designs. The traditional costume that is commonly commercialised as the cultural icon of the Kadazandusun people is the Koubasanan costume from the
785:
The age of Y-DNA haplogroup O2-P31 (O-M268) is estimated to be at around 34,100 years through conducted DNA ageing tests on the ancient human bones discovered in Niah Cave, Sarawak. The mean ages of Y-DNA haplogroups of O1a2-M50 and O2a1a-M88 are 33,103 and 28,500, respectively. From the study's
290:
was formed in 1963, administratively all Dusuns were referred to as Kadazans which sparked opposition from both Kadazan and Dusun sides who wanted the ethnicity term to be officialised and administrated separately. In 1985 through the KCA, the term Dusun was reintroduced after much pressure from
2700:
is linguistic name of Kadazan language as it is a Dusunic language spoken only in the western coast of Sabah. Another name is Tangara (Dusun pronunciation) or Tangaa' (Kadazan pronunciation). Kadazan has three dialects: Penampang, Papar and Membakut, each represent the areas where they inhabit.
1478:
The KDCA is involved in various activities related to research and documentation, preservation, development, and promotions of the Kadazandusun culture: language and literary works; Bobolians & Rinaits; traditional medicine, traditional food, and beverages; music, songs, dances, and dramas;
1269:
The heads of the beheaded enemies were collected not only as triumph trophies but also for spiritual and traditional medicinal practices. The beheading tradition was not intended for the purpose of war alone, but rather to meet the society's cultural demands and expectations, and to fulfill the
2726:
is a language named after the group's origin: the upper reach of Sugut river, located in area around the borders of Ranau, Beluran as well as Kota Marudu districts, which straddles the tripoint between the West Coast, Sandakan as well as Kudat Division. This group is also called Talantangic or
1454:
The Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah (KDCA), previously known as Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA), is a non-political association of 40 indigenous ethnic communities of Sabah, registered under the Malaysian Societies Act 1966, on 29 April 1966 by the then Deputy Registrar of Societies
799:
that has no conclusive answer to his place of origin. Based on the mtDNA and Y-DNA studies, as well as philosophies from genetic and anthropology experts, it is plausible to conclude that Kadazandusun people are indeed the aboriginals of Sabah, and Borneo, as well as one of the leading genetic
3106:
During this time Central Dusun also began to diverge. The group who settled at the upper reach of Kadamaian and Tuaran rivers (the Bundu) gradually moved to nearby places and further evolved to several tribes. Tribes in the Kadamaian began to call themselves as one name, Tindal to distinguish
1111:
Sumazau dance is the traditional dance of Kadazandusun. Usually, the sumazau dance is performed by a pair of men and women dancers wearing traditional costumes. Sumazau dance is usually accompanied by the beats and rhythms of seven to eight gongs. The opening movement for sumazau dance is the
773:
According to the Y-DNA study by Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, and Ju-Chen Yen, the Bunun ethnic in Taiwan belongs to Y-DNA haplogroups of O1a2-M50 and O2a1a-M88. Both of these Y-DNA haplogroups are also the result of mutations of M214 as their maternal Y-DNA haplogroups with the following
318:
Nowadays, the umbrella term "KDMR" (an acronym for Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, and Rungus) is very popular among the younger generations of the three native groups in Sabah to differ themselves from the Malay or Muslim Bumiputra in the state. Another modification of this term is "Momogun KDMR" in
2779:
Dusunic languages are closely related to Paitanic languages. Together they form the Greater Dusunic language family. Some Paitanic tribes such as Rumanau or Dusun Lobu (Dusunised Paitanic speaking tribe) and Tombonuo able to speaks mainstream Dusun dialect through learning and assimilation.
1466:
However, if no leader is considered worthy of the Huguan Siou's title, the office would rather be left vacant (out of respect for the highly dignified and nearly sacred office of the Kadazandusun's Huguan Siou), until such time as a deserving Kadazandusun leader is undoubtedly established.
1482:
KDCA has a youth and students' wing, Kadazandusun Youth Development Movement (KDYDM). The movement's main aims are to encourage more participation of the young generation in the activities of the association and be empowered in various fields so that they would be able to help develop the
1396:
beheaded head for the purpose of protecting the house and its inhabitants from the attacks of enemies and wild animals. It is also important to place beheaded heads under the newly constructed bridge. The ancient Kadazandusuns believed that every river had a spirit of water that is called
3047:
Wave B (Eastward group): Eastern Dusun migration. Labuk-Kinabatangan maybe the closest, if not the same, with the Nunuk Ragang language. Its similarities with Kadazan and Rungus indicates that Labuk-Kinabatangan were also one of the earliest group who leave Nunuk Ragang. At the same time
2818:
Dusun language is Bisayic in origin (that is why Dusun and Bisayic languages are suited to be grouped together as a single languages family) but also shared many similar words with Paitanic, but Paitanic and Bisayic are not really related. Maybe anchestors of Dusun people was a group of
310:
tribe refused to be called neither as Kadazan, Dusun or any combination of the two. They prefer to be called "Momogun," which means "indigenous people" in Kadazan, Dusun, and Rungus because the three groups belong to the same language family that is Dusunic. Meanwhile, the Muruts and
2758:: Tombonuo, with 20,000 native speakers, is the main language in Paitan group. This language spoken by the Tombonuo tribe and sub-tribes and Orang Sungai (Muslim Tombonuo). Lingkobau is a significant variant of Tombonuo language. Paitan languages concentrated in Beluran district.
1124:
The Kadazandusun traditional music is usually orchestrated in the form of a band consist of musicians using traditional musical instruments, such as the bamboo flute, sompoton, togunggak, gong, and kulintangan. Musical instruments in Sabah are classified into Cordophones
3111:
group expanded northward to Ranau and southward to Tambunan, moved away or assimilated Talantang tribes in the two districts, making Liwan the dominant Dusun group in there until today. The evidence of Liwan-Talantang assimilation is: while other Central Dusun apply /
3044:
tribes: Original Kadazan (unknown name but must be the group who migrated in "Wave A" mentioned above), the Tangara and Bangkaakon. If either Tangara or Bangkaakon (or both of them) was a Central Dusun tribe/s, their dialect may had influenced the Kadazan language.
1519:
in Kadazandusun who call themselves as Dusun or Kadazan. Before the terms "Kadazan" and exonym "Dusun" coined, there is no name for the nation and every tribes and sub-tribes named after their place of origins or the name of their ancestor or their past leader.
2827:
Due to the mass migration, which happened in several waves, the Nunuk Ragang language disintegrated and split into several languages which can be distinguished into 5 main groups: Coastal Dusun, Northern Dusun, Northern Dusun, Ulu Sugut Dusun and Eastern Dusun.
786:
result, the claims related to Kadazandusun being ancient migrants from Taiwan are completely irrelevant. This is because the age of the Y-DNA haplogroup O2-P31 belong to the Kadazandusun ethnic group is older compared to the Bunun Y-DNA haplogroups in Taiwan.
2720:
Bonggi, and Tindal also spoken in northern districts, they are not included in this group because they belong to other languages group. Combined Northern Dusun speakers numbered approximately 50,000 (including Minokok). Rungus is spoken by its 70,000 people.
2892:
If Eastern Dusun is an intermediate between Kadazan, Rungus, and Dusun language ; then it maybe the closest, if not the same, with the Proto-Dusun/Nunuk Ragang language. So the development of this language can be represented by the following example:
924:, in its Roman Catholic form, rising to prominence amongst Kadazans in Penampang as well as Papar in Sabah's West Coast division as well as a large majority of Dusuns in Tambunan district. A minority are from other Christian denominations, such as
1209:
Before the mentioned handicrafts were promoted and commercialised to represent the Kadazandusun cultures, they were once tools that were used in daily lives. In fact, some of these handicrafts are still used for its original purpose to this day.
1112:
parallel swing of the arms back and forth at the sides of the body, while the feet springs and move the body from left to right. Once the opening dance moves are integrated with the gong beats and rhythms, the male dancer will chant "heeeeee!" (
963:. It revolved around the belief that spirits ruled over the planting and harvesting of rice, a profession that had been practised for generations. Special rituals would be performed before and after each harvest by a tribal priestess known as a
1278:), while the heart functions as the life source to the body. In other words, a dead heart means dead (useless) head. Shall any beheader go against this rule, the beheader will be condemned by a curse that will bring unfortunate fate upon him.
3048:
Rungus-Kadazan left Nunuk Ragang westward (Nunuk Ragang located in the centre of Sabah at the upper reach of Labuk river), Eastern Dusun anchestors go eastward. Eastern Dusun probably not much changed from the original Nunuk Ragang language.
2788:
Some Dusun tribe's language are not Dusunic. One of them, the Bonggi language even not in the sphere of Sabahan stock of Austronesian. Bonggi language, spoken by 500 Dusun Bonggi people in Banggi Islands, is a variety of Molbog language of
271:
Dusun' by the Bruneian Sultanate (or more specifically the tax-collectors). An account of this fact was written by the first census made by the North Borneo Company in Sabah, 1881. Administratively, all Kadazans were categorised as Dusuns.
3801:
Yew, Chee Wei; Hoque, Mohd Zahirul; Pugh‐Kitingan, Jacqueline; et al. (2018). "Genetic Relatedness of Indigenous Ethnic Groups in Northern Borneo to Neighboring Populations from Southeast Asia, as Inferred from Genome‐Wide SNP Data".
2734:
languages: Pingas was highly influenced by Kinabatangan Paitanic language, while Dumpas assimilated with Orang Sungai and Suluk to form a distinct language. Eastern Dusun spoken by approximately 30,000 people, including Pingas and Dumpas.
1408:
will not demolish the bridge. Beheaded heads are also used by bobohizan or bobolian for medical purposes, as well as the worship of the ancestors' spirits. The most common weapons used by the ancient headhunters of the Kadazandusun are
1546:
language) and Lahad Datu Dusuns who spoke Idaanic languages, while all Orang Sungai tribes spoke Paitanic languages. Paitanic and Dusunic languages families are closely related, together they formed Greater Dusunic languages family.
774:
mutation sequences: M214> M175> MSY2.2> M119> M50> O1a2, and M214> M175> P31> M95> M88> M111 / M88> PK4> O2a1a. Mutation sequences for O1a2-M50 and O2a1a-M88 shown in the Phylogenetic tree below.
671:
to represent the whole Kadazandusun ethnicity. S.G. Tan did state that the Kadazandusun ethnic have close genome relation to the other ethnics currently present in Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines, including the
391:. Such speculations were made from observed similarities of physical features, and cultures between the Kadazandusun and the Bunun people. However, these rumours were proven irrelevant through both mtDNA and Y-DNA studies.
1289:
will perform a ritual to speak with the spirits in the skulls, now as servants, to ask them to protect their community as they believed the deceased spirits will still remain inside the skulls. Before being placed in the
1470:
The birth of the Society of Kadazan Penampang in 1953 paved the way for the formation of the Kadazan Cultural Association Sabah (KCA) in 1963, which in turn was transformed into the present KDCA on 25 September 1991.
1177:
Kadazandusun people use natural materials as resources in producing handicrafts, including the bamboo, rattan, lias, calabash, and woods. Few of the many handicrafts that are synonym to the Kadazandusun people are
707:, stated that mtDNA sub-haplogroup M7b1'2'4'5'6'7'8 founded in majority of Kadazandusun DNA is one of the oldest mutations from M7 series from haplogroup M that was founded in ancient graveyards in the jungles of
2707:
are the largest Dusunic languages as it is spoken by approximately 300,000 Dusun people. Central Dusun native speakers concentrated in West Coast and Interior Divisions of Sabah. Kadazan Dusun standard language
778:
3169:
Under the efforts of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, combination of Bundu-Liwan dialect with some addition from Kadazan and Rungus words was coined as the standard Kadazandusun language known as
766:
3056:
In contrast to Kadazan and Rungus; Northern Dusun, Ulu Sugut Dusun, and Central Dusun (then still a single group who stayed in Nunuk Ragang during the earlier first and second wave migration) became more
340:(Dusun) was interviewed. When the Bobolian of Dusun Lotud descent was asked on the meaning and definition of "Kadazan", her answer was, "people of the land". This definition was endorsed when Bobohizan
4222:
3633:
3154:
Liwan dialect are mostly spoken in the interior region. Eastern Dusun and some Orang Sungai tribes such as Dusun Lobu, who reside in eastern region, also use Liwan when conversing with other Dusun.
2802:
But few members who inter-married with Dusun people from the western Sabah region learned to speak it. Lahad Datu Dusun numbered around 6,000 individual (Begak 3,000, Sagamo 1,000 and 2,000 Subpan).
2112:
Sagamo), Murutic (10,000 Gana) and Palawanic (1,000 Dusun Bonggi) language families. All these languages families are Austronesian. Combined Kadazandusuns ethnic groups population numbered 840,000.
1234:(a kind of spear) are used as farming and hunting tools, as well as weapons in series of civil wars of the past, which indirectly made the Kadazandusun known as headhunters in the past.
1274:
the beheading, as it would be meaningless to behead the deceased. This is due to the traditional Kadazandusun belief that man's intelligence, spirit and courage are in his head (called
758:
DNA test (Y-DNA test) is a genealogical DNA test that is used to explore a man's patrilineal or direct father's-line ancestry. According to a study by Prof. Dr. Zafarina Zainuddin from
346:
of Kadazan Penampang descent confirmed that the Kadazan has always been used to describe the real people of the land. That substantiated Rutter's remark on Kadazan people in his book.
1578:
However, only the Kadazans and Dusun classified as a single ethnic group by the government while Rungus and Orang Sungai grouped as "Bumiputera Lain" along with Bisaya, Tidong,
3131:
Central Dusun are the largest of Dusun languages group, spoken by approximately 300,000 people, making it the mainstream Dusun language. Itself can be divided into two group:
278:) in 1960, this terminology was corrected and replaced by 'Kadazan', which was also used as the official designation of the non-Muslim natives by the first Chief Minister of
3161:
among the Kadazan Dusun people in the north and west coast region. In addition, Rungus, Kadazan, and Southern Dusun tribes speaks Bundu when conversing with Dusun people.
3076:
Later Wave (earlier group): Northern Dusun maybe migrated at the same time with Ulu Sugut Dusun group because the two group are linguistically quite similar, both apply /
4337:
3613:
955:
i.e. the two-way communication between the unseen spirit world and the seen material world facilitated by the services of a category of Kadazandusun people called
666:. Kee Boon Pin studies confirmed the mtDNA studies conducted by S. G. Tan, on his claim of genetic relation between Kadazandusun to another Taiwan aboriginal, the
358:," which means "people of the land", "Dusun" means "farm/orchard" in the Malay language. It has been suggested that the term 'Orang Dusun' was a term used by the
3345:, current Deputy Minister of Science Technology and Innovation, president for United Sabah People's Party (PBRS) and current member of parliament for Pensiangan.
4229:
5081:
1246:
is one of the ancient traditions practiced by the Kadazandusun community during the times of the civil wars. The Kadazandusun refer to this practice as
3073:/". Northern Dusun and Ulu Sugut eventually also left Nunuk Ragang while Central Dusun followed after several generation as the last group to migrate.
354:
One interesting fact about the Dusuns is that they do not have the word 'Dusun' in their vocabulary, and the term Dusun is an exonym. Unlike the term "
3932:"Cranio-Morphometric and aDNA Corroboration of the Austronesian Dispersal Model in Ancient Island Southeast Asia: Support from Gua Harimau, Indonesia"
1729:
are Dusun tribes mainly found in southern districts of Sabah's West Coast. All Southern Dusun tribes speak Bisayic languages, except Gana (Murutic).
4315:
4277:
315:
also refused the term, but remain their warm relationship with KDCA and responded positively in ways to unite the two largest Sabahan native groups.
795:
the human global travelling activities, but not as evidence to determine the place of origin of migrating humans. For example, the discovery of the
4743:
3989:
1763:
are a Dusun sub-ethnic group found in the Sabah's East Coast specifically in the Beluran, Telupid, Sandakan, Tongod and Kinabatangan districts.
1475:
discuss major issues affecting them and their future and take up both individual and collective stands and actions to resolve common challenges.
3738:
1356:
The head of the enemy will be kept in the victorious family home for the purpose to enslave the enemy's spirit as a housekeeping talisman/amulet
1709:
is a grouping of related Dusun tribes in the northern districts of Sabah, especially Kota Marudu and Pitas districts of the Kudat division.
5298:
4529:
1627:
Bira/Karanaan, Kuriou, Kohub, Kogibangan, Kuruli, Kawakaan, Kasapang, Kososoluon, Monsok, Montogung, Tolinting (Tambunan Liwan sub-tribes)
1450:
with the Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA) being represented by their Deputy President, Clarance Bongkos Malakun on the far left.
3174:
Bundu-liwan selection was based on it being the most mutually intelligible dialect when conversing with other Dusun or Kadazan dialect.
1617:
are the largest group of Dusun and concentrated in West Coast, Interior as well as a part of the Kudat division (Kota Marudu district).
4254:
3087:
Later Wave (last group): Central Dusun ancestors must be moved out of Nunuk Ragang after some generation, enough time to evolve the /
1294:, the heads are hung under a huge tree until only the skull remained. A huge rock will be placed under the tree. This rock is called
3024:
Marudu, and further to Kudat after the arrival of Northern Dusun tribes several generations after. Rungus and Kadazan became more "/
55:
Kadazandusun priests and priestesses attires during the opening ceremony of Kaamatan 2014 at Hongkod Koisaan, the unity hall of KDCA
1491:
5902:
5074:
3637:
2713:
all Bunduic or "Bundu-like." The ethnolinguistic term "Kadazan Dusun" was named after the two largest Dusunic peoples of Sabah.
5882:
1542:
Linguistically, all Kadazandusun tribes (including Rungus) belong to Dusunic languages family except Dusun Bonggi (variety of
5897:
5783:
5023:
4601:
5868:
4736:
3876:
3902:
3443:, deputy chief minister of Sabah, current member of Malaysian Parliament for Keningau and state assemblyman for Tambunan.
254:
in Malaysia having been endowed with rights concerning land, rivers, education and maintaining their own customary laws.
4573:
238:
peoples. "Kadazandusun" is an umbrella term that encompasses both the Kadazan and Dusun peoples. They are also known as
5067:
933:
4642:
4370:
1386:
The ancient Kadazandusuns believed that the strength and spirit of the beheaded enemy would be gained by the beheader
275:
3351:, Malaysian ambassador to the Vatican from 2016 to 2018, former chief minister of Sabah and former federal minister.
6127:
6036:
5028:
4729:
4438:
4020:"Improved Phylogenetic Resolution and Rapid Diversification of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia"
1434:
6031:
3710:
6122:
6067:
4627:
4555:
3849:
3135:
Liwanic (consist of many varieties, one significant variety with high degree of distinction is Inobong Dusun)
1375:
A man must obtain at least 10 heads of the enemy clan in order to gain honour and approvals from his own clan
1317:
The three main ethnic groups in Sabah that are known for headhunting practices history are the Kadazandusun,
905:
is also practised by a growing minority, but it is the majority religion amongst the native Dusuns in Ranau.
1000:, non-halal food and beverages stalls, and handicraft arts and cultural performances in traditional houses.
4698:
341:
4323:
4283:
50:
6047:
3446:
3930:
Matsumura, Hirofumi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Shimanjuntak, Truman; et al. (2018). Yao, Yong-Gang (ed.).
3138:
Bunduic (beside Bundu, also consist of three Bundu-like varieties namely Tindal, Sinulihan, and Tagahas)
257:
6080:
4703:
242:, meaning "indigenous people of Sabah". Kadazandusun tradition holds that they are the descendants of
5090:
929:
759:
383:. Most recently, rumour has it that Kadazandusun is closely related, or might be a descendant of the
19:
This article is about Kadazandusun ethnic and society. For difference between Kadazan and Dusun, see
2087:
433:
being the highest frequency, where it represents (60/150 40%) of all maternal lineages. Followed by
6057:
5986:
5188:
5048:
3583:
3544:
3142:
All Liwanic and Bunduic varieties are generally similar with some different in lexicon and accent.
3535:, tribal chief of Sabah's interior division during the colonial and early nationhood eras in 1963.
777:
5961:
5907:
5208:
3603:
4412:
261:
Percentage population of Kadazandusun by state constituencies in Sabah, according to 2020 census
6052:
5288:
5163:
5038:
4752:
3523:, 9th chief justice of Malaysia and the 4th chief judge of the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak.
3490:
1456:
1455:
Malaysia, J. P. Rutherford. It is headed by Huguan Siou Honorable Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima
917:
246:. Kadazandusun is recognised as an indigenous nation of Borneo with documented heritage by the
274:
Through the establishment of the KCA – Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA was later renamed to
6021:
6011:
5540:
5158:
5143:
5110:
5033:
4771:
4762:
4360:
3851:
Assessment and Analysis of Genomic Diversity and Biomarkers in Sabahan Indigenous Populations
3578:
3538:
3532:
3514:
3386:
3382:
3354:
1389:
Enemies beheading is also a way in proving the clan that a hero is worthy as a mighty warrior
941:
645:
462:
450:
251:
6001:
4262:
3659:
765:
6026:
6006:
5971:
5178:
5125:
5013:
4176:
3943:
3858:
3684:
3573:
3434:
3416:
3370:
3348:
1367:
A man with no courage and bravery will be out of place in the society and end up spouseless
913:
658:
651:
638:
631:
601:
594:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
524:
517:
510:
496:
489:
482:
475:
458:
454:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
407:
3529:, former deputy speaker for the Dewan Rakyat and current member of parliament for Beluran.
2694:
approximately 750,000 (170,000 Kadazan, 480,000 Dusun, 70,000 Rungus, and Bisaya 30,000).
1378:
These 10 heads are also important in convincing his clan that he is worthy as a war leader
399:
8:
6042:
5991:
5273:
5193:
5043:
3472:
3456:
3364:
3342:
1400:. The beheaded heads will be placed or hung below the bridge as a peace offering for the
988:
Today's Kaamatan celebration is very synonymous with beauty pageant competition known as
712:
98:
4180:
3947:
1515:
Kadazandusun is the unification term and collective name for more than 70 sub-tribes or
1266:(war) and behead their enemy's and keep their skull as trophy and for spiritual reason.
1046:(rice wine) chicken soup. Some of the well known traditional drinks of Kadazandusun are
465:(1/150 0.67%). These mtDNA Haplogroups have multiple subgroup distribution into several
5892:
5887:
5877:
5153:
4228:(in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. p. 107. Archived from
4199:
4164:
4097:
4070:
4046:
4019:
3966:
3931:
3827:
3783:
3468:
3407:, former first and third chief minister of Sabah and former third Sabah state governor.
2810:
Dusun languages are a group of languages with approximately 750,000 speakers in Sabah.
295:
228:
6062:
5863:
5827:
5778:
5760:
5488:
5325:
5256:
5008:
4621:
4549:
4439:"11 Things About Kaamatan and Gawai You Should Know Before Going to Sabah or Sarawak"
4366:
4204:
4102:
4051:
3971:
3819:
2888:
Eastern Dusun as intermediate between Kadazan, Rungus, and Dusun languages hypothesis
2690:
937:
420:
416:
134:
114:
4365:. Singapore: Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. p. 15.
4345:
4297:
4071:"Taiwan Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation and Its Relationship with Island Southeast Asia"
3014:
Proposed wave of migration out of Nunuk Ragang based on the Eastern Dusun hypothesis
2896:
Eastern Dusun and probably the proto-Dusun (original Nunuk Ragang language) :
5917:
5912:
5797:
5570:
5473:
5310:
5231:
5120:
4976:
4966:
4879:
4673:
4501:
4194:
4184:
4143:
4133:
4092:
4082:
4041:
4031:
3961:
3951:
3831:
3811:
3520:
3505:, former minister in the prime minister's Department for Sabah and Sarawak Affairs.
3478:
3440:
3357:, former deputy minister of Malaysia and former member of parliament for Penampang.
1624:
Gopu, Kapayan, Kinasaraban, Kolikuan, Koundoung, Randagong (Ranau Liwan sub-tribes)
1302:
is then used to keep count of how many heads had been hanged on the tree by making
1075:
Penampang district. The koubasanan costume from the Penampang district consists of
925:
359:
122:
5716:
4864:
3901:
Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Kakuda, Tsuneo; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; et al. (2014).
897:
The majority of the Kadazandusuns are Christians, mainly Roman Catholics and some
379:
Since the 90s, it has been said that the Kadazandusun people are descendants from
6094:
6016:
5995:
5980:
5976:
5749:
5743:
5699:
5664:
5585:
5468:
5283:
5241:
5198:
5173:
5018:
4946:
4941:
4904:
4884:
4847:
4647:
3956:
3502:
3360:
329:
126:
4018:
Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Sudoyo, Herawati; et al. (2015).
2377:
Bisayic (Non-Nunuk Ragang Dusunic languages, sometime called as Southern Dusun)
1523:"Ethnicity" or "nation" and "people" or "man" in Dusunic languages is known as
6106:
5812:
5755:
5655:
5620:
5590:
5545:
5518:
5483:
5394:
5315:
5293:
5168:
5148:
4828:
4793:
3877:"Genetic Relationship between Kadazans and Fifteen other Southeast Asian Races"
3608:
3526:
3496:
3462:
3376:
2798:
720:
692:
371:
Ilocano, Minanubu), rather than populations from other parts of Borneo Island.
231:
190:
118:
20:
5951:
4712:
2797:. Another languages Subpan, Sagamo and Begak in Lahad Datu district belong to
6116:
5822:
5817:
5807:
5721:
5706:
5674:
5595:
5550:
5528:
5478:
5404:
5387:
5278:
5246:
5183:
4956:
4912:
4896:
4874:
4473:
4386:
3541:, former federal minister of Sabah and former deputy chief minister of Sabah.
3508:
3410:
3404:
3392:
1508:
1318:
1012:
A few of the most well known traditional food of the Kadazandusun people are
667:
307:
283:
5059:
4189:
4138:
4121:
4087:
959:. The Kadazandusun belief system centers around the spirit or entity called
5802:
5792:
5689:
5684:
5640:
5625:
5560:
5508:
5463:
5451:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5399:
5367:
5303:
5226:
4983:
4971:
4859:
4837:
4813:
4798:
4716:
4708:
4208:
4106:
4055:
3975:
3823:
3593:
3554:
3484:
3450:
1579:
1571:
1322:
921:
833:
796:
755:
740:
732:
704:
688:
384:
303:
279:
243:
235:
186:
182:
146:
24:
4122:"Deep Skull from Niah Cave and the Pleistocene Peopling of Southeast Asia"
4036:
2771:
2,000 people in Abai village, located in the mouth of Kinabatangan river.
1463:
Conference to specifically resolve the installation of their Huguan Siou.
5849:
5575:
5523:
5382:
5372:
5362:
5320:
5267:
4988:
4951:
4721:
3428:
3330:
2794:
1243:
952:
863:
728:
672:
423:
248:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
170:
154:
150:
130:
4148:
4069:
Trejaut, Jean A.; Poloni, Estella S.; Yen, Ju-Chen; et al. (2014).
3787:
2831:
Furthermore, these group can be categorised into four types of dialect:
2076:
5843:
5735:
5711:
5679:
5555:
5377:
5352:
5339:
5100:
4891:
4854:
4678:
4670:
Planning Kadazandusun (Sabah, Malaysia): Labels, Identity, and Language
3336:
1907:
1099:(decorated with gold lace and silver buttons) and a hat that is called
909:
898:
879:
736:
684:
312:
194:
3815:
2060:
Ida'an (they do not claim to be under the Kadazandusun classification)
5669:
5565:
5535:
4869:
3929:
3548:
3422:
3398:
1504:
1496:
1443:
1335:
To prove the strength of the heroes and clans over the fallen enemies
965:
744:
427:(subjected to the numbers and types of samples involved in the study)
337:
333:
4120:
Curnoe, Darren; Datan, Ipoi; Taçon, Paul S. C.; et al. (2016).
3449:, a current member of the Malaysian Parliament for Kota Belud (half
3379:, former Malaysian cabinet minister and state assemblyman for Moyog.
1928:
district. However, their language is not Dusunic but related to the
1095:(made out of copper loops or rings fastened by strings or threads),
1091:(made out of connected silver coins, also known as the money belt),
1070:
The traditional costume of the Kadazandusun is generally called the
202:
Yearbook of Statistics: Sabah, 2002 & Sabah Statistics 2020 Data
5645:
4818:
3900:
3778:
Staal, J. (1923). "The Dusuns of North Borneo: Their Social Life".
3588:
1983:
1531:
respectively. In Paitanic languages, the word "people" is known as
1439:
978:
700:
466:
287:
224:
84:
6101:
1226:
is an accessory used in ceremonials and rituals. Parang/machetes,
5650:
5513:
5500:
5441:
5203:
4961:
4917:
4823:
4165:"DNA Analysis of an Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, China"
3598:
2790:
2637:
Initial letter inside () refer to the following ethnicity :
2022:
1933:
1554:
948:
724:
676:
355:
178:
3990:"Kaum Dusun Sabah Bukan Berasal dari China, Tibet Maupun Taiwan"
2689:
Most of the Kadazan and Dusun tribes speaks languages belong to
5931:
5694:
5630:
5446:
5436:
5431:
5411:
4842:
4803:
3910:
Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series D
3688:
2842:/ employing lexicon: Rungus, Kadazan (extensively) and Minokok
2042:
1929:
1565:
1543:
1500:
1014:
716:
708:
680:
469:
due to genome mutations for thousands of years. The Haplogroup
388:
247:
174:
94:
1281:
The Kadazandusuns keep their enemy's skulls in a house called
5635:
5607:
5458:
5263:
5251:
5236:
4936:
4808:
4163:
Fu, Qiaomei; Meyer, Matthias; Gao, Xing; et al. (2013).
3560:
3517:, former fifth State Minister of Local Government and Housing
3032:/"-preferred as alternative ways to pronounce proto-Dusun's /
1925:
1560:
1535:. So Kadazandusun people in their native languages called as
1447:
902:
848:
380:
220:
166:
90:
3903:"Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity of Pingpu Tribes in Taiwan"
3800:
1511:, Sabah, Malaysia. This is part of the Kadazandusun cuisine.
1314:
rock indicates that ten heads had been hanged on that tree.
4119:
3052:
Later waves: Northern Dusun, Ulu Sugut Dusun, Central Dusun
4017:
1429:
629:, there were only 1 subclade founded for each haplogroup:
2775:
Connection between Dusunic and Paitanic language families
1328:
There are five objectives for the headhunting practices.
306:
or Paitanic group welcomed this resolution, however, the
3739:"Origins of the Kadazan People English Literature Essay"
3065:/"-preferred as it is easier alternative to pronounce "/
1924:
comprise only one tribe tribe native to Banggi Islands,
1353:
To cease the existence of the enemies and their families
916:
during the late 19th century, particularly the Catholic
4704:
Kadazandusun Murut Vocabulary/ Words /nouns collections
1364:
Beheading is a practice that proves courage and bravery
4693:
2879:
Development of Nunuk Ragang language through migration
6078:
2864:/ employing lexicon: Ulu Sugut Dusun, Northern Dusun
2752:
village, located in the mouth of Kinabatangan river.
374:
3636:. Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from
319:
Kadazandusun and Rungus or "Mamagun KDMR" in Murut.
4068:
2738:
Southern Dusun: Bisayic languages and Gana language
4282:. IAMS 2004 Conference (Abstract). Archived from
4162:
3413:, famous Sabah tribal native chief from Keningau.
3019:Earlier waves: Kadazan, Rungus, and Eastern Dusun
1486:
1341:The head will be kept in the house of the skull (
1270:sacrificial requirements of the ancient rituals.
6114:
4608:. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019
4536:. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019
4359:Lindsay, Jennifer; Tan, Ying Ying, eds. (2003).
4223:"2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia"
322:
149:(Mainly Roman Catholic and Protestant) (74.8%),
4596:
4594:
4169:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1550:General classification of Kadazandusun nation:
1262:. In the past, Kadazandusun people often go to
1007:
4567:
4565:
4506:Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah (KDCA)
4502:"Traditional Costume of the Penampang Kadazan"
4279:Paper on Mission to Kadazan of Sabah, Malaysia
3664:Official Website of the Sabah State Government
3499:, former federal Cabinet minister and senator.
3324:
1910:district located in the East Coast of Sabah.
1218:are used to carry harvested crops from farms.
349:
5089:
5075:
4737:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3395:, current member of parliament for Penampang.
4672:(MA thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa.
4640:
4591:
3982:
3843:
3841:
3634:"Demographic Statistics, First Quarter 2024"
2959:Northern Dusun & Ulu Sugut Dusun :
1585:List of Kadazandusun tribes and sub-tribes:
4562:
4524:
4522:
4496:
4494:
3925:
3923:
3151:any tribe spoke mainstream Dusun language.
2784:Dusun tribes belong to non-Dusunic language
800:contributors to Southeast Asian societies.
5082:
5068:
4751:
4744:
4730:
4362:Babel or Behemoth: Language Trends in Asia
4358:
4013:
4011:
3870:
3868:
3695:
3385:, Malaysian politician and lawyer, son of
1172:
250:since 2004. Kadazandusuns are part of the
49:
4677:
4643:"Huguan Siou Legacy of the Kadazandusuns"
4316:"More Foreigners In Brunei Embrace Islam"
4198:
4188:
4147:
4137:
4096:
4086:
4045:
4035:
3965:
3955:
3838:
3691:Multimedia Video & Sound Collections.
3465:, current member of parliament for Ranau.
3425:, Sabah chief minister from 2003 to 2018.
2154:Dusun languages (Nunuk Ragang languages)
2106:
1350:For small scale civil war or family feud
328:term itself is of a Tangaa' dialect (see
276:KDCA – Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association
227:, an amalgamation of the closely related
5926:
5836:
4519:
4491:
4436:
4275:
4156:
4062:
3920:
3339:, former Malaysian and Sabah footballer.
3119:/ in their dialects, Liwan instead use /
1582:and other Sabahan natives ethnic group.
1490:
1433:
1306:(marks) on its surface. For example, 10
406:
398:
256:
4571:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4410:
4008:
3865:
3459:, former cabinet minister in the 1980s.
1430:Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah
1237:
1065:
6115:
4667:
4530:"Kadazan Traditional Music and Dances"
4338:"Malay Ultras Diluted Borneo Autonomy"
3762:
3708:
3687:. Discovery Channel. 2004 – via
3511:, former Sabah state cabinet minister.
3487:, former federal minister of Malaysia.
3401:, former federal minister of Malaysia.
951:was widely practiced. The religion is
908:The influence of the English-speaking
803:
415:Maternal or Matrilineal Studies Using
365:
5063:
4725:
4574:"The History of Borneo's Headhunters"
4255:"Assessment for Kadazans in Malaysia"
3777:
3677:
3481:, state governor of Sabah since 2011.
3419:, former fourth Sabah state governor.
3009:aro ("w" changed to "h" except Liwan)
1906:are Idaanic-speaking Dusun tribes in
1675:districts of the Interior division.
4456:
4113:
3733:
3731:
3711:"A History of the Term Kadazandusun"
3437:, former sixth Sabah state governor.
2071:
1653:Tibabar (Tambunan Tagahas sub-tribe)
1650:Kionop (Ulu Papar Tagahas sub-tribe)
1119:
1106:
71:Regions with significant populations
4471:
4215:
3874:
3847:
2875:/ employing lexicon: Central Dusun
2853:/ employing lexicon: Eastern Dusun
2157:Coastal Dusun (Kadazan or Tangaa')
1647:Kadayan (Telipok-Manggatal Tagahas)
1483:Kadazandusun community in general.
1372:Self-promotion as the village head
972:
294:In November 1989, through the KCA,
13:
4126:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
4024:European Journal of Human Genetics
3685:"Language: Kadazandusun, Malaysia"
1682:Toriwad, Manampaka, Mukin, Pulutan
776:
764:
375:Origins of the Kadazandusun people
219:) are the largest ethnic group in
14:
6139:
4687:
4387:"Prefectures Apostolic of Borneo"
3728:
3547:, Malaysian singer, hailing from
3493:, former chief minister of Sabah.
1944:
1739:Kwijau/Mempakad (Keningau Kwijau)
992:, a singing competition known as
16:Ethnic-group from Sabah, Malaysia
6100:
6088:
4713:audio recordings of Tindal Dusun
3709:Luping, Herman (7 August 2016).
2075:
1426:evidence to support this claim.
1383:Promoting the bravery of a hero
750:
394:
77:
4634:
4430:
4404:
4379:
4352:
4330:
4308:
4290:
4269:
4247:
3894:
3557:, Malaysian singer and actress.
3296:Koilo ko mimboros do Inggilis?
1977:
284:Fuad Stephens @ Donald Stephens
4572:Bedford, Sam (25 March 2018).
3794:
3771:
3756:
3652:
3626:
3431:, former fifth Sabah governor.
3165:Standard Kadazandusun language
2717:Northern Dusun or Marudu Dusun
1644:Pahu (Kiulu Tagahas sub-tribe)
1487:Kadazandusun sub-ethnic groups
1087:comes with a waistband called
947:Before the missionaries came,
1:
4641:John Anthony (15 July 2018).
4474:"Kadazandusun Food & Art"
3619:
3293:Koiho ko moboos do Onggilis?
789:
781:Mutasi Y-DNA O2a1a & O1a2
323:Origins of the term 'Kadazan'
5748:Peranakan Eropah (including
4276:Koepping, Elizabeth (2004).
3957:10.1371/journal.pone.0198689
3767:. London: Hutchinson and Co.
2321:Kimaragang-Sonsogon-Sandayo
2176:Central Dusun or Bunduliwan
1008:Traditional foods and drinks
265:
7:
4602:"The Headhunters of Borneo"
4413:"Kaamatan: Tale of Harvest"
3996:(in Malay). 25 October 2017
3567:
3447:Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis
3325:Notable Kadazandusun people
3208:Ngaran ku nopo nga i John.
2938:aro" (Rungus & Minokok)
2756:Paitan Paitanic or Tombonuo
2607:Palawanic languages familu
2409:Kuizou (Kadazan Membakut) (
1615:Central Dusun or Bunduliwan
808:
350:Origins of the term 'Dusun'
10:
6144:
4668:Tangit, Trixie M. (2005).
3765:The Pagans of North Borneo
3373:, former Sabah footballer.
3333:, former cabinet minister.
3205:Ngaan ku nopo nga i John.
2969:o" ("z" pronounced as "j")
2352:Labuk-Kinabatangan Dusun (
2067:
1588:
1198:hat, parang, paddy cutter
976:
818:Religions of Kadazandusuns
18:
5960:
5942:
5862:
5777:
5734:
5606:
5499:
5351:
5338:
5217:
5134:
5119:
5108:
5097:
5091:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
5001:
4929:
4779:
4770:
4759:
4626:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4554:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3471:, Catholic bishop of the
3363:, Catholic bishop of the
3146:Mainstream Dusun language
2747:Paitanic languages family
2573:Murutic languages family
2438:Paitanic languages family
1222:is a musical instrument.
930:Borneo Evangelical Church
888:
878:
873:
862:
857:
847:
842:
832:
827:
822:
817:
760:Universiti Sains Malaysia
417:mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
286:. When the Federation of
200:
165:
160:
145:
140:
113:
108:
75:
70:
65:
60:
48:
5164:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
4658:– via PressReader.
4437:Petronas (29 May 2017).
3804:Annals of Human Genetics
3782:. 18/19 (4/6): 958–977.
3584:Demographics of Malaysia
2196:Inobong Dusun or Tiang (
2146:Dusunic languages family
1745:Kuizou (Membakut Kwijau)
1609:
1557:, or Tangaa', or Tangara
1345:) of the victorious clan
769:Mutation of Y-DNA O2-P31
592:subclades founded were:
536:subclades founded were:
508:subclades founded were:
473:subclades founded were:
5232:Christmas Island Malays
4411:Estelle (29 May 2017).
4190:10.1073/pnas.1221359110
4139:10.3389/fevo.2016.00075
4088:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77
3942:(6). Article e0198689.
3604:Coastal Kadazan dialect
3304:Nombo o nontodonon nu?
3260:Pio hoogo/gatang diti?
3000:o" ("j" changed to "y")
2919:Kadazan & Rungus:
2906:o" ("z" is not pressed)
1846:Dusun Ulu Kinabatangan
1338:As war victory evidence
1173:Traditional handicrafts
685:Jakun Aboriginal Malays
93:, Federal Territory of
6128:Ethnic groups in Sabah
4753:Ethnic groups in Sabah
3848:Kee, Boon Pin (2014).
3660:"People & History"
3614:Kirama Family of Sabah
3491:Joseph Pairin Kitingan
3290:Do you speak English?
3123:/ like the Talantang.
2526:Other languages family
2416:Papar (Kwijau Papar) (
2107:Kadazandusun languages
2084:This section is empty.
1597:Inobong Dusun or Tiang
1512:
1457:Joseph Pairin Kitingan
1451:
782:
770:
412:
404:
262:
4694:KDCA Official Website
4298:"Voices of the Earth"
4037:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106
3763:Rutter, Owen (1929).
3539:Wilfred Madius Tangau
3533:Sedomon Gunsanad Kina
3252:Pounsikou/Kotoluadan
2762:Kinabatangan Paitanic
1499:been served by using
1494:
1437:
942:Seventh-day Adventism
880:No religion / Unknown
780:
768:
410:
402:
260:
161:Related ethnic groups
6123:Kadazan-Dusun people
6002:China/Taiwan Chinese
4286:on 21 November 2008.
3859:University of Malaya
3574:Austronesian peoples
3435:Mohamad Adnan Robert
3417:Mohd Hamdan Abdullah
3371:Dass Gregory Kolopis
3349:Bernard Giluk Dompok
3301:Where are you from?
2446:Paitan-Kinabatangan
2012:Kinabatangan group:
1922:Banggi Islands Dusun
1742:Papar (Papar Kwijau)
1574:, or Lobu, or Paitan
1250:and the beheader as
1238:Headhunting practice
1066:Traditional costumes
983:Harvest Festival or
957:Bobohizans/Bobolians
914:British North Borneo
195:Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh
5962:Foreign ethnicities
5345:Indigenous peoples)
4606:KadazanHomeland.com
4534:KadazanHomeland.com
4181:2013PNAS..110.2223F
3948:2018PLoSO..1398689M
3875:Tan, S. G. (1979).
3563:, Malaysian singer.
3473:Diocese of Sandakan
3453:maternal ancestry).
3365:Diocese of Keningau
3343:Arthur Joseph Kurup
3268:I don't understand
3191:What is your name?
3036:/ (unpressed) and /
2929:o" ("z" is pressed)
2614:Southern Palawanic
2160:Kadazan Penampang (
1990:Salig Bulud Ondaras
1537:Tinaru Kadazandusun
1361:Empowering manhood
804:Culture and society
713:peninsular Malaysia
411:mtDNA haplogroup M1
366:Genetic relatedness
99:Peninsular Malaysia
45:
5903:Indians in Sarawak
5194:Terengganuan Malay
4715:are archived with
4699:Kadazandusun Forum
4235:on 11 October 2012
3469:Julius Dusin Gitom
3285:Langadon oku dika
3282:Hangadon zou diau
3263:Piro gatang diti?
3257:How much is this?
2179:Garo-Tonduk-Luba (
1594:Penampang Kadazan
1513:
1452:
1079:worn by women and
783:
771:
413:
405:
403:mtDNA haplogroup M
263:
35:
6076:
6075:
5938:
5937:
5858:
5857:
5828:Penangite Chinese
5773:
5772:
5730:
5729:
5334:
5333:
5189:Selangorian Malay
5154:Kelantanese Malay
5057:
5056:
5024:Malaysian Indians
5009:Malaysian Chinese
4997:
4996:
3816:10.1111/ahg.12246
3322:
3321:
3307:Honggo tadon nu?
3157:Bundu dialect is
3028:/ (pressed) and /
2691:Dusunic languages
2685:Dusunic languages
2104:
2103:
1880:Minokok-Tompizos
1120:Traditional music
1107:Traditional dance
938:True Jesus Church
918:Mill Hill mission
893:
892:
866:/ Other religions
609:. For Haplogroup
588:. The Haplogroup
532:. The Haplogroup
504:. The Haplogroup
461:(2/150 1.33) and
445:(20/150 13.33%),
441:(22/150 14.67%),
437:(26/150 17.33%),
211:(also written as
206:
205:
115:Dusunic languages
44:
6135:
6105:
6104:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6084:
5932:Peranakan Chitty
5924:
5923:
5898:Indians in Sabah
5883:Penangite Indian
5834:
5833:
5349:
5348:
5209:Sarawakian Malay
5132:
5131:
5117:
5116:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5060:
4977:Peninsula Malays
4777:
4776:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4683:
4681:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4469:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4344:. Archived from
4334:
4328:
4327:
4326:on 10 June 2011.
4322:. Archived from
4320:BruneiDirect.com
4312:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4265:on 22 June 2012.
4261:. Archived from
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4175:(6): 2223–2227.
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4141:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4015:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3521:Richard Malanjum
3479:Juhar Mahiruddin
3441:Jeffrey Kitingan
3202:My name is John
3197:Isai ngaran nu?
3177:
3176:
2990:Central Dusun:
2240:Ulu Sugut Dusun
2121:language family
2099:
2096:
2086:You can help by
2079:
2072:
1904:Lahad Datu Dusun
1605:Membakut Kadazan
1242:The practice of
1042:, pork soup and
973:Harvest Festival
815:
814:
689:Dayak Kalimantan
360:Sultan of Brunei
102:
83:
81:
80:
61:Total population
53:
46:
40:
34:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6079:
6077:
6072:
5963:
5956:
5945:(non-Peranakan)
5944:
5934:
5922:
5866:
5854:
5832:
5781:
5769:
5766:Peranakan Turki
5726:
5602:
5495:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5330:
5213:
5169:Penangite Malay
5123:
5104:
5093:
5088:
5058:
5053:
5019:Arab Malaysians
4993:
4925:
4885:Bruneian Malays
4781:
4766:
4755:
4750:
4690:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4648:The Borneo Post
4639:
4635:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4563:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4470:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4357:
4353:
4348:on 24 May 2024.
4336:
4335:
4331:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4274:
4270:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4161:
4157:
4118:
4114:
4067:
4063:
4016:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3928:
3921:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3879:
3873:
3866:
3854:
3846:
3839:
3799:
3795:
3776:
3772:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3707:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3640:on 22 June 2024
3632:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3570:
3503:Maximus Ongkili
3383:Donald Mojuntin
3361:Cornelius Piong
3355:Clarence Mansul
3327:
3274:Au oku karati.
3241:Nonggo i Mary?
3238:Nombo zi Mary?
3235:Where is Mary?
3230:Osonong kopio.
3227:Noikot vinasi.
3219:Nunu kabar nu?
3194:Isai ngaan nu?
2947:aa" (Kadazan, /
2806:Dusun languages
2724:Ulu Sugut Dusun
2554:Subpan-Sagamo (
2513:Abai/Sebangan (
2285:Northern Dusun
2167:Kadazan Papar (
2124:language group
2109:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2070:
1980:
1947:
1936:, Philippines.
1672:Ulu Sugut Dusun
1612:
1591:
1489:
1442:celebration in
1432:
1332:In a great war
1310:(marks) on the
1240:
1175:
1157:), and Idofon (
1122:
1109:
1068:
1010:
981:
975:
895:
894:
886:
871:
855:
840:
811:
806:
792:
753:
479:7b1'2'4'5'6'7'8
457:(4/150 2.67%),
397:
377:
368:
352:
330:Tangga language
325:
268:
201:
135:Sabahan English
104:
103:
88:
87:
78:
76:
56:
39:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6141:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6110:
6109:
6097:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5943:Mixed ancestry
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5928:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5844:Peranakan Cina
5840:
5838:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5761:Peranakan Siam
5758:
5756:Jawi Peranakan
5753:
5746:
5744:Peranakan Arab
5740:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5612:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5359:
5357:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Burmese Malays
5313:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5199:Bruneian Malay
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5179:Perlisan Malay
5176:
5174:Perakian Malay
5171:
5166:
5161:
5159:Malaccan Malay
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Johorean Malay
5140:
5138:
5129:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
5002:Non-Bumiputera
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4901:Molbog/Balabak
4899:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4688:External links
4686:
4685:
4684:
4662:
4661:
4633:
4590:
4561:
4518:
4490:
4455:
4429:
4403:
4378:
4371:
4351:
4329:
4307:
4289:
4268:
4246:
4214:
4155:
4132:. Article 75.
4112:
4081:. Article 77.
4061:
4030:(3): 369–373.
4007:
3981:
3919:
3893:
3864:
3857:(PhD thesis).
3837:
3810:(4): 216–226.
3793:
3770:
3755:
3727:
3694:
3676:
3651:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3609:Dusun language
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3527:Ronald Kiandee
3524:
3518:
3515:Peter Mojuntin
3512:
3506:
3500:
3497:Kasitah Gaddam
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3466:
3463:Jonathan Yasin
3460:
3454:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3387:Peter Mojuntin
3380:
3377:Darell Leiking
3374:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:Au zou kalati
3269:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2982:pronounced as
2970:
2957:
2956:
2939:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2799:Idaan language
2768:Sukau Paitanic
2682:
2681:
2675:
2674:(Orang Sungai)
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2617:Molbog-Bonggi
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2380:Bisaya-Tatana
2375:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:Eastern Dusun
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2116:Classification
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2095:September 2023
2082:
2080:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2056:Ida'an group:
2054:
2053:
2052:Abai or Dewara
2046:
2045:
2038:Dumpas group:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1946:
1945:Momogun Rungus
1943:
1942:
1941:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1727:Southern Dusun
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1707:Northern Dusun
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1488:
1485:
1431:
1428:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1239:
1236:
1174:
1171:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1067:
1064:
1009:
1006:
985:Pesta Kaamatan
977:Main article:
974:
971:
920:, resulted in
891:
890:
887:
884:
882:
876:
875:
872:
869:
867:
860:
859:
856:
853:
851:
845:
844:
841:
838:
836:
830:
829:
826:
824:
820:
819:
813:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
791:
788:
752:
749:
396:
393:
376:
373:
367:
364:
351:
348:
343:Dousia Moujing
324:
321:
267:
264:
204:
203:
198:
197:
191:Dusun (Brunei)
163:
162:
158:
157:
143:
142:
138:
137:
111:
110:
106:
105:
73:
72:
68:
67:
66:714,000 (2024)
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
31:
21:Kadazan people
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6140:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:East Timorese
6005:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5848:
5846:(Baba-Nyonya)
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5616:Kadazan-Dusun
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5388:Orang Seletar
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Patani Malays
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Kedahan Malay
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4789:Kadazan-Dusun
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:(Anak Negeri)
4778:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4551:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4418:
4417:AmazingBorneo
4414:
4407:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4372:981-04-9075-5
4368:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4231:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4012:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3759:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3716:
3715:Daily Express
3712:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3509:Peter Anthony
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:James Ongkili
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:Gunsanad Kina
3409:
3406:
3405:Fuad Stephens
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:Ewon Benedick
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:Onu abal nu?
3215:
3213:How are you?
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:lingua franca
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:Central Dusun
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:Eastern Dusun
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2705:Central Dusun
2702:
2699:
2698:Coastal Dusun
2695:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2468:Kinabatangan
2467:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:Sukau group:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:or Lanas Lobu
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:Subpan/Sagamo
1913:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:Eastern Dusun
1755:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1604:
1602:Papar Kadazan
1601:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1510:
1509:Kota Kinabalu
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:sakuit/mandau
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
980:
970:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
883:
881:
877:
868:
865:
864:Folk religion
861:
852:
850:
846:
837:
835:
831:
825:
821:
816:
801:
798:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
761:
757:
751:Y-DNA studies
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
668:Paiwan people
665:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
604:
600:(1.33%), and
599:
597:
591:
587:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
535:
531:
529:
527:
523:(4.67%), and
522:
520:
515:
513:
507:
503:
501:
499:
495:(0.67%), and
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
472:
468:
464:
463:Haplogroup HV
460:
456:
452:
451:Haplogroup JT
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
409:
401:
395:mtDNA studies
392:
390:
386:
382:
372:
363:
361:
357:
347:
345:
344:
339:
336:(Kadazan) or
335:
331:
320:
316:
314:
309:
305:
300:
297:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Mamasok Sabah
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Kadazan-Dusun
210:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
100:
96:
92:
86:
74:
69:
64:
59:
52:
47:
43:
38:
37:Kadazan Dusun
30:
26:
22:
6058:Singaporeans
5964:/expatriates
5690:Orang Sungai
5615:
5227:Cocos Malays
5218:
5184:Pahang Malay
5135:
5109:
5099:
4972:Cocos Malays
4838:Orang Sungai
4788:
4761:
4717:Kaipuleohone
4709:Robert Blust
4669:
4652:. Retrieved
4646:
4636:
4610:. Retrieved
4605:
4581:. Retrieved
4577:
4538:. Retrieved
4533:
4509:. Retrieved
4505:
4481:. Retrieved
4477:
4446:. Retrieved
4442:
4432:
4420:. Retrieved
4416:
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4390:
4381:
4361:
4354:
4346:the original
4341:
4332:
4324:the original
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4284:the original
4278:
4271:
4263:the original
4258:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4230:the original
4217:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4149:10072/100807
4129:
4125:
4115:
4078:
4075:BMC Genetics
4074:
4064:
4027:
4023:
3998:. Retrieved
3993:
3984:
3939:
3935:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3887:
3883:
3850:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3743:UKEssays.com
3742:
3718:. Retrieved
3714:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3663:
3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3638:the original
3628:
3594:Unduk Ngadau
3555:Marsha Milan
3485:Joseph Kurup
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2624:
2606:
2594:
2587:
2572:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2460:
2453:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2391:
2384:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2324:Kimaragang (
2315:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2275:
2268:
2267:Kogosingan (
2261:
2254:
2247:
2243:Talantangic
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2168:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2092:
2088:adding to it
2083:
2055:
2047:
2037:
2019:Tampias Lobu
2011:
1981:
1978:Orang Sungai
1940:Dusun Bonggi
1932:language in
1921:
1920:
1903:
1902:
1767:Dusun Labuk
1760:
1759:
1726:
1725:
1706:
1705:
1671:
1670:
1614:
1613:
1584:
1580:Sino-natives
1577:
1572:Orang Sungai
1549:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:tinaru/tinau
1524:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1495:Traditional
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1404:so that the
1401:
1397:
1394:
1342:
1327:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1230:/swords and
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:), Erophon (
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1002:
997:
993:
990:Unduk Ngadau
989:
984:
982:
964:
960:
956:
946:
922:Christianity
910:missionaries
907:
896:
834:Christianity
797:Tianyuan man
793:
784:
772:
756:Y chromosome
754:
741:Riau Islands
705:Anthropology
697:
659:
652:
646:
639:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
595:
593:
589:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
537:
533:
525:
518:
511:
509:
505:
497:
490:
483:
476:
474:
470:
459:Haplogroup F
455:Haplogroup N
453:(6/150 4%),
449:(9/150 6%),
447:Haplogroup D
443:Haplogroup B
439:Haplogroup E
435:Haplogroup R
431:Haplogroup M
426:
414:
378:
369:
353:
342:
326:
317:
304:Orang Sungai
301:
293:
280:North Borneo
273:
269:
244:Nunuk Ragang
239:
216:
212:
209:Kadazandusun
208:
207:
183:Orang Sungai
147:Christianity
117:(especially
42:
36:
32:Ethnic group
29:
25:Dusun people
5987:Bangladeshi
5850:Sino-Native
5383:Orang Kuala
5373:Orang Kanaq
5363:Proto-Malay
5289:Minangkabau
5268:Bugis-Malay
5219:Anak Dagang
5029:Indonesians
4952:Sino-Native
4679:10125/11691
4612:27 December
4583:27 December
4578:Culturetrip
4540:27 December
4511:27 December
4483:27 December
4448:27 December
4422:27 December
3890:(1): 28–33.
3748:30 November
3720:28 November
3429:Ahmad Koroh
3331:Anifah Aman
3279:I miss you
3249:Kotohuadan
3224:I am fine.
3172:Bunduliwan.
2795:Philippines
2583:Nabai-Gana
2547:Bulu Dupi (
2459:Lingkobau (
2246:Talantang (
2222:Sinulihan (
2133:sub-dialect
1971:Tangkarason
1891:Dusun Lobu
1529:tulun/tuhun
1423:tandus/adus
1244:headhunting
1167:kulintangan
953:Momolianism
934:Lutheranism
926:Anglicanism
899:Protestants
729:Philippines
715:, Dusun in
424:Haplogroups
385:Bunun tribe
171:Sino-Native
155:Momolianism
151:Sunni Islam
131:Sabah Malay
6117:Categories
6068:Vietnamese
6022:Indonesian
5908:Sri Lankan
5712:Sama-Bajau
5680:Lun Bawang
5556:Lun Bawang
5489:Semaq Beri
5378:Orang Laut
5353:Peninsular
5340:Orang Asal
5257:Mandailing
5111:Bumiputera
5101:Malaysians
5039:Pakistanis
4930:Non-native
4892:Lun Bawang
4855:Sama-Bajau
4772:Bumiputera
4391:New Advent
4302:Our Planet
3994:BorneoMail
3620:References
3579:Bumiputera
3337:Alto Linus
3246:Thank you
2710:Bunduliwan
2611:Palawanic
2530:Ida'anic
2492:Kolobuan (
2478:Sinarupa (
2452:Tombonuo (
2331:Sonsogon (
2314:Tobilung (
2298:Gonsomon (
1982:Paitan or
1953:Kiravangan
1908:Lahad Datu
1716:Kimaragang
1699:Tilau-Ilau
1693:Kogosingan
1679:Talantang
1667:Sinandapak
1568:or Momogun
1417:machetes,
1161:, gong or
1129:, gambus,
1127:tongkungon
1072:Koubasanan
1024:pinaasakan
961:Bambarayon
790:Conclusion
737:Kalimantan
657:(17.33%),
579:(2%), and
488:(12.67%),
252:bumiputera
229:indigenous
133:dialect),
6053:Pakistani
5952:Chindians
5927:Peranakan
5837:Peranakan
5808:Hainanese
5798:Cantonese
5763:(Sam-Sam)
5736:Peranakan
5641:Mangka'ak
5536:Orang Ulu
5474:Cheq Wong
5311:Sundanese
5279:Baweanese
5247:Banjarese
5136:Anak Jati
5034:Filipinos
4957:Banjarese
4814:Mangka'ak
4472:Crystal.
4342:GeoCities
3884:Pertanika
3780:Anthropos
3549:Penampang
3423:Musa Aman
3399:Ewon Ebin
3069:/" and "/
2793:Islands,
2644:(Kadazan)
2580:Northern
2534:Ida'anic
2499:Rumanau (
2471:Makiang (
2443:Paitanic
2338:Sandayo (
2307:Minokok (
2274:Gobukon (
2260:Tuhawon (
2253:Tinagas (
2229:Tagahas (
2127:language
2002:Lingkobau
1999:Sonsoluon
1956:Pilapazan
1852:Mangkaak
1814:Kodundung
1811:Kavananan
1791:Sogilitan
1788:Tompulung
1785:Sungangon
1779:Dalamason
1702:Pilantong
1638:Sinulihan
1505:drink cup
1497:rice wine
1444:Penampang
1438:The 2014
1343:bangkawan
1292:bangkawan
1283:bangkawan
1260:tonggorib
1200:linggaman
1159:togunggak
1131:sundatang
1114:mamangkis
1085:Sinuangga
1083:for men.
1077:Sinuangga
966:Bobohizan
745:Indonesia
644:(0.67%),
637:(1.33%),
572:(0.67%),
565:(0.67%),
558:(3.33%),
551:(1.33%),
544:(3.33%),
467:subclades
334:Bobohizan
266:Etymology
153:(22.6%),
127:Malaysian
109:Languages
6095:Malaysia
6039:(former)
6032:Japanese
6012:Filipino
5996:Rohingya
5981:Hadhrami
5893:Malayali
5878:Gujarati
5750:Kristang
5700:Tambanuo
5646:Maragang
5469:Mah Meri
5355:Malaysia
5284:Makassar
5274:Javanese
5242:Acehnese
5049:Bengalis
5014:Timorese
4947:Butonese
4942:Javanese
4909:Bulungan
4848:Tambanuo
4819:Maragang
4622:cite web
4550:cite web
4396:15 March
4209:23341637
4107:24965575
4056:24896152
4000:15 March
3976:29933384
3936:PLOS ONE
3824:29521412
3788:40444627
3669:15 March
3589:Kaamatan
3568:See also
3183:Kadazan
3180:English
2823:Division
2668:(Idahan)
2662:(Rungus)
2656:(Bisaya)
2623:Bonggi (
2577:Murutic
2540:Ida'an (
2485:Sinabu (
2402:Kwijau (
2390:Tatana (
2383:Bisaya (
2366:Dumpas (
2359:Pingas (
2291:Rungus (
2215:Tindal (
2205:Bunduic
2186:Liwanic
2151:Dusunic
2130:dialect
2063:Buludupi
2034:Sinarupa
2031:Kolobuan
1986:group:
1984:Tombonuo
1965:Gonsomon
1962:Gandahon
1886:Tompizes
1866:Tindakon
1858:Kunatong
1855:Mangkaak
1832:Lolobuon
1794:Turavid
1773:Kotoring
1719:Sonsogon
1713:Tobilung
1641:Tagahas
1440:Kaamatan
1421:swords,
1321:and the
1312:sogindai
1300:sogindai
1296:sogindai
1287:bobolian
1276:tandahau
1252:pangayou
1248:mangayau
1220:Sompoton
1188:sompoton
1155:sompoton
1093:Tangkong
1089:Himpogot
1036:kinoring
994:Sugandoi
979:Kaamatan
823:Religion
809:Religion
701:Genetics
556:4b1a+207
521:1b+16261
338:Bobolian
313:Lundayeh
288:Malaysia
225:Malaysia
141:Religion
85:Malaysia
6107:Society
6081:Portals
6027:Iranian
5992:Burmese
5972:African
5888:Punjabi
5823:Henghua
5818:Foochow
5813:Teochew
5793:Hokkien
5779:Chinese
5675:Illanun
5656:Rumanau
5651:Minokok
5621:Kadazan
5591:Melanau
5582:Others
5546:Kelabit
5519:Bukitan
5514:Bidayuh
5501:Sarawak
5484:Jah Hut
5442:Mendriq
5395:Semelai
5326:Siamese
5294:Kerinci
5204:Kedayan
4962:Bidayuh
4918:Kedayan
4829:Rumanau
4824:Minokok
4794:Kadazan
4763:Sabahan
4654:15 July
4239:17 June
4200:3568306
4177:Bibcode
4098:4083334
4047:4326703
3967:6014653
3944:Bibcode
3916:: 1–12.
3832:3780230
3644:22 June
3599:Sumazau
3318:Bawang
3315:Bavang
3115:/ and /
3099:/ and /
3091:/ and /
3080:/ and /
3061:/ and /
2955:/ lost)
2951:/ and /
2871:/ and /
2860:/ and /
2849:/ and /
2838:/ and /
2791:Palawan
2680:(Murut)
2650:(Dusun)
2586:Nabai (
2561:Begak (
2537:Ida'an
2449:Paitan
2425:Lotud (
2399:Kwijau
2288:Rungus
2208:Bundu (
2189:Liwan (
2068:History
2023:Rumanau
2016:Makiang
2008:Inokang
1996:Diripau
1993:Puawang
1950:Rungus
1934:Palawan
1894:Rumanau
1883:Minokok
1861:Porizou
1829:Longgom
1817:Kisayap
1797:Turavid
1736:Kwijau
1722:Sandayo
1696:Tanggal
1690:Tinagas
1687:Gobukon
1589:Kadazan
1555:Kadazan
1406:tambaig
1402:tambaig
1398:tambaig
1256:pangait
1224:Pinakol
1192:pinakol
1151:bungkau
1135:gagayan
1052:tumpung
1040:sinalau
1020:noonsom
949:animism
932:(SIB),
885:
870:
854:
839:
828:Percent
727:in the
725:Visayas
721:Tagalog
693:Tagalog
677:Visayan
664:(2.67%)
607:(4.67%)
586:(1.33%)
502:(3.33%)
481:(22%),
429:, with
356:Kadazan
232:Kadazan
217:Mamasok
179:Kadazan
123:Kadazan
41:Mamasok
6048:Nepali
6043:Korean
6037:Jewish
6017:Indian
5918:Telugu
5864:Indian
5722:Tidong
5707:Rungus
5695:Dumpas
5670:Ida'an
5665:Bisaya
5631:Kwijau
5596:Miriek
5586:Bisaya
5571:Sa'ban
5551:Kenyah
5529:Selako
5479:Temiar
5447:Mintil
5437:Kintaq
5432:Kensiu
5412:Semang
5405:Temuan
5343:(Other
4922:Subpan
4913:Iranun
4905:Bisaya
4897:Rungus
4875:Tidung
4870:Ida'an
4843:Dumpas
4804:Kwijau
4780:Native
4478:Padlet
4369:
4207:
4197:
4105:
4095:
4054:
4044:
3974:
3964:
3830:
3822:
3786:
3689:UNESCO
3312:River
3186:Dusun
3095:from /
2978:aro" (
2814:Origin
2620:Molbog
2593:Gana (
2510:Sukau
2043:Dumpas
2028:Sinabu
1959:Nulzuw
1930:Molbog
1877:Dumpas
1874:Pingas
1869:Sangau
1849:Sukang
1835:Malapi
1826:Liwogu
1823:Kirulu
1820:Kisoko
1800:Tandaa
1776:Kivulu
1770:Koroli
1756:Tatana
1753:Bisaya
1664:Tonduk
1635:Tindal
1621:Liwan
1566:Rungus
1544:Molbog
1501:bamboo
1419:gayang
1319:Rungus
1298:. The
1285:. The
1264:sangod
1232:tandus
1228:gayang
1216:barait
1204:gayang
1202:, and
1184:barait
1163:tagung
1143:turali
1139:suling
1056:lihing
1044:lihing
1015:hinava
858:22.68%
843:74.80%
731:, and
717:Brunei
709:Borneo
691:, and
681:Ifugao
650:(4%),
516:(8%),
389:Taiwan
308:Rungus
282:, Tun
175:Rungus
95:Labuan
82:
5913:Tamil
5803:Hakka
5717:Suluk
5685:Murut
5636:Lotud
5626:Dusun
5608:Sabah
5566:Punan
5561:Penan
5541:Kayan
5509:Dayak
5464:Semai
5459:Senoi
5427:Jahai
5422:Lanoh
5417:Batek
5400:Temoq
5368:Jakun
5264:Bugis
5252:Batak
5237:Chams
5121:Malay
5044:Sikhs
4984:Dayak
4967:Malay
4937:Bugis
4880:Malay
4865:Suluk
4860:Murut
4809:Lotud
4799:Dusun
4233:(PDF)
4226:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
3880:(PDF)
3855:(PDF)
3828:S2CID
3784:JSTOR
3561:Adira
3545:Stacy
3451:Bajau
2994:"taga
2963:"taga
2932:"(ki)
2923:"taga
2900:"taga
1968:Tupak
1926:Kudat
1917:Begak
1841:Putih
1808:Bayok
1733:Lotud
1632:Bundu
1610:Dusun
1561:Dusun
1517:payat
1503:as a
1448:Sabah
1411:Ilang
1323:Murut
1308:totok
1304:totok
1212:Wakid
1196:siung
1180:wakid
1147:tuahi
1097:Gaung
1081:Gaung
1060:bahar
1048:tapai
1032:tuhau
1028:bosou
903:Islam
889:1.83%
874:0.09%
849:Islam
733:Dayak
673:Ibans
635:1a4a1
605:5b1c1
421:mtDNA
381:China
236:Dusun
221:Sabah
187:Murut
167:Dusun
119:Dusun
91:Sabah
6063:Thai
5977:Arab
5869:list
5784:list
5576:Ukit
5524:Iban
5304:Rawa
5126:list
4989:Iban
4656:2018
4628:link
4614:2019
4585:2019
4556:link
4542:2019
4513:2019
4485:2019
4450:2019
4443:Says
4424:2019
4398:2022
4367:ISBN
4241:2012
4205:PMID
4103:PMID
4052:PMID
4002:2022
3972:PMID
3820:PMID
3750:2019
3722:2019
3671:2022
3646:2024
2915:aro"
2867:4. /
2856:3. /
2845:2. /
2834:1. /
2005:Odas
1897:Lobu
1838:Pauh
1803:Tupo
1782:Sogo
1750:Gana
1661:Luba
1658:Garo
1533:lobu
1527:and
1258:and
1214:and
1101:Siga
1058:and
998:Tamu
940:and
928:and
739:and
723:and
703:and
655:9c1a
625:and
584:5a1d
542:4a1a
530:(2%)
514:1a1a
493:31a2
486:7c3c
302:The
234:and
125:),
121:and
23:and
5452:Mos
5299:Ocu
4711:'s
4674:hdl
4259:MAR
4195:PMC
4185:doi
4173:110
4144:hdl
4134:doi
4093:PMC
4083:doi
4042:PMC
4032:doi
3962:PMC
3952:doi
3812:doi
3071:ldz
3038:ldz
3003:"ki
2972:"ki
2941:"ki
2909:"ki
2903:ldz
2851:ldz
2090:.
1507:in
1254:or
1145:or
1133:or
912:in
743:of
735:in
563:4c2
549:4b1
387:in
296:PBS
215:or
6119::
4645:.
4624:}}
4620:{{
4604:.
4593:^
4576:.
4564:^
4552:}}
4548:{{
4532:.
4521:^
4504:.
4493:^
4476:.
4458:^
4441:.
4415:.
4389:.
4340:.
4318:.
4300:.
4257:.
4203:.
4193:.
4183:.
4171:.
4167:.
4142:.
4128:.
4124:.
4101:.
4091:.
4079:15
4077:.
4073:.
4050:.
4040:.
4028:23
4026:.
4022:.
4010:^
3992:.
3970:.
3960:.
3950:.
3940:13
3938:.
3934:.
3922:^
3914:40
3912:.
3908:.
3886:.
3882:.
3867:^
3840:^
3826:.
3818:.
3808:82
3806:.
3741:.
3730:^
3713:.
3697:^
3662:.
3093:y/
3057:"/
2912:vh
1539:.
1459:.
1446:,
1413:,
1325:.
1206:.
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
1182:,
1165:,
1153:,
1149:,
1141:,
1062:.
1054:,
1050:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
996:,
969:.
944:.
936:,
901:.
747:.
719:,
695:.
687:,
683:,
679:,
675:,
647:JT
642:V2
621:,
619:JT
617:,
613:,
598:4s
577:5a
570:4j
500:80
223:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
177:,
173:,
169:,
97:,
6083::
5998:)
5994:(
5983:)
5979:(
5871:)
5867:(
5786:)
5782:(
5752:)
5270:)
5266:(
5128:)
5124:(
5083:e
5076:t
5069:v
4745:e
4738:t
4731:v
4682:.
4676::
4630:)
4616:.
4587:.
4558:)
4544:.
4515:.
4487:.
4452:.
4426:.
4400:.
4375:.
4304:.
4243:.
4211:.
4187::
4179::
4152:.
4146::
4136::
4130:4
4109:.
4085::
4058:.
4034::
4004:.
3978:.
3954::
3946::
3888:2
3861:.
3834:.
3814::
3790:.
3752:.
3724:.
3673:.
3648:.
3551:.
3475:.
3389:.
3367:.
3121:w
3117:y
3113:h
3101:y
3097:w
3089:h
3082:j
3078:w
3067:v
3063:j
3059:w
3034:v
3030:z
3026:v
3006:h
2997:y
2986:)
2984:w
2980:v
2975:w
2966:j
2953:s
2949:r
2944:v
2935:v
2926:z
2873:y
2869:h
2862:j
2858:w
2847:v
2840:z
2836:v
2678:M
2672:S
2666:I
2660:R
2654:B
2648:D
2642:K
2627:)
2625:D
2597:)
2595:D
2590:)
2588:M
2565:)
2563:D
2558:)
2556:D
2551:)
2549:I
2544:)
2542:I
2517:)
2515:S
2503:)
2501:D
2496:)
2494:S
2489:)
2487:S
2482:)
2480:S
2475:)
2473:S
2463:)
2461:S
2456:)
2454:S
2429:)
2427:D
2420:)
2418:D
2413:)
2411:K
2406:)
2404:D
2394:)
2392:D
2387:)
2385:B
2370:)
2368:S
2363:)
2361:D
2356:)
2354:D
2342:)
2340:D
2335:)
2333:D
2328:)
2326:D
2318:)
2316:D
2311:)
2309:D
2302:)
2300:R
2295:)
2293:R
2278:)
2276:D
2271:)
2269:D
2264:)
2262:D
2257:)
2255:D
2250:)
2248:D
2233:)
2231:D
2226:)
2224:D
2219:)
2217:D
2212:)
2210:D
2200:)
2198:D
2193:)
2191:D
2183:)
2181:D
2171:)
2169:K
2164:)
2162:K
2097:)
2093:(
1125:(
662:5
660:N
653:R
640:H
633:F
627:N
623:R
615:H
611:F
603:D
596:D
590:D
582:B
575:B
568:B
561:B
554:B
547:B
540:B
534:B
528:2
526:E
519:E
512:E
506:E
498:M
491:M
484:M
477:M
471:M
129:(
101:)
89:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.