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and propagation of plant food by utilising the suckers of plants such as the yam, the sweet potato and cassava, eliminating the needs for seeds and permanent storage thus facilitating rapid migrations. Bamboo and Rattan were the primary materials used for all forms of activities connected to home construction and storage. To light a fire the settlers used dried cottony bark scraped from the Polod palm tree. Metal, used for making dangol (short machete) and pais (carving knives) was already available, most probably through barter trading with coastal peoples. The Nunuk Ragang settlers also adapted to their environment by becoming hunter-gatherers and trappers. Salt, an important food enhancer and preservative was only intermittently available from the distant coastal region, prompting the Nunuk Ragang settlers to search out for sosopon (natural salt lick) frequented by wild animals. This persistent shortage of salt also gave rise to two important techniques, "memangi" and "manalau", for the preservation of meat and fish. Memangi produces "pinongian" or "bosou" (meat or fish preserved using the fleshy kernels from seeds of the
183:(also known as inoculation) even though this method of prevention of the smallpox was first invented in China around 1500. Nunuk Ragang, an ideal site at the confluence of the Liwagu Kogibangan and Liwagu Kawanan and draining out into the Sulu Sea via the Labuk River had most of the ingredients for the emergence of a Kadazan-Dusun River Civilization. Unfortunately the dispersal of the Kadazan-Dusun contributed towards the failure of the race to rise above culture to achieve the status of a civilisation. The word Liwagu derives from the Kadazan-Dusun phrase "muli wagu" meaning "return home again". The male ancestors was never able to return to their homeland (possibly Taiwan). Cut off from their heritage, the descendants made the best use of the environment to which they were born into, thus giving birth to the unique Kadazan-Dusun culture. Present day Kadazan-Dusun leaders suggest that representatives of each sub-ethnic tribes under the Kadazan-Dusun race conduct an annual "muli wagu"/homecoming to Nunuk Ragang as added tourism product to develop their common home.
179:. Another use of the word is in the phrase "minorit O' lasu" referring to skin disease with spots of the same size spread all over the body. The Minorit push can therefore be attributed to either the degradation of the land at Nunuk Ragang due to fertility loss as the grass species, lallang grass invades the land after forest clearing or the advent of smallpox epidemic among the people. The Smallpox pandemic which began in 1588 AD in Europe, decimated up to a third of the population. The population at Nunuk Ragang in that year was just about 180 individuals. The Kadazan-Dusun race would not have emerged to become a people if the ancestors had not moved out and dispersed. The people of Nunuk Ragang never had the opportunity to avail of the practice of
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narratives of several natural phenomena and man-made activities, which evolved overtime into this reason for moving out of Nunuk Ragang. The most likely candidates are the smallpox and collapse of the soil fertility resulting from the advent of invasive lallang grasses. In this connection, the word "minorit" merit explanation. According to research conducted by I.H.N.Evans, the word minorit is used by Dusun in two phrases i.e. "minorit O' paka" referring to the vast sea of lalang invasively growing at newly cleared forest, as visible in
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60:. The two river branches joined up to flow into the Labuk river and drain out into the Sulu Sea. At the site, and under a giant banyan tree, a settlement referred to as Nunuk Ragang was founded. The giant banyan tree was said to be able to give shade to a longhouse sheltering 10 families in it. The legend about Nunuk Ragang had been passed down via oral traditions to the younger generations. No archaeological dig has been carried out to establish the veracity of the legend.
162:, caused the Kadazan-Dusun to completely moved out of the site. The driving force behind the movement out and dispersal of the Kadazan-Dusun from Nunuk Ragang was said to be the Minorits, legendary tiny spiritual beings, emerging out of the ground to enforce their practice of infanticide. This exodus and dispersal led to the peopling of each territory in North Borneo. Each territory peopled had its own particular attraction or pull for peopling such as for example the
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interviewed several people who claimed that the tiny
Minorit spiritual beings forced the Nunuk Ragang community to follow their practice of eliminating newborn babies if the baby showed signs of abnormal growth. The Minorits were only selecting their babies, who were obviously very young, with the aim of reducing the use of their food, and to ensure the bodies of the people in Nunuk Ragang were "all the same" in size.
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the Nunuk Ragang society was egalitarian, at times of challenge or crisis they were led by warriors, who in turn were guided by the words of
Bobolians, as revealed by divine revelation from spirits. These bobolians were mostly women who play their role as priestesses. Women thus play an important function in the early Nunuk Ragang society.
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and
Huminodun as in Bambarayon (the spirit of food sources and their saviour). After rice cultivation was introduced in the Kadazan-Dusun community, Bambarayon was associated with rice spirits. In the future, anywhere the Kadazan-Dusuns would make new settlements, monoculturalism and harvesting festival have become parts of their culture.
120:. This belief system centers largely on their livelihood and rituals so as to maintain the balance, order and harmony between themselves and between them and their environment, which consequently provide conditions for bountiful cultivation and harvests and continued existence of the race. At the settlement also began
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logical reason for naming the settlement as "red banyan" is that the settlers, in their attempt to attract attention to their presence, intentionally made the banyan tree to appear red. The
Kadazan-Dusun has a fondness for riddling, giving names to places, things and actions in terms other than the actual.
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is a metaphor of the monoculturalism emergence in the
Kadazan-Dusun community, the deterioration of natural resources in Nunuk Ragang, and the extreme population there. It is related to the religion of the Kadazan-Dusun ancestors who at that time practised animism and worshipped Kinorohingan as God
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The
Dusunic-speaking peoples, descendants of the pioneers at Nunuk Ragang, are today agriculturalists and paddy planting is the common occupation among them. But according to oral traditions passed down from elders, the Nunuk Ragang people were practising vegeculture. Vegeculture is the cultivation
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The possibility of further pinpointing the exact origin of the
Kadazan-Dusun from before the Nunuk Ragang settlement was further enlightened during the official visit of Taiwan's minister of Council of indigenous People's, Icayang Parod in early June 2017. Masidi Manjun, Sabah minister of Tourism,
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The Huguan Siou leadership, a unique position to defend the culture, rights, identity and dignity of the
Kadazan-Dusun was non existent at Nunuk Ragang. This leadership position, which had its roots at Guunsing, Penampang was only institutionalised after the formation of Malaysia in 1963. Although
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for the
Kundasang/Bundu Tuhan Highland. It is not known why the ancestors were unable to fend off the Minorits, but in light of the Kadazan-Dusun love of the practice of riddling, and couching of taboo terms in alternative words and phrases, the legend of the Minorits is most likely a composite
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at the site of what they believed to be the original village. The word "tampias" means "sprinkled" or "dispersed". The memorial was built in the form of a huge fig tree. The association conducts annual pilgrimages to the site, timed to coincide with the inauguration of its paramount chief, the
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which means "red colored". The two words together therefore possibly refer to either a "newborn baby banyan tree" or a "red coloured banyan tree". Botanically, there is no known banyan tree with red leaves or trunk. This fact has contributed to the mystery surrounding Nunuk Ragang but the most
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In the
Minorit story, it is said that at the time of Kadazan-Dusun ancestors were living in early settlements in Nunuk Ragang, there was an attack that emerged from the soil in the forms of small creatures. It is unknown whether weapons were used by the Minorit creatures. An anthropologist had
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The Minorit Push is indeed a metaphorical depiction of social crisis in Nunuk Ragang because it refers to a kind of unspecified creature which does not exist today. However, it became a revolution which forced the community to initiate a massive evacuation of Nunuk Ragang.
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At the Nunuk Ragang settlement began the belief system and culture of the Kadazan-Dusun. There was no word for "religion" among the ancient Kadazan-Dusun and to them it was just a sort of relationship between the seen and the unseen. Some people would equate this to
124:, a philosophical system, which when coupled with the belief system, had guided the life of the Kadazan-Dusun people up to the present age. Surrounded by thick primary forest teeming in wildlife,
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Culture and Environment, referred to the numerous similarities particularly in ethnic languages between the indigenous peoples of Taiwan and the Kadazan-Dusun.
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44:. The site, nearby a village named Tampias, is located at the intersection of the left (Liwagu Kogibangan) and right (Liwagu Kowananan) branches of the
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is a site traditionally considered as the location of the original home of the ancestors of the Kadazan-Dusun natives who inhabit most of northern
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Investigating the Relationship between Kadazandusun Beliefs about Paddy Spirits, Riddling in Harvest time and Paddy-related Sundait.
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Investigating the Relationship between Kadazandusun Beliefs and Paddy Spirits, Riddling in Harvest-time and Paddy Related Sundait
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Ethnicity, Culture and Indigenous Leadership in Modern Politics: The Case of the Kadazan-Dusun in Sabah, East Malaysia
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became the foundation for the birth and growth of thee belief system and cultural heritage of the Kadazan-Dusun.
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Liturgical Inculturation in Anglican Worship in light of the Spirituality of Indigenous people of Sabah.
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Archetypes in the Cosmogonic Myths of the Australian Aboriginal People and the Kadazan-Dusuns of Sabah.
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Archetypes in the Cosmogonic Myths of the Australian Aboriginal People and the Kadazandusuns of Sabah
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British North Borneo: An Account of its History, Resources and Native tribes
340:. Daily Express, pp 10. 2 June 2017. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Publishing House.
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Allan Dumbong, "Empowerment of Kadazandusun Youths in Nunuk Ragang" (2007)
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which could mean "newborn baby" or is a shortened form of the word
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Location of the original home of the ancestors of the Kadazan-Dusun
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http://www.pensabah.gov.my/SETIA/artikel/lagenda_nunuk_ragang.htm
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Nunuk Ragang and the Mystical Origin of the People of Sabah
366:. Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, Oxford. p. 62–67
233:. UKM: Southeast Asia Journal of General Studies. p.92-96.
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Historical buildings, memorials, monuments and sites in
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 187–88;
352:. London: Constable and Company Limited. pp. 56–65
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tree), and manalau, a smoked meat called "sinalau".
315:. Southeast Asia Journal of General Studies: p.71-94
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After a number of years, a major crisis, called the
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The Religion of the Tempasuk Dusuns of North Borneo
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Oxford Center for Mission Studies, Oxford. p. 62-67
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359:. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah Press.
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390:, Kadazan Cultural Association, pp. 73–77.
261:The Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment
289:Kota Kinabalu: Universiti Malaysia Sabah Press
110:
2083:St. Michael's and All Angels Church, Sandakan
1270:Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam
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302:. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sabah. p.190-193
325:http://www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/html
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80:The name Nunuk Ragang is derived from two
2203:Bronze Globe of Tanjung Simpang Mengayau
965:Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Gallery
274:Book on Way of Life of Kadazans launched
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877:Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple
298:Puyok, Arnold and Bagang Paridi (2011)
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276:in the Daily Express, 30 May 2017. p.4
2058:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kota Kinabalu
1960:
1174:Proclamation of Independence Memorial
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338:Chance to explore Taipei tribal links
311:On, Low Kok and Lee Fook Fee (2012).
229:Fee, Lee Yok and Low Kok On. (2012).
937:Sultanah Fatimah Specialist Hospital
63:In 2004, the quasi-government group
1592:Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang
1313:Church of the Immaculate Conception
1293:Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple
882:Church of the Immaculate Conception
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65:Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association
14:
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371:The Dusun of the Penampang Plains
1940:Tanjung Tualang Tin Dredge No. 5
1353:Jalan Baru Sri Muniswarar Temple
1199:Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum
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33:Nunuk Ragang seen from a street.
2078:St. Michael's Church, Penampang
1627:Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery
263:. Routledge: New York p.180-185
166:for the Tambunan Plain and the
145:Leadership and social hierarchy
1612:Sri Sunderaraja Perumal Temple
1506:Church of St. Anthony of Padua
1413:Penang State Assembly Building
1149:Malay and Islamic World Museum
907:Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple
373:, 2 vols. London, p. 117.
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67:(KDCA) set up a memorial near
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1875:Fort of Smelly Monitor Lizard
1777:Tomb of Sultan Mahmud Shah II
1448:Sri Aghora Veerapathra Temple
917:Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque
216:
2517:Tourist attractions in Sabah
2171:Tua Pek Kong Temple, Kuching
2151:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sibu
1850:Chinatown (Kuala Terengganu)
1802:Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum
1772:Sultan Abdul Samad Mausoleum
1526:Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan
1388:Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple
1323:Eastern & Oriental Hotel
1154:Malaysia Architecture Museum
1124:Church of St. Francis Xavier
1041:Kuala Lumpur railway station
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7:
2323:Tawau Japanese War Memorial
1925:Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital
1383:Mahindarama Buddhist Temple
1318:Dhammikarama Burmese Temple
1081:Sultan Abdul Samad Building
1051:National Mosque of Malaysia
922:Sultan Ibrahim Jamek Mosque
902:Johor Bahru railway station
111:Religious and cultural life
10:
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2381:Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu
2328:Tun Datu Mustapha Memorial
2303:Sandakan Massacre Memorial
2298:Sandakan Japanese Cemetery
2213:Chartered Company Monument
1797:Pahang Old Royal Mausoleum
1762:Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum
1702:Birch Memorial Clock Tower
1697:Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum
1617:Sri Sithi Vinayagar Temple
1607:One Fathom Bank Lighthouse
1496:Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum
1333:Fort Cornwallis Lighthouse
1298:Church of the Risen Christ
1204:Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple
397:The Legend of Nunuk Ragang
369:Monica Glyn-Jones (1953).
355:Gidah, Mary Ellen (2001).
285:Gidah, Mary Ellen. (2001).
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2273:North Borneo War Monument
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2181:Tua Pek Kong Temple, Sibu
2176:Tua Pek Kong Temple, Miri
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2416:Queen Elizabeth Hospital
2411:Pogunon Community Museum
2376:Duchess of Kent Hospital
2243:Kuching Heroes' Cemetery
2068:Sandakan Heritage Museum
2038:Keningau Heritage Museum
2028:Jesselton Freemason Hall
1900:Malacca General Hospital
1742:Kelantan Royal Mausoleum
1453:Sri Mahamariamman Temple
1433:Thean Kong Thnuah Temple
1418:Pinang Peranakan Mansion
1308:Church of the Assumption
1247:Seremban railway station
1076:Sri Mahamariamman Temple
932:Sultanah Aminah Hospital
743:Sin Sze Ya and Si Sze Ya
543:Princess of Mount Ledang
257:Biodiversity in Malaysia
255:Patrick Segunda (2004).
2293:Sandakan Heritage Trail
2283:Quailey's Hill Memorial
2141:Islamic Heritage Museum
2048:Melalap railway station
2023:Batu Tinagat Lighthouse
1792:Old Protestant Cemetery
1767:Melaka Warrior Monument
1348:Jade Emperor God Temple
1338:Goddess of Mercy Temple
1303:Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion
1275:Sultan Abu Bakar Museum
1219:Undan Island Lighthouse
1129:Cape Rachado Lighthouse
1056:National Textile Museum
955:Kedah State Art Gallery
927:Sultan Ibrahim Building
912:Pulau Pisang Lighthouse
769:Malaysian folk religion
764:Ghosts in Malay culture
405:accessed 30 April 2006.
132:Food and material needs
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96:
86:
2333:William Pryer Monument
2308:Sandakan Memorial Park
2258:Last POW Camp Memorial
2248:Kundasang War Memorial
2233:Gunner Cleary Memorial
2146:Kuching Old Courthouse
2106:Chinese History Museum
1910:Penang Botanic Gardens
1865:Fort of Ngah Ibrahim's
1835:Biru Seri Kundang Lake
1752:Kuala Klawang Memorial
1622:Sultan Sulaiman Mosque
1209:Tamil Methodist Church
1114:Cheng Hoon Teng Temple
789:Kellie's Castle Temple
362:Berinai, Judy (2013).
348:Rutter, Owen. (1922).
242:Berinai, Judy (2013).
34:
26:
25:Nunuk Ragang entrance.
2351:Agop Batu Tulug Caves
2313:Sandakan War Monument
2218:Cho Huan Lai Memorial
2073:Sandakan Jamek Mosque
1890:Lukut Fort and Museum
1737:Kedah Royal Mausoleum
1670:Rumah Warisan Haji Su
1531:Panglima Kinta Mosque
1408:Penang Masonic Temple
1403:Penang Islamic Museum
1363:Kapitan Keling Mosque
1343:Holy Spirit Cathedral
1159:Malaysia Youth Museum
726:Chinese spirit places
639:Types of Malay ghosts
450:Mythology of Malaysia
388:Our Cultural Heritage
336:Chin, Mary ( 2017 ).
272:Patrick, Tracy.(2017)
187:Minorit as a metaphor
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2278:Petagas War Memorial
2223:De Fontaine Memorial
2156:Sarawak State Museum
2111:Ching San Yen Temple
2063:Sam Sing Kung Temple
2018:Atkinson Clock Tower
1807:Taiping War Cemetery
1717:Hang Jebat Mausoleum
1675:Tian Hou Gong Temple
1516:Ipoh railway station
1478:Wat Chayamangkalaram
1237:Istana Ampang Tinggi
1144:Kampung Kling Mosque
1096:Victoria Institution
1091:St. Mary's Cathedral
1086:St. John's Cathedral
1071:Sri Kandaswamy Kovil
1066:Sin Sze Si Ya Temple
1016:Buddhist Maha Vihara
774:Folklore of Malaysia
154:Exodus and dispersal
90:which refers to the
2512:Malaysian mythology
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2318:Starcevich Monument
2268:Mat Salleh Memorial
2253:Labuan War Cemetery
2238:Keningau Oath Stone
2228:Double Six Monument
2053:Sabah Tourism Board
1880:Independence Square
1782:Millennium Monument
1757:Lord Murugan Statue
1712:Cheras War Cemetery
1660:Ho Ann Kiong Temple
1541:Sam Poh Tong Temple
1463:St. George's Church
1358:Jubilee Clock Tower
1242:Istana Seri Menanti
1169:Poh San Teng Temple
1139:Kampung Hulu Mosque
1134:Fortress of Malacca
1046:Lee Rubber Building
998:Kampung Laut Mosque
897:Istana Bukit Serene
2386:Lumuyu Petroglyphs
2371:Chinatown, Kuching
2361:Buloh Kasap Bridge
2288:Rafflesia Monument
2136:Hong San Si Temple
1995:Labuan Clock Tower
1895:Markets of Taiping
1722:Hang Li Poh's Well
1536:Perak State Museum
1501:All Saints' Church
1194:St. Peter's Church
1164:Middelburg Bastion
126:nature and nurture
35:
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2497:Malaysian legends
2468:5.717°N 116.850°E
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2366:Batu Lintang camp
2263:Malaysia Monument
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2013:Agnes Keith House
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1860:Guillemard Bridge
1787:National Monument
1732:Heroes' Mausoleum
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1458:St. Anne's Church
1398:Penang High Court
1378:Lebuh Aceh Mosque
1265:All Souls' Church
1214:Tranquerah Mosque
1189:St. Paul's Church
1026:DBKL City Theatre
802:
801:
555:Seri Gumum Dragon
2524:
2492:History of Sabah
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2406:Petroleum Museum
2088:Tawau Bell Tower
1978:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1727:Hang Tuah's Well
1546:Taiping Hospital
1423:Penang Town Hall
1393:Penang City Hall
1021:Coliseum Theatre
865:
864:
858:
857:
845:
844:
829:
822:
815:
806:
805:
589:
588:
579:Siti Wan Kembang
577:
576:
565:
564:
553:
552:
541:
540:
529:
528:
517:
516:
505:
504:
493:
492:
481:
480:
469:
468:
448:
447:
436:
429:
422:
413:
412:
341:
334:
328:
322:
316:
309:
303:
296:
290:
283:
277:
270:
264:
253:
247:
240:
234:
227:
105:
99:
89:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2507:Sabah mythology
2502:Sabahan culture
2482:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2435:
2337:
2208:Brooke Memorial
2195:
2185:
2126:Fort Margherita
2092:
2043:Kinarut Mansion
2033:Jesselton Hotel
1999:
1965:
1944:
1935:Tambun rock art
1930:Victoria Bridge
1920:St. Paul's Hill
1830:Batu Pahat Well
1811:
1689:
1679:
1655:Duyong Old Fort
1636:
1597:Hatter's Castle
1587:Alaeddin Mosque
1573:
1555:
1521:Kellie's Castle
1482:
1328:Fort Cornwallis
1279:
1251:
1229:Negeri Sembilan
1223:
1184:St. John's Fort
1100:
1002:
974:
941:
852:
839:
833:
803:
798:
747:
721:
705:
634:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
463:
452:
442:
440:
345:
344:
335:
331:
323:
319:
310:
306:
297:
293:
284:
280:
271:
267:
254:
250:
241:
237:
228:
224:
219:
210:
189:
156:
147:
134:
113:
78:
48:to the east of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2473:5.717; 116.850
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Merdeka Square
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:Batu Lawi Hill
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:Labuan Chimney
1986:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:Bukit Melawati
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1551:Ubudiah Mosque
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Hotel Majestic
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
951:
949:
943:
942:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
862:
854:
853:
841:
840:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
800:
799:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
779:Ghost Festival
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
749:
748:
746:
745:
740:
735:
729:
727:
723:
722:
720:
719:
713:
711:
707:
706:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
604:
597:
596:
594:
593:
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
531:Panglima Awang
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
460:
458:
454:
453:
439:
438:
431:
424:
416:
410:
409:
406:
400:
391:
384:
377:I. H. N. Evans
374:
367:
360:
353:
343:
342:
329:
317:
304:
291:
278:
265:
248:
235:
221:
220:
218:
215:
209:
206:
188:
185:
164:Minkokook Pull
155:
152:
146:
143:
133:
130:
112:
109:
77:
74:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2529:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Sandakan camp
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:and monuments
2192:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:East Malaysia
1959:
1955:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Princess Hill
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Fort of Ruins
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Bujang Valley
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Kris Monument
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:and monuments
1686:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Istana Maziah
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Abidin Mosque
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Istana Bandar
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Wat Buppharam
1471:
1469:
1468:Suffolk House
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Christ Church
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
981:
977:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
950:
948:
944:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
872:
870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:West Malaysia
846:
842:
838:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
807:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Malay culture
757:
756:
754:
750:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
724:
718:
717:Datuk Keramat
715:
714:
712:
708:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
605:
603:
600:Priestesses,
598:
592:
587:
582:
580:
575:
570:
568:
563:
558:
556:
551:
546:
544:
539:
534:
532:
527:
522:
520:
515:
510:
508:
503:
498:
496:
491:
486:
484:
479:
474:
472:
467:
462:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
417:
414:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
354:
351:
347:
346:
339:
333:
326:
321:
314:
308:
301:
295:
288:
282:
275:
269:
262:
258:
252:
245:
239:
232:
226:
222:
214:
205:
201:
197:
194:
184:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
151:
142:
140:
139:Pangium Edule
129:
127:
123:
119:
108:
104:
98:
93:
88:
83:
82:Kadazan-Dusun
73:
72:Huguon Siou.
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
23:
19:
2449:
2401:Nunuk Ragang
2400:
2161:Square Tower
1855:Chinese Hill
1632:Wat Chetawan
1443:Seri Teratai
1438:Snake Temple
1428:Seri Mutiara
1036:Masjid Jamek
1008:Kuala Lumpur
993:Istana Jahar
960:Zahir Mosque
892:Istana Besar
738:Tua Pek Kong
710:Malay saints
671:Orang Minyak
666:Orang Bunian
661:Hantu Tinggi
591:Tujuh Puteri
519:Nunuk Ragang
518:
396:
387:
380:
370:
363:
356:
349:
337:
332:
320:
312:
307:
299:
294:
286:
281:
273:
268:
260:
259:in the book
256:
251:
243:
238:
230:
225:
211:
202:
198:
192:
190:
167:
163:
160:Minorit Push
159:
157:
148:
138:
135:
114:
79:
62:
46:Liwagu River
38:Nunuk Ragang
37:
36:
18:
2471: /
2131:Fort Sylvia
1569:Alwi Mosque
1373:Khoo Kongsi
988:Istana Batu
733:Na Tuk Kong
567:Si Tanggang
208:Convergence
181:Variolation
168:Gomala Pull
122:Momolianism
2486:Categories
2431:Skull Hill
2391:Madai Cave
2166:The Astana
2116:Fort Alice
1825:Batu Caves
1642:Terengganu
1511:Dutch Fort
1368:Kek Lok Si
1061:Pasar Seni
794:Á Bao A Qu
784:Batu Caves
656:Hantu Raya
495:Hang Jebat
217:References
177:Matunggong
2194:Memorials
2121:Fort Hose
1974:Buildings
1688:Memorials
1179:Stadthuys
861:Buildings
696:Pontianak
676:Penanggal
646:Hantu Air
615:Bobohizan
483:Hang Tuah
399:in Malay.
379:, (1953)
191:The term
94:tree and
76:Etymology
2459:116°51′E
1885:Lenggong
1707:Cenotaph
1579:Selangor
980:Kelantan
837:Malaysia
752:See also
173:Tempasuk
54:Tambunan
2098:Sarawak
1106:Malacca
691:Pelesit
602:shamans
507:Mahsuri
457:Legends
193:Minorit
118:Animism
103:aragang
69:Tampias
2456:5°43′N
1982:Labuan
1561:Perlis
1285:Penang
1257:Pahang
686:Polong
681:Pocong
630:Pawang
471:Badang
97:ragang
92:banyan
84:words
42:Borneo
2005:Sabah
1905:Morib
1488:Perak
947:Kedah
869:Johor
701:Toyol
651:Hantu
625:Dukun
620:Bomoh
610:Bisan
87:nunuk
58:Sabah
50:Ranau
2343:Site
1817:Site
175:and
52:and
56:in
2488::
327:.
828:e
821:t
814:v
435:e
428:t
421:v
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